Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Cheryl M. Navarro
2007-0026
Arellano University School of Law
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Conflict of Laws
- or Private International Law
- that part of the municipal law of a state which directs its courts and
administrative agencies, when confronted with a legal problem
involving a foreign element, whether or not they should apply foreign
law or foreign laws.
Public International Law
- the body of legal rules which apply between sovereign states and
such other entities as have been granted international personalities.
DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN CONFLICT OF LAWS AND PUBLIC
INTERNATIONAL LAW
CONFLICT OF LAW
1.) MUNICIPAL
2.) PRIVATE
INDIVIDUALS
BASIS
Nature
Persons Involved
PRIVATE
Transactions
RESORT TO
MUNICIPAL
TRIBUNALS
Remedies/ Sanctions
LAW OF NATIONS
INTERNATIONAL
SOVEREIGN STATES &
ENTITIES POSSESSED
OF AN
INTERNATIONAL
PERSONALITY
GENERALLY
AFFECTING PUBLIC
INTEREST; THOSE
WHICH IN GENERAL
ARE OF INTEREST TO
SOVEREIGN STATES
MAY BE FORCIBLE OR
PEACEFUL
Forcible:
1. severance of
diplomatic relations,
2. retorsions,
3. reprisals,
4. embargo,
5. boycott,
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6. non-intercourse,
7. pacific blockades,
8. collective measures
under the UN
Charter, and
9. WAR
Peaceful:
1. diplomatic
negotiation,
2. tender & exercise of
good offices,
3. mediation,
4. inquiry and
conciliation,
5. arbitration,
6. judicial settlement by
the ICJ,
7. reference to regional
agencies,
8. reference to the UN
Theory of Comity
- we apply the foreign law because of its CONVENIENCE, and finally,
because WE WANT TO GIVE PROTECTION to our citizens, residents
and transients in our land.
Theory of Vested Rights
- we SEEK TO ENFORCE not the foreign law itself but THE RIGHTS
THAT HAVE BEEN VESTED under such foreign laws.
Theory of Local Law
- We apply foreign law not because it is foreign, but BECAUSE OUR
OWN LAWS, by applying similar rules, REQUIRE US TO DO SO;
- It is as if the foreign law has become PART AND PARCEL of our own
local law.
Theory of Harmony of Laws
- In many cases we have to apply the foreign laws so that WHEREVER
A CASE IS DECIDED, i.e., irrespective of the forum, THE SOLUTION
SHOULD BE APPROXIMATELY THE SAME
- thus, identical or similar solutions anywhere and everywhere. When
the goal is realized, there will be a harmony of laws.
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Theory of Justice
- the PURPOSE OF ALL LAWS, including Conflict of Laws, is the
DISPENSING OF JUSTICE;
- if this can be attained in many cases by applying the proper foreign
law, we must do so.
Comity
- the RECOGNITION that one nation allows within its territory, to the
LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE OR JUDICIAL ACTS OF ANOTHER NATION,
having due regard both to INTERNATIONAL DUTY and
CONVENIENCE, and the RIGHTS OF ITS OWN CITIZENS, or other
persons who are under the protection of its laws.
Characterization/ DOCTRINE OF QUALIFICATION
- the process of determining under what category a certain set of facts
or rules fall
- the process of deciding whether or not the facts relate to the kind of
question specified in a conflicts rule.
- Also called the doctrine of qualification
- The ultimate purpose is to enable the forum to SELECT THE PROPER
LAW.
Status
- the place of an individual in society, and
- consists of personal qualities and relationships, more or less
permanent, with which the state and the community are concerned.
- Among the things which make up the status of a person are the ff.: his
being married or unmarried, widowed or divorced, his being a
legitimate or an illegitimate child of his parents, his being a minor or
his having reached the age of majority; his capacity to enter into
various transactions.
Capacity
- merely a part of status, and the sum total of his rights and obligations.
- The Civil Code distinguishes 2 kinds of capacity: CAPACITY TO ACT
and JURIDICAL CAPACITY.
- Capacity to act or ACTIVE CAPACITY is the power to do acts with
legal effects
- Juridical capacity or PASSIVE CAPACITY is the fitness to be the
subject of legal relations
Personal Law
- The law that attaches to an individual, wherever he may go- a law that generally governs his status, his capacity, his family
relations, and the consequences of his actuations.
