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Record:1
Title:
IsSexWorkQueer?
Authors:
McKay,Corina
Source:
SocialAlternatives.Jul99,Vol.18Issue3,p4853.6p.1ColorPhotograph.
DocumentType:
Article
Subjects:
SEXindustry
QUEERtheory
PROSTITUTES
HETERONORMATIVITY
PROSTITUTES'customers
SEXdiscriminationagainstwomen
SEXworkers
SEXUALethics
WOMEN'Srights
Abstract:
Thearticlediscussestheauthor'sviewaboutsexworkasaqueeract.Shearguesthatsexworkshouldalsobeseenasqueersinceitengagesinadirectchallengetothepowerof
heteronormativity.Sheusesthequeertheorytocontendthetreatmentofsexworkerswhichisconcernedwiththesocialproductionandregulationofsexuality.Theauthoraims
tochallengeheteronormativityinwhichitisthepowerexertedoverbothindividualsbytheenforcementofheterosexualnorms.Shealsoaddressesvariousactsofthe

prostitutesinscientificandmedicaldiscourse.
Lexile:
1250
FullTextWordCount:
3560
ISSN:
01550306
AccessionNumber:
2247130
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IsSexWorkQueer?
Inwesternsocietysexualityisgroundedinromanceandmorality.Soweseeboymeetsgirl,theyfallinlove,theygetmarried,procreateandlivehappilyeverafter.Boyisnot
supposedtoringgirlofillrepute,visitsame,getlaid,paygirlofillreputeforsexualpleasureandleave.Althoughthisisacommonoccurrence,itisfrowneduponandcriminalised
andthoseinvolvedinsellingsexformoneyarestigmatisedandpunished.InthispaperIutiliseQueerTheorytocontestthistreatmentofsexworkers.QueerTheoryisconcerned
withthesocialproductionandregulationofsexualityanditsobjectistochallengeheteronormativity(thatis,thepowerexertedoverbothindividualsandwholepopulationsbythe
enforcementofheterosexualnorms).QueerTheoryisusuallyconcernedwithnonnormative,'queer',sexualitieslikegay,lesbian,bisexual,transgenderetc.InthispaperIarguethat
sexworkshouldalsobeseenas'queer'becauseitengagesinadirectchallengetothepowerofheteronormativity.
Thedarkersideofsexualrelations,highlightedsoeffortlesslybythesexindustry,clearlyintrigueswriters,scientists,feministsandyourgardenvarietymoralist.The'body'ofthesex
workerhasbeenconceptualisedinmanyandoftencontradictorywaysasdiseasedandsick,immoralanddeviant,criminal,working,passiveandvictimizedandempowered.Inthis
paperIbegininActIwithadiscussionofhowthebodyofthesexworker/prostitute/whorewasconstructedinscientificandmedicaldiscourseinthenineteenthcentury.InActII,I
explorefeministtheoriesofsexworkwhichstigmatizesexworkersandreinforceheteronormative(alsowhiteandmiddleclass)understandingsofsexworkshouldalsobeseenas
'queer'becauseitengagesinadirectchallengetothepowerofheteronormativitywhatasociallyacceptablewomanshouldbe.InActIII,IshowhowQueerTheorycanliberatesex
workersfromsuchdominantsocial/sexualideologies,helpingthemtocreatealternativediscourseswhichchallengethepowerofheteronormativityallowingthemtoenjoysexualand
socialcitizenshipontheirownterms.
ActITheMagdalenismoftheNineteenthCentury.
Inthenineteenthcenturythebodyoftheprostitutebecametheobjectofawholerangeofscientific,political,culturalandpsychologicaldiscourses.Anintenseandoftenhysterical

publicdebateaboutsexualitytookplace.Thesedebateswereembeddedinlegal,medicalandpsychiatrictexts(Bell1994:42)andframedwithinChristianmoralism.Doctors,
lawyers,socialreformers,clergymenandjudgesrespondedtothe'greatsocialevil'ofprostitutionbywritingaplethoraofreportsoutliningthecausesand'cures'ofprostitution.
