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Monitoringsubjectcontrastwith reflectedlightmeteringas describedon the

precedingpage is a particularlyeffectivemeansof adjustinglightingto control
reflections,
to depictof translucentobjectsand to accuratelyplaceof highlightsand
shadows.Considerthe.sceneon the pageat right.
Toemphasizethe tonesof the purpleglass illuminatedby lightfrom below the
scenewas meteredwith reflectedlightmeteringand the
readinglockedwith the A key.The blue glasson the
transparencybeneaththe purpleglassand the bright
whitewere then monitored.
Thesereadingsshowedthat when the exposureis
weightedfor the purpleglass(whichthen becomesthe
0 reference),
the whiteareaswill appearas highlightson
the printedfilm and the blue glasswill be reproducedat
approximately
the samedensityas the 0 reference{or
the purpleglass.
. Meterthe purpleglass ('A' key)
sec.
tl32 + 112,1160
-4..3s..2

. {

,filCrfi

.Eli
rsoEU \

O .

2x.

3.4.

FNd

J-ar"o"o
JL:'

. Monitor the white highlights------l

zit

lilm
[l

Ern

2500
ws

#_\ Jls"'""

!9
2500ws
by the photographbeiow.Herethe exposurewas
Anotherapplicationis demonstrated
determinedwith incidentlightmetering,then the digitaldisplaywas lockedby pressing
'A' key.The tilesand shadowof the can were then monitoredwith reflectedlight
the
meteringto confirmthat colorswouldappearin the shadowwith the remainingtiles
beinga brightwhite.
. Monitor the white areas on the tiles
.lncident

lioht measurement ('.A' key)

- 4 . 3 s . - 2 .j . 0 .
l
-i r dnr fU

rso!-u

. 2 r . 3 . 4 .

]J
\

JL

4 . . 3 E . 2 .I . O .

-nU

Fro

5irerl

FNo

-,cono
-l

E,',

| .2r.3.4.
A

1 7 J-r.o,o

JL

. Monitor the f ront tiles

- 4 . - 3 s . - 2
. j

*r-5il

h
Exposure:
sec
il22+ 213.1/60

. 0 .

'*"
l^l

2 r . 3 . 4

- "o
Jl_]""""

www.orphancameras.com

Contrastcontrol

When the subject contrastexceedsthe latitudeof the film, shadowsor highlightsare

oftensacrificedthe composition(seepage23).Bothin the studioand out, lightingcan
be controlledto adjustsubjectcontrastwithoutlosingany detailin the picture.In the
sceneat right,the outsideis brighterthan the inside(thecontrastis high),and the
subject contrastexceedsthe film latitude.
lf the exposureis adjustedfor the outside,the model and car will be too dark as
shownin photoC at the bottomright.Similarly,if the exposureis adjustedto the inside,
the.outsidewill be grosslyoverexposed(photoB, bottom left).In such situations,
daylightsynchronizedflash* will add light and decreasethe contrast,producingphotographA. In short,additionallighting(flashlightin this case)lowersthe subjectcontrast
to withinthe film latitude.

Metered outside (memorized)

ffi'lr,

Metered

^-;

indoors, on face

Metered indoors, on face with

synchronized flash
o3
@tfl

ffi'1"r"-^-;

In the photograph(A)the natural(ambient)lightoutsideis metered,the flash is then

2: 1 so
to fill the shadowsinsideand lowerthe contrastto approximately
synchronized
Shadows(onthe radiatorgrill),the model's
that the backgroundis slightlyoverexposed.
face and highlights(on the wall)werethen monitoredwith reflectedlightmetering.
Shadows monitored
'
ifrl,Fn
NLi

*jr-\

F&

^
?F

J.D ?"o""

*Daylight flash sync is a process is which sunlight(ambientlight)and flash light are both used in
the exposure.The analyzeand memory functions of the Flash Meter IV are very effectivewhen
photographingscenes using both daylightand flash light.

t6

i
I

(A)Exposure:f/5 6, 1/60sec

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Creati
mxrng a

measurement:
flash lighting

Mixingambientlightwith a flashand an orangefiltercan effectivelycreatea twilight

atmosphereon cloudydays.In the photographright,exposurewas balancedfor the
background.
The hat was then measuredand a strong flash added to enhancecontrastand
accents,turningan othenruise
non-descript,
cloudysky intoa brighteveningsky with
sunlightslantingdownthroughthe clouds.