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Nationality Theory
- the theory by virtue of which the status and capacity of an individual
are generally governed by the law of his nationality.
Naturalization
- a judicial process of acquiring citizenship where formalities of the
law have to be complied with, including a JUDICIAL HEARING and
APPROVAL OF THE PETITION
- it may also mean the acquisition of another citizenship by such acts
as marriage to a citizen, and the exercise of the option to elect a
particular citizenship.
Domiciliary Theory
- the theory that in general, the status, condition, rights and obligations,
and capacity (SCROC) of a person should be governed by the law of
his domicile.
Situs or Eclectic Theory
- in general, the capacity, legal condition, or status (C.LC.S) of an
individual should be governed by the law of the place where an
important element of the problem occurs or situated.
- If the participation of the individual concerned is active as when he
does the act voluntarily, the governing law is the law of the actual
situs of the place of the transaction or event.
- If the participation is passive, as when the effects of the act are set
forth in the law, the governing law is the law of the legal situs or the
legal situs of an individual is supposed to be his domicile.
RENVOI
- literally means REFERRING BACK;
- the problem arises when there is doubt as to whether a reference to a
foreign law is a reference to the internal law of said foreign law, or is
a reference to the whole of the foreign law, including its conflicts
rules.
- renvoi (from the French, meaning "send back" or "to return
unopened") is a subset of the choice of law rules and it may be
applied whenever a forum court is directed to consider the law of
another state.
DOUBLE RENVOI
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occurs when the local court, in adopting the foreign court theory,
discovers that the foreign court accepts the renvoi
Double Renvoi or the Foreign Courts Doctrine which will also ensure
parity of result so long as no other relevant law is using it. In this
scenario, the forum court considers that it is sitting as the foreign
court and will decide the matter as the foreign court would.
Transmission
- the process of applying the law of a foreign state through the law of a
second foreign state.
Marriage as a contract
- ARTICLE 1 FAMILY CODE:
Marriage is a special contract of permanent union between a man and
a woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment
of conjugal and family life. It is the foundation of the family and an
inviolable social institution whose nature, consequences and
incidents are governed by law and not subject to stipulations except
that marriage settlements may fix the property relations during the
marriage within the limits provided by the Family Code.
- marriage as any other contract has two kinds of requisites: the formal
and the essential requisites.
Marriage as a Status
- carries with it implications in two fields:
1. the realm of personal rights and obligations of the spouses; and
2. the realm of property relations.
Annulment
- the remedy to a voidable marriage, i.e., a valid marriage until
annulled.
Absolute Divorce
- a mode of dissolving the marital ties granted for causes subsequent to
the marriage ceremony. There is no Divorce in the Philippines.
Legal Separation
- or divorce a mensa et thoro
- or separation from bed and board
- or relative divorce
- does not sever the marriage bonds
- Reconciliation prevents a suit for legal separation or rescinds one
already granted.
- Can be granted for causes subsequent to the celebration of the
marriage
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The grounds are those given by the national law of the parties
concerned inasmuch as this is purely a question of status, the validity
of the marriage being presumed or admitted.
ANNULMENT
Can be granted for causes existing
prior to or at the time the wedding
takes place
Grounds are given by the lex loci
celebrationis
Questions the very existence of the
status
Adoption
- the process of making a child, whether related or not to the adopter,
possess in general the rights accorded to a legitimate child.
CONFLICTS RULES ON ADOPTION
1) Whether or not the status of adoption has been created depends on
the national law of the adopter.
2) If the adoption takes place in the Philippines, our countrys
procedural requisites must be complied with in accordance with the
theory of lex fori in procedural matter.
3) Adoption cannot be allowed without judicial approval.
4) The following are not allowed to adopt:
-
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Note:
An alien with whose government of the RP has no diplomatic relations
may not be adopted.
Adoption of a foreigner does not grant said foreigner Philippine
citizenship.
Doctrine of Immutability of Status
- theory that the STATUS OF A CHILD- HIS LEGITIMACY- IS NOT
AFFECTED BY ANY SUBSEQUENT CHANGE IN THE NATIONALITY
OF THE PARENTS.
- However, the national law of the parents will be changed should the
parents effect a change of nationality: the rights and obligations of
parents and child will now be determined by the new national law.
