Rate of reaction =

Changes in amount of reactant/product

Decrease in amount of reactant

Mass of
ZnCO3 / g

Time/s

Average rate of reaction =

Change in selected quantity

Time/s

Instantaneous Rate Of
Reaction
= the gradient of the graph
at any given time.

Volume of
gas/ cm3

Volume of
gas/ cm3

solution

45
40

( 45 20 )

( 45 20 )

30
The average rate of reaction
between 50 and 90 seconds
=
V at 50 s V at 90 s
Time taken
= (40-30)/(90-50)
= 0.25 cm3 s-1

Time/s

MEASURING RATE OF REACTION

Time taken
Average rate of reaction in first
50 seconds
=
Volume at 50 seconds
Time taken
= 30/50
=0.6 cm3 s-1

Mass of
ZnCl2 / g

Volume of gas
CO2/cm3

Time/s

Suitable measurable
changes:

Colour

Concentration

Temperature

Volume of gas

Mass

Precipitation

Pressure

ZnCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

ZnCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq)
Concentration of
HCl / moldm-3

Increase in amount of product

Time taken

20

- Plot a graph
- Draw a tangent
- Find the gradient

( 90 25 )
18

The average rate of reaction = 40

90
for the whole reaction
= 0.444 cm3 s-1

Time/ s
25

50

90

High Rat e of reaction

-Fast reaction, short time
Low Rate of reaction
-Slower reaction, long time

Time/ s
25

50

90

The rate of reaction at 50 second

= the gradient of tangent to the curve at the given
time
= y cm3
xs
= 45 - 20
90 - 25
= 0.0345 cm3 s-1

Factors affecting rate of reaction

Gradient at t1 steeper > Gradient at t2

Rate of reaction t1 >Rate of reaction t2

Gradient in reaction I steeper > Gradient

in reaction II
Rate of reaction I >Rate of reaction II

PRESSURE
When pressure
increase rate of
reaction
increase

TEMPERATURE
When temperature
increases, rate of
reaction increase

SIZE
When total surface
area larger, rate of
reaction increase

Reaction
has stopped

CONCENTRATION
When concentration
of reactant increase
rate of reaction
increase

CATALYST
When positive
catalyst are used.
rate of reaction

Volume of
carbon dioxide/ cm3

EFFECT OF THE SIZE OF REACTANT ON

RATE OF REACTION
CO2 gas

CO2
Gas

Experiment I
(small chip)

Aim : To investigate the effect of the size of reactant

on the rate of reaction

hydrochloric acid

Problem statement : How does the size of calcium

carbonate chips affect the rate of its reaction with
dilute hydrochloric acid?

calcium
carbonate
Water

Experiment II
(large chip)

Hypothesis : The rate of reaction between calsium

carbonate and hydrochloric acid is increases when
smaller size calcium carbonate used
Time/s

Experiment I: 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3

hydrochloric acid + excess of CaCO3 SMALL
CHIPS

Manipulated variable : The size of calcium carbonate

Responding variable : The rate of reaction
Fixed variables : Volume and concentration of HCl

Experiment II: 20 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3

hydrochloric acid + excess of CaCO3 LARGE
CHIPS

Observable Change: Volume of gas CO2 in every 30 s

Equation:
2CaCO3 + 2HCl

CaCl2 + H2O + CO2

The number of mole of HCl in both experiments:

= MV/1000
= 22 x 0.5)/1000
=0.01 mol

The rate of reaction in experiment II is higher than

experiment I because the gradient of the graph II is
greater than graph I throughout the reaction.

The rate of reaction of the small calcium carbonate

chips is higher compared than large calcium
carbonate chip

The maximum volume of carbon dioxide gas

collected for both experiments are equal because
the no. of mole of hydrochloric acid are the same

CONCENTRATION

Eye

Volume of carbon dioxide/ cm3

Experiment I: 50 cm3 of 0.2 mol dm-3 sodium

thiosulphate solution + 5 cm3 of 0.5 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid

Exp I (high concentration)

Experiment is repeated four times using 0.2 mol dm-3

sodium thiosulphate solution diluted with different
volume of distilled water

Sodium thiosulphate
solution
+ Hydrochloric acid

Equation:
Na2S2O3 + 2HCl

X
mark

Exp II
(Low concentration)

2NaCl + S + SO2 + H2O

Observable Change: Yellow precipitate formed.

