Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Modulation Techniques
for Mobile Radio
School of Information Science
and Engineering, SDU
Outline
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Angle Modulation
Digital Modulation
Line Coding
Pulse Shaping Techniques
Geometric Representation of Modulation Signal
Linear Modulation Techniques
Constant Envelope Modulation
M-ary signaling
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What is modulation
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Modulation Techniques
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Amplitude
Phase, or
Frequency
of a high frequency carrier in accordance with the
amplitude of the message signal.
Analog/Digital Modulation
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Analog Modulation
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Digital Modulation
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Goal of Modulation
Techniques
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atmospheric or impulse noise cause rapid fluctuations in the amplitude of the received
signal
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Amplitude Modulation
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AM Modulator
Carrier Signal : Ac
sAM(t)
cos( 2f c t )
s AM (t ) = Ac [1 + m(t )] cos( 2f c t )
k=
Am
Ac
s AM (t ) = Re{ g (t )e j 2f c t }
where
g (t ) = Ac (1 + m(t )]
AM Modulation/Demodulation
Source
Sink
Wireless
Channel
Demodulator
Modulator
Baseband Signal
with frequency
fm
(Modulating Signal)
Bandpass Signal
with frequency
fc
(Modulated Signal)
fc >> fm
Original Signal
with frequency
fm
AM Modulation - Example
20
15
1/fmesg
10
5
0
-5
1/fc
-10
-15
-20
10
s AM (t ) = Ac [1 + m (t )] cos( 2f c t )
AM Signal : s AM (t ) = 4[1 + 2 + 2 cos( t )] cos( 2f c t )
12
14
10
fc =
1.6 Hz
2
1
f mesg=
= 0.16 Hz
2
Angle Modulation
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Frequency Modulation
Phase Modulation
The phase (t) of the carrier signal is varied linearly with the
message signal m(t).
Angle Modulation
FREQUENCY MODULATION
t
s FM (t ) = Ac cos( 2f c t +
k f Am
fm
sin( 2f mt )]
PHASE MODULATION
FM Example:
4
-4
+
0.5
Message signal
FM Signal
Carrier Signal
-+
1.5
m (t ) = 4 cos( 2t )
s (t ) = cos[2 8t + 4 sin( 2t )]
cos( 2 8t )
FM Index
f =
k f Am
W
f
=
W
fm=4kHz
f = 10kHz/V * 4V = 40kHz.
f = 40kHz / 4kHz = 10
BT = 2( f + 1) f m
BT = 2f
Upper bound
Lower bound
Example:
Analog AMPS FM system uses modulation index of Bf = 3 and fm = 4kHz.
Using Carsons Rule: AMPS has 32kHz upper bound and 24kHz lower
bound on required channnel bandwidth.
FM Demodulator
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Slope Detection
Zero-crossing detection
Phase-locked discrimination
Quadrature detection
Slope Detector
Vin(t)
Limiter
V1(t)
Differentiator
V2(t)
Envelope
Detector
Vout(t)
v1 (t ) = V1 cos[2f c t + (t ) ] = V1 cos 2f c t + 2k f m ( x ) dx
d
dv1 (t )
sin (2f c t + (t ) )
v 2 (t ) =
= V1 2f c +
dt
dt
vout (t ) = V1 2f c + (t )
dt
= V1 2f c + V1 2k f m (t )
Proportional to
the priginal Message Signal
Digital Modulation
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Digital Modulation
The modulating signal is respresented as a time-sequence of symbols
or pulses.
Each symbol has m finite states: That means each symbol carries n bits
of information where n = log2m bits/symbol.
...
0
One symbol
(has m states voltage levels)
(represents n = log2m bits of information)
Modulator
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Power efficiecny
Bandwidth efficieny
Power Efficiency of
Modulation
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Eb
Power Efficiency : p =
N0
PER
Bandwidth Efficiency of
Modulation
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R
Bandwidth Efficiency : B = bps/Hz
B
R: the data rate (bps)
B: bandwidth occupied by the modulated RF signal
Shannons Bound
There is a fundamental upper bound on achievable bandwidth efficiency.
Shannons theorem gives the relationship between the channel
bandwidth and the maximum data rate that can be transmitted over this
channel considering also the noise present in the channel.
