14 Kraetge DiagnosticMeasurements PDF

Advanced diagnostic measurements on power transformers
Dr.-Ing. Alexander Kraetge

OMICRON electronics GmbH
TRANSFORM Partner
Introduction of the speaker
Dr.-Ing. Alexander Kraetge
First education and practice: Electrician (-1989)
Study: High Voltage and Power Engineering @ TU Berlin (-2001)
Research @ Berlin University of Technology (TUB) (-2006)

PhD Subject: Diagnosis of the Short Circuit Performance of Power
Transformers
Product Manager @ OMICRON (since 2006)

Responsible for FRA (-2008)
Product Line Manager @ OMICRON

Responsible for PD Equipment (- 2012)
High Voltage Asset Diagnostics Manager @ OMICRON (since 2012)
Member of Cigr, IEC, DKE, Senior Member of IEEE and active in numerous
Working Groups
Nice to meet you!
Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH
07.06.2013
Page 2
Overview
Introduction: Diagnostics what is it for?
The diagnostic toolbox
Dielectric response measurements for moisture determination
Frequency Response Analysis a global condition assessment
Partial discharge measurements and location pinpointing weak spots
Outlook
Summary
Indepth training and education the OMICRON Academy
07.06.2013
Page 3
Introduction
Transformers are very reliable and long-lasting elements in our grids
compare 50 years of life expectancy with cars, TVs, mobile phones ;-)
If so - when is diagnostic needed?
In the factory
Type and development tests, fingerprinting
Acceptance testing to demonstrate that the unit is as ordered
Additional diagnostics if problems during these tests occure (time!)
In the field
Tests during commissioning or after a relocation
Condition assessment as basis for asset management
Deeper investigations after the occurance of suspicious results during standard

tests (e.g. DGA)
Trouble shooting after incidents (protection tripping, lightning stroke....)
07.06.2013
Page 4
Its always the whole picture....
Routine tests
Winding resistance, ratio and vector group / phase displacement, short circuit
impedance, load losses, no load losses, lightning and switching impulse, applied
voltage withstand test, induced voltage with PD measurement, oil tests, tests of
auxiliaries
Type and special tests

Sound level measurements, heat run test, capacitances, dissipation factor, oil tests,
insulation resistance, measurement of harmonics, short circuit test, frequency
response analysis, dielectric response analysis and so on...
Transformers are highly complex

and a lot of information
is needed for a sound
condition assessment
07.06.2013
Page 5
Exemplarily three diagnostic methods
Dielectric Response Analysis (DRA, also DFR):
Assessment of the moisture content inside the solid insulation
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA):

Diagnosis of the mechanical and electrical integrity of the active part
Partial Discharge (PD) measurement and localization:
Finding weak spots in the insulation
07.06.2013
Page 6
Water in transformers?
Water ingress from outside (breather, gaskets)
Water is a byproduct of the cellulose aging process
Moisture content [%]
5
4
3
2
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
Age of the transformers [a]
60
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Whats the problem?
Water reduces the dielectric strength of the insulation
Water accelerates the aging process
Water can lead to the bubbling effect
It is important to know the water content of a transformer
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Reduced dielectric strength...
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The result...
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Where is the water?
An example: Transformer 150 MVA, 7 t cellulose, 70 t mineral oil

Cellulose Cw = 3 %
Temperature 40C
210 kg water
T+
Oil
16 ppm 1,1 kg water
The harmful water is mainly in the solid insulation.

Therefore the assessment of the moisture in the solid insulation is advisable.
07.06.2013
Page 11
Dielectric phenomena inside an insulation
Ideal EField
Polarization
Conductivity
Equivalent circuit
Image Source: Andreas Kchler, Hochspannungstechnik, Heidelberg, 2009
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Page 12
Tan A measure for the quality of an insulation

Polarization losses
Conductive losses
Itest
IR
IC
Superposition of both effects
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Page 13
A look back into history
1960+
Dissipation factor at power frequency
Polarization index
At that time: No reliable method for onsite moisture diagnostics
1991 RVM for water determination
Soon questioned by users (Kachler 1996)
1999+ Polarization Depolarization Currents
Technical University Zurich Switzerland
1999+ Frequency Domain Spectroscopy
KTH Stockholm with ABB
2007 Combination of PDC and FDS (Dirana)
U(t)
Ur,max
tc
U, I
t d t peak
ipol (t)
Uc (t)
TC
idep (t)
Dissipation factor
Frequency
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Page 14
Measuring time an important factor
Current [nA]
Dissipation factor
100
Time [s]
1000
f > 0.1 Hz frequency domain
0,001
0,1
1000
Frequency [Hz]
Transformation
0,001
0,001
f<
1 Hz time domain
Transformation of time data to

frequency domain
1
Dissipation factor
DIRANA's patented technique:
22 min for range of

