7/28/2015

Conduction and Radiation (ME641A)

http://www.piazza.com/iitk.ac.in/firstsemester2015/me641a/home

Malay K. Das
http://home.iitk.ac.in/~mkdas

Energy Conversion and Storage Laboratory

210 Southern Lab, Ph: 7359, mkdas@iitk.ac.in

Class- MTh:1200-1330, L5

Office hours: T 1000-1100, SL-210

Department of Mechanical Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur

Fundamental problem of heat transfer

o Given a system with known initial temperature distribution
o Given sufficient information about the system boundary (how
the system is interacting with the surroundings)
o Obtain temperature at any point within the system at any
instant of time
T ( t = 0, x, y, z ) = Ti ( x, y, z ) in

sufficient information (?) in

T (t , x, y, z ) = ?
where t : temporal coordinate (time axis)

x, y, z : spatial coordinate; : system; : boundary

T ( t , x, y, z ) = T ( x, y, z ) steady-state temperature distribution

T ( t , x, y, z ) = T ( t ) uniform temperature distribution

Malay K. Das
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, mkdas@iitk.ac.in

7/28/2015

Lets take a piece of solid: stationary, constant mass system

Mass/momentum conservations are trivially satisfied (does not
give us any useful information); energy conservation is the all that
we have
1st law of thermodynamics: E
= Q
W

Q
= heat transfer between system and surroundings
W
= W
mech + W
elec + W
chem + ... = Q
gen
Leads to the the following form
E
= Q
+ Q

gen

Now, we will apply the above balance Equation

in a small (differential) volume

Change in the

energy content
of the cube

Net heat transported (in) Heat generation

= through the cube
+ inside the
surfaces
volume xyz

E = Q
in + Q
gen, vol t
surfaces

E = exyz

Q
gen, vol

= qxy z

Heat flow in the direction of the area (scalar)

= heat flux (vector) . area (vector)





Q = q. A = q.nA
Figure: Incropera, Heat and Mass Transfer

Malay K. Das
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, mkdas@iitk.ac.in

7/28/2015

Heat flow in the direction of the area (scalar)

= heat flux (vector) . area (vector) Q = q. A = q.nA
In general, heat flow in to a control volume (CV)






through area dA = q.dA = q.ndA
In general, heat flow in to a CV through the






enclosed area (control surface, CS) = q.dA = q.ndA
CS

n : unit vector in
n
surface normal direction

CS

q

q : heat flux vector
CV
CS

Q in = qx . Ax qx+x . Ax +x qy . Ay qy +y . Ay +y qz. Az qz +z . Az +z

= ix . ( qx qx+x )( yz ) + iy . ( qy qy +y ) ( z x ) + iz . ( qz qz+z )( xy )




since Ax = Ax +x = ix . ( yz ) ... etc
surfaces

e i. ( qx qx +x ) j. ( qy qy +y ) k. ( qx qx +x )
=
+
+
+ q
t
x
y
z

For t , x, y, z 0

e


= .q + q
t

This above Equation is true for

any mode of heat transfer or,
in general, any kind of
transport
Malay K. Das
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, mkdas@iitk.ac.in

Q
gen, vol

= qxy z

E = exyz

7/28/2015

e


= .q + q
t

This above Equation can be deduced for any arbitrary

control volume (elemental cube is not essential) using
Reynolds Transport Theorem

This above Equation contains too many unknowns and

therefore requires additional information: closure
Equations (constitutive relations)
Thermodynamics: e = cT

( cT )


= .q + q; we assume c, q to be known
t

We need a relation between heat flux and

temperature; to begin with we assume conduction to
be the only mode of heat transfer

Primary causes are unknown to us; but

are subject to simple and constant laws,
which may be discovered by observation,
the study of them being the object of
natural philosophy.
Heat, like gravity, penetrates every
substance of the universe, its rays occupy
all parts of space. The object of our work is
to set forth the mathematical laws which
these element obeys. The theory of heat
will hereafter form one of the most
important branches of general physics.

Joseph Fourier
(1768-1832)

Fourier, J., The Analytical theory of Heat , 1822, Engl. Ed., 1878

Malay K. Das
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, mkdas@iitk.ac.in

7/28/2015

Fundamental idea of Transport

rate of transport difference

Most of the time: flux gradient
Extensive quantity
transported across unit area

of corresponding
intensive quantity

Flux

Gradient

Momentum

Pressure

Mass

Concentration

Heat

Temperature

In general, q = qconduction + qconvection + qradiation
Fouriers assumption for heat conduction:



q
=

T
conduction
diffusion-only mechanism
Thermal conductivity (k, W/m-K) is a scalar for isotropic materials
( cT )


= . k T + q
t

Above Equation is the general Equation of heat

conduction in coordinate-free (vector) form

Malay K. Das
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, mkdas@iitk.ac.in

7/28/2015

In Cartesian coordinate
( cT )
t

T
k
x x

T T
+ k
+ k
y y z z

+ q

For constant property media

T
q
= 2T +
t
c
thermal diffusivity =
laplacian 2 =

k
c

2
2
2
+
+
x 2 y 2 z 2

Subtle assumptions, we have used:

oConstant property, isotropic thermal conductivity

oT exists and differentiable at every point of the domain
oHeat flux depends only on local temperature gradient and local
material property (conductivity)
oHeat flux responds instantaneously to the change in temperature

In short, the Equation is applicable to continuum; the

system is not too fast, not too small, not too large
Fouriers started with a lot of wrong assumptions and
ended up with a surprisingly accurate model of heat
conduction !!
Malay K. Das
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, mkdas@iitk.ac.in

7/28/2015

Constant property, isotropic:

Steady:

q T
=
c t
q
2T =
k
2T +

Steady, no generation:

2T = 0

Unsteady (transient), no generation:

2T =

Cartesian, three-dimensional:
Cartesian, two-dimensional:
Cartesian, one-dimensional:

T
t

2
2
2
= 2+ 2+ 2
x y z
2
2
2
= 2+ 2
x y
2

2
= 2
x
2

Initial and boundary conductions (IC, BCs)

oThink about the physical attributes of the problem
oThink about the existence, uniqueness, and stability
oAn IC must be specified for transient problems
oBC type 1: Dirichlet condition: specified temperature
oBC type 2: Neumann condition: specified heat flux (temperature
gradient)
oBC type 3: Robin condition: convection at boundary
oMixed boundary: different types at different parts of the
boundary

dT
+ bT + C = 0 works
dx
Youve to be careful for other types of BCs

in general a

Malay K. Das
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
IIT Kanpur, mkdas@iitk.ac.in