. Flash exposure was meterd.

oEg

fl.frfr*."

t* '1fr

. Measure ambient light

r
T
* ,..11

'""q1J,.,o""'
\

f. L,

EXposure:Il5 6 + 112,112sec.

www.orphancameras.com

Mixed lighting control:

neon and flash lighting

Flashlightwas addedto the modelholdinga blue neontube and the green

neon lightin the backgroundwas movedthroughoutthe one-second
exposureto createa flickeringeffect.
The model'sface and legs,illuminatedby boththe blue neon lightand
flash,were metered.The analyzefunctionwas then usedto determinethe
ratiobetweenambientand flash lighton the face and legsto adjustthe
lighting.Flashintensitywas decreasedto emphasizethe blue lightfrom the
neontube.

On face
4 Z
4
@
@

tu

. 0 . I . 2x. 3.4

m-;-i

JD..
\

fi1

,J

,q

{oNc

On legs

ftm

13

t
EU
UI

\.frt

Exposure:
Il2B+112,1 sec

www.orphancameras.com

The model'sbodyand the flowerswere illuminatedwith a spotflash,lettinglightfrom

the televisionscreenilluminatethe face.
Usingthe analyzefunction,a measurementof the model'sface indicatedadditional
lightingwas neededon the bodyand flowers;the spot flashwas positionedto help
accentthe face.
The FlashMeterIV handlessuch assignmentseasily.Conventional
metering
techniqueshavea hardtime determiningthe effectthat subtlechangesin lightingwill
haveon exoosurecominofrom sourcessuch as a W screen.
Readingon face
r.li.-z .u ! 6. t . 2".3.4@

, 8

I
*
El_l

34

F M

rr
J.A ,/"o""

Readingnear waisl
-r-.
t
r..3..-2 . {,.\0 . 1 . 24. 3.4
, s

,fi[E]

F&

=-=-f---.
''hI

t/ fl 7**.
r'r't L

Readingon flowers
- 4 . -I 3 s . - .2 {
@

,s

%Y_l

rrl!D .
F&

1 . 2x. 3.4

rr

J.D 1"o""

Exposure:Il4+112,1 sec.

Bo*! &

15Ows

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A senseof dynamicactionwas capturedby

movingthe cameraduringa one-secondexposure undermixedlightingconsistingof a blue
filterovera tungstenlightand normalflash.While
the blursare accentedhighlightsilluminatedonly
by the tungsten,flashlightwas addedwhen the
camerawas stopped.
The analyzefunctionwas usedto determine
the illumination
and color reoroduction
of the
motorcyclewhilethe camerawas still.The bike
was almostcompletelyexposedwith a 1/30sec.
exposurefollowingshutterreleaseand priorto
cameramovement.With an f/5.6aperture,the
tungstenlighthad virtuallyno effecton colors.

B l u f i l t e r

\
o h3n)

'gN,
N Z E Vi-r,.-. ..
@'tfi
_fr-f

.i!i. , . 2,.3.4^
F&

r f
* t;i_1 J.A
J*""

- a . _ 3 , . - 2. l i .
fue

,s

-rih

i.

1 .

2".3.a^'

FM

fl.n.'*".

Exposure:fl5 6, 1 sec
www.orphancameras.com

Cum ulative exposure metering

The first exposurecapturedthe bluesof the blinds.The

secondexposureturnedthe spacesbetweenthe slats
white and caughtthe tire peekingthroughfrom the
bottom.In the thirdexposure,the blindswere removed
and the bicyclewas exposedas a blue silhouette.
Cumulativereadingswith reflectedlightmetering
to controlthe contrast
enabledthe photographer
betweenthe slatsand monitorthe exposureof those
areassilhouettedby the bicyclethroughthe blindsand
thoseareasnot silhouetted.
The digitaldisplayindicatesthe integratedvalueof
The
the threeexposurescreatingthe bicyclesilhouette.
pointerabovef/45on the analogscale indicatesthe part
f/90 is the
of the slatswhich will not be silhouetted;
cumulativeexposurefor the spacesbetweenthe slats.

