MX-1 Development

Sewerage Report
1.0

Introduction
The proposed development indentified as MX-1 is part of the new Kwasa Damansara
Township which cover a total area of 64.30 acres located in Sg. Buloh, Selangor Darul Ehsan .
The proposed development area is located near of Rubber Research Institute Malaysia
Malaysia (RRIM) as shown in Figure 1.0 below. Project MX-1 is an integrated residential and
commercial development that will be the town centre of the proposed Kwasa. MX-1 location is
extremely strategic with the advantage of a main road frontage and two MRT stations
traversing the area. Overall, the development would gain from the socio-economic benefits
that include commercial, retail and residential developments that make the location a thriving
hub of activity.

64.30 Acres

Institut Piawaian
Getah Malaysia,
Rrim

Boundary
Proposed Development Area
MX-1

Figure 1.0: Layout Plan

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2.0

Proposed Sewerage System

There are 10 plots of proposed area development as shown in figure 2.0 below with estimated
demand of 42,192 P.E. For this development we proposed sewer pipes reticulation connecting
from the development manhole that collect all the sewage and then planned to discharge to
the nearest external sewer main manhole. All the sewage discharge using is using gravity
system.

Figure 2.0: Plot Area

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The proposed development area is fall under Commercial and Residential usage and the
waste water demand computed for this usage is mainly for household, commercial area, and
office use. The estimated Population Equivalent (P.E) calculated for this development is
42,192 P.E. The detail of the estimated PE is shown in Appendix A. The summary of the
above is as follows:

Description

3.0

Population Equivalent (P.E)

Plot A & B

3,544

Plot C

8,503

Plot D

1,254

Plot E

6,215

Plot G

5,225

Plot H

9,241

Plot I

3,850

Plot J

4,360

Total

42,192

Design Criteria & Standards for Sewerage System

Primary objectives in the design of the sewerage system are to optimize sewerage flow by
gravity and the length of sewer required while satisfying current and future demands of the
proposed development. Hence, the concept of the proposed sewerage system is largely
governed by the proposed platform levels and existing ground to topography.
The following guidelines have been adopted for the design stage of the sewerage system.
i)

MS 1228: 1991 Code of Practice for Design and Installation of Sewerage System.

ii)

Guidelines for Developers on the design and installation of sewerage system issued
by Director General, Sewerage Services Department, Ministry of Housing and Local
Government.

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iii)

Malaysia Sewerage Industry Guidelines issued by Suruhanjaya Perkhidmatan Air

Negara (SPAN)

Where the above guidelines do not adequately cover certain aspects of the design, reference
was made to both British and American Standard and Guidelines.
4.0

Design of Gravity Sewer Systems

The sewers reticulation systems for Sub-Catchments are generally defined by the natural
landform catchment area and to be served by a network of lateral sewer, which are connected
at the down street and to a collector sewer. This in turn will be connected to the trunk sewer
system for the sewer catchment. The sewers have been designed for gravity flow in such as
not only to reduce the capital cost of construction but also the operations and maintenance
cost of having a pumping station. Further more, the design of sewers also taken into
consideration the follows:

Carrying capacity: the design flow and organic loading should include infiltration flow
allowances.

Infiltration: Infiltration shall be minimized by the proper selection of construction

technology and materials, proper supervision of construction and field testing of the
components for water-tightness.

Economy: Sewer length shall be kept as short as possible but taken into account
allowance for future development.

Hydraulics: the most economical design for sewer gradients is obtained when they
follow natural falls of the ground, which would also take into account the possibility for
future development.

Depth: the nature of the ground, presence of ground water, proximity of foundations
and services shall be taken into account.

Size: The size shall be planned to meet the planned carrying capacity of the locality.

As far as possible sewers are designed to follow the natural topography of the land.
They will be laid at such gradients to that velocities in the sewers will keep the solids

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in the sewage in suspension or at least in traction and also to prevent scouring of
sewers by the erosive action of suspended matter.

