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THE

ALGEBRA
MOHAMMED BEN

MUSA.

THE

ALGEBRA
OF

MOHAMMED BEN

MUSA.

EDITED AND TRANSLATED

FREDERIC ROSEN.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE ORIENTAL TRANSLATION FUND
AN D SOLO BY

MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET;

PARBURY, ALLEN, & CO., LEADENHALL STREET;
J.

THACKER

&

CO.,

CALCUTTA; TREUTTEL

AND

E.

&

FLEISCHER, LEIPZIG.

1831.

WUERTZ, PARIS;

PRINTED BY
J. L.

COX, GREAT QUEEN STREET,

LONDON.

us

PREFACE.
In the study of history, the attention of the
observer

is

drawn by a peculiar charm towards

which

those epochs, at

nations, after

having

secured their independence externally, strive

to obtain

an inward guarantee

for their

by acquiring eminence as great

in every art of

power,

and

in science

peace as they have already

Such an epoch was,

tained in the field of war.

in the history of the

at-

Arabs, that of the Caliphs

Al Mansur, Harun al Rashid, and Al

Mam UN,

the

Charlemagne;
in the

is

of

which

era,

to the public, a

new

to the glory of

volume now offered

monument

contemporaries

illustrious

endeavoured to be raised.

Abu Abdallah Mohammed ben Musa,

of Khowarezm,
face,

who

it

appears, from his pre-

wrote this Treatise at the

Caliph

Al Mamun, was

command

for a long

time consi-

dered as the original inventor of Algebra.

ars olim

of the

^Mahomete, Mosis Arabisjilio,

umsumsit: etenim

hiijus ret

0Aft09*>

locuples testis

'

Hcbc
initi-

Leo-

vi

NARDUs PisANUs."

Sucli are the words with

which HiERONYMUs

Cardanus commences

his

Ars Magna,

in

which he frequently

refers

manner

to

That he was not the inventor of the Art,

is

to the

leave no doubt of

now

translated, in a

work here

its identity.

well established ; but that he

Mohammedan who wrote upon

asserted

in

Khalfa,
initial

indebted

treatise

TAv Fluegel of Dresden,

from

this

part of

for a

my

^y^\

us,* and

friend

Mr. Gus-

most interesting extract

Haji Khalfa's work.

nuscript copies of the

Haji

work, cites the

now before

the kindness of

to

first

be found

to

writers.

in his bibliographical

words of the

am

it, is

Oriental

several

was the

Complete ma-

4^o*X are very scarce.

The

only two which I have hitherto had an opportunity of exa-

mining (the one bought

in

Egypt by Dr. Ehrenberg,

and now deposited in the Royal Library

among Rich's

collection in the British

at Berlin

Museum)

abridgments of the original compilation,

tation

The

of the

initial

words of each work

is

in

the other

are only

which the quo-

generally omitted.

prospect of an edition and Latin translation of the

complete original work,

to

be published by Mr. Fluegel,

under the auspices of the Oriental Translation Committee,

must under such circumstances be most gratifying
friends of Asiatic literature.

to

all

vii

two

states, in

distinct passages, that its author,

Mohammed ben Musa,

man who had

was the

first

Mussul-

ever written on the solution of

problems by the rules of completion and reduc-

Two

tion.

marginal notes in the Oxford ma-

nuscript

from

edition

is

taken

whose

writer,

which the text of the present

and

an anonymous Arabic

Bibliotheca Philosophorum is fre-

quently quoted byCAsiRi,* likewise maintain

Mohammed ben Musa

that this production of

was the

first

work written on the subjectf by a

Mohammedan.
* -^U.^^1

^j^

+ The
the

first

t. i.

426. 428.

of these marginal notes stands at the top of

page of the manuscript, and reads thus

first

^liillj^l

Casiri

written in the twelfth century.

Bibliotheca Ardbica Escurialensis,

ti J^iJl

^^

book written on (the

and reduction by a

J^ "

i:;^

art of calculating

Mohammedan

author has introduced into

it

on

This

Jj!

ijjb

is

the

first

by) completion
this

account the

rules of various kinds,

in

order to render useful the very rudiments of Algebra."

The

other scholium stands farther on

which
p. 177.

have referred

in

my

it

is

notes to the

the

same

to

Arabic text,

viii

From

manner

the

in

which our author,

in

speaks of the task he had under-

his preface,

takeuv we cannot infer that he claimed to be the

He says that the

inventor.

encouraged him
gebra:

to write

Caliph

Al Mamun

a popular work on Al-

an expression which would seem to

imply that other treatises were then already

extant.

From a formula for finding the circum-

ference of the circle,

which occurs

in the

work

have, in a

itself

(Text p. 51, Transl. p. 72),

note,

drawn the conclusion, that part of the in-

formation comprised in this volume was derived

from an Indian source

a conjecture which

is

supported by the direct assertion of the author

of the Bihliotheca Philosophorum quoted

siRi (1.426, 428). That

by Ca-

Mohammed ben Musa

was conversant with Hindu

science,

is

further

evident from the fact* that he abridged, at

Mamun's

but before the accession of

the caliphat the Sindhind, or

request

that prince to

* Related by Ebn al
nomical tables.
sertation,

&c.

Al

Casirj,

Ad ami
i.

p. Ixiv. Ixxii.

in the

427, 428.

preface to his astro-

Colebrookej

Dis-

ix

astronomical

tables,

translated

by

Moham-

med BEN Ibrahim al Fazari

from

work of an Indian astronomer who

visited the

court of

Almansur

in the 156th

the

year of the

Hejira (A.D. 773).

The

MusA,

in the treatise

Mohammed ben

by

science as taught

now

before us, does not

extend beyond quadratic equations, including

problems with an affected square.
solves

by the same

rules

which are followed by

DioPHANTUs*, and which

less

These he

are taught, though

comprehensively, by the Hindu mathemati-

cians!.

That he should have borrowed from

DioPHANTUs is

not at

all

probable

for

it

does

not appear that the Arabs had any knowledge

ofDioPHANTus' work

before the middle of the

fourth century after the Hejira,

WAFA BuzjANi

rendered

* See DioPHANTus,

it

Introd.

when Abu'l-

into ArabicJ.

ii.

and Book

iv.

It

pro-

blems 32 and 33.

+

Lilavatl,

brooke's

p.

29,

Vijaganita,

p.

347,

of Mr. (ole-

translation.

I Casiui

Bibl.

Arab. Escur.

Dissertation, &c. p. Ixxii.

i.

433.

Colebrooke's

is far

more probable that the Arabs received

their

first

Hindus,
notation

from the

knowledge of Algebra
furnished

them with the decimal

of numerals,

and with various im-

who

portant points

of mathematical

and astrono-

mical information.

But under whatever obligation our author

may be

to the Hindus, as to the subject matter

of his performance, he seems to have been in-

manner of

dependent of them

in the

ing and treating

at least the

he follows
in

in

it

expounding his

digest-

method which

rules,

as well as

showing their application, differs considerably

from that of the Hindu mathematical writers.

BnASKARAand Brahmagupta
cal precepts,

give dogmati-

unsupported by argument, which,

even by the metrical form in which they are

expressed, seem to address themselves rather
to the

memory than

to the reasoning faculty

of the learner:

Mohammed

in simple prose,

and establishes

by geometrical

illustrations.

gives

his

rules

their accuracy

The Hindus

give

comparatively few examples, and are fond of

investing the statement of their problems in

xi

rhetorical
is

pomp

>

the Arab, on the contrary,

remarkably rich in examples, but he intro-

duces them with the same perspicuous simpli-

which distinguishes

city of style

his rules.

solving their problems, the

Hindus are

with pointing at the

and

result,

In

satisfied

at the principal

intermediate steps which lead to

it

the Arab

shows the working of each example

at full

upon

length, keeping his view constantly fixed

the two sides of the equation, as upon the two

scales

and showing how any

of a balance,

alteration in

one side

is

counterpoised by a cor-

responding change in the other.

Besides the few facts which have already

been mentioned
little

or nothing

in the
is

course of this preface,

known

of our Author's

life.

He lived and wrote under the caliphat of Al

Mamun, and must therefore be distinguished
from Abu Jafar Mohammed ben Musa*,
* The father of the

latter,

Musa ben Shaker,

whose

native country I do not find recorded, had been a robber

or bandit

in

the

earlier part of his life, but

wards found means

Caliph

Al-Mamun

to attach

who,

had

after-

himself to the court of the

after

Musa's death, took care of

xii

who

likewise a mathematician and astronomer,

under the

flourished

Caliph

Al Motaded

(who reigned A.H. 279-289, A.D. 892-902).

Mohammed, Ahmed,

the education of his three sons,

Al Hassan. (Abilfaragii
I.

in

(/.

c.

^ ^^ '^i^^)

known

281) and from

p.

that

translator of the

hammed
men of

p.

Casiri,

280.

distinguished

We

mathematics and astronomy.

Abulfaraj
(art.

Dyn.

Each of the sons subsequently

386. 418).

himself

Histor.

learn from

Khallikan

T-bn

Thabet ben Korrah,

the well-

Almagest, was indebted

for his introduction to

to

Al Motaded,

and the

kan's words are: l^ ('^'J ^y^j^ tlpJ <J\/^ cT*

nions to

"^J^

Harran, and established

left

till

Mohammed

arrived there, on his return from the

Greek domi-

himself at Kafratutha, where he remained

BEN MusA

Mo-

Ebn Khalli-

science at the court of that caliph.

(Thabet ben Korrah)

and

Bagdad. The latter became acquainted with Thabet

and on seeing

his skill

company him

to

lodge at

his

own

and sagacity, invited Thabet

Bagdad, where

to ac-

Mohammed made him

house, introduced him to the Caliph, and

procured him an appointment

in the

body of astronomers."

Ebn Khallikan here speaks of Mohammed ben Musa

of a

well-known individual

no special

article to

he has however

an account of his

life.

It

is

as

devoted
possible

xiii

The manuscript from whence

present edition

taken

is

the text of the

and which

the only

is

copy the existence of which I have as yet been

able to trace

preserved in the Bodleian col-

is

lection at Oxford.

other

treatises

contained in

It

is,

together with three

and

on Arithmetic
the volume

Algebra,

marked cmxviii.

Hunt. 214, foL, and bears

the date of the

A.H. 743 (A. D. 1342).

transcription

It

is

written in a plain and legible hand, but unfor-

tunately destitute
points

of most of the diacritical

a deficiency which has often been very

sensibly felt

for

though the nature of the sub-

ject matter can but seldom leave a doubt as to

the general import of a sentence, yet the true

reading of some passages, and the precise interpretation of others,

scurity.

remain involved in ob-

Besides, there occur several omissions

of words, and even

also instances of

of entire sentences

here mentioned, was undertaken

ancient

and

words or short passages writ-

that the tour into the provinces of the Eastern

pire

in

Roman Em-

search of some

Greek works on mathematics or astronomy.

xiv

ten twice over, or words foreign to the sense in-

In printing the Arabic

troduced into the text.

part, I

have included in brackets

words which

of those

found in the manuscript, the

genuineness of which

such as

many

inserted from

and also

suspected,

my own

conjecture, to

supply an apparent hiatus.

The margin of the manuscript is partially filled

with scholia in a very small and almost illegible
character, a few specimens of which will be found
in the notes

appended

of them are

marked

commentary

to

my translation. Some

as being extracted from a

by Al Mozaihafi*,

(^j--)

bably the same author, whose

full

name

is

pro-

Je-

MALEDDIN AbU AbDALLAH MoHAMMED BEN

Omar

al

Jaza'i-}-

al Mozaihafi, and whose

" Introduction to Arithmetic," (c->L^l

is

Moham-

contained in the same volume with

med's work

in the

Numerals are
* Wherever

Bodleian library.

in the text of the

have met with

this

without the diacritical points j^Aac^^l

tion rests

on mere conjecture.

^\A'^

^ ijJU)

work always

name,
and

it

my

is

written

pronuncia-

XV

expressed by words

figures are only used in

some of the diagrams, and

in a

few marginal

notes.

The work had been only briefly mentioned

in

Uris' catalogue of the Bodleian manuscripts.

Mr. H. T. Cole BROOKE

more general

by

notice,

first

introduced

it

to

inserting a full account

of it, with an English translation of the direc-

and

tions for the solution of equations, simple

compound,

into the notes of the

prefixed to his invaluable work,

Ar^ithmetic

"
'*

and Mensuration, from

Dissertation'''

Algebra, with
the Sanscrit

of Brahmegupta and Bhascara," (London, 1817,

4to. pages Ixxv-lxxix.)

The account

BROOKE

of the

work given by Mr. Cole-

excited the attention of a highly dis-

tinguished friend of mathematical science,

encouraged

me

to

translation of the

undertake an edition and

whole and who has taken the

:

kindest interest in the execution of

He

who

my

task.

has with great patience and care revised

and corrected my

translation,

and has furnished

the commentary, subjoined to the text, in the

form of

common

algebraic notation.

But

my

obligations to
for his

xvi

him are not confined

to this only

luminous advice has enabled

come many difficulties, which,

to

me

to over-

my own limit-

ed proficiency in mathematics, would have been

almost insurmountable.
In some notes on the Arabic text which are

appended to

my translation, I have endeavoured,

much

not so

to elucidate, as to point out for

further enquiry, a few circumstances connected

with the history of Algebra.

The comparisons

drawn between the Algebra of the Arabs and

that of the early Italian writers might perhaps

have been more numerous and more detailed

but

my

enquiry was here restricted by the

want of some important works.

Montucla,

CossALi, HuTTON, and the Basil edition of

Card AN us' Ars

which

magna, were the only sources

had the opportunity of consulting.

THE AUTHOR'S PREFACE

Name of God, gracious and merciful!

In the

This work was written by

He commences

Khowarezm.
Praised be
deserve
as

it

by

Mohammed ben Musa,

God

for his

press our thanks,

to his

thus

bounty towards those who

their virtuous acts

by him prescribed

it

of

in performing which,

adoring creatures,

we

ex-

and render ourselves worthy of the

continuance (of his mercy), and preserve ourselves from

change

power,

med

(on

acknowledging

bending before his

his might,

and revering

his greatness

whom may

the blessing of

the mission of a prophet,

from above had appeared,

He
God

sent

Moham-

repose

with

!)

long after any messenger

when

justice

had

fallen

into neglect,

and when the true way of

life

for in vain.

Through him he cured of

blindness,

saved

through

him from

perdition,

was sought

and

and increased

through him what before was small,

and

through him what before was scattered.

God

our Lord

and may

besides

God; and may

Praised be

his glory increase,

names be hallowed

all his

whom

his benediction rest

the Prophet and on his descendants

on

collected

and may

there

is

no

Mohammed

The

learned in times which have passed away, and

among

nations which have ceased to exist, were con-

stantly

employed in writing books on the several de-

partments of science and on the various branches of

knowledge, bearing in mind those that were to come
after

them, and hoping for a reward proportionate to

their ability,

and trusting that

meet with acknowledgment,

brance

their endeavours

attention,

would

and remem-

content as they were even with a small degree

of praise; small,

if

compared with the pains which they

had undergone, and the

difficulties

which they had

encountered in revealing the secrets and obscurities of

science.
(2)

Some

applied themselves to obtain information which

was not known before them, and

others
left

by

commented upon the

their predecessors,

left it to posterity

difficulties in

the works

and defined the best method

(of study), or rendered the access (to science) easier or

placed

it

more within reach

others again discovered

mistakes in preceding works, and arranged that which

was confused, or adjusted what was

irregular,

and cor-

rected the faults of their fellow-labourers, without arro-

gance towards them, or taking pride in what they did

themselves.

That fondness
guished the

for science,

God has

distin-

Commander

of the

by which

Imam al Mamun,

the

Faithful (besides the caliphat which

unto him by lawful succession,

He

in the

has vouchsafed

robe of which

has invested him, and with the honours of which

has adorned him),

that affability

He

He

and condescension

which he shows to the learned, that promptitude with

which he protects and supports them in the elucidation of obscurities

and

has encouraged me

in the removal of difl&culties,

compose a short work on Cal-

to

culating by (the rules of) Completion

confining
metic,

it

to

such as

what

is

men

easiest

and Reduction,

and most useful

constantly

require in

inheritance, legacies, partition, law-suits,

and in

all their

cases of

and

trade,

dealings with one another, or where

the measuring of lands,

metrical computation,
sorts

in arith-

the digging of canals,

geo-

and other objects of various

and kinds are concerned

relying

on the good-

ness

of

my

it,

by obtaining

may

the abundant bounty of

in

rests with

Him

put

lime Throne.

God,

in

my trust.
May

me) through

(for

prayers the excellence of the

in requital of which,

dence

and hoping that the

intention therein,

learned will reward

their

Divine mercy

the choicest blessings

God

be theirs

this as in

He

is

the

My

confi-

every thing, and

Lord of the Sub-

His blessing descend upon

prophets and heavenly messengers

and

all

the

MOHAMMED BEN MUSA'S

COMPENDIUM
ON CALCULATING BY

COMPLETION AND REDUCTION.

When

considered what people generally want in

calculating, I
I

found that

it

always

also observed that every

units,

is

a number.

number

is

composed of

and that any number may be divided

Moreover,

into units.

found that every number, which

may

be expressed from one to ten, surpasses the preceding

by one unit

afterwards the ten

just as before the units were

&c., until a

hundred

tripled in the

up

to a

doubled or tripled,

thus arise twenty, thirty,

then the hundred

same manner

thousand

is

is

as the units

doubled and

and the

tens,

then the thousand can be thus re-

peated at any complex number ; and so forth to the

utmost limit of numeration.

J observed
in calculating

that the

numbers which are required

by Completion and Reduction are of

three kinds, namely, roots, squares, and simple

relative to neither root

nor square.

numbers

(^)

A root

is

any quantity which

consisting of units, or

itself,

is

to

be multiplied by

numbers ascending, or

fractions descending.^

A
by

square

is

amount of the root multiplied

the whole

itself.

A simple

number

any number which may be pro-

is

nounced without reference to root or square.

number belonging

may be
may

one of these three

classes

number of another class;

equal to a

" squares are equal

say, for instance,

" squares are equal

to

you

to roots," or

numbers," or " roots are equal to

to

numbers."!

Of

/,l\

is

say,

roots; that

is

and the square

is five,

equal to five times

" one third of the square

whole square

then the

roots ;"

is

which

twenty-five,

equal to five roots of the

is

of the square

;"J the root

So you

A square

"

an example.

same
is

the case in which squares are equal to roots, this

hundred and

is

is

is

its

root.

equal to four

equal to twelve

forty-four;

and

its

root

twelve.

Or you

say,

"

five squares are

is

the square

and

By

the

unknown

two,

word

its

root, is

square

is

cx'^

bx
X

5f=.:4^

meant the simple power of the

cx^

x^=5x

=a
.*.

..^a:^=l2J?

bx=a

x-^
,\ x=.\q.

5x2=100;

||

four.

quantity.

;"

equal to two roots; the root of

then one square

is

equal to ten roots

/.

0:2

= 2X

-^

x^2

In
{i,

e.

this

manner, whether the squares be many or few,

multiplied or divided by any number), they are

reduced to a single square

and the same

the roots, which are their equivalents

is

done with

that

is

to say,

they are reduced in the same proportion as the squares.

As

to the case in

which squares are

for instance, you say, " a square

then this

a square, and

is

squares are equal to eighty

to one-fifth of eighty,

of the square
thirty-six,

Thus,

is

and

all

its
;

eqtial to

numbers

is

equal to nine ;"*

is

three.

root

Or "

"f then one square

which

is

is

equal

Or "the

sixteen.

five

half

equal to eighteen ;"J then the square

its

root

is

is six.

and sub-multiples of

squares, multiples,

them, are reduced to a single square.

If there be only

part of a square, you add thereto, until there

is

a whole

square; you do the same with the equivalent in numbers.

As

which

to the case in

for instance,

the root

is

three,

and

are equal to twenty

and the square

Or "half

roots are equal to

" one root equals three

its

;"

to

the root

||

Or "

then one root

be formed of
is

it

four roots (5)

equal to

is

is

ar=3

2^^ = i6
^= 18/. x^ = s6 /. *=6
x=3
4^=20
/. x=5
-|=io
X = 20
f
II

.-.

five,

twenty-five.

equal to ten; "f then

t 5^2=80/.

number ; " then

square nine.

* x^:=g

in

numbers

the

whole root

is

formed of it
I

equal to twenty, and the square which

is

is

four hundred.

three kinds

found that these

namely,

roots,

and numbers, may be combined together, and

thus three compound species arise ;* that is, " squares
and roots equal to numbers ;'* " squares and numbers
squares,

equal to roots

,*"

"roots and numbers equal to squares."

Roots and Squares are equal

Numbers

to

;\ for in-

stance, " one square, and ten roots of the same, amount

to thirty-nine dirhems ;" that

the square which^

roots,

amounts

to say,

is

when increased by

to thirty-nine?

what must be

ten of

The solution

is

own

its

this

you

halve the numberj of the roots, which in the present

instance yields
the product

the
is

sum

eight,

roots,

is

is

This you multiply by

five.

Add

twenty-five.

sixty- four.

Now

and subtract from

which

is five

this to thirty-nine;

take the root of

it

itself;

half the

the remainder

is

this,

which

number of
three.

This

the root of the square which you sought for;

square

itself is nine.

* The three cases considered

1st.

2d.

are,

cx^-^bx=a
a bx
bx-\-a

cx'-\-

3d. cx^

f 1 St case cx"^ -^bx=za

Example x' + 1 ox = 39
:

= ^64
= 8-5 =
X

i. e.

the coefficient.

the
is

the

The

solution

more or

or

is

less

when two

the same

squares or three,

be specified ;* you reduce them to one

and

single square,

in the

same proportion you reduce

and simple numbers which are connected

also the roots

therewith.
instance, " two squares

For

and ten roots are equal

to forty-eight dirhems ;"f that

the

to say,

is

amount of two squares which, when summed up and

added

to ten times the root of

sum of forty-eight dirhems ?

the two squares to one

of the two

one of them, make up a

You must

Then reduce

the moiety of both.

is

be the same as
five roots

if

at first reduce

and you know that one square

thing mentioned in the statement to

its half,

and

every

it

will

the question had been, a square and

of the same are equal to twenty-four dirhems;

what must be the amount of a square which, when

or,

added

hems
is

what must be

to five times its root,

Now

halve the

two and a

duct is six

sum
this

is
;

of the

number of the

and a quarter.

and a

is

to

roots; the

Add

this to

itself;

the pro-

the root of

Subtract from this the moiety

roots, that is

two and a half; the

be reduced to the form x^-^x.

t

2aP+iox=4S
^ = ^/[(|)''+24]-|

moiety

twenty-four ; the

Take

and a quarter.

half.

number of the

* ex' -\-bx=a

equal to twenty-four dir-

Multiply that by

half.

thirty dirhems

it is five

is

5i
c

2i

'^

10

remainder

is

This

three.

the square itself

the root of the square, and

nine.

is

The proceeding

be the same

will

" half of a square and

dirhems ;"* that

is

five roots are

a square, the moiety of which,

valent of five of

hems

Your

you

effect

it

amounts

which

when added

is

equal to twenty-eight dir-

Multiply

Add

this to fifty-six

this

the root of this;

by

it

to

added to

one whole square.

as well as

it,

halve the roots

itself;

the

is

you sought
(*7)

This

four.
for

sum

and dou-

it,

what is equal

is

the moiety
is

is

twenty-five.

Extract

eighty-one.

Subtract from this the

nine.

is

the product

moiety of the number of roots, which

is

This

a square and ten roots, equal to

Now

dirhems.

five.

mainder

to the equi-

Therefore double

it.

Then you have

it.

fifty-six

equal to twenty-eight

business must be to complete your

by doubling

ble also that

to

its roots, is

first

square, so that

the instance be,

what must be the amount of

to say,

is

if

is five

the re-

the root of the square which

the square

sixteen,

is

and half the

square eight.

Proceed in

this

manner, whenever you meet with

squares and roots that are equal to simple numbers

it

will

always answer.

* 1-1-50:^28

x--|-iox=56
10\2

= v^ 25
= n/8i -}-

-9-5

^fi-i

56
5

for

11

Numbers are

and

Squares

equal to Roots;*

for

instance, " a square and twenty-one in numbers are

equal to ten roots of the same square."

That

is

to say,

what must be the amount of a square, which, when

twenty-one dirhems are added to

becomes equal

it,

the equivalent of ten roots of that square?

Halve the number of the roots;

Multiply

by

this

Solution

the moiety

the product

itself;

to

is

five.

twenty-five.

is

Subtract from this the twenty-one which are connected

with the square

root

roots,

it

is

is five

the remainder

nine.

Or you may add

roots ; the

sum

Extract

four.

its

is

seven

which you sought

This

three.

is

the

the root to the moiety of the

this is the root

for,

is

you required, and the square

root of the square which

is

is

Subtract this from the moiety of the

two.

which

the remainder

and the square

of the square
itself is forty-

nine.

When

you meet with an instance which

this case, try its solution

both addition and subtraction

will

you

to

if

that do not

For

in this case

by addition, and

serve, then subtraction certainly will.

refers

may be employed, which

not answer in any other of the three cases in which

'2d

case.

cx^-\-a-bx

Example. a:'4-2i lo^

n/

5=t2

25

21

12

the

number of

that,

when

And know,

the roots must be halved.

you

in a question belonging to this case

have halved the number of the roots and multiplied

the moiety by

itself,

if

the product be less than the

number of dirhems connected with the

instance
(8)

is

square, then the

impossible;* but if the product be equal to

the dirhems by themselves, then the root of the square

is

equal to the moiety of the roots alone, without either

addition or subtraction.

In every instance where you have two squares, or

more or

less,

reduce them to one entire square, f as I

have explained under the

first case.

Roots and Numbers are equal to Squares ;% for instance,

*'

three roots and four of simple

to a square."

Solution

is

one and a

is

two and a quarter.

Halve the roots

Multiply

half.

numbers are equal

this

by

Add this to

the moiety

itself;

the four

the product
;

* If in an equation, of the form x^-^-azz-bx,

the

case

(1)2= a,

the

sum

is

z.

a,

(|.)2

supposed in the equation cannot happen.

then^=^

f cx'^'\-a=bx

is

to

be reduced

J 3d case

to x^

+4=^

cx^ =:zbx+a

Example

x^

= 30; +

= v/(i i)2 + 4 +ii

= \/ 2j^+4 +ij
=

2j

+ij=4

If

13

and a quarter.

six

Add

half.

Extract

root ;

its

one and a half; the sum

square, and the square

is

This

four.

is

is

These are the

to

or sub-multiple

one entire square.

which

six cases

mentioned in the

They have now been

introduction to this book.

plained.

the root of the

sixteen.

Whenever you meet with a multiple

it

two and a

moiety of the roots, which was

this to the

of a square, reduce

it is

ex-

have shown that three among them do not

require that the roots be halved, and I have taught

how

they must be resolved.

which halving the roots

dient,

more

is

As

for the other three, in

necessary, I think

accurately, to explain

it

expe-

them by separate

chapters, in

which a figure

case, to point

out the reasons for halving.

be given for each

will

Demonstration of the Case : " a Square and ten Roots

are equal to thirty-nine

The

Dirhems"^

figure to explain this a quadrate, the sides of

which are unknown.

It represents the

square, the

which, or the root of which, you wish to know.

the figure
as

one of

sides

A B,
its

each side of which

roots ;

and

if

may be

This

is

considered

you multiply one of these

by any number, then the amount of that number

may be

looked upon as the number of the roots which

are added to the square.

Each

side of the quadrate

represents the root of the square; and, as in the instance,

* Geometrical

illustration

of the case, x^+

ioa:

= 39

(9)

14

the roots were connected with the square,

one-fourth of ten, that

combine

is

two and a

to say,

take

half,

and

with each of the four sides of the figure.

it

the original quadrate

Thus with

we may

B, four new paral-

lelofrrams are combined, each having a side of the qua-

drate as

its

length,

and the number of two and a half as

they are the parallelograms C, G, T, and

its

breadth

K.

We have now a quadrate of equal, though unknown

sides

but in each of the four corners of which a square

piece of two and a half multiplied by two and a half

wanting.

In order to compensate for this want and to

complete the quadrate, we must add

(to that

have already) four times the square of two and a

is,

twenty-five.

figure,

which we
half, that

We know (by the statement) that the first

namely, the quadrate representing the square,

together with the four parallelograms around

represent the ten roots,

bers. If to this we

is

it,

which

equal to thirty-nine of

num-

add twenty-five, which is the equivalent

of the four quadrates at the corners of the figure

by which the great figure

DH

know

makes

that this together

of this great quadrate

is its

is

A B,

completed, then

sixty-four.

root, tliat

subtract twice a fourth of ten, that

as

is

is,

One side
If

eight.

is five,

we

from

we

eight,

from the two extremities of the side of the great

quadrate

D H,

then the remainder of such a side will

be three, and that

is

the root of the square, or the side

of the original figure

we have halved

A B.

It

must be observed, that

the number of the roots,

product of the moiety multiplied by

and added the

itself to

the

number

15

thirty-nine, in order to complete the great figure in

four corners ; because the fourth of any

plied by

itself,

and then by

four,

number

its

multi-

equal to the product

is

of the moiety of that number multiplied by

itself.*

Accordingly, we multiplied only the moiety of the roots

by

instead of multiplying

itself,

This

then by four.

its

the figure

is

fourth by

itself,

and

A
K

The same may

also be explained

We proceed from the

the square.

It is

on two

it

becomes

figure.

B, which represents

our next business to add to

it

the ten

We halve for this purpose the ten,

roots of the same.

so that

quadrate

by another

five,

and construct two quadrangles

sides of the quadrate

G and D,

B, namely,

the length of each of them being ^ve, as the moiety of

the ten roots, whilst the breadth of each

A B.

side of the quadrate

Then

number of the

by

five

roots which

two sides of the

first

this five

B. This

is

equal

being half of the

we have added

to

each of the

Thus we know

quadrate.

<b

equal to a

a quadrate remains

opposite the corner of the quadrate

to five multiplied

is

\-

M^r=(k)

that

(10)


16

the

quadrate, which

first

quadrangles on

its sides,

the square, and the two

is

which are the ten roots, make

In order to complete the great

together thirty-nine.

quadrate, there wants only a square of five multiplied

(11)

by

or twenty-five.

five,

This we add to thirty-nine, in

We extract its root,

sixty-four.

eight,

is

one of

same quantity which we have before added,

this the

five,

we obtain

it

is

itself is nine.

is^

is

B, which represents the

and the square

the root of this square,

This

This

three as the remainder.

the side of the quadrangle

square;

which

is

By subtracting from

the sides of the great quadrangle.

namely

The sum

S H.

order to complete the great square

the figure

G-

26

Demonstration of the Case

a Square and twenty-me

Dirhems are equal

We

to ten Boots,'*

*^

represent the square by a quadrate

length of whose side

we do not know.

This paralellogram

* Geometrical

is

is

equal to one of

A D, such as the side H

H B.

illustration

D, the

To this we join a

parallelogram, the breadth of which

the sides of the quadrate

The

N.

length of the two

of the case,

a:'

ox

17

figures together

that

length

its

is
is

H C. We know

equal to the line

ten of

numbers

for every quadrate

has equal sides and angles, and one of

plied by a unit

by two

is

the root of the quadrate, or multiplied

therefore, that a square

equal to ten roots,

the line

As

twice the root of the same.

it is

HC

is

sides multi-

its

it is

stated,

and twenty-one of numbers are

we may conclude

that the length of

equal to ten of numbers, since the line

C D represents the root of the square. We now divide

the line C H into two equal parts at the point G the
line G C is then equal to H G.
It is also evident that (12)
the line G T is equal to the line C D.
At present we
:

add to the

line

T, in the same direction, a piece

equal to the difference between

to

complete the square.

equal to

Then

M, and we have

sides

and

know

that the line

C G and G

angles, namely, the

TK

is five

length also of the other sides

in order

TK

becomes

new quadrate

of equal

the line

T,

quadrate
this is
:

M T. We

consequently the

the quadrate itself

is

twenty-five, this being the product of the multiplication

of half the number of the roots by themselves, for

times five

is

twenty-five.

five

We have perceived that the

H B represents the twenty-one of numbers

which were added to the quadrate. We have then cut
off a piece from the quadrangle H B by the line K T

quadrangle

(which

is

one of the sides of the quadrate

M T), so that

T A remains. At present we take from

the line K M the piece K L, which is equal to G K; it
then appears that the line T G
equal to M L more-

only the part

is


18

L, which has been cut off from

G;

consequently, the quadrangle

over, the line

is

equal to

equal to

H T,

T A.

Thus

H B,

The whole

M R,

M T was found

we now

If

MR

is

equal to

is

which represents the twenty-one.

quadrate

twenty-five.

K M^

evident that the quadrangle

it is

augmented by the quadrangle

the quadrangle

MT,

to be equal

to

subtract from this quadrate,

HT and M R, which are equal

the quadrangles

to twenty-one, there remains a small quadrate

R,

which represents the difference between twenty-five and

This

twenty-one.
the line

four ;

is

G, which

and

root, represented

equal to

is

number two from

(13) subtract this

its

A,

is

the line

that

ginal square.
line

But

G, which

roots, then the

if

which

to say, three,

is

R, which

is

is

sum

is

is

the figure
^^r

to the

number of

the root to a larger square.

the

However,

to this square, then the

sum

same square.

K G

IT

the line

seven, represented by the line

likewise be equal to ten roots of the

is

is

the root of the ori-

the moiety of the

you add twenty-one

is

you add the number two

if

you

G, which

the moiety of the roots, then the remainder

AC

If

two.

by

will

Here

19

Demonstration of the Case

"

and four of

three Roots

Simple Numbers are equal

to

a Square"^

Let the square be represented by a quadrangle, the

sides of

which are unknown to

among

themselves, as also the angles.

drate

us,

though they are equal

This

is

the qua-

D, which comprises the three roots and the four

of numbers mentioned in this instance.

drate one of

its sides,

In every qua-

multiplied by a unit,

is

its

root.

We now cut off the quadrangle H D from the quadrate

A D, and take one of its sides H C for three, which
is

the

number of

the roots.

It follows, then, that the

The same

is

quadrangle

equal to

HB

the four of numbers which are added to the roots.

we

halve the side

the point

H T, which

H, which

is

R D.

represents

Now

equal to three roots, at

from this division we construct the square

is

the product of half the roots (or one and (14)

a half) multiplied by themselves, that

is

to say,

two and

We add then to the line G T a piece equal

to the line A H, namely, the piece T L
accordingly
the line G L becomes equal to A G, and the line K N
equal to T L. Thus a new quadrangle, with equal
sides and angles, arises, namely, the quadrangle G M
equal to M L, and the
and we find that the line A G
equal to G L. By these means the
same line A G
line C G remains equal to N R, and the line M N
equal to T L, and from the quadrangle H B a piece
equal to the quadrangle K L
cut off.
a quarter.

is

is

is

* Geometrical

illustration of the

3d

case, x-

3^

+4

20

But we know that

A R

the quadrangle

represents the

four of numbers which are added to the three roots.