-TE{-rr:J";";-;::i,
Exposure:
1st Blindsexposedblue
2 n d Tiresvisiblethroughblinds
from
exposed:illuminatton
behindthe blinds;bluelightsin
front extinguished
white
Bicyclesilhouetted:
litwith bluelights;
background
blindshavebeen removed

www.orphancameras.com

Cumulative exposuremetering: Mul

Toilluminate
with a smallflash(GN
theselargebuildings
32),the tableswere exposedby firinga flash8 times.
The buildingwas exposedby firinga flash22 timeswith
the flashunit as shownin the figurebelow.
The tablesand patiowere meteredeighttimeswith
incidentlightmeteringandthe cumulativereadings;
the
buildingwas metered22 timeswith the reflectedlight
meteringand the cumulativereadings.
The exposurewas adjustedso the backgroundwould
becauseambientlighthas an
be slightlyunderexposed
effecton the exposureduringthe duration.Flash
rechargeper exposurewas 8 secondswith the camera
set at "bulb'i

lveqe\-/'

Ki\

Guide number: 32
Meter the building
1 142284
@

;;--*

568

i ' ? s

, F M

n--r
fru,

L
lJ

\-

It162232456490!

rr

-,
I?
_t.Lf

: NoNc
L uu,r,

+fi?''v.ll','*,,

Exposure:f/5 6, bulb exposure(approx4 min )

FlashfiredB times towardsthe tables,22 times
towardsthe buildinqs

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Cumulativeexposuremeteringof this scene indicated

most objectswould be fullyexposedwith the first and
secondexposures,leavingthe lamp-litminiaturesto be
on
finishedwith ambientand flashlight.The miniatures
the chairwere illuminatedby boththe lamp lightand
flash light.The miniatureson the chairwere
blue-filtered
comparedwith the edgeslit only
slightlyoverexposed,
by the flash.
soughtto flare
In the thirdexposure,the photographer
the lightcomingthroughthe openingsin the chairand
cumulative
illuminatedfrom behind.An aperture-priority
readingindicatedthat the flashshouldbe firedfour
timeswith the lensat f/90to overexposethe gapsby
aboutthreestopscomparedwith the main lightingin
exoosuresone and two.
lst exposurereading
1Cs

*Jfl"
'"o.i,/

l,'*33-.o"o
L L f"u.r,
\'

Cumulativereadingof 1st and

2nd exposure
'tg'u

Yellow
f ilter

3#--,.1'"r
r l,-"

'lD
3rd exposure reading

lrr"r'^fut

2400ws

rThrsr,;:

Exposure:1st Exposuremade with a

smalltungstenlampon the
chairand flashlightwith
blue filter.
2nd Exposurefrom small stand
lamp on chair top: soft
effectsfilteron lens.
3rd All lightson chair turnedoff;
f rom backillumination
groundflashwith yellow
filter;soft effectsfllteron
lens

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tl22+112,30
sec.
tl22+112,30
sec.
tl22+1l2,"bulb"
exposure;
flash
fired4 times.

The MinoltaBoosterII is a TTLexposuremetercell

whichpermitsdirectmeteringof low lightlevelsusing
receptors.The
anyof the BoosterII reflected-light
receptorsenabledirectmeteringvia FlashMeter[V*of
lightlevelswhichcannotbe meteredwith a flashmeter
alone.
Someexamples:
brightness
at the focusingscreenof
largeformatcameras,at the film planeof SLRcameras
or at the eyepieceof the viewfinder,in the eyepieceof a
microscope
and otherapplications
in whichlighthas
alreadypassedthroughan opticalsystem.
Thebooster'scableplugsintothe accessoryjack on
the FlashMeterIV,and the spot-probeattachment,SLR
microscopereceptoror 35mm
eyepieceattachment,
film olaneattachmentis attachedto the booster.
Oneof
is used:
two meteringtechniques
BoosterII and attachments

Fixed aperture metering

In thistechniquethe apertureis preset.The meterreadingcan be readfromthe Flash
MeterIVdatapanelas whenmeteringwith FlashMeterIV alone.Thistechnique
correspondsto exposuremeasurementat openaperture.and is usedwith the spotprobeattachment
or SLReyepieceattachment.