Manholes will be provided at changes in sewer diameter, directions, gradients at

bends and junctions.

Drop manholes shall generally be avoided but where required, the structure shall be
provided with means to clean out materials that might lodge in the drop pipe.

Within the CUT, all pipeline, bend etc shall be made by Ductile iron pipes (D.I) with
proper plint to ensure pipeline can be installed to the gradient required. For external
pipeline outside of the building, Clay pipes or and Concrete pipes to be adopted

4.1

Hydraulic Design of Sewers

(a)

The hydraulic design of sewer shall be based on the daily sewage production value of 225
liter/PE.

(b)

The recommended minimum values of population equivalents (P.E.) are given as Table 3.

(c)

The determination of discharge capacity of gravity pipelines shall be made either using the
Mannings formula or Colebrook & White formula. However the discharge capacity
calculation in this submission is based on Colebrook and White method.

By using Mannings formula: V

1/n R2/3 S1/2

Where,
V

mean velocity, m/s

Roughness Coefficient (Refer table C1 0.017 for VCP & 0.016

for RCP(without PVC lining))

Slope of total energy line

Hydraulic radius (m/m)

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By using Colebrook & White formula: V

-2 (2gD) Log [(ks/3.7D) + [(2.51/D(2gDi))]

Where,
D

diameter of pipe (m)

gravitational acceleration = 9.81 m/s2

Hydraulic gradient (%)

ks

Linear measure of roughness (m)

mean velocity of flow (m/s)

Kinematics viscosity (1.4 x 10-6 m2/s for water at 15C)

Assumptions used
ks

0.6mm when velocity is greater than 1 m/s (conservative design)

Minimum / maximum velocity at full flow (m/s)

Hence,
Q

AV x 103

Cross sectional area of flow

Mean velocity of pipe (m/s)

Discharge (l/s)

and

4.2

Minimum Velocity at full flow

0.8 m/s

Maximum Velocity at full flow

4.0 m/s

Peak Flow Factor

Peak flow factor (PFF) = 4.7 x p-0.11, where p is estimated PE in thousand

4.3

Flow
Peak Flow

4.4

= (PFF x P.E. x 225 l/c/day) l/d

Example of Calculation

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Pipe size

225mm dia. VCP

Pipe Gradient

1: 250

Colebrook - White Equation

-2

0.6mm

9.81 m/s2

1/250

-2

0.82 m/s

AV x 103

Log

Conservative Design

Log

*(0.82)*103

=
=

32.70 L/s

Mannings Equation
Manning Equation,

V=

R 2/3 S
n

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where, V = velocity (m/sec)

S = hydraulic gradient
R = hydraulic radius
n = Manning coefficient

Typical n values for various types of sewer pipes are presented in Table 1 below:
Table 1: Typical Manning Coefficient, n
Manning Coefficient, n
Good Condition
Bad Condition
0.012
0.015
0.011
0.013
0.012
0.015
0.010
0.017
0.012
0.016

Material
Uncoated cast-iron
Coated cast iron
Ductile iron
Vitrified clay pipe
Concrete
Example,

D = 225mm, J = 0.1125m, n = 0.010 (Good Condition)

V

= (A/P) 2/3 (1/250)1/2

0.01
2

= (J /2J)2/3(1/250)1/2
0.01
= 0.93 m/s
Hence,

0.8 m/s < V < 4.0 m/s

OK

Table 3 Recommended Population Equivalent

Type of Premises / Establishment
Residential
Commercial

Population Equivalent
(Recommended)
5 per house
3 per 100m2 gross area

Includes offices, shopping complex,

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Entertainment/recreational centers,
Restaurants, cafeteria, theatres
Schools / Education Institutions:
-

