1.

Draw a schematic diagram to show how the circuit given below can be fabricated in
monolithic Integrated Circuit form and explain the processes involved.

1. Growth of n type epitaxial Slicon layer on P type

single crystal Slicon wafer
2. Passivation by blowing oxygen over the epitaxial
layer to create an oxide overlayer which prevents
oxidation of the inner layer
3. Creation of Window at each stage at appropriate
places to form transistor/diode/resistor
4. Blowing vapours of trivalent or Pentavalent dopant
atoms to create P or n type layers.
5. Passivation after each stage to prevent oxidation
6. Metallization to make the interconnections and to
provide external leads
Diode

p
n

Resistor

Transistor

p
n

Resistor

p
n

p substrate

2. Using the ac equivalent circuit of a transistor differential amplifier with single ended
output determine the differential and common mode gains.
+ VCC

+ VCC

AC Analysis of Differential Amplifier

RC

Q1

vout

Q2

v2

v1

RC

Q1

v1

Q2
Non inverting Input

vout
RE

RE

- VEE

- VEE

v1

ic

re

v1

ic

re

RC
vout

RE

re

re

RC

vout

ic

Inverting Input

+ VCC

RC
vout

RC
ic

vout

Q2

vout
ic
v2

v2

v2

Q1

re
RE

RC

re

RE

re

re

- VEE

Differential Gain

+ VCC

+ VCC
Common Mode Gain

RC
Q1

RC
vout

Q2

vin(CM)

vin(CM)

Q1
vin(CM)

vin(CM)

2RE

RE

vout

Q2

2RE

- VEE
RC
ic

vin(CM)

re
2RE

ic

- VEE

vout
vin(CM)

re
2RE

3. Explain with circuit diagram the working principle of a window comparator.

vo

R
2R
+12V

LTP

UTP

2.3 V

4.7 V

vin

vin

vout

+12V

3R
R

Vout

LTP

UTP

Vin

+5V

+9V

+9V
10 k

4.7 k 5.6 k

+12V

2R

Vin

6V

+12V

10 k

3R
+3V

Vout

+
339
-

R
Yellow

Vout
+5 V

4.7 k 5.6 k
-9V

< 3 V Yellow On
3-6V Green On
> 6V Red On

1 k

+12V

Green

10 k

3V

+4V +
339
-

Red

Vi

+12V

LTP
3V

UTP
4V

Vin

4. Using the functional diagram of a 555 Timer operated in monostable mode explain its
action. Derive the expression for the time period of the monoshot pulse.
Vcc

7
6

Discharge
Threshold

5 K
Control 2/3 Vcc

5 K

0.1 F

Vcc
1/3 Vcc
Trigger

S
+

Reset 4

5 K

2
Ground 1

1/3 Vcc

Q
3
Q
Output

Q1

Trigger

1/3 Vcc
2/3 Vcc
Capacitor
Voltage

Output

Vcc

0V

5. The circuit given below measures current with an Oscilloscope having y scale
sensitivity 5mV/cm. If it is desired to have 2 cm vertical scale deflection for an input
current of 1A, what should be the value of R1? Determine the closed loop input
impedance of the circuit and the maximum frequency which gives undistorted output of
10 V peak. The OPAMPs used in the circuit are identical have open loop gain 105, input
impedance 1 M, and slew rate 0.5 V/s.
R1
iin

v0

18 k
R2 2 k

R3

1
1