Stop-down metering
As the nameimplies,the apertureis stoppeddownto the desiredapertureandthe
shutterspeedor guidevalue(GV)is readwhenthe FlashMeterIV indicatesa specified
TTLmeteringand is usedwith
aperture.
Thistechniquecorresponds
to stopped-down,
or microscopereceptor.
the 35mm film planeattachment
factor
Whenfirst usingthe booster,it is also necessaryto obtainthe ccjinpensation
indicated
on the compensation
scaleaccordingto the opticalcharacteristics
of the
photographic
equipmentused,includingthe cameraand lens.
lf the sameequipment
factoris determined,
and materials
for whichthiscompensation
are used,TTLmeteringis possibleunderthe sameconditions
as reflectedlight
metering.
. Fordetailsreferto pages48and49andtheBooster
manual.
II instruction
* TheBooster
FlashMeterIII,FlashMeterII,andAuto
II canalsobeusedwithMinolta
Meters III. IIIF.and II

Spot-probeattachment

SLR eyepieceattachment

Microscopereceptor

35mm film planeattachment

Takenwith large format view camera

(usingspot-probe
attachment)
4 x 5 viewcamera.fl32.
11250
sec

Macrophotographywith 35mm SLR, magnification3.35X

(usingSLReyepiece
attachment)
35mmcamera:
f/11.
1/60sec

Photomicrograph(10Xobjective, 10Xclose-up lens)

(usingmicroscope
receptor)
35mmcamera;usingpolarizing
light

Low illuminationexposure
(usingboosted
reflectedlightreceptor)
sensilivity.
4 x 5 camera(withUVfilter),
1122,
12min,30ws ultra.viotet
liqhtsource

www.orphancameras.com

with the spot-probe attachment:

wqr/ camera exposures

TTLmeteringwithina 5mm diametercircleon the focusingscreenof a viewcamera

is possibleby attachingthe spot-probeattachmentto the BoosterII. Commonlyused
in productphotography,
on-screenmeteringwith the spot-probepermitsaccurate
exposureincreases.
meteringof the exposureand subjectcontrastwithoutcalculating
is madepossibleby usingthreechoicesof exposure
Evenmoreprecisemeasurement
(highlight
biased,shadowbiasedand averaging).
shiningthroughthe
Forexample,
the photograph
at rightwas takenwith illumination
glasses.Thespot-probe
was usedto carefullymeterthe subjectsand
attachment
variouslocationsin the backgroundto determinethe exposureso that subjectcontrast
remainedwithinthe latitudeof the film.Toemphasize
the tonesof the bird,the bird
was meteredand key[A]was pressedto lockthe reading.Numerousspotsfrom
highlights
variouspartsalongthe stemof the purple
to shadowsin the background,
glassandthe glasswith liqueurwereall thenmetered.
Purpleglassste

Reading:
Glassbird
1 .

llo ,

coRo

JJtJt r - 5

-ifil

-4.-3..-2. -r .

2n. 3.4

'-"

O.

2H. 3.4

*"-ffi'--7'l5"o*o
Bluein centerglass

highlights
Background

I
r4.-3s. -2 . -1 .

O .

2N.

'*

l,-to,

7J^J
EI

-qr|

-4.-35. -2 . -t .

3.4

coRo

Bluesin the packground

''o

lln

2H. 3.4.

FNo
E
'1 't

7(5

-5fi

coRD

Greenliqueur

t
-4.-3s..2 . -l .
, -r

,flte

O .

26.

Backgroundshadows

t""

46

rl

llO

1l-q'o'.% t _ l

4r1
* l.'o

- 4 . - 3 s . - 2. - i . 0

3.4

FNo

Ft{o

-t

't

J( 5

coRo

1 .