The quadrangle

A N and

KL

the quadrangle

gether equal to the quadrangle

are to-

R, which represents

the four of numbers.

We have seen,
prises the

and a

also,

that the quadrangle

GM

com-

product of the moiety of the roots, or of one

half,

multiplied by itself; that

is

to say

two and

a quarter, together with the four of numbers, which are

represented by the quadrangles

AN

remains now from the side of the

great original quadrate

A D,

K L.

If

C.

is

to say,

we add

a half; then

one and a

this to

the root of the quadrate

G M,

together with

this,

half,

the line

which

is

the line

This

it

is

G, or the moiety of

makes

four,

C, or the root to a square, which

D.

Here

follows

was which we were desirous

explain.
(1^)

which

being equal to two and

represented by the quadrate

the figure.

namely, the

A G,

the three roots, namely, one and a half,

is

There

which represents the whole square, only the moiety

of the roots, that

line

and

M
N

to

21

We have observed that every question which requires

equation or reduction for

one of the
book.

now

have

solution, will refer

which

cases

six

its

you

have proposed in

to

this

also explained their arguments.

Bear them, therefore,

in

mind.

ON MULTIPLICATION.
I

SHALL now teach you how

numbers, that

is

to multiply the

they stand alone, or

if

numbers are added

numbers are subtracted from them, or

tracted from
other, or

numbers

how

also

to subtract

Whenever one number

unknown

one by the other,

to say, the roots,

if

if

to them, or if

they are sub-

how to add them one to the

one from the other.

is

be multiplied by another,

to

the one must be repeated as

many times

as the other

contains units.*
If there are greater

numbers combined with

units to

be added to or subtracted from them, then four multiplications are necessary ;f namely, the greater

numbers

by the greater numbers, the greater numbers by the

* If

many

or

is

to

times as there are units in

f If X zt
tiplied by y, X

by

y,

be multiplied by y, x

and a

is

is

be repeated as

to

t/.

is

to

be multiplied by

is

to

be multiplied by

to

be multiplied by

b.

j/

=t

i,

b,
is,

to

is

to

be mul-

be multiplied

units, the units

by the

22

by the greater numbers, and the

units

units.

If the units, combined with the greater numbers, are

positive, then the last multiplication

is

positive ; if they

are both negative, then the fourth multiplication

vi^ise

positive.

But

if

one of them

is

positive,

(16) negative, then the fourth multiplication

For

instance,

and two."f

Ten

two positive;

like-

and one

negative.*

" ten and one to be multiplied by ten

times ten

ten positive ; twice ten

is

is

is

is

is

a hundred

once ten

is

twenty positive, and once two

this altogether

makes a hundred and

thirty-two.

But
by ten

if

the instance

less

is

" ten

less one, to

one,"t then ten times ten

* In multiplying y^xzha) by (ydb^)

-{ax-\-b

ax

= -{-ab

bz=-\-ab

\-aX'-b=ab

ax +b=ab
t (io + i)x(io + 2)

= 10X10.... 100
+

1 XIO
2X10

20

+ 1X2

4-

10

+ 132
X (10-1) (10-1)

= 10X
IX
IX
IX

10..

+100

10..
-1.. +

10

81

10..

10
1

is

be multiplied

a hundred

the

23

negative one by ten

one by ten
eighty

one

and

this

makes the

less

is

result eighty-one.

one,"* then ten times ten

two by ten

a hundred, and

is

ten negative; the positive

is

twenty positive

is

dred and ten

this together is

a hun-

the positive two by the negative one

This makes the product a hundred

gives two negative.

becomes

it

the instance be " ten and two, to be multipled

the negative one by ten

and

the other negative

but the negative one by the negative one

if

by ten

ten negative

likewise ten negative, so that

is

positive,

Or

is

eight.

have explained

might serve

this, that it

duction to the multiplication of

numbers are added

as

an intro-

unknown sums, when

to them, or

when numbers

are

subtracted from them, or when they are subtracted from

numbers.

For instance
thing

" Ten

less

thing (the signification of

root) to be multipled

being

begin by taking ten times ten, which

thing by ten
fore a

is

hundred

is

a hundred

ten roots negative; the product

less

is

less

there-

ten things.

* (10 + -2)X(10

l)

10X10.... 100

lO
+20

xio

+ 10X

- IX

2..

lOS

f (10 jc)x

You

by ten."f

io=iox

10

iox=:ioo~-loj;.

24

If the instance be

" ten and thing

by ten,"* then you take ten times

dred, and thing by ten

product

is

by

itself,"t

times thing
ten things

to

be multiplied

which

a hun-

is

ten things positive ; so that the

a hundred plus ten things.

If the instance

(17)

is

ten,

be

" ten and thing to be multiplied

then ten times ten

is

ten things ;

is

a hundred, and ten

and again, ten times thing

and thing multiplied by thing

positive, so that the

hems and twenty

whole product

things and one

If the instance be

a square

a hundred dir-

is

positive square.

" ten minus thing

is

is

to

by ten minus thing, "J then ten times ten

be multiplied
is

a hundred;

and minus thing by ten

is

minus ten things; and

again, minus thing by ten

is

minus ten things.

minus thing multiplied by minus thing

The product

square.

is

But

a positive

is

therefore a hundred and a

square, minus twenty things.

In like manner
to

you

if

the following question be proposed

" one dirhem minus one-sixth to be multiplied

by one dirhem minus one-sixth

parts of a dirhem, which

parts, or two-thirds

tation

;"

by themselves, the product

sixths

You

is

that

is

to say, five-

is five

and twenty

divided into six and thirty

and one-sixth of a

sixth.

Compu-

multiply one dirhem by one dirhem, the

*(io+x)x io=iox 10+

f (lO+x) (I0+j;)=10 X

loor

100+1 oj;

lO+lO^+lO^ + X- 100 + 20:r +

:j:(io a:)x(i0-:r) r::iox

X*'^

10 lox lox+x-^ioo 20a:+a:-

*(i-*)x(i-J)--i-^ + ixi = |+Jxi;/.e.J^,.|+ixA

25

product

one clirhem

is

then one dirhem by minus one-

sixth, that is one-sixth negative

hem by minus

one-sixth

then, the result

is

which

then, again, one dir-

one-sixth negative

two-thirds of a dirhem

minus one-sixth

still

is

to

and one

therefore, two- thirds

so far,

but there

is

be multiplied by minus one-sixth,

one-sixth of a sixth positive

is

the product

is,

sixth of a sixth.

If the instance be, " ten minus thing to be multiplied

by ten and thing," then you say,* ten times ten

hundred and minus thing by ten

;

and thing by ten

thing by thing

product

is

" ten minus thing

and minus thing by thing

If the instance be,

is

dirhems

say,

for,

is

ten

a square negative

is

"

ten

and thing

to be multiplied

then you say, thing multiplied by

and thing by thing

is

is

a square

a hundred dirhems

and minus ten by thing

You

by thing

ten things minus a square.

and minus ten by ten

negative

be multiplied

is

ten things positive ;

positive

tive.

less ten,"|

to

say, ten multiplied

therefore, the product

ten

therefore, the

a hundred dirhems, minus a square.

by thing,"t then you

by thing

ten things negative;

a square positive

If the instance be,

things;

ten things positive; and minus

is

is

is

is

is

therefore, a square

ten things nega-

minus a hundred

having made the reduction, that

is

to say,

having removed the ten things positive by the ten things

* (lo x) (io + j;)

f

(lo x)

X (lo + x)

xa:

= iox 10 lojr+iox

= ioar

x'-'

= ioo x2

.r-

(x io) = io^-|-i;'- loo

E

ioa:

~a?- 100

(18)

26

minus a hundred

there remains a square

negative,

dirhems.
^'

If the instance be,

and half a thing

ten dirhems

to

be multiplied by half a dirhem, minus

five things,"*

then you say, half a dirhem by ten

dirhems posi-

tive

five

and half a dirhem by half a thing

thing positive
fifty

is

and minus

a quarter of

by ten dirhems

This altogether makes

roots negative.

hems minus

five things

is

is

five dir-

and three quarters of

forty-nine things

After this you multiply five roots negative by

thing.

half a root positive

Therefore,

it is

two squares and a half negative.

the product

is

five

dirhems, minus two

squares and a half, minus forty-nine roots and three

quarters of a root.

If the instance be, " ten and thing to be multiplied

by thing

less ten,"f

said thing

then this

and ten by thing

fore, thing multiplied

ten by thing

thing

by thing

is

say,

were

there-

a square positive ;

ten things positive

and

and minus ten by

You now remove

Minus ten multiplied by ten

be subtracted from the square.

(19)

You

it

the

by the negative, then there only remains a

square.

gether,

the same as if

less ten.

ten things negative.

is

positive

is

is

is

a square

Whenever a

less

positive

t( 1 o -f j:)(a; 1 o) := (ar-f

is

a hundred, to

This, therefore, alto-

a hundred dirhems.

and a negative

o)(a; 1 o)

factor concur in

- jr- 4- 1 go: 1 ox 1 00 = ar2 - 1 00

27

a multiplication, such as thing positive and minus thing,

the last multiplication gives always the negative pro-

Keep

duct.

this in

memory.

ON ADDITION
Know

that the root of two

to twenty

The

SUBTRACTION.

and

hundred minus

minus the root of two hundred,

is

added

ten,

just ten.*

root of two hundred, minus ten, subtracted from

twenty minus the root of two hundred,

minus

thirty

is

twice the root of two hundred; twice the root of two

hundred

equal to the root of eight hundred.'!'

hundred and a square minus twenty

to fifty

and

is

and ten roots minus two squares,^

minus a square and minus ten

fifty,

fifty

I shall hereafter explain to

figure,

roots, dimi-

which

will

you the reason of this by

be annexed to

square, (the

is fifty

roots.

this chapter.

If you require to double the root of any

unknown

a hundred

and ten roots minus two squares,

dirhems and three squares minus thirty

is

roots.

hundred and a square, minus twenty

nished by

added

roots,

known

or

meaning of its duplication being

20 V^200-j-('v/200 10)=10

20 v/200 (-v/sOO 10)z=30 2\/200 = 30 \/8oo

50+ lox 2x'^-f (loo+a?'-^ 20a;) = i50 10* ^2

loo+o;'-- 20a;

.j.

[50 2x'- + ioa:] =50 + 3x''^ 30*

28

you multiply

that

by two) then

it

multiply two by two, and

root of the product

is

will suffice to

it

then by the square;* the

equal to twice the root of the

original square.

If you require to take

by

three,

duct

you multiply three

thrice,

and then by the square

the root of the pro-

thrice the root of the original square.

is

Compute
roots,

it

in this

manner every multiplication of the

whether the multiplication be more or

less

than

two.t
If

(20)

you require

square,
is

to find the

moiety of the root of the

you need only multiply a half by a

a quarter

and then

this

by the square

the product will be half the root of the

half,

which

the root of

first square.]:

Follow the same rule when you seek for a third, or a

quarter of a root, or any larger or smaller quota of it,

whatever

may be

Examples of
of nine,

II

the denominator or the numerator.

this

If

you require

to

double the root

you multiply two by two, and then by nine:

this gives

thirty- six

and

double the root of nine.

this is

take the root of

2v'9 = v/4X9 = v/36=6

this, it is

six,

::

29

In the same manner,

if you

require to triple the root of

nine,* you multiply three by three, and then by nine

the product

eighty-one

is

becomes equal

take

its

root,

it is

nine, which

to thrice the root of nine.

If you require to have the moiety of the root of nine,t

you multiply a half by a

then
its

by nine ; the result

this

root

half,

it is

one and a

half,

which gives a quarter, and

is

two and a quarter take

:

which

is

the moiety of the

root of nine.

You proceed

in this

positive or negative,

manner with every root, whether

and whether known or unknown.

ON
If

DIVISION.

you will divide the root of nine by the root of four4

you begin with dividing nine by

four,

and a quarter

the

require

it is

the root of this

one and a

is

which gives two

number which you

half.

If you will divide the root of four by the root of nine,

you divide four by nine

the root of this

is

it is

four-ninths of the unit

two divided by three ; namely, two-

thirds of the unit.

3v/9 = v^9X9=>/8i=9

30

If you wish to divide twice the root of nine by the

root of four^ or of any other square*,

you double the

(21) root of nine in the manner above shown to you in the

chapter on Multiplication, and you divide the product by

four, or

the

You perform

by any number whatever.

way above pointed

In like manner,

if

this in

out.

you wish

to divide three roots

of nine, or more, or one-half or any multiple or submultiple of ihe root of nine, the rule

same :t follow

it,

is

always the

the result will be right.

If you wish to multiply the root of nine by the root of

four,+ multiply nine
its root, it is six

by four

this gives thirty- six

this is the root

take

of nine, multiplied by

the root of four.

Thus,

if

you wish

to multiply the root of five

root of ten, multiply five

duct
If

is

by ten

by the

the root of the pro-

what you have required.

you wish

root of a half,

one- sixth

to multiply the root of one- third

II

you multiply one- third by a

the root of one- sixth

one-third, multiplied

is

by the

half:

it is

equal to the root of

by the root of a

half.

If you require to multiply twice the root of nine by

* Sv^g

V4 = x/^

= v/9:

>/4Xv/9=\/4X9=v/36 = 6

v'ioxv'5= n/5xio=v'5o
II

s/^y^s/h^s/W^^s/^

31

thrice the root of fom',

"

then take twice the root of nine,

according to the rule above given, so that you may

the root of what square

You do

it is.

the same with

respect to the three roots of four in order to

must be the square of such a

You

root.

these two squares, the one by the other,

the product

is

know

know what

then multiply

and the root of

equal to twice the root of nine, multiplied

by thrice the root of four.

You proceed

in this

manner with

all positive

or ne-

gative roots.

Demomtratiom,

(22)

The argument for the root of two hundred, minus ten,

added

minus the root of two hundred, may be

to twenty,

elucidated by a figure

A B represent the root of two hundred

let the part from A to the point C be the ten, then the
Let the

line

remainder of the root of two hundred

the remainder of the line

Draw now from

represent twenty
the line
it

A C,

A B,

let

it,

namely

correspond to

to the line

a line to the point

therefore,

C B.

D,

to

be twice as long as

which represents ten; and mark a part of

from the point

line

A B,

the point

will

to the point

H,

to be equal to the

which represents the root of two hundred;

then the remainder of the twenty will be equal to the

part of the line, from the point

3\/4 X

^9 = >v/9 X4 X

H to the point D.

^/4 X 9

- v/36 X 36=36

As

.^s

our object was

hundred,

hne

to

after the subtraction

is

A B,

of ten, that

cut off from the line

S B,

B H,

remainder of the line

add, therefore, this piece

CB

S.

we intended

is

ten,

There remains

which, consequently,

is

B D,

remainder

equal to the

Let us

H D. We
or twenty, a

was cut

off,

namely,

after this the line

equal to ten.

to elucidate.

is

to the line

have already seen that from the line

the piece

equal to

namely, to S H.

S H,

C, which

is

which represents the

as also that the

B, namely, the line

piece equal to

H a piece

or the root of two hundred,

equal to the line

to say, the

We know already

S H.

B H, and that the line A C,

of the line

is

or to twenty, minus the root

B, namely, the line

that the line

the line

H D,

we

of two hundred,

ten,

add the remainder of the root of two

B, to the line

equal to

Here

This

it

S D,

was that

follows the figure.

(23)

AJ

BT

The argument for the

to

root of two hundred,

minus ten,

be subtracted from twenty, minus the root of two

hundred,

is

as follows.

Let the

line

AB

represent the

root of two hundred, and let the part thereof, from

A to

the point C, signify the ten mentioned in the instance.

We draw now from the point B, a line towards the point

D,

to signify twenty.

Then we

trace from

to the

33

point H, the same lengtli as the

leiigtli

represents the root of two liundred

of the line which

that

is

of the line

A B. We have seen that the line C B is the remainder

from the twenty,
subtracted.

after the root of

It is

C B from

the line

two hundred has been

our purpose, therefore, to subtract

the line

HD

and we now draw from

the point B, a line towards the point S, equal in length

to the line

A C,

whole line S

which represents the

is

equal to S B, plus

We now cut

off

,the line

B, namely,

from the line

HG

We

thirty.

thus

line

Kow

the root of two hundred.

CB

the

and we per-

D, a piece equal

see also that the line

two hundred and that the

to

the remainder from the line

is

B D,

Then

this added together amounts to thirty.

ceive that all

GD

ten.

we

to

find that the line

S D, which signifies

and

is

the root of

B C is

the line

HG

likewise
is

equal

therefore the piece subtracted from the line

S D, which

represents thirty,

is

equal to twice the

root of two hundred, or once the root of eight hundred. (^^)

This

it is

Here

that

follows the figure

1>

As
added

we wished

to elucidate.
:

for the

hundred and square minus twenty roots

to fifty,

and ten roots minus two squares,

F

this

does

34

not admit of any figure, because there are three

diffe-

and

rent species, viz. squares, and roots, and numbers,

nothing corresponding to

We

be represented.

them by which they might

had, indeed, contrived to con-

struct a figure also for this case, but

it

was not

suffi-

ciently clear.

The

elucidation

by words

You know

very easy.

is

that you have a hundred and a square, minus twenty

roots.

When

you add

comes a hundred and

The

to this fifty

fifty

and ten

roots,

and a square, minus ten

reason for these ten negative roots

is,

it

be-

roots.

that from the

twenty negative roots ten positive roots were subtracted

by reduction.
dred and

fifty

This being done, there remains a hun-

and a square, minus ten

hundred a square
this

is

roots.

With

the

If you subtract from

connected.

hundred and square the two squares negative con-

nected with

fifty,

then one square disappears by reason

of the other, and the remainder

minus a square, and minus ten

This

it

is

a hundred and

roots.

was that we wished to explain.

fifty,

35

OF THE SIX PROBLEMS.

Before

the chapters

species thereof, I shall

on computation and the

now

several (25)

introduce six problems, as

instances of the six cases treated of in the beginning of

this

work.

have shown that three among these

in order to be solved,

cases,

do not require that the roots

be halved, and I have also mentioned that the calculating by completion and reduction must always necessarily lead

you

to

one of these

cases.

these problems, which will serve

now

to bring the

make

sub-

its

com-

the arguments

more

ject nearer to the understanding, to render

prehension easier, and to

subjoin

perspicuous.
First Problem,
I have divided ten into

two portions

plied the one of the two portions

this I

have multi-

by the other

have multiplied the one of the two by

and the product of the

times as

much

multiplication

by

after

itself,

itself is

as that of one of the portions

four

by the

other.*

Computation
thing,

Suppose one of the portions

and the other ten minus thing

* x2--4^jlo a;)=:40a; 4x2

5*2=400:

X =8; (10 a;)=2

to

be

you multiply

36

minus thing

thing by ten

Then

square.

multiply

)
is

it

ten things minus a

by four, because the

it

stance states " four times as much."

The

in-

result will

be

four times the product of one of the parts multiplied by

This

the other.

is

forty things

minus four squares.

After this you multiply thing by thing, that

one of the portions by

is

is

the four squares,

square.

Then

Reduce

roots, that

sixty-four

will

the root of this

(26) be multiplied by
two,

and that

you

to

itself.

is

eight,

is

The remainder from

" squares equal

cases,

Remark

to roots."

and
is

to

the ten

Thus the question

the other portion.

one of the six

one

be equal to eight

one of the two portions, namely, that which

this is

leads

is

to the

it

forty things are equal

and one square

is,

and add them

the equation

to five squares

to say,

a square, which

equal to forty things minus foursquares.

now by

is

This

itself.

is

namely, that of

this.

Second Problem,
I

have divided ten into two portions

plied each of the parts by

itself:

have multi-

the product often by itself is equal to one of the

two parts multiplied by

and afterwards by

and afterwards by two

itself,

and seven-ninths; or equal

itself,

and afterwards ten by

itself,

six

to the other multiplied

and one-fourth.*

* \o^=x^

X2^

100 =rx2 ^

^^xioo =x'
36=:i:2*

6=x

by

37

Computation

Suppose one of the parts to be thing,

and the other ten minus

it

itself,

You

You multiply

thing.

it

two squares and seven- ninths of a square.

afterwards multiply ten by ten

which much be equal to two squares

Reduce

it

by nine twenty- fifths

;^

of a square.

fifths

of its

of the

fifth

thing by

a square; then by two and seven-ninths,

is

makes

this

take

fifth,

to

of a hundred

equal to one square.

is

a hundred,

aaid seven-ninths

one square, through division

being

this

now

it

its fifth

also the fifth

;

and

and

four-fifths

this is thirty-six,

Take

four-

which

is

This

is

one of the two portions ; and accordingly the other

is

four.

its

root,

it is six.

This question leads you, therefore, to one of the

six cases,

namely, " squares equal to numbers."

Third Problem,
I

have divided ten into two parts.

have afterwards

divided the one by the other, and the quotient was four.f

Computation

Suppose one of the two parts

thing, the other ten

minus thing.

to be (27)

Then you divide

ten

minus thing by thing, in order that four may be obtained.

You know

that if

you multiply the quotient

by the divisor, the sum which was divided

10

XZZ.^

io=5x
2=j:

is

restored.

In the present question

divisor

is

the result

quotient

tlie

is

four and the

Multiply, therefore, four by thing

thing.
is

38

be divided, which was ten minus thing.

reduce

it

Then we
thing

is

by

sum

four things, which are equal to the

thing,

which you add

This question

refers

you

is

to

You now

to the four things.

have ^\e things equal to ten

equal to two, and this

to

therefore one

one of the two portions.

one of the

six

cases,

namely, " roots equal to numbers."

Fourth Problem.
I

have multiplied one- third of thing and one dirhem

by one-fourth of thing and one dirhem, and the product

was twenty.*
Computation

You

one- fourth of thing;

multiply one- third of thing by

it is

one-half of a sixth of a square.

Further, you multiply one dirhem by one-third of thing,

it is

one- third of thing

of thing,

it is

and one dirhem by one-fourth

one-fourth of thing

one dirhem, it is one dirhem.

and one dirhem by

The result of this

is

the

moiety of one-sixth of a square, and one- third of thing,

and one-fourth of thing, and one dirhem,

twenty dirhems.

Subtract

now

is

equal to

the one dirhem from

* (J:c+i)(J;r+i)=20

39

these twenty dirhems, there remain nineteen dirhems,

equal to the moiety of one-sixth of a square, and one-

and one-fourth of thing.

third of thing,

square a whole one

you have by

that

Now make your

you perform this by multiplying all

twelve.

Thus you have one square

and seven roots, equal to two hundred and twenty-eight

Halve the number of the roots, and multiply

dirhems.
it

by

itself; it is

the numbers, that

the

sum

is

to

is,

this the

half, there

it is

forty

fifteen

and one quarter. Exand a

half.

moiety of the roots, that

remains twelve, which

is

Subtract

three and a

is,

the square required.

This question leads you to one of the

" squares and

this to

two hundred and twenty-eight (28)

two hundred and

tract the root of this;

from

Add

twelve and one- fourth.

cases,

namely,

roots equal to numbers."

Fifth Problem.
I

have divided ten into two parts ; I have then multi-

them by

plied each of

products together,

Computation
thing,

itself,

the

and when

sum was

minus twenty

had added the

Suppose one of the two parts to be

and the other ten minus

minus thing by

fifty-eight dirhems.*

itself; it

things.

is

thing.

Multiply ten

a hundred and a square

Then multiply

thing by thing

* 2-i-{lo-a:)2=58

20*4-100 = 58
100:4-50=29

2 j;2
jf-^

jc24.2i

= ioa:

a;=5d=v/25~2i=:5d:2=7

or 3

it

40

is

Add

a square.

The sum

both together.

is

a hun-

dred, phis two squares minus twenty things, which are

Take now

equal to fifty-eight dirhems.

the twenty

negative things from the hundred and the two squares,

and add them

to fifty- eight

squares, are equal

things.

Reduce

which are equal

Then

reduce

to fifty-eight

this to

of all you have.

It is then: fifty

to twenty-nine

this,

this

by

dirhems and a square,

dirhems and ten things.

by taking twenty-nine from

and a square, equal

Halve the number of the

itself, it is

dirhems and twenty

one square, by taking the moiety

there remains twenty-one

things.

then a hundred, plus two

fifty

to ten

roots, it is five; multiply

twenty-five; take from this the twenty-

one which are connected with the square, the remainder

^

is

four.

Extract the root,

it is

the moiety of the roots, namely, from

three.

This

is

Subtract this from

two.

five,

one of the portions; the other

This question refers you to one of the six

*'

there remains
is

cases,

seven.

namely

squares and numbers equal to roots."

Sixth Problem.
I

have multiplied one-third of a root by one-fourth

of a root, and the product

twenty-four dirhems.*

.3

is

equal to the root and

4.1

Computation
thing

is

Call the root thing; then one- third of

multiplied by one-fourth of thing ; this

moiety of one-sixth of the square, and

and twenty -four dirhems. Multiply

sixth of the square

by twelve,

the

equal to thing

is

this

is

moiety of one-

in order

to

make your

square a whole one, and multiply also the thing by

twelve, which yields twelve things

twenty by twelve

and

also four-and-

the product of the whole will be two

hundred and eighty-eight dirhems and twelve

which are equal
is six.

to

Multiply

one square. The moiety of the roots

this

by

dred and eighty-eight,

itself,

will

it

and add

this to the

sum

is

to

two hun-

this,

eighteen;

it is

moiety of the roots, which was six

twenty-four, and this

This question

it

be three hundred and

twenty-four. Extract the root from

add

roots,

you

refers

is

to

the

the square sought

for.

one of the

six cases,

namely, " roots and numbers equal to squares."

VARIOUS QUESTIONS.
If a person puts such a question to you as

"I have

divided ten into two parts, and multiplying one of

these

by the

other, the result was twenty-one;"^ then

* (lO X)X=:21

10X-X- = 21
which

is

to

be reduced

to

a;'H2i=;io^

x=5v/25-2l=5d=2
G

(30)

42

you know that one of the two parts

is

thing,

and the

Multiply, therefore, thing by

other ten minus thing.

ten minus thing;

then you have ten things minus

a square, which

equal to twenty-one.

is

square from the ten things, and add

one.

it

Separate the
to the twenty-

ten things, which are equal to

Then you have

Take away

the

moiety of the roots, and multiply the remaining

five

twenty-one dirhems and a square.

by

itself; it

Subtract from this the

twenty-five.

is

twenty-one which are connected with the square

remainder

is

Extract

four.

its

root,

it

is

the

Sub-

two.

tract this from the moiety of the roots, namely, five

there remain three, which

if

you

please,

one of the two

is

you may add the root of four

moiety of the roots; the sum

one of the

may be

parts.

parts.

This

is

seven, which

and having multiplied each part by

tracted the smaller

ten into two parts,

itself,

have sub-

from the greater, and the remainder

was forty;"* then the computation

(31) minus thing by

likewise

and subtraction.

"I have divided

is

the

one of the problems which

resolved by addition

If the question be

is

to

Or,

itself,

minus twenty things

it

is

and you

100 = 200?+ 40

60 = 20X

=^

^you multiply ten

also multiply thing

100 200; =40

is

a hundred plus one square

by

43

it is one square.
Subtract this from a hundred
and a square minus twenty things, and you have a

thing,

hundred, minus twenty things, equal to forty dirhems.

Separate

now

add them

to the forty

the twenty things from a hundred, and

then you have a hundred, equal

to twenty things

and forty dirhems. Subtract now forty

from a hundred

there remains sixty dirhems, equal to

twenty things: therefore one thing

which is one of the two

is

equal to three,

parts.

If the question be " I have divided ten into two

:

and having multiplied each part by

them

and have added

together,

to

itself,

them the

parts,

have put

difference

of the two parts previously to their multiplication, and

the

amount of all

tation
it

You

is this:

then the compu-

multiply ten minus thing by

itself;

a hundred and a square minus twenty things.

is

Then
it is

this is fifty-four;"^

multiply also the other thing of the ten by

one square.

Add

this together, it will

itself

be a hun-

dred plus two squares minus twenty things.

It

was

stated that the difference of the two parts before multiplication should be

added

to them.

the difference between them

is

You

say, therefore,

ten minus two things.

* (lO a:)2-|-j;2 + (l0 x) x~54

1

GO 20a; + 2 x- + 1 o 2a: = 54

100 2 20;+

2a:'

=54

55-iia; + a:2=:27

=U^m_28=U^=7or4

44

The

result

a hundred and ten and two squares minus

is

twenty-two things, which are equal to fifty-four dirhems.

Having reduced and equalized

you may

this,

say, a

hundred and ten dirhems and two squares are equal to

dirhems and twenty-two things. Reduce now

fifty-four

by taking the moiety of

the two squares to one square,

all

Thus it becomes fifty-five dirhems and a

you have.

square, equal to twenty-seven dirhems

Subtract twenty-seven from

Halve now the things,

half; multiply this

Subtract from

it

by

itself,

it

thirty

is

its

one of the two

If one say,

first,

roots, there

first

half.

together, then their

10

_L

'

Subtract this

remain four, which

into two parts

^lO-a;

sum

itself,
is

is

and

is

two dirhemis
this

If you

and add the products

equal to one of the parts

o-L6

100-h 2ar^ 20a?

by the second, and the second by

and the sum of the quotient

multiply each part by

J.

and a quarter.

two and a fourth.

and one-sixth ;"* then the computation

and a

five

parts.

"I have divided ten

have divided the

the

is

one and a

root, it is

from the moiety of the

is

be

to eleven

the twenty-eight which are combined

with the square, the remainder

Extract

will

it

things.

there remain

and a square, equal

(32) twenty-eight dirhems

things.

and eleven

fifty-five,

= 4^^ -^) X 2^ = 2 ifx -

^=,5~v/25 24 = 5 1 = 4

or

2^0;''*

45

multiplied by the other, and again by the quotient

which
less

is

two and one-sixth.

thing by

ten things.

Add

itself;

it

a hundred

is

the

sum

by ten

thing

less

square, multiplied by the

it is

less

one square.

a hundred plus two

is

squares less twenty things, which

tiplied

and a square

Multiply thing by thing;

together

this

Multiply, therefore, ten

equal to thing mul-

is

is,

to ten things less a

sum of

the quotients arising

that

from the division of the two parts, namely, two and

We have,

one-sixth.

therefore, twenty-one things

and

two-thirds of thing less two squares and one-sixth, equal

to a

hundred plus two squares

duce

this

less

twenty things.

by adding the two squares and one-sixth

hundred plus two squares

less

Reto

twenty things, and add

the twenty negative things from the hundred plus the

two squares to the twenty- one things and two -thirds of

thing.

Then you have a hundred

plus four squares (33)

and one-sixth of a square, equal to forty-one things and

Now

two- thirds of thing.

You know that one

and

one-sixth,

square

by taking a

Take, therefore, the

that

fifth

Then

you have.

is

reduce

and

thing.

fifth

and

one-fifth of a fifth.*

one-fifth of a fifth of all

twenty-four and a square,

equal to ten roots ; because ten

of the

one square.

obtained from four squares

fifth

it is

this to

is

one-fifth

and

one-fifth

of the forty-one things and two-thirds of a

Now halve

the roots;

it

gives five. Multiply this

4=^6^ and^\ = i+ixi

46

by

itself;

it

is

Subtract from

five-and-twenty.

this

the twenty-four, which are connected with the square

the remainder

Extract

one.

is

its

root;

it

There remains

is five.

four,

which

is

one.

is

Subtract this from the moiety of the roots,

which

one of the two

parts.

Observe

every case, where any two quantities

that, in

whatsoever are divided, the

second by the

first,

if

first

by the second and the

you multiply the quotient of the

one division by that of the other, the product

is

always

one.^
If some one say:

"You

divide ten into two parts;

multiply one of the two parts by

the other

add
five

the

is this

now

to

by ten

and divide

it

by

then take the moiety of the quotient, and

this to the
;

five,

sum

Take

product of the one part, multiplied by

is fifty

dirhems ;"t then the computation

thing,

and multiply

it

by

five.

This

is

be divided by the remainder of the ten, that is,

less

thing

and of the quotient the moiety

is

to

be taken.
(34)

You know that

thing,

if

you divide

five things

by ten

and take the moiety of the quotient, the

a
b
-X-=
a

5x

2(10-.)'^^-^'^
2(10-x)

'^-^^

less

result

is

47

you divide the moiety of

the same as if

it

five things

Take, therefore, the moiety of

ten less thing.

things;

two things and a half: and

is

Now

require to divide by ten less thing.

this

by

five

you

these two

things and a half, divided by ten less thing, give a

quotient which
question states

equal to

is

add

part multiplied by

fifty less five

sum

the

five,

things

(the quotient)

this

have already observed, that

if

will

the one

to

be

for the

fifty.

You

the quotient, or the result

of the division, be multiplied by the divisor, the dividend, or capital to be divided,

is

Now, your

restored.

capital, in the present instance, is

two things and a

Multiply, therefore, ten less thing by

half.

^we things.

Then you have

five squares less a

hundred

two things and a

half.

Then

it

hundred dirhems and

five

things,

Reduce

which are equal to

this

to

one square.

becomes a hundred dirhems and a square

twenty things, equal to the moiety of thing.

now

fifty less

less

Separate

the twenty things from the hundred dirhems and

square,

and add them

Then you

to the half thing.

have a hundred dirhems and a square, equal to twenty

things and a half.

Now

the moiety by

subtract from this the hundred,

itself,

halve the things, multiply

extract the root of the remainder,

from the moiety of the

fourth

the remainder

which

roots,

is

eight

and subtract

and

is

ten

this is

this

and one-

one of the

portions.

If

some one say

multiply the one by

" You divide ten

itself; it will

into two parts

be equal to the other

48

Computation

taken eighty-one times." ^

by

less thing, multiplied

(35) square less

one

things.

twenty things, and

this is equal to eighty-

Separate the twenty things from a hundred

and a square, and add them

to eighty-one.

then be a hundred plus a square, which

hundred and one

fifty

five

from

this

hundred and

from

fifty

this; it is

fifty

from the moiety of the

If some one say

is

and a quarter.

Subtract

and a

roots,

There remains one, and

equal to a

the moiety

two thou-

and a quarter.

forty-nine

It will

it is

by itself,

this

one hundred ; the remainder

four hundred and

is

Halve the roots

roots.

Multiply

and a half

sand

You say, ten

a hundred plus a

is

itself,

two thousand

Extract the root

Subtract this

half.

which

this is

is

is

fifty

and a

one of the two

half.

parts.

" I have purchased two measures of

wheat or barley, each of them

at a certain price.

afterwards added the expences, and the

to the difference of the

two

prices,

sum was equal

added

to the diffe-

rence of the measures. "t

* (io-x)2=8ia:

100 20a;+a;^=8i5:
a:2

+ 100 = 101^7

^ = i|i_v/'if'-ioo=5ol-49i = i

f The purchaser does not make a

terms of his bargain.