Shannons Theorem
B max
C
S
= = log 2 (1 + )
B
N
Example:
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30 dB
10
C = B log 2 (1 +
S
) = 2 x10 5 log 2 (1 + 1000 ) = 1.99 Mbps
N
C = 2 B log 2 m
C: channel capacity (bps)
B: RF bandwidth
m: number of finite states in a symbol of transmitted signal
Example: A noiseless channel with 3kHz bandwidth can only transmit
maximum of 6Kbps if the symbols are binary symbols.
Pw( f ) = lim T
T
T
WT ( f ) is th fourier transform of wT (t )
T
T
w
(
t
)
t
<
<
wT (t ) =
2
2
0
elsewhere
Fourier Analysis
Joseph Fourier has shown that any periodic function F(f) with period T,
can be constructed by summing a (possibly infinite) number of sines and
cosines.
a0
+ a n cos( nT t ) + bn sin( nT t )
2 n =1
2
T =
= 2f 0
T
F (t )=
Fourier Analysis
The coefficients can be obtained from the periodic function F(t) as follows:
T
2
a0 = F (t ) dt
T 0
T
2
an = F (t ) cos n T tdt ,
T 0
n = 1,2,...
2
bn = F (t ) sin n T tdt ,
T 0
n = 1,2,...
T = 2
1 harmonic
x
2*sin(x)
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
x
2*(sin(x)-sin(2*x)/2)
-4
-3
-2
-1
4
3
2 harmonics
-2
-1
x
2*(sin(x)-(sin(2*x)/2)+(sin(3*x)/3))
3 harmonics
-3
-1
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
x
2*(sin(x)-(sin(2*x)/2)+(sin(3*x)/3)-(sin(4*x)/4))
4 harmonics
-4
-3
-2
-1
-3
-2
-1
1.5
0.5
0
0
10
11
12
Harmonics
= cos + j sin
F (t ) =
jnT t
c
e
n dt
n =
1
cn =
T
T
2
jn T t
F
(
t
)
e
dt ,
n = ... 2,1,0,1,2,....
T
2
Line Coding
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V
0
Tb
V
Unipolar
NRZ
Bipolar
RZ
-V
V
Manchester
NRZ
-V
Tb
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Rectangular pulses?
Pulses will spread in time
Each symbol will interfer succeeding symbols (ISI)
Increase the symbol error probability (SER).
increase the channel bandwidth (usually infeasible)
design pulse shapes carefully (desirable & popular)
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Nyquist was the first to solve the problem of overcoming ISI while
keeping the transmission bandwidth low.
To nullify the effect of ISI, the overall response of the communication
system (including transmitter, channel, and receiver) should be
designed as follows:
K , n = 0
heff (nTs ) =
0, n 0
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sin ( t Ts )
heff (t ) =
t Ts
1 f
H eff ( f ) =
fs fs
Geometric Representation of
Modulation Signal
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S = {s1 (t ), s2 (t ),..., s M (t )}
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Geometric Representation of
Modulation Signal
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Vector space
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E = i2 (t ) dt = 1
Example
2 Eb
s1 (t ) =
cos(2f ct )
Tb
0 t Tb
2 Eb
s2 (t ) =
cos(2f c t ) 0 t Tb
Tb
2
1 (t ) =
cos(2f ct )
Tb
S=
{ E (t ),
b 1
Two signal
waveforms to
be used for
transmission
Eb 1 (t )
Eb
Eb
Constellation Diagram
Dimension = 1
Constellation Diagram
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Linear
Non-linear
binary 1
s2 (t ) = Ac cos(2 f c t + c + ) binary 0
Q
0
State
1
State
BPSK Example
Data
Carrier
Carrier+
BPSK waveform
00 State
11 State
10 State
4 different waveforms
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.50
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.50
cos+sin
11
10
cos-sin
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.50
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.50
-cos+sin
01
00
-cos-sin
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Continues FSK
s (t ) = A cos( 2f c + (t ))
s (t ) = A cos( 2f c t + 2k f
m( x)dx)
FSK Example
Data
1
FSK
Signal
MASK
MPSK
MFSK
MQAM
Modulated signal
2 Es
M
si (t ) =
cos 2 fc t +
( i 1) , 0 t Ts , i = 1, 2,..., M
Ts
2
Es
Eb log 2 M
Pe 2Q
Q
sin
=
2
sin
M
N0
M
0
Modulated signal
2 Emin
2 Emin
si (t ) =
ai cos ( 2 f c t ) +
bi sin ( 2 f c t )
Ts
Ts
, 0 t Ts , i = 1, 2,..., M
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Pe 4 1
Q N
M
3Eav
1
=
4
1
( M 1) N
M