Day schools / Institution

0.2 per student

Fully residential

1 per student

Partial residential

0.2 per non-residential student

Hospital
Hotels with dining and laundry facilities
Factories, excluding process water
Market (wet type)
Market (dry type)
Petrol kiosks / Service stations
Bus terminal
Taxi terminal
Mosque
Church / Temple
Stadium
Swimming pool / Sports complex
Public toilet
Airport

1 per residential student

4 per bed
4 per room
0.3 per staff
3 per stall
1 per stall
15 per toilet
4 per bus bay
4 per taxi bay
0.2 per person
0.2 per person
0.2 per person
0.5 per person
15 per toilet
0.2 per passenger bay

Laundry
Prison
Golf Course

0.3 per employee

10 per machine
1 per person
20 per hole

Source:

Guidelines for Developers on the Design and Installation of Sewerage Systems, Ministry of Housing and Local
Government

Table C1: n Value

Surface
Uncoated cast-iron pipe
Coated cast-iron pipe
Commercial wrought-iron pipe, black
Commercial wrought-iron pipe, galvanized
Smooth brass and glass pipe
Smooth loch bar and welded "OD" pipe
Riveted and spiral steel pipe
Vitrified sewer pipe
Common clay drainage tile
Glazed brickwork
Brick in cement mortar; brick sewer
Neat cement surfaces
Cement mortar surfaces
Concrete pipe
Wood stave pipe
Palnk flumes
Planed

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Best

Good

Fair

Bad

0.012
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.009
0.010
0.013
(0.010)
(0.011)
0.011
0.011
0.012
0.010
0.011
0.012
0.010

0.013
0.012a
0.013
0.014
0.01
0.011a
0.015a
0.013a

0.014
0.013a
0.014
0.015
0.011
0.013a
0.017a
0.015

0.015

0.012a
0.012
0.013
0.011
0.012
0.013
0.011

0.014a
0.013a
0.015a
0.012
0.013a
0.015a
0.012

0.017
0.015
0.017
0.013
0.015
0.016
0.013

0.010

0.012a

0.013

0.014

0.015
0.017
0.013

0.017

MX-1 Development
Sewerage Report
Unplanned
With battens
Concrete-lined channels
Cement-rubble surface
Dry-rubble surface
Dresses-ashlars surface
Semicircular metal flumes, smooth
Semicircular metal flumes, corrugated
Canals and ditches
Earth, straight and uniform
Rock cuts, smooth and uniform
Rock cuts, jagged and irregular
Winding sluggish canals
Dredged-earth channels
Canals with rough stony beds, weeds on
earth banks
Earth bottom, rubble sides
Natural-stream channels
1. Clean, straight bank, full stage, no rifts or
deep poles
2. Same as (1), but some weeds and stones
3. Winding, some pools and shoals, clean
4. Same as (3), lower stages, more ineffective
slope and sections
5. Same as (3), some weeds and stones
6. Same as (4), stony sections
7. Sluggish river, reaches, rather weedy or
with very deep pools
8. Very weedy reaches

0.011
0.012
0.012
0.017
0.025
0.013
0.011
0.0225

0.013a
0.015a
0.014a
0.020
0.030
0.014
0.012
0.025

0.014
0.016
0.016a
0.025
0.033
0.015
0.013
0.0275

0.015

0.017
0.025
0.035
0.0225
0.025

0.020
0.030
0.040
0.025a
0.0275a

0.0225a
0.033a
0.045
0.0275
0.030

0.025
0.035

0.025
0.028

0.030
0.03a

0.035a
0.033a

0.040
0.035

0.025
0.030
0.033

0.0275
0.033
0.035

0.030
0.035
0.040

0.033
0.040
0.045

0.040
0.035
0.045

0.045
0.040
0.050

0.050
0.045
0.055

0.055
0.050
0.060

0.050
0.075

0.060
0.100

0.070
0.125

0.080
0.150

0.018
0.030
0.035
0.017
0.015
0.030

0.030
0.033

* Values commonly used in designing

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