Example: A Filipino illegitimate child who becomes a legitimated child of his
Filipino parents by virtue of recognition by both parents and their
subsequent valid marriage, continues to be a legitimate child even if the
parents should subsequently embrace another nationality.
The parental and filial rights and obligations will now be governed the NEW
nationality, but the child is considered still a legitimated child, despite any
contrary rule under the new nationality. Moreover, the new rights and
obligations will be effective only from the moment the new nationality is
embraced, not before.
Guardianship
- there are generally 3* kinds of guardians
1. Guardians over the Person*- appointed generally by the
courts where the ward is domiciled. Their powers are
coextensive with the authority of the appointing court. Hence, a
guardian as such, is not permitted to sue in other jurisdictions
unless his guardianship is also recognized in such foreign
courts. However, he may litigate in his own individual or private
capacity.
2. Guardians over the Property* - appointed by the court where
the property of the ward may be found; their powers are fixed
by the appointing court, and cannot have extraterritorial
application.
Should the ward have properties in foreign states, ancillary
guardianship proceedings are imperative.
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usufruct,
lease,
easement,
police power,
eminent domain,
taxation,
quieting of title,
registration and
prescription
Exceptions:
a) successional rights
b) capacity to succeed
c) contracts involving real
property but which do not
deal with the title thereto
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POINT OF CONTACT
Lex rei sitae (Art. 16, NCC)
b) means of transportation
-
vessels
other means
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c) taxation of debts
d) administration of debts
e) negotiability or nonnegotiability of an
instrument
f) validity of transfer,
delivery or negotiation
of the instrument
g) effect on a corporation
of the sale corporate
shares
i) taxation on the
dividends of corporate
shares
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k) franchises
l) goodwill of a business
and taxation thereon
m) patents, copyrights,
trademarks, trade
names
Chose
- a thing, an article of personal property
- a chattel personal, and is either IN ACTION OR IN POSSESSION
Chose in Action (Intangible Personal Property)
- a thing in action
- the right of bringing an action or
- right to recover a debt or money
Chose in action means any of the following:
1) Right of proceeding in a court of law to procure payment of sum of
money, or right to recover a personal chattel or a sum of money by
action;
2) A personal right not reduced into possession, but recoverable by a
suit at law;
3) A right to personal things of which the owner has the possession,
but merely a right of action for their possession;
4) Includes personal chattels which are not in possession, and all
property in action which depends entirely on contracts express
or implied;
5) A right to receive or recover a debt, demand, or damages on a
cause of action ex-contractu or for a tort or omission of a duty.
Chose in Possession (Tangible Personal Property)
- Personal thing of which one has possession
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Goodwill
- the PATRONAGE of any established trade or business
- the BENEFIT acquired by an establishment BEYOND the mere value
of the capital stocks, funds, or property employed therein IN
CONSEQUENCE OF THE GENERAL PUBLICS PATRONAGE AND
ENCOURAGEMENT which it receives from its customers.
Trademark
- the name or symbol of goods made or manufactured.
Trade name
- the name or symbol of a store or business place
Service Mark
- the name or symbol of services rendered.
Copyright
- the right of literary property as recognized and sanctioned by
positive law.
Will
-
Succession
- a mode of acquisition by virtue of which the property, rights and
obligations, to the extent of the value of the inheritance, of a person
are transmitted through his death to another or others either by his
will or by operation of law.
Theories on the Proper Law for the Transmission of Successional Rights
1) Unitary or Single System- one law governs the transmission of both
real and personal property
2) Split or Scission System- one law governs real property while another
determines successional rights to personal property.
WILLS, SUCCESSION, AND ADMINISTRATION
FACTUAL SITUATION
1) Extrinsic Validity of Wills
a) made by an alien abroad
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POINT OF CONTACT
a) lex nationalii/ lex
a) if domiciled- where
domiciled at death
if not domiciled- where the
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b) powers
Holographic Wills
- a will which is entirely written, dated and signed by the hand of the
testator himself.
- Subject to no other form and need not be witnessed.
- The disposition of the testator written below his signature must be
dated and signed by him in order to make them valid as testamentary
dispositions.
Decedent and Testator
- decedent is the general term applied to the person whose property is
transmitted through succession, whether or not he left a will, if he left
a will, he is also called a testator.