WilliamActon'sProstitutionConsideredinitsMoral,SocialandSanitaryAspectsinLondonandOtherLargeCitiesandGarrisonTowns(1857),AlexandreParentDuchatelet'sDela
ProstitutiondanslaVilledeParis(1838)andthereportoftheBritishRoyalCommissionontheContagiousDiseasesActs(1871)arejustthreetexts,outofamultitude,thatsoughtto
defineandcategorizethebodyoftheprostitute.
Inthesetextsprostituteswereperceivedasaninversionofthe'respectablewoman'.Prostituteswere'distinct'fromotherfemalebodies,becausetheprostitutebodyoperatedoutside
the'reproductivebody'andwas'therefore''deviant'.Sexworkerswerepositionedasthe'other'.Neverthe'Madonna','wife'or'goodgirl',theprostitutewaslocatedas'whore',while
thevirtuous,reproductivewomanremainedsexuallypassive,anobjectmenwererequiredtoprotect.ForActon,theidealEnglishwifeandmotherwas'kind,considerate,self
sacrificingandsensible,sopureheartedastobeutterlyignorantofandaversetoanysensualindulgence'(Nead1984:311).Inotherwords,nicegirlsdidn'tcumandprostituteswere
notnicegirls(whethertheycameornot).Acton'sinfluentialmoralandmedicalwritingscalledfortheregulationofprostitutionandthiswasachievedinBritainthroughthe
ContagiousDiseasesActspassedinthe1860s.
InActon'stext,womenareasexualandincapableofsexualpassion.Womenwereseducedintoprostitutiondueto'moralfrailty'and'naturalweaknesses'ofvanity,pride,idlenessand
a'loveofdress'(Nead1982:310).Furthermore,theinsistenceonseductionwasadirectresultofbourgeoisVictoriannotionsconcerningfemalesexuality.Womenwhoworked
outsidethehomeandwhowereunprotectedbytheirfathersandhusbands,weresusceptibleto'defeminisation'.Theywere'exposedtotemptationsandpromiscuityandtherefore
riskedtheirvirtueanddamagedfamilylife,theanchorofsocialstability'(Nead1982:317).Their'seducers'weremenwhobelongedtothewealthymiddleandupperclassesandwho
exploitedtheneedsofpovertystrickenwomen.Therewas,arguesNead(1982:312),'anabsoluteconnection'Strippers'PosterproducedbySexWorkersOutreachProject(NSW)
betweensexualandeconomicexploitationintheactofseduction'.QuotingfromMySecretLife,anaccountinelevenvolumesofthecopioussexualescapadesofaVictorian
'gentleman',sherecountshow'Walter'pickedupadestituteyounggirlinthestreetsandsaw:'herwantwasmyopportunity'.Onceawomanwasseduced,shedepartedfromvirtue
andenteredalifeofprostitution,'asamatterofcourse'(Nead1982:319).Seductionledtoprostitutionandprogressedtodeath.Onceawoman'fell'intoalifestyleof'deviance'she
ledamiserablelife'until,finally,ginmadandriddenwithguiltsheeitherdiedofvenerealdiseaseorcommittedsuicide'(Nead1982:311).WhileActonwishedtomodifythe
customarysymboloftheprostituteas'thedirtyintoxicatedslatternintawdryfineryandaninchthickinpaint'(citedinBell1994:52),hebrandedtheprostituteas'diseased','asocial
pest,carryingcontaminationtoeveryquarter'andthe'mereinstrumentofimpurity'(citedinBell1994:55).
ParentDuchatlet'sworkcreatedamoderndiscourseonthe'identity'oftheprostituteandwentontobecomethebasisforinvestigationsintoprostitutionbyotherwouldbesocial
scientists.ParentDuchateletoriginallyconcernedhimselfwithsewerageandpublichygiene.Thepublichealthmodelcontinuedtobethemaininfluenceonhisworkonprostitutes.
