TRANSFORMER

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION

SOLVED

Example 1: A single-phase, 440/220 V, 10kVA, 50 Hz

transformer has a resistance of 0.2 and a reactance of 0.6 on
high-voltage side. The corresponding values of low-voltage side
are 0.04 and 0.14 . Calculate the percentage regulation on
full load for (i) 0.8 leading pf, (ii) 0.8 leading pf, and (iii) unity pf.
Solution :
The given values are :
E1 = 440 V, E2 = 220 V, R1 = 0.2 , X1 = 0.6 , R2 = 0.04 ,
X2 = 0.i4
Secondary current at full load,
(I2)FL =

10 1000
= 45.45 A
220

E2

220

Transformation ratio, K = E =
= 0.5
440
1

R02 = R2 + R1 = R2 + K2R1 = 0.04 + (0.5)2 0.2 = 0.09

X02 = X2 + X 1 = X2 + K2X1 = 0.14 + (0.5)2 0.6 = 0.29

(i) Percentage regulation at full-load 0.8 pf lagging :
cos = 0.8
So,

sin = 0.6

We have
% regulation =
=

I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin

100
E2

45 .45 0 .09 0 .8 45 .45 0 .29 0 .6

100
220

= 5.082
1

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION

SOLVED

(ii) Percentage regulation at full-load 0.8 pf leading :

cos = 0.8
So,

sin = 0.6

% regulation =
=

I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin

100
E2

45 .45 0 .09 0 .8 45 .45 0 .29 0 .6

100
220

= -2.107
(iii) Percentage regulation at full-load unity pf :
% regulation =

I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin

100
E2

I2 R02 cos
=
100
E2
=

[ sin = 0]

45 .45 0 .09 1
100
220

= 1.859

Example 2: A 250/125 V, 5 kVA single-phase transformer has

primary resistance of 0.2 and a reactance of 0.75 . The
secondary resistance is 0.05 and reactance is 0.2 .
Determine (i) the regulation while supplying full load on 0.8
leading pf, and (ii) the secondary terminal voltage on full load and
0.8 leading pf.
Solution :
The given values are :
R1 = 0.2 , X1 = 0.75 , R2 = 0.05 , X2 = 0.2 , pf = 0.8 leading

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Now,

K=

(I2)FL =

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION

E2
E1

125
250

SOLVED

= 0.5

kVArating 1000
5 1000
=
= 40A
E2
125

R02 = R2 +

R1

= R2 + K2R1 = 0.05 + (0.5)2 0.2 = 0.1

X02 = X2 +

X 1

= X2 + K2X1 = 0.2 + (0.5)2 0.75 = 0.3875

(i) Regulation on full-load 0.8 leading pf :

cos = 0.8 leading
So,

sin = 0.6

%regulation =
=

I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin

100
E2

40 0 .1 0 .8 40 0 .3875 0 .6
100
125

= 4.88

(ii) The secondary terminal voltage on full-load 0.8 leading

primary flux :
By using basic expression of regulation,
%regulation =

E 2 V2
100
E2

At full-load 0.8 leading pf, regulation is -4.88%.

So, -4.88

125 V2
125

100

or -6.1 = 125 V2
or V2

= 131.3 V

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION

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Example 3: A 100 kVA transformer has 400 turns on the primary

and 800.01 respectively and corresponding leakage
reactances are 1.1 and 0.035 respectively. The supply
voltage is 2200 V. Calculate (i) equivalent impedance referred to
primary and (ii) Voltage regulation and secondary terminal voltage
for full load having a pf 0.8 leading.
Solution :
Given : N1 = 400 turns, N2 = 80 turns, R1 = 0.3 , R2 = 0.01 ,
X1 = 1.1 , X2 = 0.035 , V1 E1 = 2200 V
N2
80
So, we have K = N =
= 0.2
400
1

0 .01

2
Also R01 = R1 + R 2 = R1 + K = 0.3 + (0 .2)2 = 0.55
2

0 .035
X2
= 1.1 +
= 1.975
K2
(0 .2)2

X01 = X1 +

X 2

(i) Z01 =

R 2 01 X 2 01 =

(ii) K =

= X1 +

0.55 2 1.975 2 = 2.05

E2
E1

So,

E2 = KE1 = 0.2 2200 = 440 V

Full-load secondary current can be calculated as follows :

100 1000
= 227.3 a
440

(I2)FL =

Full - load kVa 1000

E2

Now,

R02 = K2R01 = (0.2)2 0.55 = 0.022

X02 = K2X01 = (0.2)2 1.975 = 0.079

Voltage regulation for full-load 0.8 leading pf :
4

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EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT & VOLTAGE REGULATION

%regulation =

SOLVED

I2 R02 cos I2 X 02 sin

100
E2

227 .3 0 .022 0 .8 227 .3 0 .079 0 .6

100
440
= 1.54

Secondary terminal voltage V2 can be calculated as follows :

% regulation =
or -1.54 =
So,

E 2 V2
100
E2

440 V2
= 100
440

V2 = 446.77 V