Testamentary Capacity
- the capacity to comprehend the nature of transaction in which the
testator is engaged at the time,
- to recollect the property to be disposed of and the persons who
would naturally be supposed to have claims upon the testator, and
- to comprehend the manner in which the instrument will distribute
his property among the objects of his bounty.
Attestation Clause
- the clause wherein the witnesses certify that the instrument has been
executed before them, and the manner of the execution of the same.
Estate
- the interest which a person has in lands, or any other subject of
property
Obligation
- a juridical necessity to, to do or not to do.
- A juridical relation whereby a person (creditor) may demand from
another (debtor) the observance of a determined conduct and in case
of breach, may demand satisfaction from the assets of the latter.
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Contract
- a meeting of the minds between 2 persons whereby one binds
himself, with respect to the other, to give something or to render
some service.
- An agreement which creates an obligation
- Agreement upon sufficient consideration, to do or not to do a
particular thing.
- May be express or implied.
Express Contract
- the agreement is formal and stated verbally or in writing
- the terms of the agreement are declared by the parties in writing or
verbally at the time it is entered into
Implied Contract
- the agreement in fact is presumed or inferred from the acts of the
parties
- may also arise from mere consent
- where one party rendered services to another, and these services
were accepted by the latter, in the absence of proof that the services
were rendered gratuitously, an obligation results to pay the
reasonable worth of the services rendered upon the implied contract
of hiring, under the principle of facio ut des, i.e., I do that you may
give.
Tort
- a legal wrong committed upon anothers person or property,
independent of a contract
Crime
- an act or omission punishable by law
Felony
- transgression against the Revised Penal Code
Offense
- transgression against a special law
Infraction
- transgression against a local or municipal or local ordinance
Corporation
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getting the law intended by the parties to govern the contract then
applying the intended law in its totality including its periods of
prescription and its statute of frauds.
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THEORY OF DESISTMENT
- the RP court desists or refrains from applying a foreign law because
of its inadequacy being founded on a different basis. Hence, the RP
court applies its internal law.
Ordinary Children
- with an intra-uterine life of at least 7 months.
- Mere birth is sufficient
Extraordinary Children
- if the intra-uterine life be less than 7 months
- the child must have lived for at least 24 hrs. after its complete
delivery from the maternal womb
NCC Article 40. Birth determines personality; but the conceived child shall
be considered born for all purposes that are favorable to it, provided it be
born later with the conditions specified in the following article.
NCC Article 41. For civil purposes, the fetus is considered born if its is alive
at the time it is completely delivered from the mothers womb. However, if
the fetus had an intra-uterine life of less than 7 months, it is not deemed
born if it dies within 24 hrs. after its complete delivery from the maternal
womb.
Presumptive Personality
- Personality does not begin at birth, it begins at conception. It is
essential that birth should occur later, otherwise the fetus will be
considered as never having possessed legal personality.
Emancipation
- takes place by the attainment of majority. Unless otherwise provided,
majority commences at the age of 18 yrs.
Absence
- the legal status of a person who disappears from his domicile, his
whereabouts being unknown
- Article 384 of the Civil Code:
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The judicial declaration of absence shall not take effect until six
months after its publication in a newspaper of general circulation.
PRESUMPTION OF DEATH
Article 390. [ORDINARY ABSENCE] After the absence of 7 years, it being
unknown whether or not the absentee still lives, he shall be presumed dead
for all purposes, except those of succession.
The absentee shall not be presumed DEAD for the purpose of opening his
succession till after an absence of 10 years.
If he disappeared after the age of 75 years, an absence of 5 years shall be
sufficient in order that his succession may be opened.
In ordinary absence- death is presumed to have occurred on the last day of
the period
In extraordinary / qualified absence- death is presumed to have occurred at
the beginning of the period.
SURVIVORSHIP
The rules on survivorship are found in Article 43 of the Civil Code and in
Rule 131 of the Rules of Court:
Article 43 CC. If there is doubt, as between 2 or more persons who are
called to succeed each other, as to which of them died first, whoever
alleges the death of one prior to the other, shall prove the same;
IN THE ABSENCE OF PROOF, it is presumed that THEY DIED AT THE
SAME TIME AND THERE SHALL BE NO TRANSMISSION OF RIGHTS
FROM ONE TO THE OTHER.
Rule 131, Sec. 3 (jj) Rules of Court:
When 2 or more persons perish in the same calamity, such as wreck, battle,
or conflagration, and it is not shown who died first, and there are no
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* between foreigners
POINT OF CONTACT
1.)