ParentDuchatelet'sstudy(readopinion)canbecreditedwithstereotypingtheprostituteas'degenerate'andasequatedwithfilth.Heargued:
'Adistinctivecharacterofprostitutesisaremarkablenegligence
regardingcleanliness,ofthebodyandofclothing;exceptions
tothisregularitycanbeconsideredasrare;itissaidthat
thesewomenarehappyinmireandfilth;theyonlycareabout
theirdressandexternalcover,therestisneglectedentirely
(emphasisadded.CitedinBell1994:48).

ParentDuchaletidentifiedprostitutesasbeingplump(duetotoomanyhotbaths)andthoughtlowclassprostituteshad'harsh','raucous',and'husky'voices.Heproduceda
physiognomyandphysiologicalcataloguethatrepresentedthefamilybackground,education,haircolour,vocaldistinctions,physicalityandsexualprofilesofprostitutes.Healso
examinedthegenitaliaandreproductiveaptitudeofbothprostitutesandvirtuous,marriedwomen(Bell1994:4748).ParentDuchatelet'sthoughtthegenitalsofprostitutewould
somehowbedifferentfromotherwomen,thattheclitoriswouldbelargerinprostitutesandthiswouldaccountfortheir'lustfulnessandshamefulvice'.Muchtohissurprise,hefound

nonprostitutewomenandprostitutewomenhadthesamesizeclitorises.However,ParentDuchateletconcludedthatthegenitalsofprostituteswerepronetoabscessesandtumors.
Hence,the'prostitutebody'wasadiseasedsiteand'shouldbekeptcleanthroughsocialregulation.
TheBritishContagiousDiseasesActsof1864,1866and1869,encodedtheprostitutebodyasasiteofdiseaseandpollution.TheActswereusednotonlytocleansetownsand
militaryencampmentsofthe'meremassesofrottennessandvehiclesofdisease'(Bell1994:59),theywerealsousedtoprovidetroopswithdiseasefreeprostitutes.Thelawsprovided
forthecompulsoryexaminationsofwomensuspectedofprostitution.Womenfoundtobeinfectedwereforciblydetainedinspeciallockhospitals,wheretheyunderwentmoraland
religiousinstruction,comprisingdomesticlabourandpersonalhygiene.
UnliketheirBritishcounterparts,theAustraliancoloniesappliedContagiousDiseaseslegislationtoallwomeninQueenslandandTasmania.QueenslandintroducedtheActswithout
anypromptingfromthemilitaryinordertoprotectthemalecivilianpopulation.
Primarilyahealthmeasure,theActsalsoregulatedandconstrainedthebehaviourofprostitutes.Menwereneversubjectedtomedicalexaminations.TheBritishRoyalCommission
intotheContagiousDiseasesActs(1871)stated,'thereisnocomparisontobemadebetweenprostitutesandthemenwhoconsortwiththem'themenwereseentobeengagedinan
'irregularindulgenceofanaturalimpulse'(citedinBell1994:58).Theprostitutebodywasneverseenasavictimofmalepollutionbutwasearmarkedas'dangerous'.While,the
voiceofprostitutesremainedsilent,theirbodieswereconstitutedashighlycontestedsites.
ActIIContentiousIssuesforFeministsstarring'SexWork'(akaProstitution)
Thevoicesofprostitutes/sexworkerswerenottobeaudibleuntilthe1970sand1980sduringthesocalled'sexwars'betweenfeminists.Feministsvariouslyconstructedthebodyof
thesexworkerasasiteof'work,asiteofabuse,power,sex,addictionandevenpleasure"(Bell1994:99).Radicalfeministsargued(andstilldo)thatprostitutionwas'oppressive'to
womenbecauseitwasapracticewhich'legitimateswomen'ssocialsubordination'(Shrage1997:335)theycalledforitselimination.Fromthisperspective,prostitutionisthe
ultimateformofsexualviolenceperpetratedbymaledominance.Correspondingly,thesexworkerisrepresentedasa'victim',apassive'site'coerced(seduced?)intoprostitutiondue
toeconomiccircumstances(Jeffreys1997).Radicalfeminists,suchasShrageandOverall,alsoaccusedsexworkersofsustainingpatriarchialpractices.AcordingtoShrage,the
'prostitute'sactions,andtheindustryasawhole,servetoperpetuatesociallyhegemonicbeliefswhichoppressallwomen'(Shrage1997:328).Unfortunately,thesesortoffeminist
theoriesdon'toffersolidsolutionstotherealitiesofmoneyandsurvival.Adiscoursethatidentifiessexworkasbeingtiedtothecapitalistmarketandtocommodificationisallvery
interestingbutitdoesnotpaytherent.