He

clear enunciation of the

intends to say,

" 1 bought

bushels of wheat, and n bushels of barley, and the wheat was

r times dearer than the barley.

The sum

expended was

equal to the difference in the quantities, added to the

rence in the prices of the grain."

diffe-

;;

49

Computation
is

indifferent

say

Take what numbers you

and

for instance, four

and accordingly you multiply four by

moiety of thing, for which

you

you have bought the

is

measures for the moiety of

you multiply the moiety of thing by

Add them

this gives three things.

sum

six

seven things, which must be equal to the

difference of the two quantities,

You

which

is

two measures,

by subtracting

There remain

a moiety

is

have, therefore, seven things, equal to

two and a moiety of thing.

of thing,

six

to the four things

plus the difference of the two prices, which

of thing.

Suppose

indifferent.

it is

or,

or for any

please, for one-third, or one-fourth,

thing, then

the

which gives

each for the

six,

have bought the four ;

other quota of that price, for

that

it

Then you

six.

thing,

four things; and I have bought the

if

please, for

have bought each measure of the four for thing;

six things

Remove, now,
it

and a

The

moiety

from the seven things.

six

each at one-half of thing; that

equal to two dir- (36)

half,

hems: consequently, one thing

teenths of a dirhem.

this

is

equal

to four-thir-

measures were bought,

at two-thirteenths of

is,

a dirhem. Accordingly, the expenses amount to eight-

and-twenty thirteenths of a dirhem, and

this

sum

is

equal to the difference of the two quantities; namely.

If X

wheat

is

the price of the barley, rx

whence, mrx

m^n
r
7

-\-

is

nx zz (m n) +
,

and the sum expended

the price of the

(rx

(mr-^-n)

is -

^^

x)

,\

X (m w)
.

T"-

50

the two measures, the arithmetical equivalent for which

is

six-and-twenty thirteenths, added to the difference of

the two prices, which

two-thirteenths

is

both

diffe-

rences together being likewise equal to twenty-eight

parts.

"There are two numbers,* the

If he say:

of which

is

two dirhems.

difference

have divided the smaller by

the larger, and the quotient was just half a dirhem."f

Suppose one of the two numbers* to be thing, and the

other to be thing plus two dirhems.

By

the division

of thing by thing plus two dirhems, half a dirhem

You have

appears as quotient.

already observed, that

by multiplying the quotient by the

which you divided
present case,

is

is

divisor,

This

restored.

is

equal to thing.

* In the

is

the quotient;
is

Remove, now, half a thing on account

original,

**

squares."

fractional or integral; 2d,

;

the

half one thing plus one dirhem ; this

in the text to signify either, ist,

square number

capital, in

Multiply, therefore, thing and

thing.

two dirhems by half a dirhem, which

the product

the capital

The word

square

is

a square, properly so

used

called,

a rational integer, not being a

3d, a rational fraction, not being a square

4th, a quadratic surd, fractional or integral.

x-j- 2

x-f 2__x

2 ~"2 +
*=-i-=5
=z 1

and

or

-f 2

>

=4

51

of the other half thing; there remains one dirhem,

Double

equal to half a thing.

thing, equal to

number*

is

two dirhems.

it,

then you have one

Consequently, the other

four.

If some one say:

"I have

I have multiplied the one

divided ten into two parts;

by ten and the other by itself,

and the products were the same;"f then the computation

is this

You

Then multiply
and a square
things.

multiply thing by ten ;

ten less thing by

less

Reduce

itself; it is

twenty things, which

this

it is

is

ten things.

a hundred (37)

equal to ten

according to the rules, which I

have above explained to you.

if he

In like manner,

two parts
other,

say: " I have divided ten into

have multiplied one of the two by the

and have then divided the product by the

diffe-

rence of the two parts before their multiplication, and the

result of this division

is

and one- fourth :"J the com-

You subtract thing from

putation will be this:

remain ten

is five

less thing.

Multiply the one by the other,

ten things less a square.

This

is

* " Square "

by the other.

in the original,

f ioa:=(io ary-^rzioo 20a;+a;2

a:=:i5-\/225 100=15 >/ 125

xJlO-x)
1

10

2a:

ox-^x^ = 51 J

^*

1 o\x

20jx=::a:--|-52j

jr=:ioJ-7i=3

it

the product of the

multiplication of one of the two parts

ten; there

At

52

present you divide this by the difference between the

two

which

parts,

of this division

a fourth.

by ten

If,

less

is

is,

The

ten less two things.

quotient

according to the statement, five and

you muliply

therefore,

five

and one-fourth

two things, the product must be equal to the

above amount, obtained by multiplication, namely, ten

now

Multiply

things less one square.

fourth by ten less two squares.

The

result

dirhems and a half less ten roots and a

equal to ten roots

less

roots

and a half from the

them

to the ten roots less a square

separate this square from them,

fifty-two

roots

dirhems and a

and a

half,

equal to

Now

and one square.

fifty- two

(38)

and add

is

the ten

and add

same time
to the

it

find twenty

dirhems and a half

continue reducing

ably to the rules explained at the

this

at the

Thus you

half.

which

now

fifty-two dirhems,
;

fifty-two

is

half,

Separate

a square.

and one-

five

it,

conform-

commencement of

book.

If the question be:

one-fifth of

"There

which are equal

then the square

is

is

a square^ two-thirds of

to one-seventh of its root;"

equal to one root and half a seventh

of a root; and the root consists of fourteen-fifteenths

of the

square.*

The computation

xix^ = l
c^

= ^Ix = i^j:
X =:lJ
Ti

is

this

You

53

of one-fifth

multiply two- thirds

of the

may

seven and a half, in order that the square

be com-

Multiply that which you have already, namely,

pleted.

The

one-seventh of its root, by the same.

be,

square by

that the square

is

result will

equal to one root and half a

seventh of the root ; and the root of the square

and a half seventh

and the square

is

one and twenty-

Two-

nine one hundred and ninety-sixths of a dirhem.

thirds of the fifth of this are thirty parts of the

and ninety-six

One-seventh of

parts.

one

is

its

hundred

root

is

like-

wise thirty parts of a hundred and ninety-six.

If the instance be

" Three-fourths of the

square are equal to four-fifths of

computation
fifths,

is this

You add

the four-

one-fifth to
is

then equal

and three-fourths of twenty parts, that

fifteen eightieths

of the square.

the quotient

is

five

Divide

now

and one-third.

root of the square, and the square

is

of a

root,"* then the

in order to complete the root. This

to three

fifteen

its

fifth

is,

to

eighty by

This is the

twenty-eight and

four-ninths.

If some one say

rootjt

which,

" What

when

is

the amount of a square-

multiplied by four times

ixK=l^

f " Square

" in the original.

itself,

54

amounts
tiply

it

to

by

twenty?*" the answer

be

itself it will

five

is this

If you mul-

therefore the root

it is

of five.

amount of a square-

If somebody ask you for the

when multiplied by

root,t which

ten, J the solution

will

amount

that

is,

to thirty

when

and

it is

its

third

amounts to

multiplied by itself it

consequently the root

of thirty.
If the question be

(39)

"

To

when multiplied by four times

the

first

itself,

gives one- third of

quantity as product,"^ the solution

you multiply
itself

a quantity t, which

find

by twelve times

it

must re-appear

it is

itself,

is,

that if

the quantity

the moiety of one moiety of

one-third.

If the question be

by

its

duct,"

"A square, which when multiplied

root gives three times the original square as pro1|

then the solution

is: that if

you multiply the

root by one-third of the square, the original square

4a:2

20

x =\/5
t " Square
.

" in the original.

xxJ=io
a:2=30
a;

'

[|

=\/30

XX4X=1
X^XX = ^X'

-s

is

55

restored ;

square

its

root must consequently be three, and the

itself nine.

If the instance be

"

To

i&nd a square, four roots of

which, multiplied by three roots, restore the square

with a surplus of forty-four dirhems,*** then the solution
is

that

you multiply four roots by three

gives twelve squares, equal to a square

Remove now one square of

dirhems.

roots,

and

which

forty-four

the twelve

on

account of the one square connected with the forty- four

There remain eleven squares, equal

dirhems.

four dirhems.
four,

and

Make

to forty-

the division, the result will be

this is the square.

If the instance be

which multiplied by

"A square,
five

four of the roots of

of its roots produce twice the

square, with a surplus of thirty-six dirhems ;"f then the

solution

is

that

you multiply four roots by

five roots,

which gives twenty squares, equal to two squares and

thirty -six dirhems.

Remove two squares from the twenty

The remainder

on account of the other two.

teen squares, equal to thirty-six dirhems.

thirty-six

and

dirhems by eighteen; the quotient

this is the square.

1x2 __

^4

X-

r:

f 4xX5a:=2x2-j-36

i8x-=36
x2= 2

is

eigh-

Divide now
is

two,

56

In the same manner,

(40)

multiply

its

if

the question be

root by four of

its

"A

square,

and the product

roots,

will be three times the square, with a surplus of fifty

dirhems."t Computation
roots,

and

it is

fifty

You

multiply the root by four

four squares, which are equal to three squares

dirhems.

Remove three

squares from the four

there remains one square, equal to

fifty

dirhems.

One

root of fifty, multiplied by four roots of the same, gives

two hundred, which

is

equal to three times the square,

and a residue of fifty dirhems.

"A square,

If the instance be:

twenty dirhems,
the solution

is

is

this

which when added to

equal to twelve of

You

say,

its

roots,"+

then

one square and twenty

dirhems are equal to twelve roots. Halve the roots and

multiply them by themselves;

Subtract from

this the

this

gives thirty-six.

twenty dirhems,

root from the remainder,

and subtract

moiety of the roots, which

is

the root of the square

is

it is

six.

extract the
it

from the

The remainder

is

two dirhems, and the square

four.

If the instance be

" To

find a square, of

one-third be added to three dirhems, and the

which

if

sum be

subtracted from the square, the remainder multiplied by

4x2=

3^9^.

^Q

x^= 50
f ^2.^20 =12X
:r=6=t\/36~2o = 64= lo

or 2

restores

itself

square;"^

tlie

then the computation

If you subtract one- third

is this:

from

57

tlie

and three dirhems

square, there remain two-thirds of

it

less three

dirhems. This is the root. Multiply therefore two- thirds

of thing
thirds

less

three dirhems by

by two-thirds

is

two-thirds by three dirhems

less three

say two-

four ninths of a square ; and less

two- thirds by three dirhems

dirhems by

You

itself.

two roots

is

and again,

two roots; and less three

is

dirhems

nine dirhems.

is

You

have, therefore, four-ninths of a square and nine dirhems

less four roots,

which are equal to one

you have

four roots to the one root, then

Add

root.

the

five roots,

which are equal to four-nintlis of a square and nine

dirhems. Complete

now your

square ; that

the four-ninths of a square by two

gives one square

which

this gives

twenty and a quarter

and a quarter.

You have, there-

a square and twenty dirhems and a quarter, equal

to eleven roots

what

fourth,

multiply the five roots by two and a quarter;

this gives eleven roots

fore,

multiply

multiply likewise the nine dirhems

by two and a quarter;

finally,

and a

is,

and a quarter. Reduce

this

taught you about halving the roots.

[*-(f+3)r=x
or

[if-3]'^=

X -

9, or

2A

according to

(41)

58

If the instance be

of which,

when

"

To

number,* one-third

find a

multiplied by one-fourth of it, restores

the *number,"f then the computation

is

You

multiply

one-third of thing by one-fourth of thing, this gives

one-twelfth of a square, equal to thing, and the square
is

equal to twelve things, which

hundred and

is

the root of one

forty-four.

If the instance be

"A number,*

one-third of which

and one dirhem multiplied by one-fourth of it and two

dirhems restore the number,* with a surplus of thirteen
dirhems ;"J then the computation

is this

You multiply

one- third of thing by one-fourth of thing, this gives

and you multiply two

half one-sixth of a square;

dirhems by one-third of thing,

of a root;
gives

this

gives two-thirds

and one dirhem by one-fourth of thing

one-fourth of a root

dirhems gives two dirhems.

twelfth of a square

and one dirhem by two

This altogether

is

one-

and two dirhems and eleven-

(42) twelfths of a thing, equal

Square

12

to thing

and thirteen

" in the original.

12

12

dir-

59

Remove now two dirhems from

hems.

on

thirteen,

account of the other two dirhems, the remainder

Remove then

eleven dirhems.

root from the one (root

is

the eleven- twelfths of a

on the opposite

side),

there

remains one-twelfth of a root and eleven dirhems, equal

to one-twelfth
is,

multiply

of a square.

by twelve, and do the same with

it

The product

have.

Complete the square: that

is

a square, which

hundred and thirty-two dirhems and one

this,

is

equal to a

root.

according to what I have taught you,

you

alj

Reduce
be

will

it

right.

If the instance be:

vided

"A dirhem and a half to

among one person and

be di-

certain persons, so that the

many dirhems

as

there are other persons;''* then the Computation

is

share of the one person be twice as

this :f

You

say, the

one and thing

it

is

one person and some persons are

the same as if the question

had

been one dirhem and a half to be divided by one and

thing,

and the share of one person

be equal to two

Multiply, therefore, two things by one and

things.

* The enunciation
altered

to

it

in the original is faulty,

to correspond with the computation.

computation, x, the number of persons,

unable to correct the passage

is

But

fractional

satisfactorily.

=1^

and

I have
in the
I

am

60

thing

it is

two squares and two things, equal

dirhem and a
is,

Reduce them

half.

take the moiety of

all

one square

to

You

you have.

fore, one square and one thing are

Reduce

fourths of a dirhem.

If the instance be:

"A

that

there-

say,

according to what
this

work.

number,* you remove one-

and one-fourth of it, and four dirhems

you multiply the remainder by

is

one

equal to three-

you in the beginning of

I have taught

third of it,

this,

to

then

and the number,*

itself,

restored, with a surplus of twelve dirhems :"t then

the computation

from

it

is

this

twelfths of thing.
is

Multiply

by

take thing, and subtract

this

Subtract from this four dirhems:

five-twelfths of thing less four dirhems.

itself.

five-and-twenty parts
it

You

one-third and one-fourth; there remain five-

(43) the remainder

itself,

is

and

if

the five parts

become

you multiply twelve by

a hundred and forty-four.

therefore, five

of a square.

Thus

This makes,

and twenty hundred and forty-fourths

Multiply then the four dirhems twice by

the five-twelfths

this gives forty parts,

which make one root (forty-twelfths)

* " Square" in the original.

tV4-^H4 = 4J^
+ 232V=24ifx

^'

ili-J-M:2|f- 24_-a;

every twelve of

finally,

the four

61

dirhems, multiplied by four dirhems, give sixteen dir-

hems

The

be added.

to

forty-twelfths

are equal to

three roots and one-third of a root, to be subtracted.

The whole product

twenty-five-hundred-

therefore,

is,

and-forty-fourths of a square and sixteen, dirhems less

three roots and one-third of a root, equal to the original

number,* which

is

Reduce

thing and twelve dirhems.

by adding the three roots and one-third to the

this,

Thus you have

thing and twelve dirhems.

four roots

and one-third of a root and twelve dirhems.

Go

on

balancing, and subtract the twelve (dirhems) from six-

teen

there remain four dirhems and five-and-twenty-

hundred-and-forty-fourths of a square, equal to four

roots

and one-third.

ing

all

Now

it is

necessary to complete

This you can accomplish by multiply-

the square.

you have by

and nineteen

five

twenty-fifths.

Multiply, therefore, the twenty-five-one-hundred-andforty-fourths of a square

fifths.

by

This gives a square.

dirhems by

five

five

and nineteen twenty-

Then

multiply the four (44)

and nineteen twenty-fifths

this gives

twenty-three dirhems and one twenty-fifth.

Then

multiply four roots and one- third by five and nineteen

twenty-fifths ;

this gives twenty-four roots

four twenty-fifths of a root.

the roots
fifths

the moiety

of a root.

is

Now

and twenty-

halve the

number of

twelve roots and twelve twenty-

Multiply

this

by

itself.

It is

one

hundred -and- fifty-five dirhems and four hundred-and-

Square

" in the original.

62

Subtract

six-hundred-and- twenty-fifths.

sixty-nine

from this the twenty-three dirhems and the one twenty-

The remainder

connected with the square.

fifth

and

one-hundred-and-thirty-two

four-hundred-and-

Take

forty six-hundred- and-twenty-fifths.

this

Add

is

it

the root of

eleven dirhems and thirteen twenty-fifths.

moiety of the roots, which was twelve

this to the

The sum is

dirhems and twelve twenty-fifths.

It is the

four.

is

you subtract

its

number* which you

third

and

its

twenty-

When

sought.

fourth and four dirhems,

and multiply the remainder by

itself,

number *

the

is

restored, with a surplus of twelve dirhems.

If the question be

"

To

find a square-root,* which,

when multiplied by two-thirds of

(45) five;"f then the

computation

is

amounts

itself,

this

You

multiply

one thing by two- thirds of thing; the product

Complete

thirds of square, equal to five.

its

moiety to

it,

and add

Thus you have a

Take

its

which,

root

when

it is

it

to five likewise

to

is

two-

by adding
its

moiety.

square, equal to seven and a half.

the thing which

you required, and

multiplied by two-thirds of itself,

is

equal

to five.

If the instance be:

"Two

* " Square

numbers, J the difference

" in the original,

t ^ ^ 1^
x2

7j

" Squares " in the original.

63

of which

is

two dirhems

you divide the small one by

the great one, and the quotient

hem ;*

then the computation

equal to half a dir-

is

this

is

Multiply thing

and two dirhems by the quotient, that

product

is

The remainder

the other side.

thing, equal to

Double

two dirhems.

numbers,f and the other

Instance

*'

You

less

by the

dir-

one of the two

four.

is

is

the quota of each

first

thing.

Now you

and divide again one

to them,

than at the

multiply the

one

divide one dirhem amongst a cer-

hem amongst them;

of a dirhem

is

is

then you have

it:

This

number of men, which number

add one man more

You

The

half.

half a dirhem on account of the half dir-

hem, equal to half a thing.

tain

half a thing and one dirhem, equal to thing.

Remove now

hem on

is

is

dir-

then one-sixth

time."t Computation:

first

number of men, which

is

thing,

difference of the share for each of the other

number.

Then

multiply the product by the

first

and

second number of men, and divide the product by the

x-\-2

lx+
i:.

'

==x

a:=;2, x

X
^

-{-

4.

Squares " in the original

t X "" 2

-f

=6

X^

+X=6

v/[Ap+6-4 = a;=2

64

shall

number

first

which

sixth,

that

Then

the men,

to say,

is

which

is

thing,

by the one-

the difference of the shares; this gives

one-sixth of root.

number of

obtain the

Multiply, therefore, the

be divided.

of men,
is

Thus you

two numbers.

difference of these

sum which

multiply this by the original

and that of the additional one,

The

by thing plus one.

product

sixth

(46) dirhem,

and

this is

equal to one dirhem.

Then you have a square and

it is

root of the

six.

a root equal to six dir-

Add

one-fourth.

this to the six; take the

sum and subtract from

which you have multiplied by

half.

The remainder

in this instance

is

number of men which

first

"

To

find a square-root,*

then the computation

it

namely, a

the

is

when multiplied by two-thirds of

itself,

itself,

two.

If the instance be

five :"f

the moiety of the

it

root,

by

by

it

Halve the root and multiply the moiety by

hems.

it

one-

Complete the

square which you have through multiplying

itself,

is

of square and one- sixth of root divided by one

gives seven

* " Square

is

and a

half.

" in the original,

t f^'^

=5

A/7i

_^

itself

this

If

which

amounts to

you multiply

Say, therefore.

65

and a half multiplied by two-

the root of seven

is

it

thirds of the root of seven

and a

two-thirds by two-thirds,

it

Multiply then

half.

four-ninths

is

ninths multiplied by seven and a half

The

third.

root of three

and a third

the root of seven and a half

third

and

by seven and a

its

root

roots

is

then this

is

"A square

twenty-five,

multiplied by three of

had been

it

its

square and two- thirds of

it.

is

is

equal to five times the original square;"*

the same as if

which when multiplied by

square

two- thirds of

Multiply three and a

the product

four-

is five.

If the instance be
its

halt

and

three and a

is

is

root,

is

Then

said,

a square,

equal to the

first

the root of the

one and two-thirds, and the square

is

two

dirhems and seven-ninths.

If the

instance be

" Remove one-third from a

square, then multiply the remainder by three roots of

the

first

and the

square,

Computation

If

first"

you multiply the

removing two-thirds from

same, then

it is

square will be restored."f

by three

it,

one square and a

to the statement two-thirds of

af^

x^

(:iP-ix^) X

X sx =

X X

it

= 2j
.*.

**>

fx2 X 3x=x^'

of the

multiplied by three

5x^

x^X3^='^i^'^

roots

half; for according

i|

3^=-

. .

square, before (47)

i^x^

^2

X2

first

66

roots give
it

one square

and, consequently, the whole of

multiplied by three roots of

gives one square

it

and a

This entire square, when multiplied by one

half.

root, gives half a square

the root of the square must

therefore be a half, the square one-fourth, two- thirds

of the square one-sixth, and three roots of the square

one and a

you multiply one-sixth by one and

If

half.

a half, the product

Instance

is

one-fourth, which

is

the square.

" A square; you subtract four

roots of the

same, then take one-third of the remainder; this

The

equal to the four roots."

and

fifty-six.*

two hundred
one-third

equal to four roots ; consequently,

is

the whole remainder

the four roots ; the

is

You know that

Computation:

of the remainder

square

is

must be twelve

sum

sixteen,

is

roots ;

which

is

add

to this

the root of

the square.

Instance

and

sum

if

"

you add

is

A square

you remove one root from

to this root a root of the

Then,

two dirhems."f

this

.^^

a;^-4x

I2ar

x2= 16*
X

Vx^-^X

16

.-.

X^ =: 256
-j-

Vx^-x =

r2 a?=44-a;2
0:^+3^ == 4 +
3^

==

=2

-X
42;
^2

is

it;

remainder, the
the root of a

67

when added

to

square, which,

square, less one root,

tract

from

this

the root of the same

equal to two dirhenis.

is

Sub-

one root of the square, and subtract also

Then

from the two dirhems one root of the square.

two dirhems

less

one root multiplied by

dirhems and one square

to a square less

one

less

Reduce

root.

itself is

four roots, and this

it,

is

four

equal

and you find a

square and four dirhems, equal to a square and three

roots.

Remove square by square

roots, equal to four

dirhems

consequently, one root

equal to one dirhem and one-third.

the square, and the square

there remain three

is

This

is

is

the root of

one dirhem and seven-

ninths of a dirhem.

Instance

(48)

" Subtract three roots from a square, then

multiply the remainder by

restored."*

You know by

itself,

this

and the square

is

statement that the re-

mainder must be a root likewise; and that the square

consists of four such roots; consequently,

sixteen.

(x-'

= X3^ = ^

-- 3^)2

x'^x'

= 4x
=

it

must be

68

ON MERCANTILE TRANSACTIONS.
You know

that all mercantile transactions of people,

such as buying and selling, exchange and hire, com-

prehend always two notions and four numbers, which

are stated by the enquirer

The number which

and quantity and sum.

the measure

is

namely, measure and price,

expresses

number

inversely proportionate to the

which expresses the sum, and the number of the price

Three

inversely proportionate to that of the quantity.

of these four numbers are always known, one

known, and
says

this is

implied

tww much ? and

The computation
the three given

it

when

the person inquiring

the object of the question.

is

in such instances

numbers

un-

is

you

that

is this,

try

two of them must necessarily

be inversely proportionate the one to the other.

Then

you multiply these two proportionate numbers by each

other,

and you divide the product by the third given

number, the proportionate of which

quotient of this division is the
the inquirer asked for

and

is

The

unknown.

unknown number, which

inversely proportionate

it is

to the divisor.*

Examples.
(49) for six,

* If a

For

the first case

how much

is

given for

If

you are

for four ?" then ten

h,

and

aB=.bA.'.a -- and ^=7

for

is

B, then a

" ten

told,

the measure

::

A B
:

or

69

six

is

the price

which

The number

four, that

numbers by each other

this

Multiply,

to say, the

is

namely,

thirds;

it is

The

six.

the

quotient

is

the second case

question

is

in the

is

?"

Ten is

is

unknown number of

the sum, which

price,

the

sum
"

this

for

What

number

inversely proportionate to the

how much of

number of the

words

the price.

sometimes expressed thus

also

of the measure, and

and

involved in the

is

the statement.

Eight

is

the

this is inversely proportionate

known number of

the

and two-

Suppose that some one ask

must be the price of four of them

to

six

" ten for eight, what must be the

four ?" This

expression

that of the

is

the quantity, and

it is

inversely proportionate to the six, which

For

Divide

forty.

is

unknown number, implied

of the question " how much

number

therefore, ten

by the other known number, which

price,

the

two known proportionate

the product

is

of the measure,

inversely proportionate to the

is

of the sum, namely, four.

by

implies the

and four

the quantity;

the sum.

is ten,

how much

the expression

unknown number of
number of

the quantity, namely, four.

Multiply now the two known proportionate numbers one

by the other, that

is

thirty-two.

which
tient

is

is

is

to say, four

Divide

this

by

eight.

The product

by the other known number,

that of the measure, namely, ten.

three

and one- fifth;

this is the

The quo-

number of

the

sum, and inversely proportionate to the ten which was

the divisor. In this

of business

may be

manner
solved.

all

computations in matters

^0

If somebody says, " a

month

(^^) dirhems per

workman

pay of ten

receives a

how much must be

Then you know

days?"

his

pay

for six

that six days are one-fifth of

the month; and that his portion of the dirhems

must

be proportionate to the portion of the month.

You

calculate

days,

by observing that one month, or thirty

it

the measure, ten dirhems the price, six days

is

and

the quantity,
price, that

tionate to
this

by

sure.

it,

is

ten,

Multiply the

by the quantity, which

namely, six

thirty,

The

This

is,

his portion the sum.

the product

is

is

propor-

sixty.

Divide

which is the known number of the mea-

quotient

is

two dirhems, and

the proceeding by which

all

this is the

sum.

transactions con-

cerning exchange or measures or weights are settled.

MENSURATION.
Know
one'*

is

that the

meaning of the expression

mensuration

one yard

(in length)

*'

one by

by one yard

(in breadth) being understood.

Every quadrangle of equal

sides

and angles, which

has one yard for every side, has also one for

its

Has such a quadrangle two yards

then the

area of the quadrangle

is

drangle, the side of which

place

for its side,

area.

four times the area of a quais

one yard.

The same

takes

with three by three, and so on, ascending or

descending

for instance,

a half by a

half,

which gives

a quarter, or other fractions, always following the same

rule.

quadrate, every side of which

half a yard,

is

is

equal to one-fourth of the figure which has one yard for

In the same manner, one-third by one-third,

its side.

or one-fourth by one-fourth, or one-fifth by one-fifth,

or two-thirds by a half, or more or less than

ways according

One

to the

taken once,
two, then

is its

it is

same

rule.

an equilateral

side of

root

like

this, al-

quadrangular figure,

or if the same be multiplied by

two of its

roots,

whether

it

be small

or great.
If you multiply the height of any equilateral triangle

by the moiety of the

basis

upon which the

line

marking

the height stands perpendicularly, the product gives

the area of that triangle.

In every equilateral quadrangle, the product of one

diameter multiplied by the moiety of the other will be
equal to the area of it.

In any

circle, the

product of its diameter, multiplied

by three and one-seventh,

phery.
life,

This

though

is

will

be equal to the peri-

the rule generally followed in practical

it is

The

not quite exact.

have two other methods.

One

multiply the diameter by

itself;

The

nomers among them

other method
:

it is

is,

that

then by ten,

hereafter take the root of the product

the periphery.

geometricians

of them

you
and

the root will be

is

used by the astro-

this, that

you multiply the

diameter by sixty-two thousand eight hundred and

thirty- two

and then

divide

the product by twenty

(51)

^2

thousand

the quotient

come very nearly

to the

is

the periphery.

same

effect.*

If you divide the periphery by three

the quotient

The

is

Both methods

and one-seventh,

the diameter.

area of any circle will be found by multiplying

the moiety of the circumference by the moiety of the

diameter; since, in every polygon of equal sides and

(52) angles, such as triangles, quadrangles, pentagons,

so on, the area

and

found by multiplying the moiety of

is

the circumference by the moiety of the diameter of the

middle

circle that

may be drawn through

it.

If you multiply the diameter of any circle by

itself,

and subtract from the product one-seventh and half

one-seventh of the same, then the remainder
to the area of the circle.

same

result with the

Every part of a
It

method given above, t

circle

may be compared

ference, or less or greater than

When

this

becomes

then the arc

are,

1st,

3\d=^p

2d,

\/iod'^=p

3.1428

i.e.

i.e.

3d,

20000
circle

,icV=Ci-^-rx-,K^.

bow.

This may be ascer-

it.

tained by the arrow of the bow.

* The three formulas

to a

to half the circum-

equal to the moiety of the chord,

'

equal

This comes very nearly to the

must be either exactly equal

+ The area of a

is

c?

3.i622'7c?

I.e.

3.14166/

'

whose diameter

is

c?

is

tt-.

is

^3

exactly the moiety of the circumference:

bow

than the moiety of the chord, then the

half the circumference;
the chord, then the

is

is it

shorter

than

is less

the arrow longer than half

bow comprises more than

half the

circumference.
If

you want

by

longs, multiply the moiety of the chord

it

by the arrow, and add the quotient

the

sum

is

which

to ascertain the circle to

itself,

it

be-

divide

to the arrow,

the diameter of the circle to which this

bow

belongs.
If you want to
tiply the

compute the area of the bow, mul-

moiety of the diameter of the circle by the

moiety of the bow, and keep the product in mind.

Then

subtract the arrow of the

of the diameter of the

bow from

circle, if the

half the circle ; or if it

is

bow

is

the moiety

smaller than

greater than half the circle,

subtract half the diameter of the circle from the arrow

of the bow.

Multiply the remainder by the moiety of

the chord of the bow, and subtract the product from

that which

you have kept

than the moiety of the

bow

is

in

mind

circle,

if

the

or add

greater than half the circle.

it

bow

is

smaller (53)

thereto if the

The sum

after the

addition, or the remainder after the subtraction,

is

the

area of the bow.

The bulk

of a quadrangular body will be found by

multiplying the length by the breadth, and then by the

height.
If

it is

of another shape than the quadrangular (for

instance, circular or triangular),

so,

however, that a

^4

line representing its height

on

its basis,

calculate

and yet be

may

stand perpendicularly

you must

parallel to the sides,

by ascertaining

it

at first the area of its basis.

This, multiplied by the height, gives the bulk of the

body.

Cones and pyramids, such

as triangular or

quadran-

gular ones, are computed by multiplying one- third of

the area of the basis by the height.

Observe, that in every rectangular triangle the two

short sides, each multiplied by itself and the products

added together, equal the product of the long side multiplied

by

itself.

The proof of this

is

the follovi^ing.

drangle, with equal sides and angles

divide the line

AC

into

two moieties

from which we draw a parallel

we divide,

also, the line

AB

We

draw a qua-

A B C D. We
in the point

to the point

quadrate

is

Then

into two moieties at the

Then

point T^ and draw a parallel to the point G.

ABCD

R.

H,

the

divided into four quadrangles of

equal sides and angles, and of equal area ; namely, the

squares
f54)

AK, CK, BK, and DK. Now, we draw from

H to the point T a line which

quadrangle AK into two equal parts: thus
^^^ point

divides the

there arise

two triangles from the quadrangle, namely, the triangles

A T H and H K T. We know that A T is the moiety

of A B, and that A H is equal to
being the moiety of
it,

AC; and
angle.

the line

TH joins them

In the same

R, and from

to

opposite

manner we draw

G, and from

to

lines

H.

the right

from

to

Thus from

^5

all

the squares eight equal triangles arise, four of which

must, consequently, be equal to the moiety of the great

quadrate

by

We know that the line AT multiplied

like the area of two triangles, and AK gives

AD.

itself is

them

the area of two triangles equal to

them

is

triangles.

We

equal to

perceive, therefore, that the

observation which
is

added

itself,

TH

the figure to

HT,

line

we

sum of AT

AH multiplied
itself.

by

This

itself,

the

is

Here

were desirous to elucidate.

it

angles and equal sides

;

to

multiplied by

Quadrangles are of

unequal sides

sum of

gives likewise the area of four such

itself,

multiplied by
is

But the

therefore four triangles.

multiplied by

the

five

firstly,

with right (55)

secondly, with right angles

thirdly, the

and unequal angles

kinds

rhombus, with equal

and

sides

fourthly, the rhomboid, the length

of which differs from

its

breadth, and the angles of

which are unequal, only that the two long and the two
short sides are respectively of equal length;

fifthly,

quadrangles with unequal sides and angles.

First kind.
sides

The area of any

and right

quadrangle with equal

angles, or with unequal sides

and right

76

angles,

may be found by
The product

breadth.

multiplying the length by the

For instance

the area.

is

quadrangular piece of ground, every side of which has

five yards,

has an area of five-and- twenty square yards.

Here

figure.

is its

Second kind.

two long

sides of

the breadth
six

by

A quadrangular piece of ground,

is six.

eight,

(56) the figure to

which are of eight yards each, while

You

find the area

which yields

by multiplying

Here

forty- eight yards.

is

it

Third kind, the Rhombus.

each of them be
eight

the

five,

and

Its

let its

and the other six yards.

sides are equal: let

diagonals be, the one

You may

then compute

the area, either from one of the diagonals, or from

As you know them

both.

both,

you multiply the one

by the moiety of the other, the product

that

is

to say,

you multiply eight by

is

the area

three, or six

four ; this yields twenty-four yards, which

is

by

the area.

77

If you

know only one

of the diagonals, then you are

aware, that there are two triangles, two sides of each

of which have every one five yards, while the third

the diagonal.

make

Hereafter you can

the computa-

tion according to the rules for the triangles.*

the figure

Rhomboid,

kind, or

as the

rhombus.

Here

is

is

computed

the figure to

is

in the
it

iii

The

This

The fourth

same way

is

/3

other quadrangles are calculated by drawing a (57)

diagonal, and computing

them

as triangles.

Triangles are of three kinds, acute-angular, obtuseangular, or rectangular.

tangular triangle

two short
their
itself.

sum

sides
will

The

is,

by

The

that if

itself,

peculiarity of the rec-

you multiply each of

and then add them

its

together,

be equal to the long side multiplied by

character of the acute-angled triangle

^ If the two diagonals are

area of the rhombus

is

_=^
2

d and d\ and

x v/*"
4
V

the side

5,

is

the

78

this

by

you multiply every one of

if

and add the products,

itself,

its

two short sides

sum

their

than the long side alone multiplied by

definition of the obtuse-angled triangle

multiply

two short sides each by

its

sum

the products, their

long side multiplied by

The

itself.