LEX LOCI CELEBRATIONIS (without
prejudice to the exceptions under
bigamous, polygamous, and
incestuous marriages and consular
marriages
LEX LOCI CELEBRATIONIS except if
the marriage is:
a) Highly immoral (like
bigamous and
polygamous marriages)
b) Universally considered
incestuous, ie., bet.
Brothers and sisters
and bet. Ascendants
and descendants.
* mixed
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mixed
Marriage by proxy (celebrated
where the proxy appears)
MARRIAGE AS A STATUS
FACTUAL SITUATION
1) Personal Rights and Obligations
between the Husband and the Wife
POINT OF CONTACT
NATIONAL LAW OF THE HUSBAND
Note: Effect of subsequent change of
nationality
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Article 391. The following shall be presumed dead for all purposes,
including the division of the estate among the heirs:
1. A person on board a vessel lost during a sea voyage, or on an
airplane which is missing, who has not been heard for 4 years since
the loss of the vessel or airplane;
2. a person in the armed forces who has taken part in war, and has
been missing for 4 years.
3. a person who has been in danger of death under other
circumstances and his existence has not been known, for 4 years.
Juridical Jurisdiction
- authority to hear and determine a legal controversy.
- The jurisdiction of our tribunals of justice is governed by our own law
on the matter.
Legislative Jurisdiction
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Compulsory Rule
- it is IMPERATIVE for the parties to follow the formalities of the
PLACE OF CELEBRATION
Optional Rule
- the parties may follow EITHER THE LEX LOCI CELEBRATIONIS OR
THEIR NATIONAL LAW
Ecclesiastical Rule
- the formalities of BOTH THE LEX LOCI CELEBRATIONIS AND THE
NATIONAL LAW of the parties must be complied with
Common-Law Marriage
- the living-in together or the celebration of a man and a woman as
husband and wife without getting married
Marriage by Proxy
- One where one of the parties is merely represented at the ceremony
by a friend or delegate
Absolute Community Regime
- Almost all the properties of the marriage are owned in common by
the husband and the wife
Relative Community Regime/Community Partnership of Gains or the
Ganancial System
- everything earned during the marriage belong to the conjugal
partnership
Complete Separation of Property Regimes
- each owns his/her earnings
Dotal or Dowry System
- the wife, before the marriage, delivers a dowry or property to the
husband to help out in the marriage obligations, but later, when the
marriage is dissolved, the property of its value must be returned.
Complete Absorption or Administration by the husband
- the husband owns all the properties of the marriage, but he is liable
for all the debts
Marital Administration System
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ENUMERATION
Elements of Private International Law:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Codifications
Special Laws
Treaties and Conventions
Judicial Decisions
International Customs
Kinds of Jurisdiction
1. Jurisdiction over the subject matter
2. Jurisdiction over the person
3. Jurisdiction over the res
Reasons for Refusal to Assume Jurisdiction: Forum Non Conveniens
1. the evidence and the witnesses may not be readily available
2. the court dockets of the forum may already be clogged; to permit
additional cases would inevitably hamper the speedy
administration of justice
3. the evils of forum shopping
Application of the Internal or Domestic Law
1. when the law of the forum expressly so provides in its conflicts
rules
2. when the proper foreign law has not been properly pleaded and
proved
3. when the case involves any of the exceptions to the application of
the proper foreign law
Exceptions To The Application Of Foreign Law
1) When the foreign law, judgment or contract is:
- Contrary to almost universally conceded principles of morality
(contra bonos mores)
- Contrary to a sound and established public policy of the forum
- Involves procedural matters
2) When the case involves:
- Penal laws, contracts and judgments
- Purely fiscal or administrative matters
- Real or personal property situated in the forum
3) When the application of the foreign law, judgment, or contract:
- May work undeniable injustice to the citizens or residents of the
forum
- May work against the vital interests and national security of
the state of the forum
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LEX FORI
LEX CAUSAE
UNIVERSAL ANALYTICAL
DUAL THEORY OF LEX FORI AND LEX CAUSAE
AUTONOMOUS THEORY
TOTALITY THEORY
2. juridical capacity
Characteristics of Status: (CCUPS)
1. conferred principally by the State
2. a matter of public or social interest
3. a concept of social order
4. cannot be easily terminated at the mere will or desire of the parties
concerned
5. generally supposed to have a universal character
THEORIES ON PERSONAL LAW OR THE LAW THAT SHOULD GOVERN
STATUS AND CAPACITY IN GENERAL
1. Nationality Theory- Personal Theory
2. Domiciliary Theory- Territorial Theory
3. Situs Theory- Eclectic Theory
3 Kinds of Citizens of the Philippines
1. Natural-born
2. Naturalized
3. Citizen by election
2 Theories on Whether Place or Ancestry Determines Citizenship
1. Jus Soli
2. Jus Sanguinis
Citizens of the Philippines Under the 1987 Constitution
1. Those who are citizens of the Philippines at the time of the adoption
of the 1987 Constitution
2. Those whose fathers or mothers are citizens of the Philippines
3. Those born before 17 January 1973, of Filipino mothers, who elect
Philippine citizenship upon reaching the age of majority
4. those who are naturalized in accordance with law.