Experiment
Aim : To investigate the effect concentration of sodium
thiosulphate on the rate of reaction
Problem statement : How does concentration of
sodium thiosulphate affect on the rate of reaction
Hypothesis : When concentration of sodium
thiosulphate increase, rate of reaction will increase.
Manipulated variable : concentration of sodium
thiosulphate
Responding variable : The rate of reaction
Fixed variables : Volume and concentration of HCl

Volume of 0.2
moldm-3 Na2S2O3 ,
V1 cm3
Volume of distilled
water added/cm3
Volume of 1.0 mol
HCl acid added/cm3
Concentration of
Na2S2O3/moldm-3
Time taken/s
1/time , s-1
Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

50

40

30

20

10

0.0

10

20

30

40

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

0.2

0.16

0.12

0.08

0.04

20

23

32

46

95

0.05

0.043

0.031

0.022

0.011

time is needed for marked

S2O3
Time /s

2-

Ionic Equation:
S + SO2 + H2O

2H+

[ 1/time shows the rate of

reaction ]

When the concentration of

Na2S2O3 increases, the rate of
reaction is increase

across to disappear.

proportional to 1/time.

When the concentration of

Na2S2O3 increases, a shorter

The rate of reaction in exp I is

higher than exp II
Exp I has higher concentration
than Exp II
Gradient I is steeper than
graph II
The maximum volume of
carbon dioxide gas collected
for both experiments are
equal
no. of mole of hydrochloric
acid are the same

Concentration is directly

Concentration is inversely
proportional to time.

1/time (s-1)

Experiment 1:
2.0 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of
2.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid
Experiment II
2.0 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid

Na2S2O3 + 2HCl

Equation:
2NaCl + S + SO2 + H2O

Ionic Equation:
S2O3 2- + 2H+
S + SO2 + H2O

CONCENTRATION

TEMPERATURE

Experiment II
2.0 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid at 60 oC

Eye

Eye
Observable changes:
Time required for mark
X disappear from view.

Sodium thiosulphate
solution
+ Hydrochloric acid
X
mark
Paper

Sodium thiosulphate
solution
+ Hydrochloric acid

Experiment is repeated four times using 0.2

mol dm-3 sodium thiosulphate solution diluted
with different volume of distilled water

X
mark
Paper
sheet

sheet
Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

Experiment

Temperature/oC

30

40

50

60

50

40

30

20

0.0

10

20

30

5.0

5.0

5.0

5.0

0.2

0.16

0.12

0.08

Time taken/s

20

23

32

46

1/time , s-1

0.05

0.043

0.031

0.022

Volume of 0.2
moldm-3 Na2S2O3 ,
Volume of distilled
water added/cm3
Volume of 1.0 mol
HCl acid added/cm3
Concentration of
Na2S2O3/moldm-3

When the concentration

increase, Shorter time
is needed for mark X
disappear.

Time /s

concentration of Na2S2O3 increase

the rate of reaction increase

Temperature
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

Volume of H2
/ cm3
Exp II (60 oC)
Exp I
(25 oC)

Temperature
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)
When temperature
increase, Shorter time
is needed for mark X
disappear.

Time /s
lower gradient
:. Lower rate
Steeper gradient
:. Higher rate
Volume of H2
/ cm3

Time /s

Concentration of
Na2S2O3 (mol dm-3)

Experiment 1:
2.0 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of
1.0 mol dm-3 hydrochloric
acid at 25 oC

Temperature of Na2S2O3 increase

the rate of reaction increase

Exp I
(high concentration)

Exp II
(low concentration)

Time /s

1/time (s-1)

1/time (s-1)
Shows the rate of reaction

Experiment 1:
2.0 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
hydrochloric acid
Experiment II
2.0 g Magnesium + 50 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
sulphuric acid

H2O2

Decomposition
2 H2O + O2
AMOUNT OF CATALYST

PRESENCE OF CATALYST

Problem statement : How does the presence of

catalyst affect the rate of composition of
hydrogen peroxide solution?