Sincethe1970sotherfeminists,sexworkersandsexworkerfeministshavestartedtoconceptualizeprostitutionaswork(seePerkins1991,Sullivan1997).Theyseesexworkasan
occupationinitsownrightandadvocatebothdecriminalizationandsaferworkingconditions.Theyalsoseesexworkersassexeducatorswhoprovideaserviceontheirownterms
'choice'and'consent'arenegotiatedwithinthematerialandsocialsphereofthesexindustryandisongoing.Thesexindustryhasitsownpowerrelationsandsocialspace.These
defineandredefine'choice'and'consent'onanumberoflevels.Firstly,theactofsexbetweenaclientandasexworkerisbasedonabusinesspremise.Theclientknowshe/shewill
handovermoneyforaservicedecidedonbythesexworkeraspartofthebusinesstransaction.Forexample,someworkerschoosetokisstheirclientswhileothersdonot.Secondly,
thesiteofthesexualtransactionwillaffectthepowerheldbyeachpartyinthetransaction.Aclientwhogoestoabrothelormassageparlourisenteringtheworker'sspace(setupfor
theworker'sneeds).Hemustapproachherwhichisadauntingtaskforsomeclients.Alternatively,streetsexworkersapproachtheclient,usuallyinhiscar,thatissheentershis
spacetonegotiateandsetconditions.Thirdly,lawsregulatingprostitutiondecidehow,whenandwheresexworkcanlegallyoccur.Astheselawsdifferstatetostate,andare
ammendedatvarioustimes,theissueof'choice'and'consent'arefrequentlynegotiatedbysexworkerstoenablesomeformofcontrolovertheirwork.
Feministdiscourseswhichignorethevoicesofsexworkersonlydisempoweranddisadvantagesexworkers.Feministtheoryhas,inthepastandpresent,concerneditselfwithmale
femalerelationswithinaheterosexualframework.Thedangerhereisthatthefocusongenderrelationscanonlybesustainedonthebackofapatriarchalmoralitywhichemphasises

theprotectionofheteronormativity.Theprivilegedpositionsofheteronormativitycanonlyexistifwomencontinuetobeavailableforclassificationaseither'whore'or'chaste'.
Feministswhocensuresexworkersonlyupholdandpromoteheteronormativity.
ActIIITheMattressActressmeetsQueerTheory.
Queertheoristsattempttodestabilizethesystemofheteronormativitybyinterrogatingandchallenging(historicalandcontemporary)constructionsofsexuality.Sexworkers
participateinthisprocessbyvariousmeans.Heterosexualityisthe'norm'andthosewhooperateoutsideofthisnormareathreat.AccordingtoCreed(1994),theterm'queer'isnow
usedasanumbrellatermforawiderangeoflesbian,lesbianfeministandgaymaletheorywhichpromotesthevalueofdiversity,differenceandapluralityofsexualidentities.
Feministsexworkersandqueertheoristsare,inmanyways,compatiblebedfellows.Firstly,bothgroupsarefamiliarwithmarginalization.Thesocialsystemofheterosexualityis
dependentonthenotionthatsexualityisanatural'given'andthisisusedasameansofcontrollingtheindividualwhoisreducedtohis/hersexualdesire(Creed1994:156).Justasthe
term'queer'hasbeenusedtolabeldeviantsexualbehavior,thehasbeenusedtocontrolwomenandtheirbehavior.Sexworkerfeministsrefusethegoodgirl/badgirldichotomyof
'theprostitute'.Insteadtheyexplicitlyinvertitbyenteringtheindustryandbecomingfinanciallyindependentbyengaginginbehaviourthatdestabilizesheteronormativity.