The

is

this

you

if

and then add

than the product of the

itself.

may be

It

quadrangle.

You

is

more

rectangular triangle has two cathetes and an

hypotenuse.

its

is less

itself,

is

cathetes

find

considered as the moiety of a

its

area by multiplying one of

by the moiety of the

other.

The product

the area.

Examples.

A rectangular triangle; one cathete being

(58) six yards, the other eight,

and the hypotenuse

ten.

You make

the computation by multiplying six by four

this gives

twenty-four, which

prefer,
rises

you may

is

also calculate

it

Or

two heights.

If

may

is

Second kind.

the figure

Kri

angles, every side of

it

for

themselves be considered as

you prefer

this,

height by the moiety of the basis.

This

if you

by the height, which

perpendicularly from the longest side of

the two short sides

area.

the area.

you multiply the

The product

is

the

equilateral

which

is

triangle with

ten yards long.

acute

Its

area

T9

may be

ascertained by the line representing

and the point from which

its

height

Observe, that in

it rises.*

every isosceles triangle, a line to represent the height

drawn

the basis rises from the latter in a right

to

and the point from which

angle,

situated in the midst of the basis

the two sides are not equal,

the

which

In the case

now

always

necessarily

fall in

length of the basis

ascertained thus.

is

the middle of

Now

five.

You

Now

height.

This

angles.

If

is

is

is

itself,

you want

common
to find

to

it

must

the height will be

ten,

by

itself;
itself,

then

which

this the

which is twenty-five. (59)

seventy-five, the root of

a line

before us

where the

you subtract from

product of five multiplied by

The remainder

it,

multiply five by

multiply one of the sides, that

gives a hundred.

lies

we may draw

represent the height,

to

is

always

on the contrary,

if,

perceive, that towards whatever side

line

is

then this point never

in the middle of the basis.

we

proceeds

it

which

is

the

two rectangular

tri-

the area, multiply the

root of seventy-five by the moiety of the basis, which

five.

This you perform by multiplying at

itself;

then you

to

may

by twenty-five.

The product

sand eight hundred and seventy-five

* The height of the

s/

10'^

5 v/75

5^ rt v/75,

25 \/3

by

say, that the root of seventy-five is

be multiplied by the root of twenty-five.

seventy-five

is

first five

is

take

equilateral triangle

and

the

is

Multiply

one thou-

its root, it is

whose

area of the

side

is

triangle

lo,
is

80

the area

it is

forty-three

and a

little.

Here

the

is

figure

There are
sides.

also acute-angled triangles, with different

Their area

will

be found by means of the line

representing the height and the point from which

proceeds.

which

Take,

fifteen yards,

is

thirteen yards.

another fourteen, and the third

In order to find the point from which

may

the line marking the height does arise, you

for the basis

it

one side of

for instance, a triangle,

any side jou choose

that

e. g.

take

which

The point from which the

fourteen yards long.

(60) representing the height does arise,

lies in

is

line

this basis at

an unknown distance from either of the two other

sides.

Let us

the side which

try to find its

is

unknown

distance from

Multiply this

thirteen yards long.

distance by itself;

it

becomes an [unknown] square.

Subtract this from thirteen multiplied by

one hundred and sixty-nine.

hundred and sixty-nine

this is the height.

teen less thing.

less

itself; that is,

The remainder

a square.

The remainder

The

We multiply this by itself;

* The root

is

43. 3

one

root from

of the basis

one hundred and ninety-six, and a square

is

is

four-

it

becomes

less

twenty-

81

We subtract this from fifteen multiplied

eight things.

by

itself;

the remainder

twenty-nine dirhems and

is

The

twenty-eight things less one square.

is

As, therefore, the root of this

the height.

height,

square

is

the

and the root of one hundred and sixty-nine

less

is

the height likewise,

we know

that they both are

Reduce them, by removing square against

the same.*

There remain twenty-

square, since both are negatives.

nine

root of this

plus twenty-eight things, which are

[dirhems]

equal to one hundred and sixty-nine.

Subtract

twenty-nine from one hundred and sixty-nine.

remainder

one hundred and

is

One

eight things.

thing

is,

forty, equal to

consequently,

five.

now

The

twenty-

This

is

the distance of the said point from the side of thirteen

yards.

The complement

side

nine.

is

Now

multiply five by

guous

side,

remainder
height.

is

in order to find the height,

and subtract

itself,

which

is

of the basis towards the other

one hundred and

The

right angles with the basis,

its

from the conti-

thirteen, multiplied

It is twelve.

on account of

it

by

itself.

forty-four. Its root is the

and

it is

called the column^

the height into half the basis, which

is

2 = 29 -h 28a:
= 29 + 28a;

1G3

140
5

=z

28x

=^
M

The

height forms always two (gi)

standing perpendicularly.

* \/T69

you

a?2

Multiply

seven.

The

82

product
figure

is

eighty-four, which

is

the

The

third species is that of the obtuse-angled triangle

with one obtuse angle and sides

For

Here

the area.

is

instance,

third nine.

one side being

The

of different length.

another

six,

five,

and the

area of such a triangle will be found

by means of the height and of the point from which a

the same arises.

line representing

within such a triangle,

only in

lie

therefore this as the basis

its

This point can,

longest side.

Take

for if you choose to take

one

of the short sides as the basis, then this point would

beyond the

fall

of

this point,

triangle.

You may

and the height,

find the distance

same manner,

in the

which I have shown in the acute- angled

whole computation

We have above
their qualities

(62)

is

an example

then

you

it

the same.

Here

is

the figure

treated at length of the circles, of

their computation.

The

following

If a circle has seven for

its

diameter,

and
:

is

triangle; the

has twenty-two for

find in the following

its

circumference.

manner

Its

area

Multiply the moiety

83

of the diameter, which is three and a half, by the moiety

of the circumference, which
thirty-eight

also multiply the diameter,

is

The product

eleven.

is

and a half, which

is

which

is

and a

eight

If

half,

and half

ten and a half, there remain thirty-

is

which

is

the area.

Here

its

is

the figure:

base being four yards by four yards,

height ten yards, and the dimensions at

tremity two yards by two yards
that every pyramid

height, gives

its

bulk.

its

then we

The

We must therefore seek

its basis,

its

upper ex-

know

decreasing towards

is

that one-third of the area of

its

this

some one inquires about the bulk of a pyramidal

pillar,

in

by itself:

seven,

forty-nine; subtracting herefrom one-seventh

one-seventh, which

its

already

top,

and

multiplied by the

present pyramid has no top.

to ascertain

height to complete the top.

what

is

We observe,

wanting
that the

proportion of the entire height to the ten, which

have now before

to two.

Now

as

us, is

two

whole height of the

present
is,

we

we

equal to the proportion of four

is

the moiety of four, ten must

likewise be the moiety of the entire height,

that

is

Or you may

the area.

pillar

and the

must be twenty yards.

At

take one-third of the area of the basis,

five

length, which

and one-third, and multiply

is

twenty*

The product

is

it

by the

one hundred (6^)

84

and

and

six yards

Herefrom we must then

two-thirds.

we have added

subtract the piece, which

This we perform by multiply-

complete the pyramid.

ing one and one-third, which

duct of two by two, by ten

This

third.

is

is

six yards

we have added

and a

in order

Subtracting this from one

and

two-thirds, there remain

ninety- three yards and one-third

of the mutilated pyramid.

one-third of the pro-

this gives thirteen

the piece which

to complete the pyramid.

hundred and

in order to

This

and

is

this is the

bulk

the figure

If the pillar has a circular basis, subtract one-seventh

and half a seventh from the product of the diameter

multiplied by
If

the remainder

itself,

some one

says

" There

is

is

the basis.

a triangular piece of

having ten yards each, and the

land, two of

its

basis twelve

what must be the length of one side of a

sides

quadrate situated within such a triangle ?" the solution

is this.

At

first

you ascertain the height of the

gle,

by multiplying the moiety of the

six)

by

itself,

thirty-six,

by

itself,

trian-

(which

is

and subtracting the product, which

is

from one of the two short

which

is

one hundred

basis^

sides multiplied

the remainder

is

85

sixty-four: take the root

is

from

this; it is eight.

the height of the triangle.

forty-eight yards

Its

area

is,

therefore,

such being the product of the height

multiplied by the moiety of the basis, which

Now we
for

is

This (64)

is six.

assume that one side of the quadrate inquired

We multiply

thing.

a square, which

by

it

we keep

itself;

We

mind.

in

thus

it

becomes

know

that

there must remain two triangles on the two sides of the

quadrate, and one above

both sides of

The two

it.

are equal to each other

it

the same height and being rectangular.

area by multiplying thing by six

which gives

triangles

six things less half

on

both having

You find

their

half a thing,

less

This

a square.

is

the

area of both the triangles on the two sides of the qua-

The

drate together.

area of the upper triangle will be

found by multiplying eight

height,

by half one

less half a square.

less thing,

which

The product

thing.

This altogether

is

is

is

the

four things

equal to the area

of the quadrate plus that of the three triangles: or,

ten things are equal to forty-eight, which

the great triangle.

and

four-fifths

One

of a yard

side of the quadrate.

s|

thing from this

and

Here

^^

is

is

the area of

is

four yards

this is the length

the figure

3i

of any

86

ON LEGACIES.
On
(65)

"

A MAN

Capital^

and Money

lent.

leaving two sons behind him, and

dies,

He

bequeathing one-third of his capital to a stranger.

leaves ten dirhems of property

hems upon one of the

Computation

of the debt thing.

sum which

call the

Add

The sum is

dirhems.

dir-

sons."

You

and a claim of ten

this to the capital,

is

taken out

which

ten

is

ten and thing. Subtract one-third

of this, since he has bequeathed one-third of his property, that

three dirhems and one-third of thing.

is,

The remainder

is

dirhems and two-thirds of thing.

six

The

Divide this between the two sons.

each of them

is

third of thing.

sought for.*

* If a father
father a

and one-third plus one-

three dirhems

This

is

Reduce

equal to the thing which was

it,

dies, leaving

by removing one-third from

n sons, one of

sum exceeding an wth

father's estate, after

the whole

portion of

whom owes

the

part of the residue of the

paying legacies, then such son retains

sum which he owes

the father

part, as a set-off

against his share of the residue, the surplus as a gift from

the father.

In the present example, let each son's share of the residue

be equal

to x,

[io-|-^] =2.1;

The

i+a:

/,

stranger receives 5

to the father, receives 5.

30?

and the

10

who

is

/,

son,

2j:

,\x

^.

not indebted

87

thing,

on account of the other third of thing.

There

remain two-thirds of thing, equal to three dirhems and

one-third.

then only required that you complete

It is

the thing, by adding to

same

accordingly,

as

you add

much

as one-half of

which

is

them

the thing that

If he leaves

it

is

much

to three

one half of the

as

and one-third

This gives

five

as

dirhems,

taken out of the debts.

two sons and ten dirhems of capital and

a demand of ten dirhems against one of the sons, and

bequeaths one-fifth of his property and one dirhem to

a stranger, the computation

is

is this

sum

the

is

Call the

Add

taken out of the debt, thing.

perty

sum which

this to

thing and ten dirhems.

one-fifth of this, since

he has bequeathed

the pro-

Subtract
one-fifth of (66)

two dirhems and one-fifth of thing

his capital, that

is,

the remainder

eight dirhems and four-fifths of thing.

is

Subtract also the one dirhem which he has bequeathed;

there remain seven dirhems and four-fifths of thing.

Divide

this

between the two sons

there will be for each

of them three dirhems and a half plus two-fifths of

thing ; and this

is

Reduce

equal to one thing.^

subtracting two-fifths of thing from thing.

have
half.

three-fifths of thing, equal to three

Complete the thing by adding

the same

add as much

I [lo-f-a;]

The

to

,'.

Then you

it

two-thirds of

and a

flio+a:2i=x

stranger receives ;^[io

by

dirhems and a

to the three dirhems

1=20;

it

+ \^ ] + 1 ~4^

half,

88

namely, two dirhems and one-third

This

five-sixths.

is

the

the thing, or the

sum is five and

amount which

is

taken from the debt.

If he leaves three sons,

property

less

and bequeaths one- fifth of his

one dirhem, leaving ten dirhems of capital

and a demand of ten dirhems against one of the

the computation

is this

You

taken from the debt thing.

and

it

gives ten

it

for the legacy

add

to this

of thing.

There
fifth

will

one-fifth

Divide

this

between the three

Subtract one-fifth and one- third of one-

There remain eleven-

from thing.

required to complete the thing.

four-elevenths,

dirhems,
eleventh.

by adding

For

is

this

It is

now

purpose, add

and do the same with the three

to

them one dirhem and one-

Then you have

four dirhems and one-

eleventh, which are equal to thing.

which

sons.

This equals

one-fifth of thing.

fifteenths of thing, equal to three dirhems.

it

less

be for each son three dirhems, and one-

(6T) fifth of thing

to

of

four-fifths of

one dirhem, since he stated "

and one- third and

one thing. ^

is

Thus you have nine dirhems and four-

one dirhem."
fifths

two dirhems and

is

There remain eight dirhems and

thing.

thing

it

sum which

this to the capital

Subtract from this one-fifth of

thing.
:

call the

Add

sons,

This

is

taken out of the debt.

JThe stranger receives y[xo-|-^x]

i = i-3^t

the

sum

Ow
*'

man

89

another Species of Legacy.

dies, leaving his

mother, his wife, and two

brothers and two sisters by the same father and mother

with himself

and he bequeaths

to

a stranger one-ninth

of his capital."

You

Computation:*

them out of

constitute their shaifes

forty-eight parts.

You know

by taking

that if

take one-ninth from any capital, eight-ninths of

remain.

Add now

it

you
will

to the eight-ninths one-eighth of the

same, and to the forty-eight also one-eighth of them,

namely,

six,

in order to complete

your

The person

whom

gives fifty-four.

bequeathed receives six out of

this,

The remaining

the whole capital.

among

distributed

to

capital.

This

one-ninth

is

being one-ninth of
forty-eight will be

the heirs, proportionably to their

legal shares.

"A woman

If the instance be:

dies,

leaving her

husband, a son, and three daughters, and bequeathing

It

appears in the sequel (p. 96) that a widow

and a mother to ^th of the residue

tled to

l^th,

leaving

^ of the residue

thers and two sisters

to

that

is enti-

J + e^iJ?

be distributed between two brois,

'^ between

a brother and a

what proportion these 17 parts are to be

divided between the brother and sister does not appear in
sister;

but

in

the course of this treatise.

Let the whole

and

let

is,

capital.

=1

each 48th share of the residue =x

8:^48^
that

capital of the testator

...

^=Qx

:,

^=x

each 48th part of the residue -^^th of the whole

90

to

a stranger one-eighth and one- seventh of her capi-

(68)tal;" then you constitute the shares of the heirs, by

Take a

taking them out of twenty.*

tract

from

it

one -eighth and one-seventh of the same.

The remainder

vi^hich

you have already,

tiply the parts

forty-one

Add

a capital

is,

Complete your

seventh.

to

it

less

and twenty

is

eight hundred

the

parts.

sum

The

is

and one-seventh of this.

sixty,

Subtracting

to that

Mul-

and twenty.

of the same, which are

one thousand one hundred

person to

and one-seventh were bequeathed,

dred and

by adding

fifteen forty-one parts.

fifteen forty-one parts

three hundred

one-eighth and one-

capital

of the capital, which are twenty, by

the product

and sub-

capital,

One

whom

one-eighth

receives one-eighth

seventh of it

one hun-

is

and one-eighth one hundred and

this,

there remain

forty.

eight hundred

and

twenty parts for the heirs, proportionably to their legal

shares.

husband

is

entitled to :ith of the residue,

and the

sons and daughters divide the remaining |ths of the residue

in

such proportion, that a son receives twice as

much

as a

daughter. In the present instance, as there are three daughters

and one son, each daughter receives } of |, = 2% ^^ ^^^

residue, and the son, /^.
Since the stranger takes 1-+^ =

Jf of the

capital, the residue =41- of the capital,

^^th share of the residue=Jj^

The

X^=^^

stranger, therefore, receives

capital.

i|

and each

of the capital.

=t^~, =To^ff

of the

91

On

another Species of Legacies^'^ viz.

If nothing has been imposed on some of the heirs,t

and something has been imposed on others

amounting

to

more than

one-third.

that the law for such a case

It

must be known,

third of the legacy has been imposed

whom

the legacy

that if more than one-

is,

heirs, this enters into his share

on one of the

but that also those on

nothing has been imposed must, nevertheless,

contribute one-third.

Example: "
son,

A woman

and her mother.

and

fifths,

her husband, a

dies, leaving

She bequeaths

to a person two-

to another one- fourth of her capital.

She

imposes the two legacies together on her son, and on

her mother one moiety (of the mother's share of the

residue)

on her husband she imposes nothing but one-

(which he must contribute, according to the

third,

* The problems
belonging rather to
little

in this chapter

Law

may be

considered as

than to Algebra, as they contain

more than enunciations of the law of inheritance

in

certain complicated cases.

If

some

heirs are,

by a testator, charged with payment

of bequests, and other heirs are not charged with payment

of any bequests whatever

Jd

of the testator's

if

one bequest exceeds

whole property

and

if

in

amount

one of his heirs

charged with payment of more than Jd of such bequest ?

then, whatever share of the residue such heir is entitled to

is

receive, the like share

with he

is

must he pay of the bequest where-

charged, and those heirs

whom

the testator has

not charged with any payment, must each contribute towards

paying the bequests a third part of their several shares of
the residue.

92

You

law)."* Computation;
(^9) heritage,

mother two
give

parts.

much

which

is

these falls to the legacy,

and the

husband must
he retains

one of

in hand,

and the remaining two parts

The

retains for himself.

the son

detracted from his share

As he has three parts

for the legacy.

he

that the

his share; accordingly

as that

the husband three,

You know

up one- third of

twice as

constitute the shares of the

by taking them out of twelve parts

seven of them,

receives

imposed upon the son.

It

tw^o legacies together are

is

therefore necessary to

subtract from his share two-fifths and one-fourth of the

He

same.

thus retains seven twentieths of his entire

original share, dividing the

The mother

equal parts.

tributes to the legacy

entire

whole of

retains as

this is

into twenty

it

much

as she con-

one (twelfth

part), the

amount of what she had received being two parts.

* If the bequests stated

on the heirs

in the present

collectively, the

example were charged

husband would be entitled

to ^,

the mother to J of the residue : ^-f

x%; ^^^ remainder J_
would be the son's share of the residue but since the

bequests,

J+i 1-|

of the capital, are charged upon the son

and mother, the law throws a portion of the charge on the

husband.

TheHusband contributes J x =20X2^0, and

The Mother
^ x h =2ox-^lj^,
The Son
.tVxM = 91 x^,

retains

I-

The Legatee,
The Legatee,

1^X2^=49x^1^-

= if J
Total
JL4._5_ JLA

Total contributed

to

whom

to

whom J

4- J^

retained

the f are bequeathed, receives

is

bequeathed, receives /^

i X ^ =40X^i(y
^ x i =20x^^0

-^^

x Jf^

x i|i

'^

ig

^^

3
-

120

93

Take now a sum, one -fourth of which may be

di-

vided into thirds, or of one-sixth of which the moiety

may be
Such a

taken

capital

being again divisible by twenty.

this

is

two hundred and

receives one-sixth of

this,

this fall to the legacy,

self.

The husband

namely, forty

and she

The mother

forty.

twenty from

retains twenty for her-

receives one-fourth, namely, sixty

from which twenty belong to the legacy, so that he

retains forty.
to the son

nine.

or

fourth,

The remaining hundred and

the legacy from this

ninety-one;

The

sum

entire

is

forty belong

two-fifths

and one-

so that there remain fortyr

for the legacies

is,

therefore,

one hundred and thirty-one, which must be divided

among

the two legatees.

were bequeathed,
the one to

The one

receives

whom one-fourth

thirteenths.

If

you wish

to

whom

two-fifths

eight-thirteenths of this;

was devised, receives

distinctly

to

five-

express the

shares of the two legatees, you need only to multiply (70)

the parts of the heritage by thirteen, and to take

them

out of a capital of three thousand one hundred and

twenty.

But

if

she had imposed on her son (payment of) the

two-fifths to the person to

whom

the two-fifths were

bequeathed, and of nothing to the other legatee ; and

upon her mother (payment

person to

whom

of) the one-fourth to the

one-fourth was granted, and of nothing

to the other legatee;

and upon her husband nothing

besides the one- third (which he

contribute) to both

then you

must according

know

to

law

that this one-third

94,

comes

to the advantage of the heirs collectively ;

and

the legatee of the two-fifths receives eight- thirteenths,

and the legatee of the one-fourth receives

teenths from

it.

five-thir-

shown

Constitute the shares as I have

above, by taking twelve parts

the husband receives

one-fourth of them, the mother one-sixth, and the son

that which remains.^
all

Computation

events the husband

share,

which

likewise give

You know

must give up one-third of

one-third, of which each legatee par-

takes according to the proportion of his legacy.

sides,

his

The mother must

consists of three parts.

up

that at

she must pay to the legatee to

whom

Be-

one- fourth

is

bequeathed, and whose legacy has been imposed on her,

as

much

as the difference

between the one-fourth and his

5-t-4
-g 20
The Husband, who would be entitled to j^ of the residue,
not charged by the Testator with any bequest.
The Mother who would be entitled to J of the residue,

is

is

charged with the payment of |^ to the Legatee A.

The Son, who would be

entitled to

yV of the

residue,

is

charged with payment off to the Legatee B.

The Husband!
o

,
X i = 780x^3^^
retamsix|=4|65.
contributes I 4
i [i + _8^ X
^^^o^
The Mother
^] = 7 1 o x ^^-V^ retains
The Son
x*] 2884X^ retains
t'itH +
ff Jf
,

Total contributed

The Legatee A,

to

whom

is")

bequeathed, receives

The Legatee B,
,

437 *; Total retained =4|:8

_5 X4J74
^ 4374

1^ ^ tj^^

^b 4

(J

to whom
f are 1 j,
4" 4 b x 4 , , 4
bequeathed, receives / ^j ^ 37" ~" JsiOJS

95

'

poftion of the one-third, namely, nineteen one hundred

and

fifty-sixths

of her entire share, considering her share

as consisting of

one hundred and

portion of the one-third of her share

But what she gives him is one-fourth

One

namely, thirty-nine parts.

taken

for both legacies,

twenty parts.

is

of her entire share,

third of her share

whom

is

and besides nineteen parts

which she must pay to him alone. The son gives

legatee to

His

fifty-six parts.

two- fifths are bequeathed as

to the

much

as

the difference between two-fifths of his (the son's) share CTl)

and the

legatee's

thirty-eight

portion of the one-third, namely,

one hundred and

ninety-fifths of his (the

son's) entire share^ besides the one-third

The

taken off from both legacies.

receives

(the legatee)

thirteenths of
fifths);

it,

from

this

of it which

is

portion which he

one-third,

is

eight-

namely, forty (one hundred and ninety-

and what the son contributes of the

two-fifths

These together make

from his share

is

seventy-eight.

Consequently, sixty-five will be taken

thirty-eight.

from the son, as being one-third of

legacies,

and besides

this

his share, for

both

he gives thirty-eight to the

one of them in particular.

If

you wish

parts of the heritage distinctly,

to express the

you may do so with

nine hundred and sixty-four thousand and eighty.

On
"

A man

another Species of Legacies,

dies, leaving four

bequeathing to a person as

sons and his wife

much

as the share of

and
one

96

of the sons

the

less

amount of the share of the widow."

The widow

Divide the heritage into thirty-two

parts.

receives one-eighth,* namely, four;

and each son seven.

Consequently the legatee must receive three- sevenths of

Add,

the share of a son.

therefore, to the heritage

three-sevenths of the share of a son, that

three parts, which

gives thirty-five, from

amount of the

the

is

to say>

is

This

legacy.

which the legatee receives three;

and the remaining thirty-two are distributed among

the heirs proportionably to their legal shares.
If he leaves two sons
to

some one

and a daughter, f and bequeaths

as

would be the share of a third

he had one; then you must consider, what

son, if

(72)

much

as

would be the share of each

Assume

be seven, and for the entire heritage

this to

A widow

he had three.

son, in case

is

entitled to Jth of the residue

therefore

among the sons of

The widow's
legacy.

Jths of the residue are to be distributed

Let x be the

the testator.

share
share,
/.

=lnf;

each son's share

.-.

the widow's share

A son is

Were

=ix[i~a?]; and

minus the widow's share

a;=|.i_^

stranger's

x=^-^;

[1

i-^^lf A

i] Lll5

a son's
1

son's share

:^^;

= ^.

entitled to receive twice as

much

as a daughter.

there three sons and one daughter, each son would

receive f ths of the residue.

.'.

f[i a:]=ar

Let x be the stranger's legacy.

.*.

Each Son's share

The Daughter's share

The Stranger's legacy

= f, andi =
= | {\x\ = | x J = J^
=;! [i x]
=^-g
=i^
=f
a;

a;

-^

97

take a number, one-fifth of which

may be

sevenths, and one-seventh of which

Such a number

fifths.

may be divided into

sevenths of the same, namely, ten.

Herefrom the legatee

five.

teen,

Add

thirty-five.

is

divided into

to

it

two-

This gives forty-

receives ten, each son four-

and the daughter seven.

If he leaves a mother, three sons,

and bequeaths
of his sons

to

less

some one

and a daughter,

as the share of

one

amount of the share of a second

the

daughter, in case he had one

heritage into such a

among

much

as

then you distribute the

number of parts

the actual heirs,

and

also

may

as

among

be divided

the same,

if

second daughter were added to them.* Such a number

is

The

three hundred and thirty-six.

second daughter,

if

there were one, would be thirty-

five,

and that of a son eighty

five,

and

and

one, which

is

the

sum

is

their difference

Add

this is the legacy.

thirty-six, the

number of parts of the

widow's share of the residue

J [i j:],

to

is

hundred

entire heritage.

is

^th

daughter,

there 3 sons and 2 daughters,

daughter's share would be

The
1

forty-

the residue.
there remains

be distributed among the children.

Since there are 3 sons, and

a son's share is

Were

to it three

is

three hundred and eighty-

* Let X be the stranger's legacy

share of the

difference

_a;rj:|^|; the widow's share

the daughter's share

/t

5r-__
^^ ^L

^lixsri
j:1
s
J
^l
J

= ^^ Kf[i -x]

^^

98

If he leaves three sons, and bequeaths to

as

as the share of one of his sons,

much

less

some one
the share

of a daughter, supposing he had one, plus one-third

of the remainder of the one-third; the computation
will

be

of parts as

may be

among them

also

such a number

this :* distribute the heritage into

Such a number

is

divided
if

among

the actual heirs, and

a daughter were added to them.

twenty-one.

Were a daughter among

the heirs, her share would be three, and that of a son

The

seven.

testator has therefore

bequeathed to the

(73) legatee four-sevenths of the share of a son,

third of

what remains from one-third.

one-third, and remove from

share of a son.
less

it

Take

and onetherefore

four-sevenths of the

There remains one- third of the

four-sevenths of the share of a son.

capital

Subtract

one-third of what remains of the one-third, that

say, one-ninth of the capital less

now
is

to

one-seventh and one-

third of the seventh of the share of a son

the remainder

each son's share of the residue n

J.

* Since there are 3

sons,

Were

and a daughter, the daughter's share

there 3 sons

would be

\.

i-i=4
3
Let X be the

stranger's legacy,

and v a son's share

Then ix = ^v
and i^a:^%-{.i-v-i[i^^v]=^3v

.-.

.*.

f=V

f + frr3AxV'
'^

orf=J^
= 2TT = ^ ^^'^ share
X zz -^^ = the stranger's
*'

legacy.

99

is

two-ninths of the capital

less

two-sevenths and two-

Add

thirds of a seventh of the share of a son.

the two-thirds of the capital

of the capital

less

sum

the

this to

eight- ninths

is

two-sevenths and two thirds of a

seventh of the share of a son, or eight twenty-one parts

of that share, and

duce

this,

this

is

Re-

equal to three shares.

you have then eight-ninths of the

capital,

equal to three shares and eight twenty-one parts of a

share.
as

much

Complete the

capital

by adding

as one- eighth of the same,

same proportion

to

and add

Then you

the shares.

capital equal to three shares

and

parts of a share.

now each

fifty-six,

the

first

Calculating

the whole capital

is

to eight-ninths

in

the

find

the

forty-five fifty-sixth

share equal to

two hundred and thirteen,

legacy thirty-two, the second thirteen, and of

the remaining one hundred and sixty-eight each son

takes fifty-six.

On
"

A woman

another Species of Legacies.

dies, leaving

her daughter, her mother,

and her husband, and bequeaths

as the share of her mother,

and

to

some one

to another as

one-ninth of her entire capital."*

much

as

much

Computation

as

You

begin by dividing the heritage into thirteen parts, two

* In the former examples (p. 90) when a husband and a

mother were among the

entitled to

^=^~^ and

Here a husband

is

heirs,

a husband was found to be

a mother to

6=y%

stated to be entitled to

to -f^ of the residue.

-f.^

of the residue.
,

and a mother

100

Now you perceive that the

of which the mother receives.

amount

C^^) legacies

of the capital
the heirs.

two parts plus one-ninth of the en-

to

Subtracting

tire capital.

two

less

there remains eight-ninths

this,

parts,

Complete the

for distribution

capital,

among

by making the

eight-

ninths less two parts to be thirteen parts, and adding

two parts to

it,

you have

so that

eight-ninths of capital;

to

fifteen parts,

then

add

equal

this one-

to

eighth of the same, and to the fifteen parts add like-

one part and

wise one- eighth of the same, namely,

seven-eighths

then you have sixteen parts and seven-

The person

eighths.

to

whom one-ninth

is

bequeathed,

receives one-ninth of this, namely, one part

eighths

the other, to

whom

as

much

and seven-

as the share of
parts.

The

remaining thirteen parts are divided among the

heirs,

the

mother

is

bequeathed, receives

according to their legal shares.

two

You

best

determine

the respective shares by dividing the whole heritage

into one

hundred and

thirty-five parts.

If she has bequeathed as

much

as the share of the

husband and one- eighth and one-tenth of the

Let

.'.

A
A

-f^

of the residue =zv

urr-jf^ of the capital

mother's share ^i^^^

husband's share of the residue

..

is -^^

vrrg3j^; a husband's share =^^-^q

The

stranger's legacy

= ||^

capital,*

101

then you begin by dividing the heritage into thirteen

parts.

Add

to this as

much

as the share of the hus-

band, namely, three; thus you have sixteen.

what remains of the

v^^hich

is

to say, of nine-fortieths.

of the capital, after the deduction of

one-eighth and one- tenth,

same,

is

capital after the deduction of one-

eighth and one-tenth, that

The remainder

This

must be equal

your capital by adding

to

thirty-one fortieths of the

is

it

to sixteen parts.

Complete

nine thirty-one parts of the

same, and multiply sixteen by thirty-one, which gives

four hundred and ninety-six

one parts of the same, which

four.

The sum

is

six

add

is

one hundred and

hundred and

one-eighth and one-tenth from

dred and forty-four, and as

husband, which

hundred and

is

forty.

which

it,

much

ninety- three.

three,

to this nine thirty-

is

forty- ^75)

Subtract

one hun-

as the share of the

There remains four

of which the husband receives

ninety-three, the mother sixty-two,

and every daughter

one hundred and twenty-four.

If the heirs are the same,* but that she bequeaths to

a person as

much

as the share of the

husband,

less

one-ninth and one-tenth of what remains of the capital,

W [1-3] =13^
...

1^9=

[13-1-1^9]

The husband's share =y^t

The stranger's legacy =Yfy

102

after the subtraction of that share,

this

the computation

The

Divide the heritage into thirteen parts.

legacy from the whole capital

is

is

three parts, after the

subtraction of which there remains the capital less three

Now, one-ninth and one-tenth of

parts.

the remain-

ing capital must be added, namely, one-ninth and onetenth of the whole capital less one- ninth

of three parts, or

less

and one-ninth and one -tenth

yields the

capital

three parts

and nineteen-thirtieths of a

thirteen

Reduce

parts.

and one-tenth

nineteen- thirtieths of a part ; this

this,

part, equal to

by removing the three

and nineteen-thirtieths from your

parts

less

adding them to the thirteen parts.

capital,

and

Then you have

the capital and one-ninth and one-tenth of the same,

equal to sixteen parts and nineteen-thirtieths of a part.

Reduce

to

this

one

capital,

by subtracting from

nineteen one-hundred-and-ninths.
(76) capital, equal to thirteen parts

it

There remains a

and eighty one-hundred-

Divide each part into one hundred and

and-ninths.

nine parts, by multiplying thirteen by one hundred

and nine, and add eighty

to

it.

This gives one thou-

sand four hundred and ninety-seven parts.

of the husband from

it is

The

share

three hundred and twenty-

seven parts.
If

some one

leaves two sisters

queaths to another person as

When

inherit

and a

much

wife,*

and be-

as the share of a

the heirs are a wife, and 2 sisters, they each

^ of the

residue.

Let

103

one- eighth of what remains of the capital

sister less

after the deduction of the legacy, the

this

You

parts.

computation

Each

sister receives

one-third of what remains

of the capital after the subtraction of the legacy

is,

is

consider the heritage as consisting of twelve

of the capital

You

the legacy.

less

that

perceive that

one-eighth of the remainder plus the legacy equals the

share of a sister
is

as

much

and

one-eighth of the remainder

also,

as one-eighth of the

eighth of the legacy

whole capital

one-

and again, one-eighth of the

capital less one-eighth of the legacy

equals the share of a

less

added to the legacy

namely, one-eighth of the

sister,

capital

and seven-eighths of the legacy.

capital

is

The whole

therefore equal to three- eighths of the capital

plus three and five-eighth times the legacy.

now from

Subtract

the capital three- eighths of the same.

remain five-eighths of the

five-eighth times

the legacy

you assume the capital

is five,

and each

Let X be the

sister's

to

sister's

share

i[l-a;]-J[l-a:]=ar
/^[i~x]=ar ..A=fl>^
and a

sister's

share

=^

is

Conse-

be twenty-nine,

share eight.

stranger's iegacy.

3 [^~""^]= ^

...

and

the legacy ; and the entire capital

equal to five and four-fifth times the legacy.

quently, if

There

capital, equal to three

104

On

tx)

another Species of Legacies.

A man dies,

"

some person

and leaves four

as

much

and bequeaths

as the share of one of his sons;

to another, one-fourth of

and

sons,

what remains

after the

You

deduction of the above share from one-third."

perceive that this legacy belongs to the class of those

V*^) which are taken from one-third of the capital.*
tation

from

Take one-third of the

it

the share of a son.

and subtract

The remainder

third of the capital less the share.

it

capital,

Then

Compu-

is

one-

subtract from

one-fourth of what remains of the one-third, namely,

one-fourth of one- third less one-fourth of the share.

