PETR 3321 - Pressure Transient Testing

Homework 1 Solutions
D.1

Calculate qRt , t and ct for an undersaturated oil reservoir with the following properties.
qo = 100 ST B/d
qw = 20 ST B/d
qg = qo Rs
Reservoir pressure = 4000 psia
Reservoir temperature = 220 F
Rs = 400 SCF/ST B
g = 0.7
o = 0.85
Water salinity = 25000 ppm
ko = 20 md
kw = 0.93 md
kg = 0 (no gas saturation)
= 0.18
So = 0.65
Sw = 0.35
So = 0

Solution:
Calculation of Bo :
To calculate Bo for an undersaturated reservoir, we use Standings correlation to calculate the value
of Bo at bubble point pressure, and then we calculate Bo at the required pressure above the bubble
point. The calculation of bubble point and compressibility, required for the calculation, are shown
in the following sections. Using the equation
Bo = Bobp exp(co (pb p))

(1)

Here, Bobp is the formation volume factor at bubble point, co is the isothermal compressibility
of oil, p and pb are the considered pressure and the bubble point respectively. Using Standings
correlation, we obtain the value of Bob .
Bobp = 0.9759 + 1.20 104 A1.2
g 0.5
+ 1.25 T
A = Rs
o

(2)
(3)
(4)

Bobp = 1.258 RB/ST B

(5)

Using a bubble point value of 2000 psi and isothermal oil compressibility of 4.86 106 psi1 , we
get
Bo = 1.249 RB/ST B
(6)
1

Calculation of Bw :
From Fig. D-12, for a pressure of 4000 psia,
Bwpg = 1.029 RB/ST B

(7)

This is the formation volume factor for pure water free of dissolved gasses. For water at the same
pressure, saturated with dissolved gas, we get
Bwp = 1.037 RB/ST B

(8)

Brine with 25000 ppm dissolved salts has less dissolved gas than pure water. From figure D-11,
the ratio of solubility in brine versus pure water is 0.91. Using this, we get the formation volume
factor of water to be
Bw = 1.036 RB/ST B
(9)

Calculation of o :
We calculate the bubble point pressure first. From figure D-2, the estimated bubble point pressure
of the oil is
Pbp = 2000 psia
(10)
From figure D-7, we estimate the dead oil viscosity od . The dead oil viscosity is the viscosity
of the oil containing no dissolved gas.
od = 1 cp
(11)
From figure D-8, the viscosity of the gas saturated at bubble point, obp , is calculated.
obp = 0.55 cp

(12)

Finally, using figure D-9, the viscosity of the undersaturated oil at a pressure of 4000 psia, o ,
is calculated as
o = 0.62 cp
(13)

Calculation of w :
From figure D-16, the viscosity of water with 2.5% NaCl, at 220 F and atmospheric pressure is
T = 0.28 cp

(14)

The correction factor f for the water viscosity at 4000 psia is calculated from the insert in figure
D-16.
f = 1.011
(15)
The viscosity of water therefore is
w = f T

(16)

w = 0.283 cp

(17)

Calculation of co :
2

From figure D-1, for a 35 API oil, we have

Ppc = 360 psia

(18)

Tpc = 1040R

(19)

Ppr = 11.11

(20)

Tpr = 0.654

(21)

Therefore, we have

(22)
From figure D-4, we have
cpr = 0.00175 psi1

(23)

We can get compressibility using the equation,

co =

cpr
ppr

co = 4.86 106 psi1

(24)
(25)

Calculation of cw :
From figure D-10, the solubility of natural gas in pure water, Rswp , at 220 F and 4000 psia, is
obtained to be
Rswp = 18.4 SCF/ST B
(26)
sw
) for 25000 ppm salinity at 220 F is
From figure D-11, the correction factor ( RRswp

Rsw
= 0.91
Rswp

(27)

Rsw = 16.7 SCF/ST B

(28)

Therefore, we have
From figure D-13, the compressibility cwp of pure water is calculated to be
cwp = 3.15 106 SCF/ST B

(29)

The correction factor for a gas/water ratio of 16.7 SCF/STB is calculated from figure D-14 as 1.15.
Therefore, we have
cw = 3.62 106 psi1
(30)

Calculation of cf :
From figure D-22, we get
cf = 3.75 106 psi1

(31)

Calculation of qRt , ct , t :

qRt = qo Bo + qw Bw
= (100 1.249) + (20 1.036)
3

(32)
(33)

qRt = 145.62 RB/d

(34)

kw
ko
+
o w
20
0.93
=
+
0.62 0.283

(35)

t =

(36)

t = 35.54 md/cp

(37)

ct = co So + cw Sw + cf
6

= (4.86 10

(38)
6

0.65) + (3.62 10

0.35) + (3.75 10

ct = 8.176 106 psi1

D.2.

