Literature Reviews.

Animal fat seemed to be helpful to lubricate axles of the initial carriages at first along with remained used
commonly before petroleum business came about within the 19th millennium. After that, crude oil has
become the key supply of lubricants. Engine oils are also produced from petroleum-based and also nonpetroleum-synthesized substances. Nowadays, they're primarily consisting of hydrocarbons,
polyalphaolefins (PAO), and also polyinternalolefins (PIO), for that reason, natural and organic
substances consisting entirely of carbon and also hydrogen (1). Recently, issues relevant to significant
propotions connected with lubricants dropped towards the environment have grown an essential problem
(3). The decomposed product of the lubricants is usually possibly harmful for environmental
surroundings. Volatile lubricants in addition to lubrication haze have an effect to air quality, while losses
coming from lubrication systems contaminate the water and soil.
Vegetable oils along with animal fat are potential renewable sources as bio-based lubricants (Naik, Goud,
Rout, & Dalai, 2010; Schneider, 2006). In addition to biodegradability along with renewability matter,
vegetable oil incorporates a potential to interchange mineral due to vegetable oils are known to provide
beneficial lubricity by means of their ester functionality (Knothe & Steidley, 2005). This polar head of
fatty acid chain adhere to metal surfaces by way of chemical process method allowing a monolayer film
to form while using non-polar end of fatty acids adhering from the metal surface producing reduction
associated with coefficient of friction (Neville, Morina, Haque, & Voong, 2007; Sharma, Doll, & Erhan,
2007).This viscosity of high VI oil alterations less than in which of low VI oil for a provided temperatures
change. The oils viscosity does not reduce as much when exposed to high temperatures, and does not
increase as much as petroleum oils when exposed to cool temperatures. Furthermore, another
advantageous of vegetable oils is their high flash (326C) is the flash point of soybean oil compared to a
flash point of approximately (200C) for mineral oils.
Vegetable oil in its natural form, on the other hand, features limited consumption potential on account of
their poor oxidation stability (Erhan & Asadauskas, 2000; Sarin, Sharma, Sinharay, & Malhotra, 2007) as
well as low temperature properties. Numerous studies on the oxidation stability of vegetable oils have
been conducted earlier (Erhan, Sharma, & Perez, 2006; Fox & Stachowiak, 2007). The problem with
oxidation is that it leads to polymerization and hence degradation. Polymerization of vegetable oils
increases its viscosity and hence reduces lubrication capacity (Demirbas, 2008; Misra & Murthy, 2010;
Sahoo, Das, Babu, & Naik, 2007). Degradation leads to breakdown products that are volatile and
corrosive, and weakens lubricant structure and properties.
To overcome these limitations, additives can be added to the lubricants in order to create more
environmentally products with no toxicity labels (Abdalla & Patel, 2006). The usage of Nano-particle as
additive in lubricating oils is emerging in the 21 st century due to its unique properties such as the effects
of quantum-size, effects of small-size, effects of surface and interface and others. Graphene being twodimensional material, offers unique friction and wear properties that is not typically seen in conventional
materials. Besides its well-established thermal, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, graphene
can serve as a solid or colloidal liquid lubricant. Its high chemical inertness, extreme strength, and easy
shear capability on its densely packed and atomically smooth surface are the major favorable attributes
for its impressive tribological behavior. Several researches have been carried out stated that the
tribological behavior of grahene was shown to depend on stacking and other structural features, as well as
the nature of the sliding surfaces (Berman, Erdemir, & Sumant, 2014).

Graphene as a two-dimensional material not only shears easily at the sliding contact interfaces
but also provides protection against corrosion and oxidation, which can, in turn, help reduce
friction and wear. A research done by (Choudhary, Mungse, & Khatri, 2012), has proved the
friction and wear were reduced by 26% and 9%, respectively by adding graphene in organic

solvent lubricants. The enhancement in lubrication properties is attributed to the supply of

graphene nanosheets between the rubbing surfaces, which prevent the direct contact of steel and
provide low resistance to shearing (Berman et al., 2014).
According to a study by (Senatore, D'Agostino, Petrone, Ciambelli, & Sarno, 2013) clearly
prove that graphene platelets in oil easily form protective deposited films to prevent the rubbing
surfaces from coming into direct contact thereby, improve the entirely tribological behaviour of
the oil. (Eswaraiah, Sankaranarayanan, & Ramaprabhu, 2011) propose that sliding is the main
mechanism behind reducing friction in the case of graphene-based engine oil nanofluids as a
continuous lubricating film comprising of graphene was formed in the oil of rubbing surfaces.
Current research show that graphene-based lubricant offers better friction and wear properties as well