The remainder

is

one-fourth of the capital less three-

fourths of the share.

capital

Add

hereto two-thirds of the

then you have eleven-twelfths of the capital

three-fourths of a share, equal to four shares.

this

by removing the three-fourths of the share from the

capital,

and adding them

to the four shares.

have eleven- twelfths of the

and

less

Reduce

three-fourths.

to the four shares

same.

first

capital, equal to four shares

Complete your

capital,

five shares

and two-elevenths,

bequest r= v; and the second =1/

Then iv y 41;

i.e.f+^--J[^-]=4
|+f-''] = 4

*+A=[4+J] =',?
u=:i_i; the 2d bequest =3^
.*.

by adding

and three-fourths one-fourth of the

Then you have

* Let the

Then you

105

Suppose, now, every share to be

equal to the capital.

eleven

then the whole square will be fifty-seven

third of this
eleven,

is

nineteen

from

must be subtracted

whom

legatee, to

queathed,

this

one-

one share, namely,

The

there remain eight.

one-fourth of this remainder was be-

The remaining

receives two.

six are re-

turned to the other two-thirds, which are thirty-eight.

Their sum

is

forty-four,

which

is

to

be divided amongst

the four sons; so that each son receives eleven.

If he leaves four sons,

much

this is likewise

Take

third.^

share

to a person as

as the share of a son, less one-fifth of

mains ffom one-third

then

and bequeaths

after the

and

is

taken from one-

subtract from

there remains one-third less the share.

return to

it

less

it

one

Then

that which was excepted, namely, one-fifth

of the one-third less one-fifth of the share.

one-third

re-

deduction of that share,

a legacy, which

one-third,

what

and

one-fifth

of one-third

(or two-fifths) (78)

Add

one share and one-fifth of a share.

two-thirds of the capital.

The sum

This gives

is,

this to

the capital and

one-third of one-fifth of the capital less one share and

one-fifth of a share, equal to four shares.

by removing one share and

Reduce

from the

fx^-v-f^[i-v]=r4v

or

one-fifth

and the stranger's legacy

=^

this

capital,

106

and add
capital

to

it

Then you have

the four shares.

and one -third of one-fifth of the

are equal to five shares and one- fifth.

one

capital,

capital,

which

Reduce

this to

by subtracting from what you have the

moiety of one-eighth of

Then you

the

that

it,

to say, one-sixteenth.

is

find the capital equal

and

four shares

to

seven-eighths of a share.

Assume now

capital; one- third of

be thirteen, and one share

eight

will

what remains of one-third,

of that share,
tract

it

now

is five,

and

thirty-nine as

after the deduction

one-fifth of this

is

is

from the one- third of the

capital, there

this to the

distributed

seven

subtracting this

remain

six.

two-thirds of the capital, namely, to

sum

the twenty-six parts, the

when

Sub-

the one, which was excepted from the legacy

the remaining legacy then

Add

one.

among

is

thirty-two;

which,

the four sons, yields eight for

each of them.
If he leaves three sons

and a daughter,* and be-

queaths to some person as

much

as

the share of a

* Since there are three sons and one daughter, the daughter receives i,

and each son

If the 1st legacy

ter's

share

1),

|^ths

of the residue.

the 2d =:^, and therefore a daugh-

= v,

...

QJ

ii-?i)

The 2d legacy

1B8
= ..^ = r?g,.
.

107

daughter, and to another one-fifth and one-sixth of

what remains of two-sevenths of the

deduction of the

first

legacy

capital after the

then this legacy

taken out of two-sevenths of the capital.

be

to

is

Subtract

from two-sevenths the share of the daughter: there

remain two -sevenths

Deduct from
one-fifth

this

of the capital

less

that share.

the second legacy, which comprises (T9)

and one-sixth of this remainder

there remain

one-seventh and four-fifteenths of one-seventh of the

capital less nine teen-thirtieths

Add

of the share.

to

this the other five-sevenths of the capital: then you

have six-sevenths and four-fifteenths of one-seventh of

the capital less nineteen thirtieths of the share, equal to

Reduce

seven shares.
thirtieths,

by removing the nineteen

this,

and adding them

to the seven shares

then

you have six- sevenths and four-fifteenths of one-seventh

of capital, equal to seven shares and nineteen-thirtieths.

Complete your

capital

by adding

to every thing that

you have eleven ninety-fourths of the same

capital will

be equal

to eight shares

one hundred and eighty-eighths.

capital to be

one thousand

the share of the daughter

six
is

and ninety-nine

hundred and three

hundred and

Subtract from

which

is

one hundred and eighty-eight

two hundred and seventy.

sixth

of

this,

the

then

one hundred and eighty-

two- sevenths of the capital

fifty-eight.

thus the

Assume now

Take

eight.

Remove

that

is,

four

this the share,

there remain

one-fifth

and one-

namely, ninety-nine ; the remainder

one hundred and seventy-one.

Add

thereto

is

five-

108

hundred and forty-five. The sum

(80)

hundred and sixteen

is

one thousand one

is

one thousand three

which

sevenths of the capital,

parts.

This

may

be divided into

seven shares, each of one hundred and eighty-eight

parts

then

this is

the share of the daughter, whilst

every son receives twice as much.

If the heirs are the same,

person as

much

as

and he bequeaths

to

the share of the daughter,

some

and

to

another person one-fourth and one-fifth out of what

remains from two-fifths of his capital after the deduction of the share

this is the

observe that the legacy

Take

is

computation

determined by the two

two-fifths of the capital

the remainder

is,

You must

:*

fifths.

and subtract the shares

two-fifths of the capital less the share.

Subtract from this remainder one-fourth and one-fifth

of the same, namely, nine- twentieths of two-fifths, less
as

much

of the share.

and one-tenth of one

fifth

twentieths of the share.

Let the

ist

The remainder

legacy

of the capital

Add

is

one-fifth

less eleven-

thereto three-fifths of the

=v = a

daughter's share

Let the 2d legacy

=y

1 V ^=7^
4+*-'-A[f-]=7
4+M [#-"] =7"

and the 2d legacy,

y,

=tA

capital
fifth

the

sum

four- fifths

is

of the capital,

109

less

equal to seven shares.

and one- tenth of one-

eleven-twentieths of the share,

Reduce

by removing the

this

eleven-twentieths of a share, and adding

Then you have

seven shares.

them

to the

the same four-fifths and

one-tenth of one-fifth of capital, equal to seven shares

and eleven-twentieths.
to

Complete the

capital

any thing that you have nine forty-one

you have

capital equal to nine shares

Now

eighty-seconds.

of eighty- two parts

fifty-five parts.

is

Then

then you have seven hundred and

Two-fifths of these are three hundred (81)

eighty-two

this the share

of the daughter,

there remain two hundred

and

Subtract from this one-fourth and one-fifth,

twenty.

namely, ninety-nine parts.

dred and twenty- one.

capita],

parts.

and seventeen

assume each portion to consist

and two. Subtract from

which

by adding

Add

There remain one hunto this three-fifths of the^

namely, four hundred and

you have

five

fifty-three.

hundred and seventy-four,

to

into seven shares, each of eighty- two parts.

the share of the daughter

Then

be divided

This

is

each son receives twice as

much.
If the heirs are the same, and he bequeaths to a

person as

and

much

as the share of a son, less one-fourth

one-fifth of

what remains of

two-fifths

capital) after the deduction of the share; then

that this legacy

is

likewise determined

(of the

you

see

by two- fifths.

Subtract two shares (of a daughter) from them, since

every son receives two (such) shares; there remain

HO

Add

two (such) shares.

two-fifths of the capital less

thereto what was excepted from the legacy, namely,

one-fourth and one-fifth of the two-fifths less ninetenths of (a daughter's) share.*

fifths

Then you have two-

and nine-tenths of one-fifth of the capital

(daughter's)
three- fifths

of the capital.

and nine- tenths of

(daughter's) shares
shares.

Reduce

to

this

Then you have one -capital

of the capital less two

one-fifth

and nine- tenths, equal

this

two

Add

and nine-tenths.

shares

less

to seven (such)

by removing the two shares and

nine-tenths and adding

them

to the seven shares.

Then

you have one capital and nine-tenths of one-fifth of the

capital, equal to

(82) tenths.

Reduce

nine shares of a daughter and ninethis to

one entire

capital,

by deduct-

ing nine fifty-ninths from what you have.

mains the capital equal

three

to eight

There

such shares and twenty-

Assume now each share

fifty-ninths.

re-

daughter) to contain fifty-nine parts.

Then

(of a

the whole

heritage comprizes four hundred and ninety-five parts.

Two-fifths of this are one hundred and ninety-eight

* v = i. of the residue
2v

a daughter's share.

a son's share

e-f+f-2^+A[f-H =7V

.-.

= ^^;

and the legacy

a son's share

= i^f
= -^^

to the stranger

111

parts.

Subtract therefrom the two shares (of a daugh-

or one hundred and eighteen parts; there remain

ter)

now

Subtract

eighty parts.

namely, one-fourth and one

thirty-six parts

two

parts.

of these eighty, or

fifth

this

from the parts

in

the total

in the heritage, namely, four

hundred

There remain four hundred and

ninety-five.

teen parts

that which was excepted,

there remain for the legatee eighty-

Deduct

number of parts
and

daughter receiving (one share or)

thir-

seven shares;

the

fifty-nine (parts),

and

to be distributed into

each son twice as much.

If

he leaves two sons and two daughters, and be-

queaths to some person as

much

as

the share* of a

* Since there are two sons and two daughters, each son
receives J, and each daughter
a daughter's share.
V

of

the residue.

Let the

ist legacy

2d

=^

and 3d

i-e.

=a:=v J [3 v]
=3,=:i,_i[j_a;_i,]

f_^V + J-.x~t; + J[i^-ar-T;]

or7

+ B^L35a

The

st

The 2d

.'.v=:^ = k

=x = ^j

Legacy

=y = ij

son's share

=:J

=61,

Let

112

daughter

less one-fifth

after the deduction

much

person as

of what remains from one-third

of that share; and

another

to

as the share of the other daughter less

one-third of what remains from one-third after the de-

duction of all this ; and to another person half one- sixth

of his entire capital ; then you observe that

legacies are determined

Add

to this

the share of a

this gives one-third

(83) the capital less

was excepted,

that which

namely, one-fifth of the one-third

:

it

there remains one-third of the capital less

one share.

share

Take one-

by the one-third.

and subtract from

third of the capital,

daughter

these

all

and

of the

less one-fifth

one-fifth of one-third of

one and one-fifth portion.

Subtract

herefrom the portion of the second daughter

there

remain one- third and one-fifth of one- third of the

Add

capital less

two portions and

that which

was excepted; then you have one- third

and

three-fifths

of one-third,

fourteen-fifteenths

and

shares

it,

tracted,

Subtract herefrom

capital

of the capital

fourteen-fifteenths,

Add

tracted.

reduce

sixtieths

to this

two portions and

less

of a portion.

half one-sixth of the entire

twenty-seven

one-fifth.

remain

there

the two

less

which are to be sub-

thereto two-thirds of the capital,

by removing the shares which are

and adding them

and

to be sub-

to the other shares.

You

have then one and seven-sixtieths of capital, equal to

eight shares

and

fourteen-fifteenths.

Reduce

this to

one capital by subtracting from every thing that you

have seven-sixtieths.

Then

let

a share be two

hundred

113

and one;* the whole

hundred and

one thousand

capital will be

six

eight.

If the heirs are the same, and he bequeaths to a

person as
fifth

much

as the share of a daughter,

and one-

of what remains from one- third after the deduction

of that share ; and to another as

much

the second daughter and one-third

from one-fourth

as the share of

of what remains

after the

deduction of that share;

then, in the computation,!

you must consider that the

two legacies are determined by one-fourth and onethird.

it

Take one- third of the

one share

less

there

one share.

capital,

and subtract from

remains one- third of the capital

Then

subtract one-fifth of the re-

mainder, namely, one-fifth of one-third of the capital,

less one-fifth

of the share

there remain four-fifths of

one-third, less four-fifths of the share.

Then

take also

and subtract from

one-fourth of the capital,

it

one (84)

share ; there remains one-fourth of the capital, less one

share.

Subtract one-third of this remainder

The common denominator 1608

f Let X be the

1st

legacy
1

1/

is

the 2d

there

unnecessarily great.
;

v a daughter's share.

yQv

Theni-i--Hi-^-i[i-"]+i-^-i[i-^J-6

51

112
212

<r

,/

51

214^

153_

114

remain two-thirds of one-fourth of the

Add

thirds of one share.

this to the

the one-third of the capital ; the

six sixtieths of the capital, less

Add

eight sixtieths.

capital, less two-

sum

remainder from
be twenty-

will

one share and twenty-

thereto as

much

as

remains of

and one-

the capital after the deduction of one-third

fourth from it; that

sixth; the

sum

is

is

to say,

one-fourth and one-

seven teen-twentieths of the capital,

Complete

equal to seven shares and seven-fifteenths.

the capital, by adding to the portions which you have

three-seventeenths of the same.
to eight shares

capital, equal

Then you have one

and one-hundred-and-

twenty hundred-and-fifty-thirds. Assume

to consist of

now one share

one-hundred-and- fifty-three parts, then

the capital consists of one thousand three hundred and

forty-four.

The

legacy determined by one- third, after

the deduction of one share,

is

fifty-nine

and the legacy

determined by one-fourth, after the deduction of the

share,
If

is

sixty- one.

he leaves

much

six sons,

and bequeaths

as the share of a son

of one- fourth

and

and

to a person as

one-fifth of what remains

to another person as

much

as the

share of another son less one-fourth of what remains

of one-third, after the deduction of the two

first

lega-

cies

and the second share; the computation

You

subtract one share from one-fourth of the capital

* Let x be the legacy to the

and

7/

is

this:*
;

ist stranger

2d

v-

a son's share

115

there remains one-fourth less the share.

one-fifth of

Remove

then (85)

what remains of the one-fourth, namely,

half one-tenth of the capital less one-fifth of the share.

Then

return to the one- third, and deduct from

it

half

one-tenth of the capital, and four-fifths of a share, and

one other share

The remainder

besides.

third, less half one-tenth

of the capital, and

Add

share and four-fifths.

then

one-

is

less

one

hereto one-fourth of the

remainder, which was excepted, and assume the onethird to be eighty; subtracting from

the capital,

there remain of

Add

share and four-fifths.

half one-tenth of

sixty-eight less one

it

to

it

this one-fourth

of

it,

namely, seventeen parts, less one-fourth of the shares

to

be subtracted from the parts.

eighty-five parts less two shares

this to the other two- thirds

hundred and

sixty parts.

Then you have

and one- fourth.

Add

of the capital, namely, one

Then you have one and one-

eighth of one-sixth of capital, less two shares and onefourth, equal to six shares.

Reduce

this,

by remov-

ing the shares which are to be subtracted, and adding

i.e.

.-.

-f j- jc

xy=^v
u-t-J [J x u]=6u

x-v^^s,

and

3^=-^^

116

them

to the other shares.

eighth

Then you have one and one-

of one- sixth of capital, equal to eight shares

Reduce

and one-fourth.

Then you have a

and four

much

(86) determined

capital equal to eight shares

by one-fourth, ten

On

to

be

A man

the

dies,

the legacy

and the exception from

six.

Legacy with a Dirhem.

and leaves four

some one a dirhem, and

son,

by sub-

one forty-ninth of

the share forty-nine

the second share will be

to

as

capital,

then the entire capital will be three hun-

dred and ninety-six

"

one

Assume now every share

forty-ninths.

forty-nine

to

this

tracting from the parts as

them.

sons,

much

as

and bequeaths

as the share of a

and one-fourth of what remains from one-third

after the deduction of that share."

* Let the capital

=i

Computation

a dirhem

=^

the legacy a:; and a son's share

1

:*

Take

X=:^>C

f+i--i[*-v]-^=4t^

.-.

H-^ = ^

Af of a dirhem v
and Jf of the capital +ff of a dirhem = j:, the legacy.
If we assume the capital to be so many dirhems, or a
.*.

ii of the

capital

dirhem to be such a part of the

capital,

we

shall obtain the

117

one third of the capital and subtract from

it

one share;

Then

there remains one-third, less one share.

sub-

tract one-fourth of the remainder, namely, one-fourth

of one-third,
tract also

less

one-fourth of the share

one dirhem

one- third of the capital,

that

is,

sum

is

Add

then sub-

one-fourth of the

capital, less three-fourths of the share,

dirhem.

there remain three-fourths of

this to two-thirds

and

less

one

The

of the capital.

eleven- twelfths of the capital, less three-fourths

of the share and

Reduce

less

one dirhem, equal

to four shares.

by removing three-fourths of the share

this

and one dirhem

then you have eleven-twelfths of the

and

capital, equal to four shares

Complete your

one dirhem.

three- fourths, plus

capital,

by adding to the

shares and one dirhem one-eleventh of the same.

you have the

capital equal

to

five

Then

shares and two-

elevenths and one dirhem and one-eleventh.

If you

wish to exhibit the dirhem distinctly, do not complete

your

but subtract one from the eleven on

capital,

account of the dirhem, and divide the remaining ten by

the portions, which are four and three-fourths.

quotient

is

Assuming,

two and two-nineteenths

then, the capital to

The

of a dirhem.

be twelve dirhems, each

value of the son's share in terms of a dirhem, or of the

capital only.

Thus,

if

we assume

[1 1

x=if

[13 + 4]

the capital to be

2 dirhems,

]5 = V"t ^ = 2y% dirhems,

V - ;^f

^=W^ = 3ii dirhems.

(8*7)

118

share will be two dirhems and two-nineteenths.

you wish

it,

when

if

complete your

to exhibit the share distinctly,

square, and reduce

Or,

the dirhem will be eleven

of the capital.

and bequeaths

If he leaves five sons,

son a dirhem, and as

sons,

much

to

as the share of

some perone of the

and one-third of what remains from one-third,

and again, one-fourth of what remains from the onethird after the deduction of this,

then the computation

subtract one share
share.

is

this:^

and one dirhem more

You

take one-third, and

there remains one- third less one

Subtract herefrom that which

is still

in

your

hands, namely, one-third of one-third less one- third of

the share.

Then

subtract also the dirhem

main two- thirds of one-third,

less

there re-

two- thirds of the

share and less one dirhem.

Then

of what you have, that

one-eighteenth, less one-

sixth of a share

and

less

is,

subtract one -fourth

one-fourth of a dirhem, and

* Let the legacy =a:; and a son's share

=r

P=v
of the capital f^^ of a dirhem v
.*.
Jl of the capital + y^/ of a dirhem =x, the legacy.
If the capital = %^ dirhems, or
J of the capital =7 J dirhems,
.*.

I^f

V =: f f dirhems

= 3^1^ dirhems.

119

subtract also the second dirhem

one-third of the capital,

dirhem and three fourths

the

capital,

sum

is

the remainder

half

is

half a share and less one

less
;

add thereto two-thirdsof the

five-sixths of the capital, less

one

half of a share, and less one dirhem and three-fourths,

equal to

shares.

five

Reduce

this,

half share and the one dirhem

by removing the

and

and

adding them to the

have

five-sixths of capital, equal to five shares

(five)

(88)

three-fourths,

Then you

shares.

half plus one dirhem and three-fourths.

and a

Complete
)

your capital, by adding to

to

five shares

and a half and

one dirhem and three- fourths, as much as one-fifth

Then you have

of the same.

and

shares

plus two dirhems and one-

Assume, now, each share

tenth.

to

and one dirhem likewise of ten

parts,
pital

three-fifths

the capital equal to six

is

eighty-seven parts.

Or,

if

consist of ten

then the ca-

you wish to exhibit

the dirhem distinctly, take the one-third, and subtract

from

it

the share;

Assume

share.

there remains one-third, less one

the one-third (of the capital) to be

seven and a half (dirhems). Subtract one- third of what

you have, namely,

one-third

remain two- thirds of one- third,

share
share.

that

is,

Then

five

of one-third;*

there

less two-thirds

of the

dirhems, less two- thirds of the

subtract one,

on account of the one

dirhem, and you retain four dirhems,

* There
of a share."

is

an omission here of the words

less two-thirds

*'

less

one third

120

now

Subtract

of the share.

namely, one part

have,

and remove

one-fourth of what you

less

Add

which

is

one-sixth of ^ share

one part on account of the one

also

dirhem; the remainder, then,

a share.

two parts

less half

two-thirds of the capital,

to the

this

fifteen (dirhems).

is

Then you have

seventeen

Reduce

parts less half a share, equal to five shares.

this,

five

by removing half a share, and adding

Then

shares.

and a

/89) five shares

and a

half;

is

it

the quotient

seventeen parts, equal

is

much

five

and one-

seven and a half (dirhems).

If he leaves four sons,

as

to

the value of one share,

namely, three dirhems and one-eleventh

is

to the

Divide now seventeen by

half.

third (of the capital)

it

and bequeaths

to

some person

of one of his sons,

as the share

less

one-

fourth of what remains from one-third after the deduction of the share,

and one dirhem; and

to another

one-third of what remains from the one-third, and one

dirhem; then

* Let the

this legacy is

ist legacy

be

x,
1

i.e.

determined by one- third.*

the 2d y; and a son's share

rr v

X J/z:z4.V

H-v+i {i-v]-i-i \i-v+i (l-)-Jj- J=4

'e-f+f[*-+i(i-<')-JJ-J=4

l+A-f-f ^=4

121

Take one-third of the

share

and subtract from

capital,

hereto one-fourth of what you have

third

and one-fourth of one-third,

Subtract one dirhem

one-fourth.

then

much

one-

there remains one-

third of one and one-fourth, less one dirhem,

and

less

There remains from the

one share and one-fourth.

one-third as

add

is

one share and

less
;

it

one

it

there remains one-third, less one share

as five-eighteenths of the capital, less

two-thirds of a dirhem, and less five-sixths of a share.

Now subtract

the second dirhem, and you retain five-

eighteenths of the capital, less one dirhem and twothirds,

and

less five-sixths

of a share.

Add

to

this

and you have seventeen-

two-thirds of the capital,

eighteenths of the capital, less one dirhem and twothirds,

and

less five-sixths

Reduce

shares.

which are

to

of a share, equal to four

by removing the quantities

this,

be subtracted, and adding them to the

shares; then you

have seventeen-eighteenths of the

capital, equal to four portions

and

Complete your

dirhem and two-thirds.

adding to the four shares and

dirhem and two-thirds,

also

capital

as

much

one dirhem

will

to

five-sixths,

to

be seventeen.*

one hundred

then be

capital

one

by (90)

and one

as one- seventeenth of

Assume, then, each share

the same.

and

five-sixths plus

be seventeen,

The whole

and seventeen.

If you wish to exhibit the dirhem distinctly, proceed

with

it

as I have

shown you.

* Capital =;f|v +
f^ J

.-.

ifv=i7, and5=:i7, capital=ii7

122

If he

and two daughters, and

leaves three sons

bequeaths to some

person as

much

as the share of a

daughter plus one dirhem ; and

to

what remains from one-fourth

after the

the

first

legacy, plus

one dirhem

another one-fifth of

and

deduction of

to a third per-

son one-fourth of what remains from one- third after

the deduction of

all

this,

plus one dirhem

and

to a

fourth person one-eighth of the whole capital, requiring

all

the legacies to be paid off by the heirs generally

then you calculate this by exhibiting the dirhems distinctly,

which

is

better in such a case.^

of the capital, and assume

to

it

Take one-fourth

be six dirhems

entire capital will

be twenty-four dirhems.

one share from

the

dirhems

less

one-fourth;

there

* Let the legacies to the three

Subtract

first

legatees be, severally,

and

let

a daughters' share

Then !i-^-^^-a:-.j^-l\l~x-,]-^ = Sv
but

six

Subtract also one dirhem;

one share.

z; the fourth legacy

the

Subtract

remain

there remain five dirhems less one share.

X, ^,

^-x-i/^i^i+l^a:-^ [l~^] -^

^=-h%hnm^> y=iUT+uu^> ^=^'^+iUP

123

one-fifth of this remainder; there

Now

of a share.

less four-fifths

remain four dirhems,

deduct the second

dirhem, and you retain three dirhems,

You know,

of a share.

that the legacy

therefore,

which was determined by one-fourth,

third,

which

hems,

less four-fifths

dirhems,

eight,

is

is

three dirhems,

Return now to the one-

of a share.

less four-fifths

less four-fifths

and subtract from

There remain

of a share.

less four-fifths

three dir-

it

of a share.

Subtract also one-

fourth of this and one dirhem, for the legacy

two dirhems and three-fourths,

retain

three

you then

less three -fifths

Take now one-eighth of the

a share.

capital,

after the deduction of one-third,

you

to the two- thirds, namely, sixteen,

from them one-fourth of a dirhem

share

namely,

Return

and subtract

less three- fifths

of a

there remain of the capital fifteen dirhems and

three-fourths,

less

three-fifths of a

equal to eight shares. Reduce

fifths

of

retain one-

fourth of a dirhem, less three -fifths of a share.

now

five ^

this,

share,

which are

by removing three-

of a share, and adding them to the shares, which

Then you have

are eight.

fifteen

dirhems and three-

Make

fourths, equal to eight shares

and

the division: the quotient

one share of the whole

capital,

which

ter receives

is

is

three-fifths.

twenty-four (dirhems).

Every daugh-

one dirhem and one-hundred- and- forty-

three one-hundred-and-seventy-second parts of a dir-

hem.*

v=JQ^gL

of the capital ^/^\ of a dirhem.

If

we assume

124

If you prefer to produce the shares distinctly,

one-fourth of the capital, and subtract from

one share.

Then

subtract from

then subtract one-fifth of the

is

less

one-fifth of a

less

of the one-fourth

amount

of one fourth

(92) fortieths of the capital

one dirhem and

share,

one dirhem:

to

dirhem

The

legacies paid out

twelve two-hundred-and-

Take

four-fifths.
it

and

of a share, and

and four- fifths of a

and subtract from

There remain four-

less four-fifths

one dirhem and four- fifths.

eighty,

this

remainder of one-fourth,

subtract also the second dirhem.

fifths

one

one-fifth of one-fourth of the capital, less one-

of the share and

fifth

it

there remains one-fourth of the capital less

share;

which

take

twelve,

and one dirhem and

share,

and

one-third, which

is

and four- fifths of a

four-fifths,

and remove

one-fourth of what remains, and one dirhem.

You

retain, then, of the one-third, only fifty-one, less threefifths

of a share,

less

two dirhems and seven-twentieths.

Subtract herefrom one-eighth of the capital, which

thirty,

and you

a share, and

retain twenty- one, less three- fifths of

less

two dirhems and seven-twentieths,

and two-thirds of the

shares.

Reduce

is

this,

capital,

being equal to eight

by removing that which

be subtracted, and adding

it

to the eight shares.

is

to

Then

you have one hundred and eighty-one parts of the

the capital to be equal to 24 dirhems

V = 18^X 24-564 dirhems =lAi ^rifAl

2064
2064
=45-80 5=: ijll dirhems

123

capital, equal

to

eight shares

and

three-fifths,

two dirhems and seven twentieths.

capital,

Complete your

by adding to that which you have

hundred-and-eighty-one parts.

plus

fifty-nine one-

Let, then, a share be

three hundred and sixty two, and a dirhem likewise

The whole

three hundred and sixty-two.*

then

five

thousand two hundred and

legacy out of one-fourtht

and

four,

and

ninety-nine,

is

capital

fifty-six,

is

and the

one thousand two hundred

that out of one-third

and the one- eighth

is

four hundred and

is

six

hundred and

fifty-seven.

On
"

A woman

ther,

dies

and

leaves eight daughters,

and her husband, and bequeaths

much

son as

as

daughter to make

and

Completement.

must be added
it

to

to

mo- (93)

some per-

the share of a

equal to one-fifth of the capital

to another person as

share of the mother to

much
make

as
it

must be added

to the

equal to one-fourth of

* The capital =

2^4u +411 S
we assume v -362, and J = 362, the capital =5256
Then 07=724; ^ = 480; 2 = 499; J^h of capital =657.

If

f The text ought

to stand " the

two

instead of " the legacy out of one-fourth

The first legacy

The second
the

first

legacies are

724

is

second legacy

first

is."

480
=r

1204

126

Computation: Determine the parts of

the capital."*

the residue, which in the present instance are

Take

teen.

of the same,
ter

this

and subtract from

the capital,

it

thir-

one-fifth

one part, as the share of a daugh-

less

being the

Then

legacy.

first

subtract also

one- fourth, less two parts, as the share of the mother

this

being the second legacy.

twentieths of the capital,

There remain eleven

which,

when

increased by

Remove now

three parts, are equal to thirteen parts.

from thirteen parts the three parts on account of the

three parts (on the other side), and you retain eleven-

Complete

twentieths of the capital, equal to ten parts.

the capital, by adding to the ten parts as

elevenths of the same
to

much

then you find the capital equal

Assume now

and two- elevenths.

eighteen parts

then the whole capital

each part to be eleven

hundred, each part

eleven

is

as nine-

the

first

is

two

legacy will be

twenty-nine, and the second twenty-eight.

If the case

some person
(94) of the

is

as

husband

much
to

another person as
of the mother to

the same,
as

make

much

make

it

it

as

to

to the share

equal to one-third, and to

must be added

to the share

equal to one-fourth

-fj

and

to a

and each daughter has

residue.

i.e.

bequeaths

must be added

* In this case, the modier has

J^ of the

and she

i_i.-fv i+2u = i3u

127

much

third as

must be added

as

daughter to make
cies

all these lega-

being imposed on the heirs generally

divide

the residue into thirteen

capital,

and subtract from

it

then you

Take

parts.*

and one-fourth,

parts, being the share of the

mother

and

less

lastly,

one part, being the share of a daughter.

one-fifth less

The remainder is thirteen-sixtieths of the capital,

when

the

one-third, less three parts,

being the share of the husband

two

to the share of a

equal to one-fifth

it

increased by six parts,

is

which,

equal to thirteen parts.

Subtract the six from the thirteen parts: there re-

main

thirteen-sixtieths of the capital, equal to seven

Complete your

parts.

parts

by four and

capital

by multiplying the seven

capital equal to thirty-two parts

Assuming then each part

capital

is

and you have a

eight-thirteenths,

to

and four- thirteenths.

be thirteen, the whole

four hundred and twenty.

If the case

is

the same, and she bequeaths to

person as

much

as

mother

make

it

to

another as

much

daughter, to

to the share of the

one-fourth of the capital; and to

as

make

capital, after the

must be added

some

it

must be added
one-fifth of

to the portion of a

what remains of the

deduction of the

first

legacy; then

i-lJ-3^]-[i-2u]-[i-^]=i3v
i.e.

i-A_i-i = 7v

1S8

you

constitute the parts of the residue

Take

out of thirteen.*
it

by taking them

the capital, and subtract from

one-fourth less two parts; and again, subtract one-

fifth

of what you retain of the capital, less one part;

then look

how much remains

of the capital after the

deduction of the parts. This remainder, namely, threefifths

of the capital,

increased by two parts and

be equal to thirteen parts.

three-fifths, will

two parts and

when

three-fifths

from thirteen

remain ten parts and two- fifths, equal to

capital.

Complete the

capital,

which you have, as much

Then you have

is

fifty-two,

seven,

of

to the parts

as two-thirds of the same.

each part three

is

person as

much

mother

make

to

three-fifths

by adding

a part to be three, then the capital

and the second

If the case

parts, there

a capital equal to seventeen parts and

Assume

one-third.

Subtract

the

first

legacy will be

six.

the same, and she bequeaths to

as
it

must be added

to the share of the

one-fifth of the capital,

and

to ano-

ther one-sixth of the remainder of the capital

1 ^ ^=i3u

some

then

129

Take

the parts are thirteen.*

from

it

and subtract

two parts; and again, subtract

one-fifth less

You

one-sixth of the remainder.

when

the capital, which,

the capital,

retain two-thirds of

increased by one part and

two-thirds, are equal to thirteen parts.

Subtract the

one part and two-thirds from the thirteen parts

remain two thirds of the

much

the parts as

is

remaining sixty-five are for the

If the case

person as

five

thirteen,

then the

and the

heirs.

the same, and she bequeaths to

is

much

must be added

as

mother, to make

to

Assume now the

and the second

seven,

by adding

thus you find the

parts.

and each part

capital to be eighty-five,

legacy

capital,

as their moiety

capital equal to seventeen

first

there

capital, equal to eleven parts

Complete your

and one -third.

some

to the share of the

one-third of the capital, less that

it

sum which must be added

to

make

the share of a

daughter equal to one-fourth of what remains of the

capital after the deduction of the above

then the parts are thirteen.f

Take

complement

the capital, and (96)

\xy= 13U
= ^-217; y = i\\-x\
*

07

.-.

...

= ^t,

J[# + 2U] =13U

...

= ^;

x = ^;

y^y^

and^ = J 2u; y=\\\x\-v

1 a:+i[i ar]-u=i3u

t i-a:-f?^=i3v;
.-.
.-.

...

= 14U
a:]

5^2^3

...

.-.
f [J+ 2uJ = Hu
^^^5^. x^y = ^^

130

subtract from

it

one-third

less

two

parts,

and add

the remainder one-fourth (of such remainder)

part

equal to thirteen parts.

one part and a half from thirteen parts.

main eleven parts and a

parts as

much

the capital

equal

to

A man

by adding

capital,

thirteen

be

to

and the legacy

dies,

Subtract

There

Thus you
and

parts

five,

find

four-fifths.

then the capital

is

four.

and leaves a son and

five daughters,

as

much

to the share of the son

to

complete one-fifth

and one-sixth,

to

as

must be

one-fourth of what remains of one-

less

third after the subtraction of the complement."*

one-third of the capital, and subtract from

and one-sixth of the

you

retain

capital,

two parts

twentieths of the capital.

tion,

to the

some person

and bequeaths

so that

re-

equal to five-sixths of

as one-fifth of them.

Assume, now, a part

sixty-nine,

half,

Complete the

the capital.

added

one

then you have five-sixths of the capital and one

part and a half,

"

less

to

which

is

less

less

it

Take

one-fifth

two (seventh) parts

four one hundred and

Then add

it

to the excep-

half a part less one one hundred and

* Since there are

five

daughters and

one son,

daughter receives i, and the son f of the residue.

l-HffeH-H-^7^

each

131

twentieth,

and you have two parts and a half

one hundred and twentieths of

less five

Add

capital.

hereto

two-thirds of the capital, and you have seventy-five

one hundred and twentieths of the capital and two

parts

and a

half,

Subtract, now,

equal to seven parts.

two parts and a half from seven, and you retain seventyfive

one hundred and twentieths, or

and a

to four parts

adding

Complete your

half.

to the parts as

and you

five-eighths, equal

much

capital,

as three-fifths of the same,

and one-

find the capital equal to seven parts

Let each part be

fifth part.

thirty-six,

each portion

by (9T)

five

the capital

then

is

and the legacy one.

five,

If he leaves his mother, his wife, and four sisters,

and bequeaths

to a person as

the shares of the wife and a

much

sister, in

equal to the moiety of the capital,

the

must be added to

order to

* From the context

be divided into 13
together, take 5

it

appears, that

parts, of

than

-^^,

not less than

was made

^-^

is

each

when the

this :* If

heirs of the

the residue

sisters,

which the wife and one

sister,

is

to

sister,

sister

mother

is

must take not

In the case stated at page

-f^.

not possible

sister ^^,

therefore,

to inherit as

and each

bly, in this case, the

wife y\

Each

nor more than

present case that

4.

is

deduc-

therefore the mother and 3 sisters, toge-

ther, take 8 parts.