Secondly,QueerTheorychallengestheideathatthereisaunifiedorfixedconceptofsexualidentity.Thesexworkeridentity,criticisedbothbythoseoutsideandinsidetheindustry,
oscillatesfrom'victim'to'worker'.QueerTheoryallowssexworkerstochallengethelimitedidentitiesofsexworkerswhodisapproveofothersexworkerswhosaytheyenjoytheir
workandchoosetoentertheindustry,notjustforfinancialopportunities,butasanopportunitytoexploredifferentsexualdimensions.Queertheoryenablesarecognitionofarange
ofdifferentidentitieswhichoffernewsitesofdebateandchallengeforheteronormativity.
Nestle(citedinBell1994:119)hasdemonstratedimportantlinksbetweenlesbiansandsexworkers.Sexworkersandlesbianshaveacommonhistoryofconflictandhostilityfrom
religion,medicineandthelaw.Bothgroupshavebeenlabeledas'deviant','sick','sinful','polluters'bothhavebeenseverelypolicedandpunished.InNaziGermany,bothsex
workersandlesbianswereforcedtowearablacktriangle,signifyingtheirstatusas'asocial'women,andweresenttoconcentrationcamps.VeraLaskersays'Amongthefirstwomen
inAuschwitzwereGermanprostitutesandJewishgirlsfromSlovakia.ThesewomenwereissuedeveninggownsinwhichtheywereforcedtohelpbuildAuschwitzinrainorsnow.
Ofthehundreds'onlyahandfulsurvivedby1944'(NestleinDelacosteandAlexander1987:244).
Sexworkerschallengecompulsoryheterosexualitybyvariousmeans.First,queertheoryremovesdiscussionofthesexworker/otherfromtheframeworkwheresexworkersare
disempoweredandmarginalisedandrelocatesitwithinahybridofqueer,feministandsexworkerfeministtheory.Therecalcitrant'other'ofthesexworkerthenbecomesanactive
siteforchallengingheteronormativityand,moreimportantly,thevoicesofsexworkerscanbeheard.Second,theactofsexworkbecomesa'performanceofheterosexuality'that
workstochallengedominantarrangementsofpower(Pendleton1997:76).Thesexworkerperformsasetof'highlychargedfemininegendercodes'(Pendleton1997:78)andinverts
the'malegaze'bycreatingwhatthemalegazedesiresbutonthesexworker'sownterms.Sexworkersdeliberatelyinventapersonathatincludestheaccoutrementsoffemininityand
malefantasyandobtainfinancialgainfordoingthis.AsPendleton(1997:7879)argues:
Onemustassumethefeminineroledeliberately.Whichmeans
alreadytoconvertaformofPendleton(1997:78)contendsthe
overteconomysubordinationintoanaffirmationandthusto
ofsexworkcallsattentiontothegeneraleconomybeginto
thwartit.Toplayinthiswayisthus,forawoman,totry
torecovertheplaceofherexploitationbydiscoursewithout
allowingherselftobesimplyreducedtoit.

Performinglikethisallowssexworkerstomimicahackneyedimageofthefeminineroleinanobviousandbanalmannerinordertoexploitit.Forexamplestreetsexworkers

manipulatetheelementsoftheatre/dramatoenticeclientele.Streetsexworkersusedress(costume),makeup,lighting(thestage),movementandgesturetotheiradvantage.They
knowhowthepunterwantstoseethem:assexuallyprovocativeand'available'.Somestreetsexworkersarescriptwritersintheirownplayscreatinga'character'(workname),
backgroundandlanguage('you'rethebiggestI'veseenbabyyouarethebestIloveyou')toproducewhatthepunterwantstohearShesellsan'image'ofherself,deeroticizedbythe
useofa'work'nameandpersona.Inessence'thesexworkerbecomestheseducerintheclient/workerrelationship:hiswantisheropportunity,whichisthereverseofthenineteenth
century,maleseducer/femalevictim,dichotomydiscussedabove.