Qualifications for Naturalization
1. AGE. The petitioner must not be less than 21 years old on the date of
the hearing of the petition
2. RESIDENCE. he must have resided in the Philippines for a continuous
period of not less than 10 years.
3. MORAL. He must be of good moral character and
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ASPECTS OF MARRIAGE
1. As a contract
2. As a union, a status, a legal relation
Substantial or Essential Requisites of Marriage of Filipinos
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Personal Rights and Obligations between the husband and the wife
1. Mutual fidelity, cohabitation, and respect
2. Mutual assistance and support
3. Right of the wife to use the husbands name
STATELESSNESS
1.
2.
3.
4.
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FACTUAL SITUATION
1. Beginning of personality
2. Ways and effects of
emancipation
3. Age of majority
4. Use of names and surnames
5. Use of titles and nobility
6. Absence
7. Presumptions of death and
survivorship
POINT OF CONTACT
National law of the child
National law
National law
National law
National law
National law
Lex fori
POINT OF CONTACT
The law alleged to have been
violated: in other words, it is the law
of the place of celebration (lex loci
celebrationis) subject to certain
exceptions that furnish the grounds)
Marriages between the ff. are incestuous and void from the beginning
whether the relationship between the parties be legitimate or illegitimate:
1. between ascendants and descendants of any degree
2. between brothers and sisters of the full or half blood
Article 38:
The ff. marriages shall be void from the beginning for reasons of public
policy:
1. between collateral blood relatives, whether legitimate or
illegitimate, up to the 4th civil degree
2. between step-parents and step-children
3. between parents-in-law and children-in-law
4. between the adopting parent and adopted child
5. between the surviving spouse of the adopted child and the adopter
6. between an adopted child and a legitimate child of the adopter
7. between adopted children of the same adopter
8. between parties where one, with the intention to marry the other,
killed that persons spouse, or his or her own spouse.
REQUIREMENTS TO PROVE A FOREIGN MARRIAGE:
1. the existence of the pertinent provision of the foreign marriage law
2. the celebration or performance of the marriage in accordance with
said law
Where a marriage between a Filipino citizen and a foreigner is validly
celebrated and a divorce is thereafter validly obtained abroad by the alien
spouse capacitating him or her to remarry, the Filipino spouse shall likewise
have the capacity to remarry under the RP law.
SIMPLY PUT: If valid where celebrated, it is also valid here.
NOTES:
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POINT OF CONTACT
1) lex fori (therefore, will not be
granted)
2) if obtained abroad:
a) bet. Filipinos
b) bet. Foreigners
c) mixed
ANNULMENT
Ends a marriage which though
considered valid in the interim,
nonetheless, is DEFECTIVE
Granted for causes AT THE VERY
TIME THE MARRIAGE IS ENTERED
INTO
KINDS OF DIVORCE:
1) ABSOLUTE DIVORCE (Divorce a vinculo matrimoniee)
marital ties are dissolved.
2) RELATIVE DIVORCE (divorce a mensa et thoro)- separation
from bed and board or legal separation, where parties remain
married, although this time, they are allowed to live separately
from each other.