102, a sister

after the

complement; the Computation

residue are a mother, a wife, and

make them

two-sevenths of

less

sum which remains from one-third

tion of that

less

as

much

as a wife

in the

but the widow must take

not more than

-fj.

supposed to inherit

Proba^-j

the

13a

you take the moiety from one-third, there remains onesixth.

wife

This

is

and the

What

the

sum

sister.

excepted.

Let

it

be

remains of the one-third

The

sixth of the capital.

It

five (thirteenth) parts.

is

five parts less

and three-sevenths,

sevenths of one- sixth

of the

one-

two-sevenths which he has

less

one-sixth and two-

of the capital.

capital;

two-

less

Then you have

sevenths of one-sixth of the capital.

two-thirds

the share of the

two-sevenths of five parts

excepted are

six parts

is

Add

hereto

then you have nineteen

forty-seconds of the capital and six parts

sevenths, equal to thirteen parts.

the six parts and three-sevenths.

and three-

Subtract herefrom

There remain nine-

teen forty-seconds of the capital, equal to six parts

and
to

four- sevenths.

it its

Complete your

capital

find the capital equal to fourteen parts,

(98) one

hundred and

thirty-thirds of a part.

by adding

Then you

double and four-nineteenths of it.

and seventy

Assume one

part to be one hundred and thirty-three; then the

whole capital

.-.

is

one thousand nine hundred and

^=^V

and the residue

The author unnecessarily

-common denominator.

takes

thirty-

-^^

7x276=1932

for

the

133

two; each part

one hundred and

is

completion of

three hundred

is

it

exception of one-third

maining legacy
heirs

is

thirty-three,

ninety-eight, so that the re-

two hundred and three.

is

the

and one, and the

For the

remain one thousand seven hundred and twenty-

nine.

COMPUTATION OF RETURNS.*
On Marriage
"

man,

in his last illness, marries a wife, paying

(^ marriage

settlement

besides which he has

The

in Illness,

solutions

of)

one hundred dirhems,

no property, her dowry being

which the author has given of the remain-

ing problems of this treatise, are, mathematically considered, for the

most part incorrect.

when once reduced

out

but that

in

It is not that the problems,

into equations, are incorrectly

worked

reducing them to equations, arbitrary as-

sumptions are made, which are foreign or contradictory to

the data

first

enounced, for the purpose,

it

should seem, of

forcing the solutions to accord with the established rules of

inheritance, as

The

expounded by Arabian lawyers.

object of the lawyers in their interpretations, and of

the author in his solutions, seems to have been, to favour

heirs

and next of kin

during

illness, to

by

limiting the

power of a

and by requiring payment of heavy ransom

a testator might, during
cipated.

testator,

bequeath property, or to emancipate slaves;

illness,

for slaves

whom

have directed to be eman-

134

Then

dirhems.

ten

the wife dies, bequeathing one-

After this the husband dies."*

third of her property.

Computation

You

which belongs

take from the one hundred that

on account of the

her,

to

entirely

dowry, namely, ten dirhems

there remain ninety dir-

hems, out of which she has bequeathed a legacy.

the

sum given

to her (by her

dowry) thing;
dirhems

subtracting

husband, exclusive of her

there remain

it,

Ten dirhems and

less thing.

Call

ninety

thing are al-

ready in her hands; she has disposed of one -third of

her property, which

and one-third of thing

* Let

three dirhems and one-third,

is

there remain six dirhems and

be the sum, including the dowry, paid by the

.9

man, as a marriage settlement

the wife, which she

is

empowered

She may bequeath,

she

if

the

to

dowry

bequeath

x the

if

gift to

she pleases.

pleases, d-{-x\ she

actually

does bequath ^ [^+d;] the residue is f [o^+o;], of which

one half, viz. i [^+j^] goes to her heirs, and the other half
;

reverts to the
.*.

the

husband

husband's
;

sive of the

dowry,

receiwe,

is x,

[^ +

:r]

+i

[c? -f

S'-^[d-\-x\='2x

..07=35;

and her other

</+a;

heirs,

of,

x] or

exclu-

sum the husband is to

-<2d\=x. But 5=100;

twice which
.'.

^['^s

= 45;

the legacy which she bequeaths

15,

and since what the wife has disposed

f [ff+x]

flf=io

have

heirs

15.

^[g?+o;]=15.
is

15,

Therefore

her husband receives

The husband's

heirs receive

2X = 70.

But had the husband

we

also

shall see presently, the

the woman's intentions.

bequeathed a legacy, then, as

law would have defeated, in part,

135

two-thirds

two-thirds of thing,

plus

the moiety of

which, namely, three dirhems and one-third plus onethird of thing, returns as his portion to the husband.*

Thus

the heirs of the husband obtain (as his share)

ninety-three dirhems and one-third, less two- thirds of

thing ; and this

the

twice as

is

woman, which was

power

to

as

much

Remove now

things.

sum given

as the

as

all

to (99)

woman had

thing, since the

bequeath one-third of

and twice

left;t

much

which the husband

the gift to her

is

two

the ninety-three and one-third,

from two-thirds of thing, and add these to the two

Then you have

things.

third equal to two things

three-eighths of

it,

ninety-three dirhems and one-

and two- thirds. One thing

namely, as

much

is

as three-eighths

of the ninety-three and one- third, that

thirty- five

is,

dirhems.
If the question

is

the same, with this exception only,

that the wife has ten dirhems of debts,

and

that she

bequeaths one-third of her capital ; then the Computar

* In

other cases, as appears from pages 92 and 93, a

husband

inherits one-fourth of the residue of his wife's es-

after

tate,

bequeathed.

deducting the legacies which she

But

in

this instance

If she die in debt, the debt

sidue.

may have

he inherits half the reis first

to

be deducted

from her property, at least to the extent of her dowry (see

the next problem.)

f
third

When
is

the husband makes a bequest to a stranger, the

reduced to one-sixth.

Vide

p. 137.

tion

as follows :^

is

136

Give to the wife the ten dirhems of

her dowry, so that there remain ninety dirhems, out of

which she bequeaths a legacy.

thing

At

there remain ninety less thing.

woman

of the

Call the gift to her

is

the disposal

From

therefore ten plus thing.

this

her debts must be subtracted, which are ten dirhems.

She

Of

retains then only thing.

this she

one-third, namely, one-third of thing

two-thirds of thing.

inheritance

The

heirs

Of

the moiety,

namely, one-third of thing.

of the husband obtain,

as the gift to her,

Reduce

things.

this,

there remains

the husband receives by

this

dirhems, less two-thirds of thing

much

bequeaths

therefore, ninety

and

this is twice as

which was thing

that

is,

two

by removing the two-thirds of

thing from ninety, and adding them to two things.

Then you have

ninety dirhems, equal to two things

and two- thirds.

One

that

which

thing

to say, thirty-three

is

is

three-eighths of this;

is

dirhems and three-fourths,

the gift (to the wife).

If he has married her, paying (a marriage settle-

* The same things being assumed as

s

- [fZ-fx]

remains with the husband

debts of the wife

in the last

d goes

and | reverts from the wife

to

example,

pay the

to the hus-

band.
.'.

.-.

if

5=

d-^x-2x

100, and

d= lo, x='33|

reverts to her husband;

The husband's

.'.

^[s-'d]x
;

she bequeaths iij; iij

and her other heirs receive iii.

heirs receive 2x

= 67^.

137

ment of one hundred dirhems, her dowry being ten (100)

dirhems, and he bequeaths to some person one-third ot
his

property; then the computation

the

woman

her dowry, that

main ninety dirhems.

ten dirhems

is,

Herefrom pay the

receive one-third, thing

who

* This case

to

is

divided

is

distinguished from that in page 133

is

two circumstances

any bequest

for the one-third

first,

woman

that the

to

there re-

gift to her,

then pay likewise to the legatee

thing;

Pay

this:^

is

by

does not make

second, that the husband bequeaths one-third

of his property.

Suppose the husband not

woman had

since the

to

any bequest, ^ [c?+x] reverts

amount goes
.'.

[d^x]

to her

Then,

husband

make

and the

like

to her other heirs.

-[d-\-x]-\-l[d-^a:]=2x

and since
^

make any bequest.

at her disposal d-^-x, but did not

5=

100, and

= 24 reverts

to her other heirs

rf= 10

to the

= -^[2s d]
a;=38; d-\-x = 4.S;
.*.

husband, and the

and 2x^'j6, belongs

like

sum goes

the husband's

to

heirs.

Now

suppose the husband to bequeath one-third of his

property.

The law here

of bequeathing

disposal of the wife, the

of the husband

interferes with the testator's right

and provides that whatever sum

same sum

and that the sum

husband's heirs shall be twice the

and wife together may dispose

.*.

...

^[2s-d]=x;

d'\-x=2'j^^
the like

to

at the

is

be at the disposal

shall

be retained by the

sum which

the husband

of.

^[d+x] x=z4x

if 5

= 100,

andfl?=lo

a:

= iy\o = i7^;

I [d'\-x]z=i^-^j reverts to the husband,

sum goes

to the other heirs

what the husband bequeaths

husband's heirs.

and

of the
69-3I3-

woman

= 4x

and

7^^

is

goes to the

138

into two moieties between them^ since the wife cannot

take any thing, unless the husband takes the

Therefore

give, likewise, to the legatee

Then

one-third, thing.

and half a

husband ninety-five
is

woman

There remains

thing.

Reduce

thing and a half, and adding

There remain

moieties;

all

moieties

and one thing

dirhems and

have

dirhems

for the heirs of the

to the

it

which

half,

by removing one

this,

four things.

ninety-five, equal to five things

Make them

half.

is five

one thing and a

less

equal to four things.

same.

to

is

return to the heirs of the hus-

His inheritance from the

band.

who

will

three-elevenths,

and a

there will be eleven

be equal to seventeen

and

this

will

be the

legacy.

"

A man has

married a wife paying (a marriage

set-

tlement of) one hundred dirhems, her dowry being ten

dirhems; and she dies before him, leaving ten dirhems,

and bequeathing one-third of her

the husband

dies, leaving

capital; afterwards

one hundred and twenty

dir-

hems, and bequeathing to some person one-third of his

Computation

capital/'

* Let

r*

Give to the wife her dowry,

be the property which the wife leaves, besides d

the dowry, and x the gift from the husband.

[c

+ G?+a;];

[c-f fl?+a:]
5,

out of which must be paid the dowry,

wife,

She bequeaths

goes to her husband; and

J
^
to her other heirs.
The husband leaves property
[c-|-rf-{-^]

and the bequest he makes

his heirs receive

d',

the gift to the

to the stranger,

from the wife's heirs \

[c-\'d-\-x]

and

139

namely, ten dirhems; then one hundred and ten dirhems

remain for the heirs of the husband.

gift to the wife is thing,

so that

hundred and ten dirhems

of the

woman

From

these the (101)

remain one

there

and the

heirs

obtain twenty dirhems plus thing.

She

bequeaths one- third of

less

thing;

namely, six dirhems and

this,

and one-third of thing. The moiety of the

two-thirds,

residue, namely, six dirhems

and two-thirds plus one-

third of thing, returns to the heirs of the husband

hundred and sixteen and two-thirds,

that one

come

thirds of thing,

which

this,

is

so

two-

He

has be-

thing.

There

into their hands.

queathed one-third of

less

remain, therefore, one hundred and sixteen dirhems

and two-thirds
twice

is

added

as

to

less

much

his

as the husband's gift to

this,

this

the wife

namely, four

legacy to the stranger,

Reduce

things.

one thing and two-thirds, and

and you find one hundred and

sixteen dirhems and two-thirds, equal to five things

and

Consequently one thing

two-thirds.

d2x+^[c-{-d+x]= 4x,

is

equal to

according to the law of inhe-

ritance.
.%

ss

= 31+^-2^
ci=:io, and 0?= 10, x = ^^z=20\^
= 40i:?; J [c-^d+x] = i3t^t

+ c-2d=i^x,

and

3:

'

If

5=120,

c+rf-f a;

The

wife bequeaths

3^7^

3-ff

go

to her

husband, and

13^9^ to her other heirs.

The husband bequeaths

same sum

to the wife

and

to the stranger

4x= 82j\

go

2oif he gives the

;

to his heirs.

140

twenty dirhems and ten-seventeenths

and

this

is

the

legacy.

On Emancipation
" Suppose that a
cipate two slaves

man on

his death-bed

a daughter and property

You

slaves dies,

to a greater

leaving

amount than

his

take two-thirds of his price, and what the

order to complete his

other slave has to return (in

(102) ransom).

were to eman-

the master himself leaving a son and

Then one of the two

a daughter.

price.^"

in Illness.

If the slave die before the master, then the

son and the daughter of the latter partake of the heritage, in such proportion, that the son receives as

as the

after the master, then

and what

But

two daughters together.

From

is

if

much

the slave die

you take two-thirds of his value

returned by the other slave, and distribute

the property of the slave,

ducted and paid to the master's

who

dies, is to

the original cost of that slave, and secondly what

to complete the

ransom of the other

of these two sums

be de-

heirs, first, two-thirds

slave.

of

is

wanting

Call the

amount

and the property which the slave

leaves .

Next, as to the residue of the

First. If the

slave

slaves'

property

son takes J [^^-rf; the master's daughter

the slave's daughter

dies before the master, the master's

[/?]

:J-

[<-7?],

and

Second. If the slave dies after the master

the master's

and the master's daughter ^p and then

the master's son takes J [/>] and the slave's daughter
son

is

to receive

f p,

141

it

between the son and the daughter (of the master),

such a manner, that the son receives twice as

the daughter

and what then remains (from the

tage of the slave)

in

much

as

heri-

for the son alone, exclusive of the

is

daughter; for the moiety of the heritage of the slave

descends to the daughter of the slave, and the other
moiety, according to the law of succession, to the son

of the master, and there

is

nothing for the daughter (of

the master).
It

is

man on

the same, if a

a slave, besides

whom

his

death-bed emancipates

he has no

capital,

and then the

slave dies before his master.

If a

whom

man

in his illness

emancipates a slave, besides

he possesses nothing, then that slave must ran-

som himself by

two-thirds of his price. If the master has

anticipated these two-thirds of his price and has spent

them, then, upon the death of the master, the slave

must pay two- thirds of what he

But

retains.^

the

if

master has anticipated from him his whole price and

spent

it,

then there

he has already paid

is

no claim against the

slave, since

his entire price.

" Suppose that a man on

a slave, whose price

is

his death-bed emancipates

three hundred dirhems, not

having any property besides ; then the slave

dies, leav-

ing three hundred dirhems and a daughter."

* The

slave

must redeem

retains one-third of his price

at two-thirds of

of his original price.

its

value

namely

and
at

The

this 4ie

fx^

=|

142

this :* Call the legacy to the slave thing.

computation is

He

has to return the remainder of his price, after the

deduction of the legacy, or three hundred

This ransom, of three

Now the

the master.

hundred

and leaves thing and a

slave dies,

(103) daughter. She must receive the moiety of

one half of thing

less thing.

belongs to

less thing,

this,

and the master receives

namely,

as

much.

Therefore the heirs of the master receive three hundred

less half

a thing, and this

gacy, which

much

twice as

is

Reduce

thing, namely, two things.

is

as the lethis

by removing half a thing from the three hundred, and

adding

to the

it

two

Then you have

things.

hundred, equal to two things and a

is,

therefore, as

* Let the

of,

cc

by

law, to

slave's daughter.

be a

to the

the net property

cc+x a,

is

the master; and

The

the property which

Then

x.

which the slave dies possessed of

belongs,

thing

what the master bequeaths

emancipating him,

in

One

half.

as two-fifths of three hundred,

slave's original cost

he dies possessed
slave,

much

three

\[ot-\-x

^[a+a:-a]

a\

to the

master's heirs, therefore, receive the

ransom, a a;, and the inheritance, J [ct+or a]; that is,

J [i-|-fl a;]; and on the same principle as the slave, when
emancipated,

is

where

1 is

If,

share

is

that 2

are to

be taken,

given.
.*.

The
The

allowed to ransom himself at two-thirds of

law of the case

his cost, the

^Icc-^-ax^^^ix

.*.

0;

;^

[eft-i.

daughter's share of the inheritance

master's heirs receive

a]

= J[3it--2a]
|.

= a,

= fa;

as in

the example,

= \a

the heirs of the master receive fa.

a,

j;

[^-j-

a\

the daughter's

143

namely, one hundred and twenty.

(to the slave,)

"

then

the legacy

is

and the ransom is one hundred and eighty.

Some person on
whose price

slave,

This

his sick-bed has

emancipated a

three hundred dirhems; the slave

is

dies, leaving four

hundred dirhems and ten

dir-

hems of debt, and two daughters, and bequeathing

a person one -third of his capital

The computation

dirhems debts."

to

the master has twenty

of this case

is

the

following:* Call the legacy to the slave thing; his ran-

som
dred

the remainder of his price, namely,

is

But the

less thing.

hundred dirhems; and out of

namely,

* Let the

slave's

possessed

He

hundred

three

original

of

left

four

sum, his ransom,

this

thing,

less

is

paid to the

cost=a; the property he

the debt he

leaves two daughters,

three hun-

when dying,

slave,

dies

owes^g

and bequeaths

to a stranger one-

third of his capital.

The master owes

c6

= 400;

debts to the

= io;

amount

where a -300;

^it;

f^=20.

Let what the master gives

to the slave,

in

emancipating

him =x.
Slave's

ransom = a a:;

eC'{-X

Slave's property

Legacy
Residue

The

slave's

master,

ransom debt =fl6-|-a; a

a

[x+x
a
=f

to stranger z=^[c6-\-x

and each daughter,

are,

^g\ax]+%

[oii],

by

law, severally

i]

master's heirs receive altogether

or

g]

g]

entitled to^x^{x-\-x-a

The

property slave's ransom =

a;

-\-^[x-\-x-a^i]

which, on the principle that 2

144

master, so that one hundred dirhems and thing re-

main

in the

(first)

hands of the
the

subtracted

there remain then

this

debts,

ninety

namely,

dirhems;

ten

Of

dirhems and thing.

he has bequeathed one- third, that

hems and

Herefrom are

slave's heirs.

is,

thirty dir-

one- third of thing; so that there remain for

the heirs sixty dirhems and two-thirds of thing.

this

the

Of

two daughters receive two- thirds, namely,

forty dirhems

and four-ninths of thing, and the master

(104) receives twenty dirhems

and two-ninths of

thing, so

that the heirs of the master obtain three hundred and

twenty dirhems

Iqss

Of this

seven-ninths of thing.

the

debts of the master must be deducted, namely, twenty

dirhems; there remain then three hundred dirhems less

are to be taken for

given, ought to be

made

equal

to 2X,

But the author

.-.

Hence

directs that the equation for determining

.r

= J3- [7a+2

x be

=108

[cci]-gu]

the slave receives, the debts which he owes,

=10

+ the legacy to the stranger -^-g[Q[ui]--6aSf^]=

+ the inheritance of st daughter ^Vl^[^~ 4 a 2^] =
+ theinheritanceof 2ddaughter= J3.[6[; 4a 2^]=
1

66

^1

44

e]

44

Total r; 2V[2 1 ^ + 4s

4 7^14] = 1 64

And the master takes ^-\-2x=-^[4.cc4.i+i4.ajfA'j = 2^6

Had the slave died possessed of no property whatever, his
ransom would have been 200.
His ransom, here

stated,

exclusive of the

master inherits from him, or

x,

sum which

192.

the

11^

seven-ninths of thing

and

sum

this

is

twice as

the legacy of the slave, which was thing; or,

Reduce

two things.

to

much

as

equal

it is

by removing the seven-

this,

ninths of thing, and adding them to two things ; there

remain three hundred, equal to two things and seven-

One

ninths.

eight hundred,
so

much
If,

on

whom

is

is

as

much

which

is

one hundred and eight

thing

as nine twenty-fifths of

and

the legacy to the slave.

he emancipates two

his sick-bed,

slaves, besides

he has no property, the price of each of them

being three hundred dirhems

the master having anti-

cipated and spent two-thirds of the price of one of

them before he

Were

dies;^ then only one-third of the price

there the

first

slave only,

who has

paid off two-

of his original cost, the master having spent the

thirds

money, that slave would have

to

complete his ransom by

paying two-ninths of his original cost, that

66^

is

(see

page

141).

Were

there the second slave only,

who has

paid off none

of his original cost, he would have to ransom himself at twothirds of his cost; that

The

is

by paying 200 (see

also

page 141).

master's heirs, in the case described in the text, are

entitled to receive the

jointly, viz.

o.SG^, as

same amount from the two

slaves

they would be entitled to receive,

according to the rule of page 141, from the two slaves, separately

but the payment of the sum

the slave

who

is

differently distributed;

has paid two-thirds of his ransom being required

to pay one- ninth only of his original cost;

who has paid no ransom, being

his own cost, and one-ninth of

and the slave

required to pay two-thirds of

the cost of the

first

slave.

146

of this slave,

who

has already paid off a part of his

ransom, belongs to the master

capital

and thus the master's

the entire price of the one

is

who

has paid off

nothing of his ransom, and one- third of the price of

the other

who has paid part of

it

hundred

dirhems

three

hems:

other

the

one-third of the amount,

the latter

among them

receives sixty-six dirhems

slave,

who has

dir-

namely, one hun-

dred and thirty-three dirhems and one third,

into two moieties

one

is

hundred

is

divided

so that each of

them

The

and two-thirds.

first

ran-

already paid two-thirds of his

som, pays thirty-three dirhems and

one-third;

for

(\0^) sixty-six dirhems and two- thirds out of the hundred

belong to himself as a legacy, and what remains of

the hundred he must return.
to return

The second

slave has

two hundred and thirty-three dirhems and

one-third.

" Suppose that a man, in his

slaves, the price

illness,

emancipates two

of one of them being three hundred

dirhems, and that of the other five hundred dirhems

the one for three hundred dirhems dies, leaving a

daughter; then the master

likewise

and the

one ransom himself?"*

first

his cost b.

amount

With how much must

The computation

slave

perty he dies possessed of u

and

a daughter

slave leaves property to the

of four hundred dirhems.

* Let A. be the

dies, leaving

is this:

his original cost a

and

let B.

every
Call

the pro-

be the second slave


147

the legacy to the

whose price

first slave,

His ransom

dred dirhems, thing.

dirhems

The

less thing.

and

ransom

his

thing and two- thirds

three hun-

three hundred

is

legacy to the second slave of

a price of five hundred dirhems

thirds,

is

five

one thing and two-

is

hundred dirhems

{viz. his

thirds times the price of the first slave,

less

one

and two-

price being one

whose ransom

was thing, he must pay one thing and two-thirds for

Let X be that which the master gives

to

A.

in

emanci-

pating him.
A.'s
is

ransom

ax; and

is

his property,

minus his ransom,

[xa+x], and

the master's heirs

a-{-x,

A.'s daughter receives J

receive I [xa-{-x]

Hence

the master receives altogether from A.,

axi-^ [* +^] = 5
B.'s

ransom

is

>

The
^[cf{-a

master's

receive from

heirs

+ 2b] [a + 2h]x;

to twice

the

[x

+ a^x.]

and

amount of the

A. and B. together

this is

legacies to

to be

made

equal

A. and

B., that

^^-^q^'

=293^

is,

i[x^a + 2b]^/^a + 2b]x=2-x

The

master's heirs receive from A.,

A.'s daughter receives

The legacy
,

4a 4-46

The

to

B.

is

b ^

Z,,

=8oox 4^3%^o = io6

=i88;

his

ransom

is

-a
master's

heirs

^[ + *]"S-'-604^^
5a+66

[a+ij ^i"

receive

from A. and B. together

14.8

his

Now

ransom).

the slave for three

hundred dirhems

and leaves four hundred dirhems.

dies,

his

ransom

less

thing

and

this

namely, three hundred dirhems

paid,

is

Out of

in the

hands of

remain one

his heirs

hundred dirhems plus thing: his daughter receives the

moiety of

namely,

this,

fifty

and what remains belongs

namely,

dirhems

fifty

to the

three

hundred

dirhems

to the heirs of the master,

and half a

and

fifty

less

less

one thing and two-thirds

eight

less

twice as

much

as the

fifty

Make

and a half

is

sum

is

Add

is five

hundred

thus, the heirs

hundred and

and

fifty

this

is

two legacies together, which were

two things and two- thirds.

hundred and

This

thing.

two things and one-sixth

dirhems

the

half a

ransom of the other, which

(106) of the master have obtained

eight

thing.

three hundred less thing

added

thereto the

dirhems and half a thing;

Reduce

this,

and you have

dirhems, equal to seven things

the equation

one thing

will

be

equal to one hundred and thirteen dirhems and one-

This

third.

is

the legacy to the slave, whose price

three hundred dirhems.

is

The

is

legacy to the other slave

one and two- thirds times as much, namely, one

hundred and eighty-eight dirhems and eight-ninths,

and

his

ransom three hundred and eleven dirhems and

one-ninth.

" Suppose that a man in

slaves, the price

hems

his illness emancipates

of each of whom

then one of them

is

two

three hundred dir-

dies, leaving

five

dirhems and a daughter; the master having

hundred

left

a son."

149

Computation

:*

Call the legacy to each of them thing;

the ransom of each will be three hundred less thing;

then take the inheritance of the deceased slave, which

is

^ve hundred dirhems, and subtract

is

three hundred less thing

ransom, which

the remainder of his inhe-

hundred plus

ritance will be two

his

Of this, one

thing.

hundred dirhems and half a thing return

to the

master

by the law of succession, so that now altogether four

hundred dirhems

Take

the master's heirs.

ransom of the other

also the

three hundred dirhems

namely,

slave,

a half thing are in the hands of

less

less

thing;

then the heirs of the master obtain seven hundred dir-

* The

first

slave

is

A.

his cost a

his property

he

leaves a daughter.

The second slave

Then (as in page
and

is

R.

147)

his cost b.

x=a

The daughter

receives
sceives \a-\-b\
[a+b]

la

The master
and
2 [

+ *]
if

receives from A.

master

the

But

receives

from

^-^

[a-\-a.-\-h']-\-Z "-h

^a4-Qb

A. and

i^
=0

The
The master receives from A
The master receives from B
The master receives from A and

B.

together

x=^ [ft+3a]=i27T\

^ [3*^ = 163^
^ + 4a] 336^
^ [8a = 172^
2a]

daughter receives

If

to the daughter;

J [-a+a:] goes

_|__|_26

=;

[5^^

B.

. .

^-^

[*+ 3a] 509t4:

5=0,

The daughter receives ^ [3* 2fl]

The master
| [+J, as

in

page 142.

150

hems

much

one thing and a

less

as the

sum

and

half,

this is twice as

of the two legacies of both,

namely

(107) two things, consequently as much as four things.

move from

Re-

the one thing and a half: you find

this

seven hundred dirhems, equal to five things and a half.

Make

One

the equation.

thing will be one hundred

and twenty-seven dirhems and three-elevenths.

" Suppose that a man
slave,

whose price

is

three

in his illness emancipate a

hundred dirhems, but who

has already paid off to his master two hundred dirhems,

which the

latter

has spent

then the slave dies before

the death of the master, leaving a daughter and three

hundred dirhems."* Computation

left

by the

slave,

Take

the property

namely, the three hundred, and add

thereto the two hundred, which the master has spent

this together

makes

from

ransom, which

this the

five

hundred dirhems.

daughter.

His cost

the master has spent

is a,
;

three hundred less thing

is

* The slave A. dies before

Subtract

his master,

and leaves a

of which he has redeemed d, which

and he leaves property

Then the daughter receives

The master receives altogether
The master's heirs receive. ...
.

And ^[u'-a + aa:] = 2x

oc.

\ [oc-\-da-\-x]

J [cc-\-a+ax]
J

[ci^d-\-ax]

.*.

a:

= ^[cia-{-a]

Hence the daughter receives ^ [^ei-^-ii a 2a]=z 140

The master's heirs
J [201 id + 2a] = 160
The master receives, in toto, \ [2a + 3 + 2a] = 360
If the slave

the

daughter

had not advanced, or the master had not spent ,

would have received ^[sct-\-^d-2a] = i8o

and the master would have received [2c6-f2^-f 2a] = 320.

J

151

(since his legacy

is

thing)

dirhems plus thing.

of

this,

there remain two hundred

The daughter

receives the moiety

namely, one hundred dirhems plus half a thing;

the other moiety, according to the laws of inheritance,

returns to the heirs of the master,

being likewise one

hundred dirhems and half a

Of the

dred dirhems

dirhems

less

thing.

three hun-

thing there remain only one hundred

thing for the heirs of the master, since

less

two hundred are spent already.

After the deduction

of these two hundred which are spent,

there remain

with the heirs two hundred dirhems less half thing, and
this is

equal to the legacy of the slave taken twice; or

the moiety of
is

it,

one hundred

less

one-fourth of thing,

equal to the legacy of the slave, which

move from

this the one-fourth

one hundred dirhems, equal

One

fourth.

thing

This

dirhems.

is

is

of thing
to

four-fifths

the legacy

is

Re-

thing.

then you have

one thing and oneof

namely, eighty

it,

and the ransom

is

two

hundred and twenty dirhems. Add the inheritance of the

slave,

which

is

three hundred, to two hundred, which (108)

are spent by the master.

The master

dirhems.

The sum

is

five

hundred

has received the ransom of two

hundred and twenty dirhems

and the moiety of the

remaining two hundred and eighty, namely, one hun-

dred and

forty, is for the daughter.

the inheritance of the slave, which

Take
is

three

these from

hundred

there remain for the heirs one hundred and sixty dir-

hems, and
slave,

this is twice as

which was thing.

much

as the legacy of the

152

man

" Suppose that a

slave,

whose price

is

three hundred dirhems, but

has already advanced to the master

hems;
ter,

mas-

Take

the inheritance of the slave, which

this

The moiety of this belongs

hundred dirhems plus half a

from the property

* A.'s price

is

three hun-

There remain therefore twelve hundred

less thing.

six

is

hundred, which the

five

The ransom from

master has spent.

phis thing.

Com-

has two hundred dirhems debts."*

one thousand dirhems, and the

it

dir-

and leaves one thousand dirhems and a daughter.

putation

it is

who

hundred

five

then the slave dies before the death of his

The master

dred

emancipates a

in his illness

is

leaves property u.

he has advanced

daughter

Subtract

thing.

by the slave, which was one

left

He

to the

to his

dies before his master,

master a

he

and leaves a

daughter.

The

master's debts are

emancipated

ax

is

a:

A.

is vi'hat

the ransom

receives, in being

J ^ci-]-d

a-\-a:]

is

what

the daughter receives.

Then et^[u-^da-\-x]
and

[cc-l-da-^x]^^

is

what remains

is

to the

what remains

be made equal
Whence x=^[u'i-ad2fA]

paying his debts

and

this is to

master

to him, after
to 2x,

Hence the daughter receives

^[3:d 2a-|-2a ^] = 640
The mother receives, 1
r
i
i[2+2a-2a+f.] = 36o
inclusive of the debt)
The master receives, 1
r
r
t
i[2u + [2a-2a-4^] = ibo
'exclusive of the debt I
If the mode given in page 142 had been followed, it
i

would have given x l[ci-{-a + a 2ft,]

and the daughter's portion-i [3^ 2a + 3rt- it4]-740.

/-

/:

153

thousand dirhems: there remain four hundred dirhenis

Subtract herefrom the debts of the

less half thing.

master, namely, two hundred dirhems

two hundred dirhems

Reduce

this,

is

thing

or equal to two

by means of the half thing. Then

you have two hundred dirhems, equal

and a

Make the

half.

left

by the

slave to the
:

this

is

two things

find

one thing,

Add now

sum which he

fifteen

Subtract the ransom, which

and twenty dirhems

to

this is the legacy.

advanced to the master

hems.

You

equation.

equal to eighty dirhems

the property

there remain

half thing, which are equal to

less

the legacy taken twice, which

things.

hundred

two hundred

is

there remain twelve hundred

eighty dirhems, of which

the

from the inheritance of the

one thousand dirhems

and

there

slave,

Sub-

which

is

remain three hundred

Subtract from this the debts of the

sixty dirhems.

two hundred dirhems

master, namely,

and

daughter receives the

moiety, namely, six hundred and forty dirhems.

tract this

has (109)
dir-

there remain

then one hundred and sixty dirhems for the heirs of the
master, and this
slave,

much

as the legacy of the

which was thing.

" Suppose
slave,

twice as

is

that a

whose price

man on

is five

his sick-bed emancipates a

hundred dirhems, but who has

already paid off to him six hundred dirhems.

ter has spent this

The mas-

sum, and has moreover three hun-

dred dirhems of debts.

Now

mother and

and property

his master,

seventeen hundred and

fifty

the slave dies, leaving his

to the

amount of

dirhems, with two hundred

154

dirhems debts." Computation:* Take the property

by the

slave,

namely, seventeen hundred and

hems, and add to

what he has advanced

it

thousand three hundred and

from

to the

is

since the legacy

is

thing,

hundred and

sixteen

fifty

dirhems.

fifty

five

and the

dirhems plus thing.

less

five

Subtract

The
hun-

now

which are two hundred dirhems,

debts,

from the actual inheritance of the

seventeen hundred and

fifty

slave,

which

is

there remain one thou-

(110) sand dirhems less one -third of thing.

Subtract from

debts of the master, namely, three hundred

this the

* A. dies before his master, and leaves a mother.

was a; he has redeemed

price

two

Subtract

hundred dirhems

plus one-third of thing.

fifty

mas-

thing; there remain then

mother receives herefrom one-third, namely,

dred and

is

which are two hundred dirhems,

this the debts,

and the ransom, which

this

fifty dir-

namely, six hundred dirhems; the sum

ter,

left

The property he
The master owes debts f^,

spent.

leaves

^,

His

which the master has

is

He

owes debts

g.

^ [u-^aa-\-x 6] is the mother's,

o a-fjg]- 8 is the master's.

fit ^[d-f

[ec -\-

^a +

a:

'-

1]

i fA 2x =:the

master's, after

paying his debts.

Hence
Mother's
Master's, without

Mother's, with

A.