(39)
(40)

Calculate qRt , t and ct for a saturated oil reservoir with the following properties.
qo = 100 ST B/d
qw = 5 ST B/d
qg = 250 M SCF/d
Reservoir pressure = 4000 psia
Reservoir temperature = 220 F
Oil gravity = 38AP I
Gas gravity = 0.8
Water salinity = 27500 ppm
ko = 100 md
kw = 3.3 md
kg = 7.25(no gas saturation)
= 0.18
So = 0.25
Sw = 0.05
So = 0.70

Solution:
Calculation of Bo :
From figure D-2, we estimate the GOR to be
Rs = 550 SCF/ST B

(41)

This is assuming that the reservoir pressure is 2000 psia. Therefore, from figure D-3, we estimate
the formation volume factor to be
Bo = 1.335 RB/ST B
4

(42)

Calculation of Bw :
From figure D-12, we get the formation volume factor of pure water without dissolved gas as
Bwpg = 1.0305 RB/ST B

(43)

For water saturated with gas, we have, from figure D-11,

Bwp = 1.0345 RB/ST B

(44)

Finally, the formation volume factor of brine with 27500 ppm of salt is calculated from figure D-11
is corrected from pure water with the factor 0.88. Therefore, we have
Bw = 1.0340 RB/ST B

(45)

Calculation of Bg :
From figure D-17, we calculate the pseudocritical pressure and temperature as
Ppc = 660 psia

(46)

Tpc = 420 R

(47)

Therefore, the pseudoreduced temperature and pressure is given by

Ppr = 3.03

(48)

Tpr = 1.571

(49)

Z = 0.81

(50)

From figure D-18, we have

The gas formation volume factor is given by
ZT
P
660 0.81
= 0.00504
2000

Bg = 0.00504

Bg = 0.001347 RB/SCF

(51)
(52)
(53)

Calculation of o :
From figure D-7, the dead oil viscosity is calculated as
od = 0.95 cp

(54)

From figure D-8, the viscosity of gas saturated oil, at bubble point, is given as
obp = o = 0.45 cp

(55)

o = 0.45 cp

(56)

Therefore,

Calculation of w :
From figure D-16, the viscosity T of water with 2.75% NaCl, at 200 F and atmospheric pressure
is calculated to be
T = 0.32 cp
(57)
The correction factor f to correct the viscosity from atmospheric pressure to 2000 psia is found
from the insert in figure D-16 to be 1.004. Therefore,
w = 0.321 cp

(58)

Calculation of g :
From figure D-20, the viscosity g of the gas at 200 F and atmospheric pressure is
gi = 0.0118 cp

(59)

g
= 1.43
g i

(60)

g = 0.0169 cp

(61)

From figure D-21A or D-21B, we find

Therefore, we have
Calculation of co :
The compressibility of saturated oil can be calculated using the formula


1 dRs
dBo
co =
Bg
Bo dp
dRs

(62)

From the inset in figure D-5,

dRs
Rs
=
dp
0.83p + 21.75
= 0.3270 SCF/ST B/psi

(63)
(64)

From figure D-6,

dBo
dRs

o
104 = 5.55
g

(65)

Therefore,
dBo
= 5.55 104
dRs

g
o

= 0.5433 103 RB/SCF

(66)
(67)

Finally,
co = 0.1969 103 psi1

Calculation of cw :

(68)

From figure D-15, for fresh water, we get

dRsw
= 0.004
dp

(69)

The correction factor for the effect of salinity if 0.88. Therefore, for brine,
dRsw
= (0.004)(0.88)
dp
= 0.00352 SCF/ST B/psi

(70)
(71)

From figure D-10,

Rswp = 12.1 SCF/ST B

(72)

Applying a correction factor of 0.88 from figure D-11, we get

Rsw = 10.648 SCF/ST B

(73)

cwp = 3.15 106 psi1

(74)

From figure D-13,

We have a correction factor of 1.11 from figure D-14. Therefore,
cw = 3.4965 106 psi1

(75)

This is the compressibility of water without dissolved gas. For compressibility of water including
dissolved gas, we get
Bg dRsw
1 dBw
+
Bw dp
Bw dp
0.001347 0.00352
= 3.4965 106 +
1.03402

cw =

(76)
(77)

cw = 8.0819 106 psi1

(78)

cpr = 0.36

(79)

Calculation of cg :
From figure D-19A, we get
We know that
cg =

cpr
ppr

(80)

Therefore,
cg = 0.000545 psi1

(81)

cf = 3.75 106 psi1

(82)

Calculation of cf :
From figure D-22,
Calculation of qRt , ct , t :

qRt

R s qo
= qo Bo + qw Bw + qg
Bg
1000



550 100
= (100 1.335) + (5 1.03402) + 250
(1.347)
1000
qRt = 401.34 RB/d
kg
ko
kw
+
+
o w
g
100
3.3
7.25
=
+
+
0.45 0.321 0.0169

t =

t = 661.49 md/cp
ct = co So + cw Sw + cg Sg + cf

(83)
(84)
(85)
(86)
(87)
(88)
(89)

= (0.1969 103 0.25) + (8.0819 106 0.05) + (5.45 104 0.70)(3.75 106 )
ct = 1.7085 104 psi1

(90)
(91)