Observable changes:
The presence of oxygen
gas, tested with glowing
wooden splinter

Hypothesis : Presence of catalyst increase the

rate of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide
Experiment 1:
Decomposition of 50
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
Hydrogen Peroxide

Manipulated variable : Presence of catalyst

Responding variable : The rate of reaction
Fixed variables : temperature, volume and
concentration of hydrogen peroxide

Problem statement : How does the amount

of catalyst affect the rate of composition of
hydrogen peroxide solution?
Hypothesis : When amount of catalyst used
increase, the rate of decomposition of
hydrogen peroxide increase
Manipulated variable : Mass of catalyst
Responding variable : The rate of reaction
Fixed variables : temperature, volume and
concentration of hydrogen peroxide

Experiment II
Decomposition of 50
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
Hydrogen Peroxide +
1.0 g manganese (IV)
oxide

Volume of O2
/ cm3
Exp II
(1.0 g MnO2)

Exp I
(without
catalyst)

Exp I
(0.5 g MnO2)
Time /s

Lower gradient
:. Lower rate
Steeper gradient
:. Higher rate

 Manganese(IV) oxide act as catalyst

to increase rate of reaction
 Total volume for both exp I and II same
 Because the molarity and volume of
hydrogen peroxide in both reaction are
same

Observable changes:
Volume of gas carbon
dioxide in every 30 s is
recorded

Experiment 1:
Decomposition of 50
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
Hydrogen Peroxide +
0.5 g manganese (IV)
oxide
Experiment II
Decomposition of 50
cm3 of 1.0 mol dm-3
Hydrogen Peroxide +
1.0 g manganese (IV)
oxide

Volume of O2
/ cm3
Exp II
(with catalyst)

Properties of catalyst
Need a small amount
Specific in action
Chemically unchanged
Does not affect amount
product
 Increase rate of
reaction






Time /s
Lower gradient
:. Lower rate
Steeper gradient
:. Higher rate

 When amount Manganese(IV)

oxide increase , rate of reaction
increase
 Total volume for both exp I and II
same
 Because the molarity and volume
of hydrogen peroxide in both
reaction are same
 Quantity of catalyst does not affect
the total volume of produced

The Collision Theory

Endothermic
reaction

Energy
Energy
Molecule ust
collide

Right
orientation of
collision

Ea

Achieved a
minimun
amoun of
energy (Ea)

Exothermic
reaction

Ea
Product

reactants

Ea

Ea

products
The collisions that lead to a chemical reaction are known as
effective collisions

Reactant
Reactant
Progress of reaction

Explanation using Collision Theory

SIZE

CONCENTRATION

TEMPERATUR
TEMPERATURE

CATALYST

The smaller the size

of reactant,
the
larger is the total
surface
area
exposed to collision

The higher the

concentration
of
reactants,
the
higher
is
the
number of particles
in a unit volume.

The
higher
the
temperature,
the
higher is the kinetic
energy of reacting
particles.
The
reacting
particles
move faster.

Catalyst provides
an alternative path
of reaction which
needs
lower
activation energy
(Ea)

Energy Profile Diagram And Activation Energy, Ea:

Ea The minimum energy the reactant
Ea The lower activation energy in the presence
of a catalyst.

Haber Process (NH3)

Iron, Fe
Uses of
Catalyst in
Industrial

The rate of reaction increases.

Cooking in a pressure cooker

 The high pressure in pressure cooker increases the boiling
point of water to a temperature above 100 C.
 The kinetic energy of the particles in the food is higher
higher.
 Time taken for the food to be cooked is decrease
 Thus the food cooked faster at a higher temperature in a
pressure cooker.