+ a ^ 2g 3jtt]=30O
=zi\ [^u 2a-\-2a^i^] 650
^ [4-|-2fl 2^ 4g 6jei]z26oo
r=-iJ-[4<+2a 2^ 4+|i4] = 900
850.
=z\ [3* 2a-|-2^-|-4g
xz=.\ [2u

^t

...

receives, inclusive of

/t*]

dirhems

there

This

one-third of thing.

is

hundred and

one-sixth of thing

is

twice as

much

Reduce

by means of the

this,

then you have three hundred and

One

thing

be equal to six-sevenths of the three hundred

will then

namely, three hundred dirhems

fifty,

Add now

legacy.

then

one-sixth of thing are

less

equal to one thing and one-sixth.

fifty,

less

as the legacy

Take the moiety

thing.

fifty

equal to one thing.

and

remain seven hundred dirhems

of the slave, which

three

155

the property

left

this is the

by the slave

what the master has spent already; the sum

thousand three hundred and

fifty

dirhems.

is

to

two

Subtract

herefrom the debts, namely, two hundred dirhems, and

subtract also the ratisom, which

of the slave

less

is

the legacy, that

as
is,

much

as the price

two hundred dir-

hems; there remain nineteen hundred and fifty dirhems.

The mother
hundred and

receives

dirhems.

fifty

debts, which are two

perty actually

left

hundred and

fifty

dred dirhems.

one- third of

this,

namely, six

Subtract this and the

hundred dirhems, from the pro-

by the

slave,

which was seventeen

dirhems; there remain nine hun-

Subtract from this the debts of the

master, which are three hundred dirhems; there re-

main

six

hundred dirhems, which

is

twice as

much

as

the legacy.

" Suppose that some one in his

whose price

slave,

is

emancipates a

three hundred dirhems: then the

slave dies, leaving a daughter

hems

illness

and three hundred

dir-

then the daughter dies, leaving her husband and

156

three hundred dirhems; then the master

Take

putation:^

the property

left

by the

^lies."

slave,

Com-

which

is

three hundred dirhems, and subtract the ransom, which

(111)

is

three hundred less thing

there remains thing, one

half of which belongs to the daughter, while the other

Add

half returns to the master.

daughter, which

which

hems plus half a

;

half one thing, to her inheritance,

three hundred

is

of this

is

thing.

the

sum

fifty

the moiety

dirhems plus one-fourth of thing.

All that the master has received

dred and

is

is

therefore four hun-

less one-fourth of thing ; and this

fifty

much as

* A.

three hundred dir-

is

The husband receives

the other moiety returns to the master, namely

one hundred and

as

the portion of the

the legacy ; or the moiet^ of

it is

emancipated by his master, and then

who

a daughter,

dies, leaving

a husband.

as

is

twice

much

as

dies, leaving

Then the master

dies.

A.'s

prices a; his property

What he

a.

receives from

the master =^.

The

daughter's property

A.'s

ransom = a

and ^

=^

The daughter

inherits J [cj a

a + goes to the master.

P+2 ['*'~^+^]] goes to the daughter's

-a:.

o;]

and

-J

[^+i [^-+a;]]

Hence, according

husband

to the master.

to the author,

we

are to

make

a + i[ a+a?]+iP+J[~a+^]] = 2x
a;

.%

a:

-^ [3ot-|-a

-j-

2^]

Daughter's share =^[6e^.40-}-^]

Husband's
Master's

- 200
zz

100

=i [S'* - 2a + 5^] = 200

=:^ [2^ + 6a + 4^] - 400.

or],

15'r

the legacy

dirhems

duce

namely, two hundred and twenty -five

itself,

less

one- eighth thing are equal to thing.

Re-

by means of one-eighth of thing, which you

this

add

to thing; then

five

dirhems, equal to one thing and one-eighth.

you have two hundred and twenty-

the equation: one thing

is

much

as

as

Make

eight-ninths

of two hundred and twenty-five, namely, two hundred

dirhems.

" Suppose that some one in

slave,

his illness emancipates a

of the price of three hundred dirhems ; the slave

dies, leaving five

hundred dirhems and a daughter, and

bequeathing one-third of his property

third of her property,

then the daugh-

and bequeathing one-

her mother,

ter dies, leaving

and leaving three hundred

hems." Computation:^ Subtract from the property

* A.

is

emancipated, and

dies, leaving

dirleft

a daughter, and

bequeathing one-third of his property to a stranger.

The daughter

dies, leaving

a mother, and bequeathing

one-third of her property to a stranger.

A.*s price

is

his property

The

daughter's property

A.'s

ransom

ax\

is

is

is ^.

u a-^x

is

his property, clear of

ransom.

[tfs a

+ a]

A.'s daughter,

goes to the stranger; and the like amount to

and

[3^+ fl+^]
^[35-j-<* a+a:]
3

to the master.
is

the property

is

the

left

by the daughter.

bequest of the daughter to a

stranger.

[2i^-{-ua-\-x]
viz,

is

the residue, of which ^d,

[35-l-< a+j:]

^\
and 2T [3^ + * -}-^]

is
is

the mother's,

the master's

158

by the slave his ransom, which

hems

is

three hundred dir-

thing; there remain two hundred dirhems

less

plus thing.
perty, that

He
is,

has bequeathed one-third of his pro-

dirhems and two-thirds plus

sixty-six

one-third of thing.

According

to the

law of succession,

(112) sixty-six dirhems and two-thirds and one-third of thing

belong to the master, and as

Add

this

to the property left

hundred dirhems
six

much

the

sum

is

to the daughter.

by her, which

is

three

three hundred and sixty-

dirhems and two-thirds and one-third of thing.

She has bequeathed one-third of her property, that

is,

one hundred and twenty-two dirhems and two-ninths

and one-ninth of thing

and there remain two hundred

and forty-four dirhems and four-ninths and two-ninths

of thing.

The mother

receives

one-third

of

this,

namely, eighty- one dirhems and four-ninths and onethird of one-ninth of a

ninth of thing.
it is

dirhem plus two-thirds of one-

The remainder

returns to the master

a hundred and sixty- two dirhems and eight-ninths

and two-thirds of one-ninth of a dirhem plus one-ninth

and one-third of one-ninth of thing,

as his share of the

heritage.

Hence, according

to the author,

we are

to

make

a a:+J [at a-f j;]-{-^[3^4-<*-a-f-x] = 2a;

Therefore
^=-h [i 3<* + 14 + 1 2^J = 2 I0y5_
The daughter's share. --^^ [2701 18a 4-4^] = 136^4.

The daughter's bequest = ^^ [gM 6a-\- 24^] = 145^

The mother's share .... =/^ [3< 2a-f-8^] 97^^
The master's
=^2^ [i3ct-t-i4rt-hi25] = 420|^.

159

Thus

the master's heirs have obtained five

hundred

and twenty-nine dirhems and seventeen twenty-sevenths

of a dirhem

less

four-ninths and one-third of one-ninth

of thing ; and this

is

Halve

thing.

it

twice as

is

much as the

legacy, which

You have two hundred and

sixty-

four dirhems and twenty-two twenty-sevenths of a dir-

hem,

less

Reduce

seven twenty-sevenths of thing.

by (113)

it

means of the seven twenty- sevenths which you add

to

This gives one hundred and sixty-four

the one thing.

dirhems and twenty-two twenty-sevenths, equal to one

Make

thing and seven twenty-sevenths of thing.

equation, and adjust
tracting from

it

as

Then one

same.

ten dirhems

it

to

much
thing

the

one single thing, by sub-

as seven thirty-fourths of the

is

equal to two hundred and

and five-seventeenths; and

this is

the

legacy.
*'

Suppose that a man

slave,

to

whose price

is

in his illness emancipates a

one hundred dirhems, and makes

some one a present* of a

five

slave-girl,

whose price

is

hundred dirhems, her dowry being one hundred

dirhems, and the receiver cohabits with her."

Hanifah says

The emancipation

tant act, and must

Computation

:*

first

Take

* The price of the

receives

If her

be attended

is

ec,

the

more impor-

to.

the price of the girl, which

slave-girl

on being emancipated

dowry

is

Abu

x,

being a

her ransom

is

and what she

is

he that receives her, takes

ax.
u,

+ x.

160

five

hundred dirhems

the slave

is

He

and remember

one hundred dirhems.

that the price of

Call the legacy of

The emancipation

the donee thing.

price

of the slave, whose

one hundred dirhems, has already taken place.

is

Add

has bequeathed one thing to the donee.

dowry, which
thing.

Then in

dirhems

less

twice as

much

moiety of it

one hundred dirhems

is

the hands of the heirs are six hundred

one thing and

is

as

the

less one-fifth

one-fifth of thing.

This

one hundred dirhems and thing

is

the

equal to the legacy of the two, namely,

Reduce

three hundred less three-fifths of thing.

by removing the

three-fifths of thing

dred, and add the

same

one thing.

to

This gives three

hundred dirhems, equal to one thing and

one hundred dirhems.

Hence, according

Subtract

to the author,

axQ.

[_cc-\-x~\

whence

three-fifths

now from

we

this

from three hun-

arc to

and

three hun-

make

~
3

And
But

her ransom
if

is

[ + ]

a male slave be at the same time emancipated by

the master, the donee must pay the ransom of that slave.
If his price was

b,

Hence, according
of the two ransoms,
.-.

is

his

ransom.

to the author,
viz.

aX'{-b

a+6-2^=[3+^]

we

...

are to

make

the

sum

j;=^2[+x]

x = a "-i=|-^=i25

The donee pays ransom, in respect of the slave-girl {a -x) - 375

and he pays ransom for the male slave

b~ x 75.

161

dred the one hundred, on account of the other one

There remain two hundred dirhems, equal

hundred.
to

one thing and

One

this.

Make

three-fifths.

the equation with

thing will be five-eighths of what you have

take therefore five-eighths of two hundred.

hundred and

This

twenty-five.

whom

legacy to the person to

thing;

is

It is

one

is

the

it

he had presented the

girl.

" Suppose that a

man emancipates a

slave of a price

of one hundi-ed dirhems, and makes to some person a

present of a slave girl of the price of five hundred dir-

hems, her dowry being one hundred dirhems; the donee

cohabits with her, and the donor bequeaths to

some

other person one-third of his property." According to

the decision of

Abu

Hanifah, no more than one-third

can be taken from the

this one-third

is

to

first

owner of the

slave-girl

and

be divided into two equal parts be-

tween the legatee and the donee. Computation:^ Take

the price of the

The
five

girl,

which

legacy out of this

hundred dirhems

hundred

less

The same

is

less

one-fifth

five

hundred dirhems.

thing ; and the dbwTy

of thing;

is

one

consequently they

notation being used as in the last example,

the equation for determining

to

is

thing; so that the heirs obtain

or,

according to the author,

be

ax-^0-*
7

X 2 +
r

[<:

2j:|

is

(114)

162

obtain six hundred dirhems less one thing and one-fifth

of thing.

He

his capital,

which

who

bequeaths to some person one third of

as

is

much

as the legacy of the person

quently there remain for the heirs six hundred

things and one-fifth,

and

this is twice as

their legacies taken together, namely,

Halve
cies

the

pluB

slave

and

it,

it is

it

this

as both

the price of the

legacies.

less

one and one-tenth

by means of the one and onethree hundred, equal

three things and one-tenth, plus one hundred

hems.

two

be equal to these lega-

Then you have

tenth of thing.
to

itself

then three hundred

Reduce

of thing.

by

less

much

two things bequeathed as

will

Conse-

namely, thing.

the girl,

has received

Remove one hundred on occount

dir-

of (the

opposite) one hundred; there remain two hundred,

Make now the

much as thirty-one

equal to three things and one-tenth.

reduction.
(1

15) parts of the

so
is

much

One
sum

will

thing will

be as

of dirhems which you have; and just

be the legacy out of the two hundred

sixty-four dirhems

and sixteen thirty-one

" Suppose that some one emancipates a

dirhems worth

dowry
to

is

slave girl of

is

five

to

some

hundred

the receiver cohabits with her, and her

one hundred dirhems

some other person

capital.'*

which

girl,

it

parts.

the price of one hundred dirhems, and makes

person a present of a slave

Abu Hanifah

as

much

says

the donor bequeaths

as one-fourth

The master

of his

of the girl

cannot be required to give up more than one-third, and

the legatee,

who

is

to receive one-fourth,

must give up

Computation

one-fourth.
five

163
:*

The

hundred dirhems.

The

price of the girl

legacy out of this

thing;

is

there remain five hundred dirhems less thing.

dowry

is

one hundred dirhems

less one-fifth

is

The

of thing;

thus the heirs obtain six hundred dirhems less one and

person

to

whom

now

Subtract

one-fifth of thing.

one-fourth has

namely, three-fourths of thing; for

then one-fourth

is

as

much

There remain then

legacies
less

been
if

bequeathed,

one-third

is

thing

as three-fourths of the same.

hundred dirhems

six

thing and thirty-eight fortieths.

legacy taken twice.

the legacy of the

The moiety

This
of

it

is
is

one

less

equal to the
equal to the

by themselves, namely, three hundred dirhems

thirty-nine

means of the

fortieths

Reduce

of thing.

latter fraction.

Then you have

this

by

three hun- (116)

dred dirhems, equal to one hundred dirhems and two

things and twenty-nine fortieths.

Remove one hundred

on account of the other one hundred.

two hundred dirhems, equal
nine-fortieths.

find

Make

to

two things and twenty-

You

the equation.

one thing to be equal

There remain

will

to seventy-three

then

dirhems

and forty-three one-hundred-and-ninths dirhems.

The same

notation being used as in the two former

examples, the equation for determining

author,

x,

according to the

is

ax + b x^x
Whence

a:

=2{cc+i^x]

= ^-y^ [a-{.b^2cc]=r3jW

164

On
"

A MAN,

Dowry,

return of the

the illness before his death, makes to

in

some one a present of a

slave girl, besides

Then he

has no property.

The

dies.

whom

worth three hundred dirhems, and her dowry

The man

hundred dirhems.

presented, cohabits with

whom

dowry

is

one-third of the price)

less

donor's

therefore,

obtain,

is

there
this

this

one-third of thing.
four

one and one- third of thing, which

the legacy, which

pre-

is

donor on account of dowry

one hundred dirhems

heirs

the girl

One-third of

less thing.

difference returns to the

one

she has been

Subtract this from the donation

remain three hundred

(since the

to

is

Computation:* Call

her."

the legacy of the person

sented, thing.

whom

to

he

slave girl is

is

hundred

The
less

equal to twice

two things.

thing, or to

is

Trans-

pose the one and one-third thing from the four hundred, and add

it

to the

two things

then you have four

hundred, equal to three things and one-third.

thing

is,

therefore, equal to three- tenths of

hundred and twenty dirhems, and

* Let a be the

slave-girl's price

u,

it,

One

or to one

this is the legacy.

her dowry.

Then, according to the author, we are

to

make

Therefore

The donee

is

x-=-

[a

-f-

u]

=-f^ x 400 r^ 1 20

to receive the girl's dowry,

worth 400,

for 280.

165

" Or, suppose that he, in

his illness, has

made a

pre-

sent of the slave girl, her price being three hundred,

her dowry one hundred dirhems ; and the donor

after

having cohabited with her." Computation

the legacy thing

the remainder

The donor having

thing.

dies,

:*

Call

three hundred less

is

cohabited with her, the

dowry remains with him, which

one- third of the

is

legacy, since the

dowry is one-third of the price, or one-

third of thing.

Thus

hundred

which

as the legacy,

Remove

two things.

thing,

the donor's heirs obtain three (117)

one and one-third of thing, and

much

twice as
to

less

and add the same

the one

two

to the

is

thing,

this is

or equal

and one-third of

Then you

things.

have three hundred, equal to three things and onethird.

One

thing

therefore,

is,

namely ninety dirhems.

This

If the case be the same,

is

three- tenths of

it,

the legacy.

and both the donor and

donee have cohabited with her

then the Computation

* If the donor has cohabited with the

slave-girl,

the

donor's heirs are to retain the dowry, but must allow the

donee, in addition to the legacy

The ransom
author

is

to

is

then

x,

sum

of - x

which according

=qo

to receive the girl,

to the

to 2x.

Whence x=:
is

the further

a:,

ax --

be made equal

The donee

worth 300, for 210.

166

is

this:* Call the legacy thing; the deduction

hundred dirhems

dowry

to the

with her

The donor

less thing.

has ceded the

donee by (the donee's) having cohabited

this

amounts

one-third of thing

to

the donee cedes one-third of the deduction,

one hundred

this,

which

of thing.

less one-third

heirs obtain four

thing,

three

is

is

hundred

twice as

and

which

Thus, the donor's

one and two-thirds of

less

much

as the legacy.

Reduce

by separating the one and two-thirds of thing

from four hundred, and add them

Then you have

to the

two things.

four hundred things, equal to three

One

things and two-thirds.

elevenths of four hundred

thing of these

is

three-

namely, one hundred and

* If the donor has previously cohabited with the

girl, it

ransom her

for

ax

If the donee cohabits with the slave-girl,

<,

for

a X

it

appears from

entitled to

and dowry

girl

X-\-X

which, according to the author,

rr>i

Ihat

Whence

29915

is

redeem the

a - a?

The redemption of the

The donee

is

x.

the last example but one, that he

dowrv,

slave-

appears from the last example, that the donee

entitled to

for

is

is

X,

is

0-1-

is

to be

2a

is a-{-c(,

made equal

to 2x.

x=2x

x= ^ xFa-f ^1 = 1094^

to receive the girl

and dowry, worth 400,

167

nine dirhems and one-eleventh.

The

deduction

ten-elevenths.

is

is

is

the legacy;

one hundred and ninety dirhems and

According

Abu

to

the thing a legacy, and what

the dowry

This

is

Hanifah, you

call

obtained on account of

likewise a legacy.

If the case be the same, but that the donor, having

cohabited with her,

Abu

capital, then

has bequeathed one-third of his (118)

Hanifah

says, that the one-third is

halved between the donee and the legatee.

tion * Call the legacy of the person to
:

girl

has been given, thing.

After the deduction of

Then

there remain three hundred, less thing.

dowry, which
retains three

is

and

hundred

less

The

bequeathed, receives as

donee,

namely,

take the

one and one-third of thing

of thing;

one- third

lawyers, only thing.

is

it,

one- third of thing; so that the donor

the donee's legacy being, according to

one

Computa-

whom the slave-

according

legatee, to

much

donor thus retains three hundred,

is

whom

Hanifah,
to

other

one-third

as the legacy of the

one and one-third

* The second case

Abu

less

of thing.

The

two things and

here solved in a different way.

a

.*.

X=i'

This being halved between the legatee and donee becomes

The donee

receives the girl, worth 300, for 262|.

168

two- thirds equal to twice the two legacies, which

The moiety

are two things and two-thirds.

namely, one hundred and

two

and adding the same

things.

legacies.

by removing one and one- third of thing,

it,

Then you

this,

one and one- third

fifty less

of thing, must, therefore, be equal to the

Reduce

of

one hundred and

find

One

thirty-seven

two legacies

the

to

thing

and a

is

(things).

equal to four

fifty,

one-fourth of

namely,

this,

half.

If the case be, that both the receiver and the donor

have cohabited with her, and the

latter has disposed

one-third of his capital by

way of

computation,* according to

Abu

remain three hundred

is

taken, which

is

one- third of thing.

is

one- third of thing; and the

much

that
it,

you

there

the dowry

of thing

less one-third
less

one and

returned from the dowry

legatee,

who is

to receive

as the legacy of the

Thus

namely, thing and one -third of thing.

* According

is,

Then

hundred dirhems

The sum

one-third, obtains as

Hanifah,

thing.

less

one hundred

so that there are four

then the

legacy;

After the deduction of

call the legacy thing.

of

to the author's rule,

which

first,

there

is

purely arbi-

girl

and dowry,

trary,

"-

Whence x=za
The donee

will

worth 400, for 352.

have

to

48

--,

redeem the

lfi9

remain four hundred dirhems

to twice the legacy, namely,

Reduce

this,

three things, equal

less

two things and two-thirds. (119)

by means of the three

things,

and you

find

four hundred, equal to eight things and one-third.

Make

the equation with this

one thing

be forty-

will

eight dirhems.

" Suppose that a man on

makes

his sick-bed

to ano-

ther a present of a slave-girl, worth three hundred dir-

hems, her dowry being one hundred dirhems;

donee cohabits with her, and afterwards, being

his sick-bed,

and the

makes a present of her

latter cohabits

acquire by her, and

We

is

does he

deducted?"*

Com-

have here the only instance

simple equation, involving two

what the donee receives

is

on

also

the donor,

How much

with her.

how much

to

the

in

unknown

the treatise of a
quantities.

one unknown quantity

For

and what

the donor receives back again from the donee, called by the

author

*'

part of thing,"

is

the other

unknown

quantity.

Let what the donee receives = a;, and what the donor
receives =:^.

Then, retaining the same notation as before, according

to

the author, the donee receives, on the whole

and the donor

receives,

on the whole

Whence x=^\ ^^^^aa-^^ [3a'H3-2^] ^ 102

But

170

putation

hems

Take

the price, which

the legacy from this

is

three hundred dir-

is

thing

there remain witli

the donor's heirs three hundred less thing; and the

Now

donee obtains thing.

donor part of thing

the donee gives to the

consequently, there remains only

thing less part of thing for the donee.

donor one hundred

dowry, which

is

part of thing.
thing

less

less

Thus he

This

and the moiety of

thing, namely, five-sixths

and

obtains one

one hundred dirhems and

less two- thirds

is

less

twice as

it is

as

of part of thing.

one and one-

much

much

of thing less

as part

as part of

fifty

dirhems

Reduce
fifty

this

by

dirhems.

you have five-sixths of thing, equal to one and

two-thirds of part of thing plus

this to

the

but takes the

and two-thirds

removing two-thirds of part of thing and

Then

returns to the
;

one-third of thing, less one -third of

third of part of thing.

of thing

He

one- third of thing

fifty

dirhems.

one single part of thing, in order

amount of it

is.

(120) of what you have.

dirhems

is

less thirty

You

effect this

Then one

Reduce

to know^

by taking

what

three-fifths

part of thing plus thirty

equal to half a thing ; and one-half thing

dirhems

is

equal to part of thing, which

is

the legacy returning from the donee to the donor.

Keep

this in

Then

memory.

return to what has remained with the donor

But the reasons

for reducing the question to these

two

equations are not given by the author, and seem to depend

on the dicta of the sages of the Arabian law.

171

this

was three hundred

Thus he

hereto

obtains two hundred

He

half one thing.

thing

now added

is

or one-half thing less thirty dir-

the part of thing,

hems.

less

and seventy

less

further takes the dowry, which

one hundred dirhems

less

return a dowry, which

is

one-third thing, but has to

one-third of what remains of

is

thing after the subtraction of part of thing, namely,

Thus he

one-sixth of thing and ten dirhems.

retains

three hundred

and

much

and the dowry, which he has returned.

Halve

as thing
it

sixty less thing,

which

then one hundred and eighty

less

thing are equal to thing and that dowry.

you

twice as

one-half

Reduce

by removing one-half thing and adding

and the dowry

is

one hundred and eighty

find

this,

to the thing

it

dir-

hems, equal to one thing and a half plus the dowry

which he has returned, and which

and ten dirhems.

Remove

is

one-sixth thing

these ten dirhems; there

remain one hundred and seventy dirhems, equal to

one and two- thirds

to ascertain

things.

Reduce

this,

what the amount of one thing

is,

in order

by taking

three-fifths of what you have; you find that one hun-

dred and two are equal

to thing,

which

is

the legacy

from the donor to the donee: and the legacy from

the donee to the donor

is

the moiety of

thirty dirhems, namely, twenty-one.

this,

less

172

On
(121)

Surrender in

Illness.

" Suppose that a man, on his sick-bed, deliver to

some one

thirty

dirhems

measure of victuals, worth

in a

ten dirhems; he afterwards dies in his illness

receiver returns the measure

and returns besides ten

dirhems to the heirs of the deceased."

He

then the

Computation

returns the measure, the value of which

is

ten dir-

hems, and places to the account of the deceased twenty

dirhems

and the legacy out of the sum so placed

is

thing; thus the heirs obtain twenty less thing, and the

measure.

All this together

thirty

is

equal to two things, or equal to

Reduce
adding

it

three things.
third of

it,

two things.

Then,

less thing,

twice the legacy.

by separating the thing from the

to the

it

dirhems

thirty,

and

thirty are equal to

Consequently, one thing must be one-

namely, ten, and this

is

the

sum which he

obtains out of what he places to the account of the

deceased.

" Suppose that some one on his sick-bed delivere

measure worth

to a person twenty dirhems in a

dirhems

he then repeals

and dies

after this.

The

it

while

still

on

receiver must,

fifty

his sick bed,

in this case,

return four-ninths of the measure, and eleven dirhems

and one-ninth."* Computation

* Let a be the
sure

of money

You know

that

the

and the value of the mea-

m xa.

It appears

heirs

gift

f mff.

from the context that the donee

is

to

pay the

173

price of the measure

the

sum which

is

two and a half times

as

much

as

the donor has given the donee in money;

and whenever the donee returns anything from the

money
as

capital,

two and a half times that amount.

the measure as
is,

he returns from the measure

much

two things and a

as corresponds to

half,

and add

one thing, that

this to

what remains

Thus

heirs of the deceased obtain twenty dirhems

The

this is

Remove now

of the opposite ten

ten dirhems

by adding

to

it

same: and add to the

It is arbitrary

capital

on account

how he

much

as

six

Complete the

as one-third of the

dirhems and two-thirds

shall apportion this

sum between

the

and the measure.

If he pays on the

and on the measure

we have

the legacy,

there remain six dirhems and two-

thirds, equal to three-fourths of thing.

money

and one (122)

of the capital, namely, sixteen dirhems

and two-thirds.

thing,

the

and three-fourths of thing; and

namely, ten dirhems

this is one-third

moiety of

much

Take now from

from the twenty, namely, twenty less thing.

thing and a half.

as

money
.

capital p.

q,ma

the equation p. a-i-q.

or p

-\-q

ma=^ ma
m =f m

The author assumes jp=. q

Whence

y=-|, andjt?=f, and therefore the donee pays

on the money

Total

^ a=ii^
ma
=22^
^

capital. ...

and on the measure

33*.

1^4

likewise one-third of the same, namely, two dirhems

and two-ninths;

this yields eight

ninths, equal

thing.

to

eight dirhems and eight-ninths

capital,

to

which

is

dirhems and eight-

Observe now how much the

are

twenty dirhems.

be four-ninths of the same.

of the

You

money
them

will find

Take now

four- ninths

of the measure and also five-ninths of twenty.

value of four-ninths of the measure

hems and two-ninths and the

;

is

The

twenty-two dir-

five-ninths of the twenty

are eleven dirhems and one-ninth.

Thus

the heirs

obtain thirty-three dirhems and one- third, which

much

as two-thirds of the fifty dirhems.

Most Wise

God

is

is

as

the

N O T

Page

The

'E

S,

1, line 2-5.

neglected state of the manuscript, in which most

wanting, makes

me

diacritical

points are

whether

have correctly understood the author's meaning

in several

very doubtful

passages of his preface.

In the introductory

have considered the words

lines, I

amplification of

what might

by

through the performance of which.'*

l^lfcib j^iJt

'

conceive the author to mean, that

man

certain

^ l^^

God

has prescribed to

^^^ u^J^^ '^

^^lill

express our thankfulness (jx1j\

my

Since

translation

*jI

*^' f^^

was made,

?-^) &c.
have had the ad-

vantage of consulting Mr. Shakespear about

sage.

and that by performing these (&c. ijoJ^\ to-tljb)

iX^Vs^l,

we

duties,

have been expressed

briefly

He

prefers to read

stead of Ji3

slate as follows

which

is

which

in

K^^.^y^
;

Ju
and

Praise to

t.j,-c>-^:uJ

^y

God

and

this

^^y

pasin-

and proposes

to tran-

for his favours

in that

proper for him from among

his laudable deeds,

the performance of what he has rendered indis-

176

by reason of) thein on (the part of)

pensible from (or

whoever of

him, gives the name of

his creatures worships

thanksgiving, and secures the increase, and preserves from

deterioration."

The

construction here assumed

that adopted

by myself,

representing

irJwl.sr*

sequent verbs *_aj

transition

evidently easier than

in as far as the relative

is

is

made

pronoun

^-iJl

the subject of the three sub-

&c., whilst

my

from the third person (as

presumes a

translation

in wJbi

yb

and

in

^^

irJux>) to the first (as in *JiJi &c.).

marginal note

jt^^ ^J^ ^^y>3

<dJl

it," (viz,

manuscript explains the words

^Us^U ^^j3j ^^Aiu Jxl " The

by^l

meaning may be
joys

in the

we

en-

the divine bounty, taking <U>.U? for c-^%^-L>

The change here spoken

f^.

who

preserve from change him

of the divine mercy by bad actions

of
for

is

the

forfeiture

God

does not

change the mercy which he bestows on men, as long as they

do not change that which

jg..,.,cb

is

U U;-*> 15*^" |*y L5^ V^^ ^^^^

Sur, VIII.

V.

ed.

^ ^^ ^j^ L5^

^;?*^ ^--^

<dl\

^^b

{Cor any

1, line 7.

^ Coraw, Sur.

v. v.

22.

Hinck.

Page
I

55, ed. Hinck.).

Page
J--j^l

within themselves."

am particularly

1, line 14, 15.

doubtful whether I have correctly read

and translated the words of the text from

Instead oi

j>^

\i\j:ij>-\

IjL.:;^-!^

to

^J>^y

I should have preferred ljL.^1

ITT

yi^^

benefitting others,"

if

the verb

strued with the preposition

Page 2

To

the words J^f-j

manuscript, which

iJ^J * marginal note

too

much

could be con-

is

given

in the

mutilated to be here tran-

but which mentions the names of several authors

scribed,

who

is

line

,^;*-.>"\

first

wrote on certain branches of science, and con-

cludes with asserting, that the author of the present treatise

was the

first

that ever

composed a book on Algebra.

Page

An
by

interlinear note

i3j:Ji^

2, line 4.

manuscript explains

in the

<^ix-j

JJ

f*^*
Page

Mohammed

2, line 10.

gives no definition of the science which he

intends to treat of, nor does he explain the words

j^ Jebr^

and ^liU mokabalah^ by which he designates certain operations peculiar to the solution of

equations, and which,

combined, he repeatedly employs as an expression for

entire

branch of mathematics.

has, under various shapes,

languages of Europe, and

As the former of

been introduced
is

now

this

these words

into the several

universally used as the

designation of an important division of mathematical science,

I shall here subjoin a

on

its

few remarks on

original sense,

and

use in Arabic mathematical works.

The \erh jf^jabar

derived,

of which the substantive J->.^'e6r

is

properly signifies to restore something broken,

2 A

its

ITS

especially to cure a fractured bone.

It

from Motanabbi

following passage

thus used in the

is

ed.

144,

143,

(p.

Calculi,)

>^

iijd\

^jW
O
I seeic

seems

l::^!

i^\

Ulic

jjj*4t. ^^

whoml

thou on

refuge from
to

me

^j

4>^ Jb

all

Lj^\

V^ '^^^

that

dread

Men
will

I)

C^^^^T^ ^
whom

whose bounteous hand

like the sea, as thy gifts are like

its

pearls

pity

whose prime has been wasted by

bloom has been

the hand of adversity, and whose

broken, nor

^^**^

J>jl!

rely in whatever I hope, with

the youthfulness of one,

the prison.

4i aLJ

will not heal

stifled in

a bone which thou hast

they break one which thou hast healed."

Tfence the Spanish and Portuguese expression algebrista

for a person

who

heals fractures, or sets right a dislocated

limb.

In mathematical language, the verb^^-^ means, to

perfect, or to complete
liable to a diminution

any quantity that

i.

e,

is

when applied

make

incomplete or

to equations,

to

transpose negative quantities to the opposite side by chang-

ing their signs.

The

negative quantity thus removed

construed with the particle C-^

changed
j^^yL^ltj

thus, if a:^ 6=^23 shall

into:i:2=z29, the direction

d^\

i.

e. literally

(the deficiency occasioned to

to the twenty-three."

it

is

IfcJJj

" Restore
by) the

d:uJu

is

be

(jy^j^^

the square from

six,

and add these

The \evbj^
an integer

known

when

not likewise used,

is

quantity

proper expression for

the

in

an equation

power of

substituted for a fractional

is

the second or

of "J

179

fourth conjugation of J-*j

this

the unis

either

or the second

The word ^\ax mokabalah

verb J-J

be

to

conjugation

is

in front

used

in

is

a noun of action of the

which

of a thing,

a reciprocal

the third

in

sense of two objects

being opposite one another or standing face to face; and

in the transitive sense

of putting two things face to face, of

confronting or comparing two things with one another.

In mathematical language

it

is

employed

to

express

the comparison between positive and negative terms in a

compound

quantity, and the reduction subsequent to such

comparison. Thus loo+ioo: ioa;4-ar2

<U liblJi

^ Jju

When

after

is

reduced

to

100+ a:^

we have made a comparison."

applied to equations,

it

signifies,

to

take

such quantities as are the same and equal on both

Thus

the direction for reducing x^-\-x=x'^-\-4. to x

be expressed by

JjvJJ

away
sides.
4.

will

In either application the verb requires the preposition

c-->

before a pronoun implying the entire equation or

com-

pound quantity, within which the comparison and subsequent reduction

The verb
an equation

is

Jjli
is

to

proper term for

to take place.

is

not likewise used,

when

the reduction of

be performed by means of a division

this

operation being 3j

the

180

The mathematical
and <UjliU
1.

will

of the substantives

application

appear from the following extracts.

marginal note on one of the

Oxford manuscript

lays

down

the following distinction

[Uj] j^Ul^j-^:*- A^kc J:>>- ^-^L-^M Ij^

Jeftr

of what

is

the restoration of anything defective

is

complete of another kind.

of action of the third conjugation,

whence

it

is

applied to one praying,

is

wards the kihlah. In

commonly employed
in its deficiency,

this
is

Mokabalah^ a noun
the facing a thing

who

turns his face to-

this addition

As

make

(on the other side)

this

it is

to this

the completion

method

to face

frequently

is

has been named^e^r and mokabalah (or Res-

toring and Balancing), since here every thing

plete if

the restoring of something defective

(or to balance) one another.

it

by means

branch of calculation, the method

restoration to the other side, so as to

resorted to,

^;-,lir-iIl

and the adding of an amount equal

(on the one side) and

Uli l^p-^^

jltf

^^^ J] l^^

la)! ^lill! CI-JjU Jjj

''

leaves of the

first

deficient,

balance one another

is

made com-

and the opposite sides are made

Mathematicians

io

also take

181

word mokdbalah

the

in the sense

of the removal of equal

quantities (from both sides of an equation)."

According

^ 5=:iOrt
x^a

the

to

substitution of

the

to .a:r=i5,

would afford an instance of Jebr or

corresponding

the

part of this gloss,

first

5a

addition of

extracts

taken in the sense stated

2. IIaji

British

Khalfa,

Museum,

last

fol.