2r.3.4

,*o
J"-l

1( 5

coRD

Exposure.
tl32+112,
1/125sec.
Reading:-Flash
MeterIVwith
BoosterII and spotorobeattachment

www.orphancameras.com

Boostercompensation
featurewhichboostsmeter
The BoosterII containsa built-inincreasedsensitivity
dialis set to C, sensitivity
is
sensitivity
in 1/3stopintervals;
whenthe compensation
boostedfive stops;when set to H, sensitivityis boostedapprox.eightstops.
!:
Boostersensitivity
matchesthatof the FlashMeterIVwhenthe dialis setto L,
allowingthe boosterto be usedas a reflectedlightreceptorwith a 60o acceptance
angleby extendingthe receptorhood.
systemand spotThedifferencein sensitivitybetweenopticsof the photographic
probeattachmentmustbe determined
withthe boosterset up as a reflectedlight
Aftercalibrating
the booster,
the scene
meterbeforeusingthe spot-probe
attachment.
is meteredwith eitherfixedapertureor stop-downmetering.

Fixedaperturemetering
Calibration

'1.
3. Setthe spot-probeattachdialto L
2, Directthe cameraat the
Setthe sensitivity
',1. mentto the focusingscreen
and metera flat surface
$ameevenreflectance ti.:,'.
andturnthe compensation
with evenreflectance*using , surfaceand holdit firmly.'
'
Focusthe lensat infinity . .i dial untilthe reading
reflectedlight receptor.Jot
matchesthat notedin
and closethe apertureto
downthe reading.
' , r,
*Thesurface
the desiredsetting.
should
beanevenly
;,,:.', step1.
;:
e Settingthe dialto H may in
illuminated
surface,
suchasa
wall,largeenoughto coverthe
notbe
somecircumstances
angleof the lensto be used.
lf thishappens,
sufficient.
increasethe ISOsettingon
the FlashMeterIVuntilthe
readingsmatchor usethe

meterins
iJ:f,ffiyJ

o Blockany lightwhichdoes
not come directlythrough
the lenswhen meteringon
the focusingscreen.
Metering:
Fixedaperture
dialshouldbe set to the positiondeterminedin step3 abovebeforemetering.
The compensation
factorhas to be
factordiffersaccordingto the lensin use,the compensation
As the compensation

Adjustthe cameraand lights

and set the lensto the
apertureusedwhen : :.: j:.:,:;:
calibrating
the booster.

48

Setthe spot-probeatl&sh- ,:
menton the groundglass
and
takea reading.Readingsindi.
catedon the FlashMeterIV
displaycan be usedas is. :

Stop-down
metering
Calibration
Compensation
requiredfor the stopdownmeteringmodeis determined
as explained
below:

1.Setthe sensitivity
dialto L
. and metera flat surface ::l
, with evenreflectance* :'
usingthe reflected
light
receptor.Jot down the
reading.
*Thereading
should
bea shutter
speedandaperture
smaller
than
thefulllensaoerture.

2. Directthe cameraat the

sameevenreflectance
surface.Focusthe lensat
infinityand closethe apertureto obtainthe same
readingas in step 1.

3. Setthe spot-probeattach*.
menton the focusing
screenand meterwiththe
shutterspeednotedin step
1.Turnthe compensation
dial untilthe displayon the
FlashMeterIV indicates
the sameaperturesetting.
o Blockany lightwhichdoes
nol come directlythrough
the lenswhenmeteringon
the focusingglass.

Metering
The compensation
dial shouldbe set to the positiondeterminedin step3 abovebefore
(lf the boosteris calibratedin fixedaperturemeteringwith an f/5.6aperture,
metering.
that settingon compensation
dial can be used in stop-downmetering,too.)
..,

h
i i

Adjustthe cameraand lights

andclosethe lensto the
desiredaperture.
.;

Setthe spot-probeattachmentto the groundglass

and
takea reading.Usethe
shutterspeedor GV reading
indicatedwhenthe displayon
the FlashMeterIVfor correct
exposure.
o Eitheraperture-priority
or ,.:
shutterprioritymeteringcan
be used.lf aperture-priority
meteringis used,set the
FlashMeterIVto FNo.
mode.Usef/5.6to takethe
reading.

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