Ostwald process (HNO3)

Platinum, Pt
Contact process (H2SO4)
Vanadium (V) oxide,
V2O5

The frequency of collision between particles increases.

The frequency of effective collision between particles increases

Progress of reaction

Cooking of solid food in smaller size

 The total surface area on a smaller cut pieces of food is larger
 The food can absorbed more heat.
 The time
me taken for the food to be cooked is shorter

Storage of food in a refrigerator

 When the food keptt in refrigerator, the food lasts longer
 The low temperature in the refrigerator slows down the
activity of the bacteria.
 The bacteria produce less toxin ,
 the rate of decomposition of food becomes lower

FACTOR

EXPLANATION

Size

Exp I:
2 g of Zinc chip + 50 cm3 1.0
mol dm-3 HCl
Exp II :
2 g of Zinc powder + 50 cm3 1.0
mol dm-3 HCl

Size of zinc in exp. II is smaller than exp I.

Total surface area exposed to collision in exp.
II is larger than exp. I
The frequency of collision between zinc and
hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Frequency of effective collision between zinc
and hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Rate of reaction in exp. II is higher

DIAGRAM
Volume of
H2/ cm3

Exp II

Exp I

Time/s
Concentration

Exp I: 2 g of Zinc powder + 50

cm3 0.5 mol dm-3 HCl
Exp II : 2 g of Zinc powder + 50
cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl

Concentration of hydrochloric acid in exp. II is

higher than exp I
The number particles per unit volume in exp.
II is higher than exp. I
The frequency of collision between zinc and
hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Frequency of effective collision between zinc
and hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Rate of reaction in exp. II is higher

Volume of H2
/ cm3
Exp II

Exp II

Time /s

Concentration

Exp I: 2 g of Zinc powder + 50

cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 CH3COOH
Exp II : 2 g of Zinc powder + 50
cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 HCl
Exp III : 2 g of Zinc powder + 50
cm3 1.0 mol dm-3 H2SO4

Experiment I and II
Exp I use ethanoic acid (weak acid) and exp II use
hydrochloric acid (strong acid)
The number of hydrogen ions per unit volume
in exp. II is higher than exp. I
The frequency of collision between zinc and
hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Frequency of effective collision between zinc
and hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Rate of reaction in exp. II is higher

Experiment II and III

Exp III use sulphuric acid (diprotic acid) and exp
II use hydrochloric acid (monoprotic acid)
The number of hydrogen ions per unit volume
in exp. III is higher than exp. II
The frequency of collision between zinc and
hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Frequency of effective collision between zinc
and hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Rate of reaction in exp. II is higher

Volume of H2
/ cm3

Exp III
Exp II
Exp I
Time /s

Temperature
Exp I:
2 g of Zinc chip + 50 cm3 1.0
mol dm-3 HCl at 25 oC
Exp II :
2 g of Zinc powder + 50 cm3 1.0
mol dm-3 HCl at 40 oC

Temperature of exp. II is higher than exp I.

The kinetic energy of reactant in exp II is higher
than I
The frequency of collision between zinc and
hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Frequency of effective collision between zinc
and hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Rate of reaction in exp. II is higher

Volume of
carbon dioxide/ cm3

Exp II

Exp I

Time/s
Catalyst
Exp I:
2 g of Zinc powder + 50 cm3 0.5
mol dm-3 HCl
Exp II :
2 g of Zinc powder + 50 cm3 1.0
mol dm-3 HCl and 2cm3 of
copper (II) sulphate

Exp II use copper (II) sulphate act as catalyst

Catalyst provides an alternative path of reaction
which needs lo
lower activation energy (Ea)
The frequency of collision between zinc and
hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Frequency of effective collision between zinc
and hydrogen ion in exp II is higher
Rate of reaction in exp. II is higher

Volume of H2
/ cm3
Exp II
(with catalyst)

Exp I

Time /s

HAK MILIK SLM 2011