J jU::]J ^^^Ky
side

what

is

make them

A
of

little

this

JU

kJ^^=>^

^^^oMJ i^\

is

more generally

gloss.

work (MS. of the

^JaA} to

jji 'ij\)Jj^\

Jebr

is

^^\ ^

^^-Jt^^

s.\::^:^\j

the adding

to

one

Mokdbalah

so as to equalize them.
is

positive

from either sum, so as

equal."

H aji
:

^laJUj^
Sft,}

Jl*4l

iLbUlli

* This manuscript

work.

^J^

of what

by an example

bjLj^\j^

the following

:^jIcJ ^j^^i]

^j^^

farther on

^\j}^^

and

negative on the other side of an equation,

the removal

to

restoration,

167, recto^.) gives the following ex-

owing to a subtraction,
is

place of

From

in his bibliographical

planation: ^j\x\} (HLksA

^\)\ \AU\ Zj}^\

by the

in

would be an

be seen, that mokdbalah

will

it

10,

to

example of /woArafta^aA or balancing.

reducing

in

is

Khalfa gives further

^j\ J J^.
ajl^

X-/4o-

li*-i 'i\

'^l^ ^^^i

J^^\

j^

is,^\jj

'ijts.

Jj^
^Ac

illustration

UjJi

^^

,^;>l^m

^.^^uJLl

^S"^ ^\i^^ ^J^

apparently only an abridgement of

^ U^

tj^

Haji Khalfa's

l^y^

<Ui

is

<LljUi,[j

Ten

we say:
jebr

^^

1H2

" For

^^1 Jx

one thing equal

less

to the

which

was defective

them being

in

subtrahend

equation

is

minuend an amount equal

trahend: hereby the ten are

made complete,
restored.

performed

to

the sub-

which

that

An amount

equal

then added to the other side of the

is

as in the

instance if

to four things;' then

the removal of the subtraction,

by adding

to the

above instance, after the ten have been

made complete, one

thing must be added to the four things,

which thus become

five

things.

Mokabalah

consists

in

withdrawing the same amount from quantities of the same

kind on both sides of the equation
the balancing

or as others say,

it is

of certain things against others, so as to

Thus,

equalize them.

in the

above example, the ten are

balanced against the five with a view

equalize them.

to

This science has therefore been called by the name of

these two rules, namely, the

rule

o? jebr or restoration,

and of mokabalah or reduction, on account of the

quent use that
3.

The

is

made of them."

following

is

an extract from a treatise by

Abdallah al-Hosain ben Ahmed,*

fre-

entided,

have not been able to find any information about

copy of the work to which

I refer is

Mohammed ben Musa's work in the

comprized

in the

Bodleian

library.

Abu

A^JJill

this writer.

The

same volume with

It boars

no date.

183

^\5\}

jj^\

to the

elements of alsrebra."

On

Jya\

Li\^\ or

" A complete

This species of calculation

(or completion) because the question

an equation ......

And

something

what

is

not

defective quantity must be completed

tive

to

to equalize

defective,

where

is

it

that

defec-

and an addition of the same amount must be made

what

is

employed
jebr

jebr

brought to

first

most instances

in

with

is

called

is

equation has been

as, after the

formed, the practice leads

defective

introduction

meaning of the words Jebr and

the original

mokabalah.

equalized to

As

it.

this

operation

(in this kind of calculation),

such

is

the

such the reason

calculation.

original

why

it

meaning of

Mokabalah

is

frequently

has been called

this

word,

and

this

kind of

the removal of equal

magni-

has been applied to

it

is

tudes on both sides (of the equation)."

4. In the

Kholaset al Hisdb, a compendium of arith-

metic and geometry by

HosAiN

(died

Baha-eddin Mohammed ben al

a.h. 1031,

i.e.

1375 a.d.)

the

Arabic

184

together with a Persian commentary by

text of which,

RosHAN

Ali, was printed at Calcutta* (1812. 8vo.) the

explanation

following

^j^\ ytj

is

this

^t-i^yi ti

is

Jebr

which are equal on both

the solution of which

ample

afford

^,f^\

J^^

^\:J!^}\

is

much

and

to

is

sides are

he

be

added

to

removed, and

this

soon follow,

and

1500 =

1^0;;

at full

states to

length,

In page 338,

he says

this

In page 341, *^x=^x^- + ^x

this

to

is

again those cognate quan-

of these definitions.

reduced

by jebr.

i2,x=x^^

as

jj

LjU:i11 (jJ[:^'^\j

Baha-eddin shows

illustration

1500 i-=^
effected

^\j)^^

The examples which

mokabalahJ'^

to

Ji.

made complete, and

is

the other side

tities

(^l^\j

given (pp. 334. 335.)

(of the equation) on which something

side

subtracted,

is

^:: ui3 J

y^'j]

iLLUU^^ Ufw< LiLJ

The

is

is

reduced

be the result of both

jebr and mokabalah.

The

Persians have borrowed the words jebr and mokd-

balahy together with the greater part of their

tical

terminology, from the Arabs.

from a short

treatise

on Algebra

Mohammed Nadjm-eddin Kuan,

cutta edition of the
illustration

twelfth

full

of

this

The
in

mathema-

following extract

Persian verse, by

appended

Kholdset al Hisab,

will

to the Cal-

serve as an

remark.

account of this work by Mr. Strachey will be found in the

volume of the Asiatic Researches, and

mathematical and philosophical subjects,

Mutton's Mathematical

vol.

ir.

in

Hhtton's Tracts on

pp, 179-193.

Dictionary, art. Algebra,

See also

185

Complete the
minus)
learned

which the expression

and add as much

occurs,

man

side in

this

is

the

to

other side,

correct language

in

In making the equation mark

this

you

these

you must on both

sides

that

side, without

remove, and

this

call moJcabalah.^^

With

the

knowledge of Algebra,

when beginning

to

treat of

treatise of arithmetic, says

its

Arabic name was

Leonardo Bonacci

introduced into Europe.

it

in

the third

of Pisa,

part of his

Incipit pars tertia de solutione

quarundam qucestionum secundum modum Algebrce

mucabalce^ scilicet oppositionis

et

the sense of the Arabic terms

here given

is

restaurationis.

order, has been remarked by Cossali.

of Jebr and

called jehr.

may happen

it

some terms are cognate and equal on each

distinction

ilia (less,

Al'

That

in the inverted

The

definitions

mokabalah given by another early

2b

et

Italian

)6

Lucas Paciolus,

writer,

reported by Cossali

or

Lucas de Burgo,

Algebra

quello delV

restorare

e di

li

Almucabala di levare da

Fra Luca per extremi

Intende

Since the

commencement of

extremi del diminuti ;

extremi

li

membri delV

published

1545,

in

in

Hieronymus Cardan's

Algebraic works.

inscribed

is

superjlui,

equazione.

the sixteenth century, the

word mokabalah does no longer appear

first

Gli

per questo commune intento sono contrarj

loro

quello di

operar

sua maggior unita-

loro ^ recare la equazione alia

uffizj

are thus

deW

cojnmune oggetto

//

the

of

title

Latin treatise,

Artis magncB sive de

regulis algebraicis liber unus,

BELius, printed at Paris in 1552,

is

pendiosa facilisque

qua depromuntur magna

description

1558, under the

hist,

by Pedro Nunez
:

(Hutton,

Nonius,

or

p. 613.)

i.

Algebrm com-

at

Paris in

numerorum quam
1.

c. p.

245.

Portuguese

printed

at

Mon-

treatise,

Amberez

in

Libra de Algebra y Arithmetica y Geo-

(Montucla,

metria.

occulta parte

libri duo,

des math.

entitled

De

title:

Algebram vacant,

is

Pelletier's Algebra appeared

241-243.)

1567,

entitled

(See Hutton's Tracts, &c. ii.pp.

Arithmetices miracula,

TUCLA,

work by John Scheu-

1.

c. p.

615.)

In Feizi*s Persian translation of the Lilavati (written

in

1587, printed for the

do not

^JjviU

is

first

recollect ever to

time at Calcutta

1827, 8vo.)

have met with the word^^-^

several times used in the

Persian extract.

in

same sense as

in the

but

above

IST

Page

3, line 3, seqq.

In the formation of the numerals, the thousand

and the hundred, multiplied by the

like the ten

is

not,

units only,

by any number of a higher order, such

but likewise
tens

and hundreds

(as

is

as

there being no special words in Arabic

the case in Sanscrit)

for

ten-thousand,

hundred-

thousand, &c.

From

passage, and another on page 10,

this

appear that our author uses the word

knot or

Arabic

Grammar,

the terms of Arabic

jJLc, plur, j^jAi^,

(vol.

grammar

Baron

units.
i.

S.

de Sacy,

741) when explaining

relative to numerals, trans-

by noeuds^ and remarks

lates J^ifi

would

as a general expression for all numerals of a

tie,

higher order than that of the

in his

it

Ce sont

les

noms des

dixaines^ depute vingt jusqu'o, quatre-vingt-dix.

Page

The forms
nardo

di

i.

p. 1.)

numero

numero

of algebraic expression employed by Leo-

are thus reported by Cossali (Origine, &c.

Algebra,
nel

3, line 9-11.

una

Tre consider azioni distingue Leonardo

assoluta,

in se stesso ;

radice

di

le

semplice, ed e quella del

altre due relative, e sono quelle

quadrato,

Nominando

il

quadrato sog'

giugne QUI videlicet census dicitur, ed

censo ^ quello di cui in seguito

seems
its

to

deW

si serve.

il

nome

di

That Leonardo

have chosen the expression census on account of

acceptation,

which

is

correspondent

to

that

of the

188

Arabic

JU,

(fee. Dissertation, p. liv.)

Paciolo, who wrote

cosa,

and censo

and

From

TAGLIA.

in Italian,

the

its

unknown number,

acceptation to the Arabic

names of the science of

Cardan's Latin terminology

Algebra.

^^^

expressions Ars cossica and the

die Coss, both ancient

and re*, for the

dratum^

was retained by Tar-

the term cosa for the

are derived

German

used the words numero,

this notation

exactly corresponding in
thing,

been remarked by Mr. Cole-

has already

BROOKE (Algebra,

latter

is

numerusy qua-

also positio or

quantitas

ignota.

Page
1

3,

line 17.

have added from conjecture the words IjJtf Jjk^j'jjjcvj

which are not

the manuscript.

in

There occur several

instances of such omissions in the work.

The order
equations

is,

in
1st.

nardo had them

p. 2.)

which our author

x'^=px;
in the

2d. x'^=n',

same order.

3d.

of the simple

px = n.

px=x-

3d.

n=x^

Page
In the Lilavati,

=a

is

the

expressed

Leo-

(See Cossali,

In the Kholaset al Hisub the arrangement

n=zpx', 2d,

cx'^-{-bx

treats

1.

c.

is, 1st.

5, line 9.

rule
in the

for the solution of the case

following stanza.

189

i.

e.

rendered

Latin

literally into

Per mult ip lie at am radicem

Manifestce^ addiice

diminutce \yel\ auctce quantitatis

ad dimidiatimultiplicatoris quadratum

Radix, dimidiato multiplicatore addito

In

quadratum

ducta

subtracto,

\_vef\

interrogantis

est

desiderata

quantitas.

The

same

is

afterwards

explained

Tjfti: f^"^gwr %?rt%ri;

^"^^rrff
^^ln>,

by

its

Cl

i.

e.

^5?
quantity,

gfoi^

rT?3f

^TT

^^
TTI^:

q-jff

increased or diminished

square-root multiplied by some number,

Then add

is

given.

the square of half the multiplier of the root to

the given

sum.

f^^

prose

in

number: and extract the square-root of

Add

half the multiplier,

given; or subtract

it,

if the

if

the difference

sum were

so.

the result will be the quantity sought." (Mr.

The

the

were

square of

Colebrooke's

translation.)

Feizi's Persian translation of this passage

runs thus:

190

With

the

above Sanskrit stanza from the Lilavati some

readers will perhaps be interested to compare the following

Latin verses, which

Lucas Paciolus

Montucla

(i. p.

590) quotes from

Si res et census numero cocequantur, a rebus

Dimidio sumpto, censum producere debes^

Adder eque numero,

cujus a radice totiens

Tolle semis rerum^ census latusque redibit.

Page
<L-*4o-

common

U^ j^

jcj-il!

6, line 16.

u. o

>

d:. ^ J

Such instances

of the

instead of the apocopate future, after the

rative, are too frequent in this

be ascribed

to

impe-

work, than that they could

a mere mistake of the copyist

have

accordingly given them as I found them in the manuscript.

191

Page
JjeU CJ^^j

7, line 1.

The same

structure occurs

page 21,

line 15.

Page
i^jj*A\ i::^] aj^j

8 J line 11.

Hadji Khalfa,

his article

in

Khal-

Algebra, quotes the following observation from Ibn

DUN.

Ibn

(*:t^^^

^^^ L/^.

Khaldun remarks

some great

ij^

^^

^^

(j!^*^^

six,

fj^}

J^

report has reached us, that

scholars of the east have increased the

of cases beyond

on

and have brought them

to

number

upwards of

twenty, producing their accurate solutions together with

geometrical demonstrations."

Page

8, lime 17.

See Leonardo's geometrical

illustration

of the three

cases involving an affected square, as reported by Cossali

(i. p. 2.),

and hence by

Cardan,

Hutton

in the introduction

(Tracts, &c.,

ii. p.

of his Ars magna^ distinctly

refers to the demonstrations of the three cases given

author, and distinguishes

own.
et

At etiam demonstrationes, prceter

nostrce sunt.

In

by our

them from others which are

duas Lodovici (Lewis Ferrari,

omnes

198.)

tres

Mahometis

Cardan's

another passage

his

pupil),

(page 20)

he

blames our author for having given the demonstration of

only one solution of the case

cx'^-{-az=.bx.

Nee

admireris,

192

says he, hanc

Mahumete

secundam demonstraiionem

nam

explicatam^

re ostendit, sed

tamem

ille

aliter

quam a

immutata Jigura magis ex

obscurius^ nee

unam partem

nisi

eamque pluribus.

Page
The words from

17, line 11-13.

(j LjtX-s

to

l^lj

-^JuJl

^^-Jw.^

are writ-

ten twice over in the manuscript.

Page
f^\

jl

rational

1*^5^^*^

LT^J'^^

In the Kholaset al Hisdb,

number."

(lit.

which stands

^^^Q root of a rational or

-'

369, the expression (jjai^

aA*k<

19, line 12.

in

(lit.

audible)

128. 137.

used instead of

is

a more distinct opposition to

Baha-eddin

inaudible, surd).

p.

ir-

applies the

same ex-

pressions also to fractions, calling ^jt^^ those for which

there are peculiar expressions in Arabic,

those which must be

third,

and

tically

by means of

^ JLc^
Hisab,

j^^\

L.^A^

the

^jA3

word

g.

ui-^ one-

expressed periphras-

a part,

three twenty-fifths.

e.

g.

^y^' *^^

See Kholaset al

p. 150.

Page

The

^Jp^

e.

manuscript has

requires the insertion of

19, line 15.

JW

tli3wi

j^

after

^^J^

^^

The
which

context
I

have

added from conjecture.

Page
i^oA^\ <-,>w3.

U]

20, line 15. 17.

" What

is

proportionate to the unit,"

193

/.

e.

This expression

the qtiotient.

be explained by

will

Baiia-eddin's definition of division (Kholaset al IJisaby

p. 105).

j4.j-Jil,\

<l1c /^Jili

L^ Jc^yi ^\ <kx^

^\

Division

is

JS. c-Jis

U^\

number which

the finding a

bears the same proportion to the unit, as the dividend bears

to the divisor."

Pflg^e21, line 17.

^j^

The MS. hasjj^

Page
f^t-^xscr

to

'ijya l^ IjJkC^ J

"j

illustrate

has been

24, line 6.

An

attempt at constructing a figure

the case of [loo-j-j;'^ 20:c] +[504-1 oo;- sx^]

made on

the

margin of the manuscript.

Page
v:>w-i

to

j^

30, line 10.

marginal note

defines this in the following manner.

lie

means

to say

in

the manuscript

l^jt^\

divide the ten in any

a-j1 15-^.

manner you

like,

taking four of wheat and six of barky, or four of barley

and

six of

wheat, or three of wheat and seven of barley,

or vice versa, or in any other

way

hold good in

(Note from Al MozaihaJVs

all

these cases.

for the

solution will

Commentary).''^

Page

The manuscript

has a

42, line 8.

marginal note

2 c

to

this

passage,

194

from which

appears that the inconvenience attending the

it

solution of this

problem has already been

by Arabic

felt

readers of the work.

Page
This instance from

Cardan (Ars Magna,

is

of some interest

work with

in

45, line 16.

Mohammed's work
p. 22,

As

edit. Basil.)

quoted

is

by

the passage

ascertaining the identity of the present

that considered as

Mohammed's

production by

the early propagators of Algebra in Europe, I will here

insert part of

it.

Nunc autem,

aliquas qucestiones, duas ex

Then

follows Qucestio

si abjeceris

illius

Mauumete,

Est numerus a cujus quadrato

in se

duxeris^Jiet productum cequale qua^

numeri

quadrati p: 16

qiiceris

m:

esse

m:

rem, abjice J

e^ 4

4, duo in se, fit x^j-

res

cequalis

-f^ quadrati

3j rebus, &c.

The problem

of the Qucestio II.

is

in the

Fuerunt duo duces quorum unusquisque

suis

itaque quadratum

33 rebus, et hoc est cequali uni rei

abjice similia, Jiet 1

:

Pones

et etiam 12.

ejus, es insuper A, Jiet t2 ^ei

12;

reliquas nostras.

ipsius quadratic atque insuper 4, rc-

numeri incogniti quern

et

Cardan, suhjungemus

et 4

siduum autem
drato

I,

says

aureos 48.

plus altera, el

Porro unus ex
illi

following terms,
divisit

his habuit milites

duos

qui milites habuit duos minus contigit

ut aureos quatuor plus singulis militibus daret

quot unicuique milites fuerint.

Mohammed's

militibus

In the

quceritur

present copy of

algebra, no such instance occurs.

Yet Car-

195

DAN

he derived

distinctly intimates that

it

from our author,

by introducing the problem which immediately

it,

with the words

Nunc autem proponamus

follows

qucestiones

nostras.

Page

The manuscript
passage

jo-lj'

jSa ^Js>

\Ji^j^

jw

jWj

^J

46, line 18.

has the following marginal note to

^j^ j

^^

^^j^

c-^^*^b

l;^*^

Jl^l

J^

This instance

Multiply

two-thirds of a square.

two cubes equal

the square-root of

to

may

is,

it;

if

is

of a dirhem, which

is

half,

it

- ^ r-] X

2x=

you take

there remain
roots

3a;

this

this,

you

roots,

to one-fourth

had stated."

a^^

there re-

by three

amounts

the square as he

[x-

that

one-half, and the square

you multiply

by one dirhem and a

be solved

Extracting twice

If you remove one-third of

mains one-sixth, and

tJ^^

be two roots equal to a

will

this, it

also

by three

this

one square.

Accordingly one root

one-fourth.*

is

u/^ J^^^

^J1^

the square, and remove one-third from

that

^JJ^

4-i^ j*^!^ ^^j'^ L?^, ij^j^

u^-

Ui

dirhem.

^LJ^.

J-ju

by means of a cube. The computation then

find

this

196

Page

am

which

uncertain whether

Mohammed gives of

50, line 2.

my

translation of the definition

mensuration be correct.

Though

the diacritical points are partly wanting in the manuscript,

there can, I believe, be no doubt as to the reading of

tTie

passage.

Page
have simply

51, line 12.

the

translated

words

<t-s4X:^i

"geometricians," though from the manner

hammed
took

it

here uses that expression

a

in

more

which

Mo-

would appear that he

specific sense.

FiRUZABADi (Kamus,
the

word handasah

that

it

signifies

it

in

by

^jitA

p.

says that

814, ed. Calcutt.)

((LsJC^l)

is

and

originally Persian,

the deternrnning by

measurement where

canals for water shall be dug."

The
the

Persians themselves assign yet another meaning to

word

<!UjJcJ&

in the sense

It

is

hindisah, as they pronounce

is

a fact well known,

is

they use

it

and admitted by the Arabs

Jusr^

yf"^ J^^.y c:^UK

used in the sense of measurement and

also applied to the signs

numbers) as

of decimal notation of numerals.*

^j^^ss>-

"Hindisah

it

1,

size

the same

word

which are written instead of the words

2, 3, 4, 5, 6,

7,

8,

9,

10."

Burhani Kati.

(for

197

themselves, that the decimal notation

which they are indebted

to the

But

it

to

the

never yet been

I believe,

seems natural

same period, when,

the

At what time

Hindus.*

communication took place, has,

ascertained.

a discovery for

is

suppose that

after the accession of the

it

was

at

Abbaside

dynasty to the caliphat, a most lively interest for mathematical

and astronomical science

Arabs.

Not only

these sciences

first

among

arose

the

most important foreign works on

the

were then

translated into Arabic, but learned

foreigners even lived at the court of Bagdad, and held

conspicuous

situations

those

in

scientific

establishments

which the noble ardour of the caliphs had called

History has transmitted

to

us the

names of several

tinguished scholars, neither Arabs by birth nor

medans by
court of

It

is

their profession,

forth.

who were

Almansur and Almamun

dis-

Moham-

thus attached to the

and we know from

almost unncessary to adduce further evidence

in

support of this

remark. Baha-eddin, after a few preliminary remarks on numbers, says

'ij^^L\,\

hi^\

/l^^^ *y^\

-tU^ y

have invented the well known nine figures

p.

In a

16.)

/_ \...gj \

of

lection
A'lVj.^11

tion

Sir

Oriental manuscripts,

/Jl^^U
Das

See,

them." {Kholdset aUHisdh^

entitled

Jlc ^1

W. Ouseley's most

generally. Professor

4>.)

von Boh-

(Kbnigsberg, 1830. 1831. 8.)

bei verschiedenen Viilkern

&c. (Berlin, 1829.

^I^^ .^^
valuable col-

the nine figures are simply called

on the subject

alte Indien,

for

and Alexander von Humboldt's most

Ueber die

zeichen,

on arithmetic,

which forms part of

len's work,
p. 224,

treatise

*-w?j *XJj " Learned Hindus

page 24.

iiblichen

vol.

ii.

interesting disserta-

Si/steme

von ZaM-

19S

good

If

Hindu mathematicians and astronomers

authority, that

were among

their

number.

we presume

that the

Arabic word handasah might,

Persian hindisah^ be taken

as the

notation, the passage

new

The

light.

now before

a circle

from

its

whom

for finding

diameter,

sense of decimal

us will appear in an entirely

iUaJc^t J*^^, to

two particular formulas

in the

will

our author ascribes

the circumference of

then appear to be the

Hindu Mathematicians who had brought the decimal notation with

them

and

the

^^

(^H^^

-J^^>

second and most accurate of these methods

be the Astronomers

This conjecture
fact, that the

to the

among
is

attributed, will

by the curious

two methods here ascribed by

^-oJc^^l Jjbl

actually

The

do occur

first

the

Hindu Mathematicians.

singularly supported

mathematical works.
in the

these

is

whom

^^

Mohammed

in ancient Sanskrit

formula,

^ = v^iOfl?2j occurs

Vijaganita (Colebrooke's translation, p. 308, 309.);

the second, ;?=

^^^^^

is

reducible to

portion given in the following stanza of

-7^^

the

pro-

Bhaskara's Lila-

vati

" When

the diameter of a circle

is

multiplied by three

199

thousand nine hundred and twenty-seven, and divided by

twelve hundred and
ference
it is

fifty,

the quotient

the near circum-

is

or multiplied by twenty-two and divided by seven,

the gross circumference adapted to practice."*

brooke's

page 87.

translation,

(Cole-

See Feizi's Persian trans-

lation, p. 126, 127.)

1

he comcidence of

and the formula

is

at the

-7^^

with

^^^^^

so striking,

is

same time so accurate,

that

it

seems extremely improbable that the Arabs should by

mere accident have discovered

Hindus

particularly if

themselves do not seem

the

we bear
to

same proportion

as the

mind, that the Arabs

in

have troubled themselves much

about finding an exact method.

* The Sanskrit

original of this passage affords

an instance of the

Hindus of expressing numbers by the names of

the expressions for the
objects of which a certain number is known

figurative

method

of *the

units

and the lower ranks of numbers always preceding those

higher ones.

Kuvera)

for

1^=3927.
stands for 5

12

(lunar mansion) stands for

Again,

M^

therefore <G|C|

Res. vol.

3f t5"(sacred fire) for 3

and

27

^(cypher)

is

0;

|U|H^ = 1250.

XII. p. 281,

ed. Calc,

several of the Sanskrit

therefore

for the

(treasure of

^^T^^?^.

(arrow of Kamadeva)

months

of the year), for

For further examples, see As,

and the

works printed

|0|

(the sun in the several

H^^

title-pages

at Calcutta

or conclusions of
e. g.

the Sutras of

Panini and the Siddhantakaumudi.

t This would

appear from the very manner in which our author

introduces the several methods;

but

marginal note of the manuscript to

tlje

still

more from the following

present passage

\,^^JsCi

ys

200

Page

The words between

I

57, line 5-8.

brackets are not

the manuscript;

in

have supplied the apparent hiatus from conjecture.

Page

triangle of the

61, line 4.

same proportion

is

used to illustrate

case in the Lilavaii (Feizi's Persian transl, p. 121.

this

Colebrooke's

transl.

of the Lilavati, p. 71. and of the

Vijaganita, p. 203.)

Page

The words between

ten on the marg-in.

brackets are

The words between

them merely from

^-ir^'

^j

66, line

my own

approximation,

me

into the text.

5.

brackets are not in the text,

give

conjecture.

^Ic

tljOi &Ji>.

J\jJ^l 2^j^ ui to ^^;-^\j

jj^

the manuscript writ-

think that the context warrants

Page

Wj^t^ Axj

in

having received them

sufficiently for

^1

65, line 12-14.

not the exact truth

Ss>-\

<dll ^1

itself:

tJib

^j

ijit^^

A^lxJ ^ ^;jc>- ^,^

nobody can ascertain the

exact truth of this, and find the real circumference, except the Omniscient

This

is

for the line

is

not straight so that

called an approximation, in the

its

exact length might be found.

same manner

as

it is

said of the

square-roots of irrational numbers that they are an approximation, and

not the exact truth

best

for

method here given

one-seventh

for

it is

God
is,

alone

knows what

the exact root

that you multiply the diameter

the easiest and quickest.

is.

The

by three and

God knows

best

!"

201

Page

71, line 8,

9.

Tlie author says, that the capital must be divided into

219320 parts:

my translation

this

into

putation furnished

considered faulty, and altered

964080,
in

make

to

it

in

it

agree with the com-

But having recently had

the note.

an opportunity of re-examining the Oxford manuscript,

I perceive
this

from the copious marginal notes appended

among

passage, that even

to

Arabian readers con-

the

siderable variety of opinion must have existed as to the

common

denominator,

means of which the several

by

shares of the capital in this case

One

^r-^.

says

iU<j

Uj

C>y^^

ei-Jj

^J^j

^'^^^^3

may be

^j ^-^

^^^ ^J^

J^ J^^

c>^

<--^^ CT*

f^ cT*^

may be

divided into

Find a number, one-sixth of which

and one-fourth of which may be divided

fourths,

thirds;

expressed.

and what thus comes

forth let

be

into

by hun-

divisible

This you caimot accomplish with

dred and ninety-five.

any numberless than twenty-four. Multiply twenty-four by

one hundred and ninety-five

hundred and eighty, and

Another

the

:*

^j...>^fs.

The numbers

MS.

in this

you obtain four thousand

this will

and

LU

answer the purpose."

J^ssT

^^jl^l

in part of the following

expressed by figures,

which are never used

the work.

2d

six

<^p-j

^J,^

scholium are in
in

the text of

202

ii

l^^li

(^,wk>- ^

CPI

^'Jc^-j

^^Ij eJ^l

this

by

from

you

divisible

by

by

find nine

find
five

five

will

to

?),

ac-

Multiply

thirty-six.

is

Taking

one-third and one-

forty-six.

This

is

not

number of

then be four thousand six hundred

this the

son two hundred

fifths,

hundred and

hundred and

twenty-five, the husband

eighty-eight

of the capital.

therefore multiply the whole

it

five

it

Of

and eighty.

one-sixth

share of the son, which

this the

fourth,

parts

you

six;

the

for

fifty-six

you may take one hundred

cording to another method,

and

"

^^^u

iT7 ^j\ ^.^^u\j vnr ^^^^\

ybj ^ill

mother receives four hundred and

seven hundred and eighty, the

and eighty-eight (twelve hundred and

the legatee,

who

is

to

receive the two-

fourteen hundred and ninety-two, and the legatee

whom

the one-fourth

is

bequeathed, six hundred and

ninety-five."

Another

X>UiJj j cJ^l ^*-J

^ ^,

fj^j^ l^Ju*s Ujci-kj fjti^j^j tjt^y^

J-tf^ L^j^'^
^J^.J^ (jr?!?

C^

j^]

U^^

[^j] Jj

tt/!^

W^ j^^

-N**^*^

'

c-i-JiJij

j*^

203

c^j

As-)

iUjlj

ij^i

^iii

li

[MS.

{^j^^ J <bU2JJ J

The

sixty.

the property

left into

Wv

^r]

] *

L-2II

method, the number of parts

dred and

According

'

fifths

you

parts)

to another

nine thousand three hun-

is

computation then

that

is,

you divide

twelve shares; of these the mother

receives two, the husband three, and the

(number of

sjon

This

seven.

you multiply by twenty, since two-

Thus

and one-fourth are required by the statement.

find

namely

two hundred and

forty, for the

must give up.

Tr

^,/..

Now,

Take

forty.

mother.
forty

the sixth of this,

One-third out of

not divisible

is

by

she

this

You

three.

accordingly multiply the whole number of parts by three,

The

which makes them seven hundred and twenty.

sixth of this for the

One-third of

this,

mother

namely

is

forty,

should be divided by thirteen

one hundred and twenty.

goes

said above.

and

fifty?

six, the

Of

this the

parts

by

is

impossible,

thirteen,

we

mother receives eight hundred

the son two thousand five hundred and seventy-

whom

five

hundred and

sixty, the

the two-fifths are bequeathed, two thou-

sand nine hundred and eighty- four, and the legatee

is to

which

three hundred and sixty, as

husband one thousand

legatee to

and

to the legatees,

but as this

you multiply the whole number of

makes them nine thousand

one-

who

receive one-fourth, one thousand three hundred and

ninety.'*

206

there remains nine of

completement.

which

is

it,

and

this is the

Subtracting

deduction from the

from the

it

and

thirteen, there remains four,

completement,

this is the

legacy.

as the author has said,"

Page

The word
of

l^ll^

which

98, line 8.

have omitted

and of two following passages,

this

explained by the following scholium

j^\ J

^ILJ!

Adequate,

e,

jJJ\j

JW J

corresponding

to

is

my

in
in

translation

the manuscript

l^ <U jL-::.^ l^*X

^.^^^\j

^\ J

jj-^s!^

her beauty, her age, her

family, her fortune, her country, the state of the times, ....

and her virginity."

The dowry

(Part of the gloss

is

to

me

varies according to any difference in

ton's Hedaya,

vol. i.

'i;^\

113, line 7.

has the following marginal note

^lcji\

4 l^

" The

is

woman

sum of money on payment of which one of

(?).

OA:r ofa slave girl

corresponds to the adequate dowry of a free-born

it

the

page 148.

Page

The manuscript

all

See Hamil-

circumstances referred to by the scholium.

^\A\

illegible.)

dis-

tinguished qualities corresponding to her would be mar-

See Hamilton's Hedaya,

ried."

am

words

vol. ii.

page 71.

very doubtful whether I have well understood the

in

which our author quotes

Abu Hanifah's

Abu Hanifah al No'man ben Thabet

is

opinion.

well

known

'

207

as an old

Mohammedan lawyer

bom

Kufa, A.H. 80 (A.D. 690), and died A.H. 150

at

(A.D. 767).
of

his life,

of high authority.

Ebn Khallikan

and

relates

which bear testimony

some

has given a

full

account

him

interesting anecdotes of

to the

integrity

was

lie

and independence

of his character.

Page
The marginal

113, line 16.

notes on this chapter of the manuscript

give an account of what the computation of the cases here

related

would be according

Arabian lawyers,

e.

the precepts of different

to

Abu Yussuf,

g. Shafei,

following extract of a note on the second case

specimen

sufficient as a

i<*)J^^^

^^ L5^ ^^^^ (JJ^ ^} ^^3

Ai J ^^^llJl

Ji4>.sr<

<Upj

'-r^ ^ t-^yi

J <U^

LUiJJ ^jji^

^jl c^JJl
X--^ci.

^:a

'-^'V.V

Jt^

^^^^

jtfU

L::-Jxa lH J.jw Ju-i:>- ^^1

j^^
i!i

ill

[^^X<

^'^3

^^

^l?j

Jji

J^ liii(*)

t/*^^

\"".*

'^^^

J^

will

J^^

/^

^ J ^^

(*) u-:^?^^

j^^

^i;^

^i]/Jt

'fl-'j:^ (^^ --^X

^^ ^-^ Jj^. ^^ JUj j

^,<^t Jjui ci-^lij ^-^j^ \^^

These names are very indistinctly written

be

^-'*l^^

t-j^^yi

j^Lcj l^ls*-

yjj

The

&c.

l*-^

^} ^j >^V

in the

manuscript.

208

l^bjl
the

AiJj

The

ij,

Khowarezmian

of

solution

according

is

YussuF Wazfar, and one of

followers.

Abu Hanifah

the school

to

of

by

Abu

methods of Shafei's

the

calls the

questlan given

this

sum which

the donor has

pay on account of having cohabited with the slave-girl

to

likewise a legacy

thus, according

one and one-third of thing

Shafei's

According

school.

J.MSH, the donor has nothing

cohabited with the slave

grirl

one-third of the donation

extinct

proceed

in the

is

another method of

Mohammed

to

and

this

for

behalf of the dowry,

reducing
is

this,

is

aarain a
this

as after the precepts of

Abu

the heirs obtain three hundred

is

equal to two things

likewise a legacy.

one thing

method,

whilst two-thirds

what he (the donor) has

is

method

Abu Hanifah, you

to

is

actually paid,

to

pay on

Completing and

equal to seventy-five dirhems

one-fourth for the slave-girl

donation

is

After

one and one-third of thing, which

and two-thirds

al

no return, as the heritage has

According

Thus

ben

is

pay on account of having

really paid,

is

same manner

YussuF Wazfar.

this

:*

is

and there

remained unchanged.

less

to

him, the legacy

by the school of Shafei.

adopted

become

this

to

one-fourth

of the

and three-fourths become ex-

tinct.*'

I doubt whether this

JkA^S^

till

is

the meaning of the original, the words from

it^lL being very indistinctly written in the

MS.

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