PATERNITY AND FILIATION, ADOPTION, GUARDIANSHIP, AND FUNERALS
FACTUAL SITUATION
- Paternity and filiation
- Including Parental Authority
and
- Reciprocal support
- Legitimacy
- Legitimation
- Recognition
- Presumptions of legitimacy
- Rights and obligations of
parents and children
- Including parental authority
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POINT OF CONTACT
If legitimate, NATIONAL LAW OF
THE FATHER
If illegitimate, NATIONAL LAW OF
THE MOTHER.
If illegitimate but recognized by the
father, the NATIONAL LAW OF THE
FATHER.
Determination of whether legitimate
Guardianship
powers of guardian
powers of guardian
powers of guardian
FUNERALS
-
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SOLUTIONS:
Government Interest Analysis - the law of the country whose interest is most
impaired by failure to apply its statute should be applied
Borrowing Statute - the law of the country has a statute borrowing the
prescriptive period provided in the foreign statute; EXCEPTION: when contrary
to public policy or prohibitive laws
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Law of the state which has the most significant relationship with the occurrence and
with the parties determines their rights and liabilities in tort or in contract
3. Renvoi Doctrine (Table Tennis Theory)
The conflict of law rule of the forum resorts to the foreign law, which in turn refers
back to the law of the forum.
FACTS:
Edward Christensen, who at his death was a US citizen but domiciled in the
Philippines, left a will, devising unto Maria Helen a certain amount of money and
giving the rest of his estate to Maria Lucy. Helen opposed the partition on the ground
that she is deprived of her legitime. Her contention is that the law of California directs
that the law of the domicile (Philippines) should govern the will.
ISSUE: Whether or not the national law or the domiciliary law should apply
HELD:
The intrinsic validity of wills is governed by the national law of the decedent. In the
present case, the national law of Edward is the laws of California. However, there were
two conflicting California laws regarding succession. One is enunciated in In Re
Kaufman (which does not provide for legitimes) and another is Art. 946 of the
California Civil Code (which provides that the law of the domicile applies). SC held
that the national law is Art. 946, which is the conflict of laws rule of California. The
reason is that In Re Kaufman applies only to residents while Art. 946 is specific to nonresidents. Thus, since Art. 946 contains a refer-back to Philippine laws (the law of the
domicile), then Maria Helen is entitled to her legitime.
4. Lex Fori
The law of the forum governs all matters pertaining to procedural or remedial rights.
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1.
2.
3.
4.
FACTS:
Bank of America, duly licensed to do business in the Philippines and existing under the
laws of California, USA, granted US Dollar loans to certain foreign corporate
borrowers. These loans were secured by two real estate mortgages by American Realty,
a domestic corporation. When the borrowers defaulted, Bank of America sued them
before English courts. While these cases were pending, Bank of America likewise
judicially foreclosed the real estate mortgages in the Philippines. Thus, American
Realty sued for damages against Bank of America.
ISSUE: Whether or not Bank of America can judicially foreclose the real estate
mortgages despite pendency of the civil suits before English courts
HELD:
English law purportedly allows the filing of judicial foreclosure of mortgage despite
pendency of civil suit for collection. But English law was never properly impleaded and
proven. Thus, the doctrine of processual presumption applies.
SC further held that even assuming arguendo that English laws were proven, said
foreign law would still no find applicability. When the foreign law, judgment or
contract is contrary to a sound and established public policy of the forum, the said
foreign law, judgment or order shall not be applied.
Additionally, prohibitive laws concerning persons, their acts or property, and those
which have for their object public order, public policy and good customs shall not be
rendered ineffective b laws or judgments promulgated, or by determinations or
conventions agreed upon in a foreign country. The public policy sought to be protected
in the instant case is the principle imbedded in our jurisdiction proscribing the splitting
of a single cause of action.
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Moreover, the foreign law should not be applied when its application would work
undeniable injustice to the citizens or residents of the forum.
**If the foreign law or judgment does not comply with the above requirements, it will
not be recognized and the Doctrine of Processual Presumption will apply (Philippine
courts will assume the foreign law is the same as Philippine laws).
GENERAL RULE: Philippine courts are not authorized to take judicial notice
of foreign laws.
EXCEPTIONS:
Where there are exceptional circumstances when the foreign laws are already
within the actual knowledge of the court (generally known or actually ruled
upon in a prior case)
Where the courts are familiar with the specific foreign laws (e.g. Spanish civil
law)
Where the adverse party did not dispute the application of foreign law
Where the tribunal is a quasi-judicial body which is not bound by strict rules of
technicality
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