as load carrying capacity that is not typically seen in conventional materials. However, there is
still lack of research emphasize on the addition of graphene in biobased lubricant. Hence, this
project focuses on the rheological behavior and tribological performance of nanographenedispersed biobased lubricant.
In this research, the film thickness development using rheology studies of biobased lubricant will
be explored. The endurance sustainability of the lubricants film thickness and the mechanisms of
protective film formed on rubbing surfaces will be identified throughout this project.

1. Abdalla, HS, & Patel, S. (2006). The performance and oxidation stability of sustainable
metalworking fluid derived from vegetable extracts. Proceedings of the Institution of
Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 220(12), 20272040.
2. Berman, Diana, Erdemir, Ali, & Sumant, Anirudha V. (2014). Graphene: a new emerging
lubricant.
Materials
Today,
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doi:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.12.003
3. Choudhary, Shivani, Mungse, Harshal P, & Khatri, Om P. (2012). Dispersion of alkylated
graphene in organic solvents and its potential for lubrication applications. Journal of
Materials Chemistry, 22(39), 21032-21039.
4. Demirbas, Ayhan. (2008). Relationships derived from physical properties of vegetable oil
and biodiesel fuels. Fuel, 87(8), 1743-1748.
5. Erhan, Sevim Z, & Asadauskas, Svajus. (2000). Lubricant basestocks from vegetable oils.
Industrial crops and products, 11(2), 277-282.
6. Erhan, Sevim Z, Sharma, Brajendra K, & Perez, Joseph M. (2006). Oxidation and low
temperature stability of vegetable oil-based lubricants. Industrial Crops and Products,
24(3), 292-299.
7. Eswaraiah, Varrla, Sankaranarayanan, Venkataraman, & Ramaprabhu, Sundara. (2011).
Graphene-based engine oil nanofluids for tribological applications. ACS applied
materials & interfaces, 3(11), 4221-4227.
8. Fox, NJ, & Stachowiak, GW. (2007). Vegetable oil-based lubricantsa review of
oxidation. Tribology international, 40(7), 1035-1046.
9. Knothe, Gerhard, & Steidley, Kevin R. (2005). Lubricity of components of biodiesel and
petrodiesel. The origin of biodiesel lubricity. Energy & fuels, 19(3), 1192-1200.

10. Misra, RD, & Murthy, MS. (2010). Straight vegetable oils usage in a compression
ignition engineA review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 14(9), 30053013.
11. Naik, SN, Goud, Vaibhav V, Rout, Prasant K, & Dalai, Ajay K. (2010). Production of first
and second generation biofuels: a comprehensive review. Renewable and Sustainable
Energy Reviews, 14(2), 578-597.
12. Neville, A, Morina, A, Haque, T, & Voong, M. (2007). Compatibility between
tribological surfaces and lubricant additiveshow friction and wear reduction can be
controlled by surface/lube synergies. Tribology International, 40(10), 1680-1695.
13. Sahoo, PK, Das, LM, Babu, MKG, & Naik, SN. (2007). Biodiesel development from
high acid value polanga seed oil and performance evaluation in a CI engine. Fuel, 86(3),
448-454.
14. Sarin, Rakesh, Sharma, Meeta, Sinharay, Suprakas, & Malhotra, Ravindra K. (2007).
Jatrophapalm biodiesel blends: an optimum mix for Asia. Fuel, 86(10), 1365-1371.
15. Schneider, Manfred P. (2006). Plantoilbased lubricants and hydraulic fluids. Journal of
the Science of Food and Agriculture, 86(12), 1769-1780.
16. Senatore, Adolfo, D'Agostino, Vincenzo, Petrone, Vincenzo, Ciambelli, Paolo, & Sarno,
Maria. (2013). Graphene Oxide Nanosheets as Effective Friction Modifier for Oil
Lubricant: Materials, Methods, and Tribological Results. ISRN Tribology, 2013.
17. Sharma, Brajendra K, Doll, Kenneth M, & Erhan, Sevim Z. (2007). Oxidation, friction
reducing, and low temperature properties of epoxy fatty acid methyl esters. Green
chemistry, 9(5), 469-474.