Whentakentoanextremelikethisperformingthe'badgirl'enterstherealmofthecarnivalesque.Theterm'carnival'referstoa'mobilesetofsymbolicpractices,imagesand
discourses'(Stallybrass1986:15)thatengageinsymbolicinversionandculturalnegation.Everydayhierarchies,structures,rulesandcustomsarereversed:kingsbecomeservants,
mendressaswomenetc.Thematerialbodymaybeexaggeratedinitsfeaturesandbecomegrotesque:thefeet,knees,buttocks,genitals,anusaregivenacomicprivilegingoverthe
rationalandspiritualcontrolofthehead(Stallybrass1986:183).Byexaggeratingfemininity,andbyflauntingthematerialbodyasexcessiveanddisobedient,sexworkersengageina
carnivalesquesubversionofthestructures,rulesandcustomsofheteronormativity.
Toperform'femininity'foreconomicgainnotonlyexposestheconstructednessoffemininitywithinheterosexualitybutalsochallengesnormaleconomicrelationshipsbetweenmen
andwomen.Sexworkers'queer'heteronormativitywhentheyexchangesexformoneybecauseitisanovertact.Pendleton(1997:78)contendstheoverteconomyofsexworkcalls
attentiontothegeneraleconomyofheterosexuality.Sexworkersremovethemselvesfromtheambiguoustermsoftheheterosexualeconomyandengageintransparentandhonest
economicexchange.Thatwomenchoosetosellsextomenwhoarewillingtobuyitwillalwaysbequestionable.Perhapsitisbecausemenaregivenalimitedaccesstowomen's
bodiesbasedonthesexworker'spermissionandnegotiation.Thisnegotiationisseeminglyabsentwithin'normal'heterosexualencounters:forexample,whenamanandwomango
outfordinner,themanwillnotusuallysayheexpectshertosleepwithhimbecausehehasboughtherdinner.Sexualnegotiationisusuallyunspokenandframedinbehaviourand
manners.Theinstitutionofheterosexualityleaveswomenfewchoices.AsPendletonargues(1997:78),'Theparametersunderwhichwhite,middleclasswomenmustoperateinorder
tostayonthe"good"sideofthegoodgirl/badgirldividearequitenarrow'.
Epilogue:Thevoiceof'johnsmith'.
Wherethenisthevoiceofthe'client'?Iftheactofsellingsexisqueer,istheactofbuyingsexqueer?Clientsofsexworkersremainlurkinginthebackgroundofthisanalysis.
Perhapsthethoughtoftheclienthavinga'voice'issounpleasant(assomeclientsare)sexworkerfeministsareloathtoincludeitinanydiscourse.CurrentlyinWestYorkshire,
Britain,feministsandexsexworkershavesetuptheKerbCrawlersRehabilitationSchool.Thisaimstoeducatementostoppayingforsex.Apaternalisticgesture?Surelyclients
(andsexworkers)areautonomousindividualswhomakeinformeddecisionsontheirownbehalf.Theclienthasavoice,thequestionisdowewanttohearit?
sexworkshouldalsobeseenas'queer'becauseitengagesinadirectchallengetothepowerofheteronomativity
Thevoicesofprostitutes/sexworkerswerenottobeaudibleuntilthe1970sand1980s
Feministdiscourseswhichignorethevoicesofsexworkersonlydisempoweranddisadvantagesexworkers
Iftheactofsellingsexisqueer'istheactofbuyingsexqueer?
PHOTO(COLOR):'Stripers'PosterproducedbySexWorkersOutreachProject
References

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Nead,L.1982.'Seduction,Prostitution,Suicide:OntheBrinkbyAlfredElmore'ArtHistory.5(3)
Nestle,J.1987.inF.DelacosteandP.Alexander,eds.SexWork.WritingsByWomenintheSexIndustry.London:Virago.pp.231247.
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~~~~~~~~
ByCorinaMcKay
CorinaMcKayhasbeenaWelfareWorkeratSelfHealthforQueenslandWorkersintheSexIndustry(SQWISI)forthelastthreeyears.SheisabouttobeginaMastersdegreein
dramaintheUK.
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