1 kHz - 1 mHz
(Traditionally several hours)
Frequency [Hz]
1000
Measuring time an important factor

07.06.2013
Page 15
How to perform a DRA measurement
Amperemeter
HV-winding
LV-winding
Guard
Instrument
Voltage source
Voltage source
=
A
Current sense 1
A
Guard
Main insulation
CL
CHL
CH
Tank
LV
HV
07.06.2013
Page 16
How to get from curves to moisture content
Measurement
Laboratory Results
Temperature
Oil
XY-Model
Oil
Spacers
Barriers
Comparison
Fitting
Tangent Delta
10
Water Content
Oil Conductivity
Source: Weidmann
0,1
0,01
0,0001
0,01 Frequency [Hz] 100
07.06.2013
Page 17
Interpretation and Analysis
Dissipation factor
Pressboard:
Water, lmw
Acids
Insulation
Geometry
Oil: Carbon, Sludge, Acids
10
1
Pressboard
Overall Response
0.1
1%, 1pS/m, X30, Y15
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.0001
0.001
0.01
0.1
1.0
10
100
1000
f/Hz
07.06.2013
Page 18
A practical example (200 MVA)
07.06.2013
Page 19
Moisture content [%]
The measurement result
IEC 60422
4
3
2
e tion
r
tu ina
s
i
Mo ntam
co
Moderately
wet
21
C
80
Wet,
> 30 %
extremely
wet
Fair
0 Dry
10
20
30
Moisture saturation [%]
07.06.2013
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Before - after
What does this mean?
Before drying
Increased dielectric
strength
2.6 %
Decelerated aging
After drying
Extended remaining
life
1.5 %
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07.06.2013
Page 22
The general approach
5.0
5.0
Transformer
U0*(1-K(f 1))
3.0
3.0
1.0
-1.0 0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
U
1
V
1.0
1
W
1/f1
-1.0 0
1.2
-3.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.2
-3.0
(f1)
complex RLCM-Network
-5.0
-5.0
sine generator
(variable frequency)
K(f1)
(f1)
Phase
Magnitude
transfer function (magnitude)
2.5
2.0
2.0
K(f)
transfer function (phase)
3.0
1.0
1.5
(f) 0.0
1.0
-1.0
0.5
-2.0
0.0
-3.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
Frequenz f
1.0
frequency f
1.2
MHz
1.4
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6 0.8
Frequenz f
1.0
1.2 1.4
MHz
frequency f
07.06.2013
Page 23
What can these curves tell us?
07.06.2013
Page 24
The application
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Page 25
How does it work? Fingerprinting
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Page 26
How does it work? Detecting changes
C ~ 1/d
Force
07.06.2013
Page 27
Forces inside a transformer?
07.06.2013
Page: 28
The main question
FRA is a comparative measurement how do I get the reference results?
We need to answer the question:

Further action required for the tested transformer?
07.06.2013
Page 29
A phase comparison
Phase C
Phase B
Phase A
07.06.2013
Page 30
The results
>
17/06/2013
Good congruity
(Look on the
resonances!)
Phase A
Outer phases A and C
OK!
All three HV phases

07.06.2013
Page 31
Type based comparison
Transformer 1
>
17/06/2013
07.06.2013
Page 32
HV winding results of transformer 1
>
17/06/2013
???
07.06.2013
Page 33
Type based comparison step 2
Transformer 2 (sister unit)
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Page 34
Results of transformer 2
>
17/06/2013
!!!
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Comparing both transformers
>
17/06/2013
07.06.2013
Page 36
Zoomed in...
OK!
OK!
07.06.2013
Page 37
Real world example Offshore windpark transformer
Acetylene in the Buchholz

Change in winding resistance
No FRA fingerprint available
Two LV systems
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Page 38
FRA results:
>
17/06/2013
!?!
Outer phases of LV system 1
Outer phases of LV system 2
07.06.2013
Page 39
Zoomed in....
>
17/06/2013
Both LV systems 5 kHz 500 kHz

07.06.2013
Page 40
Preparations
>
17/06/2013
07.06.2013
Page 41
Lifting the transformer off the platform
>
17/06/2013
07.06.2013
Page 42
Transport to the repair shop
>
17/06/2013
Sometimes 180 MVA

can look really small
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Page 43
Removed Windings Phase 1
Windings phase 1 removed

Fault of the LV winding phase 1

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Page 44
Defective LV winding, phase 1
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Defective LV winding, phase 1
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Page 46
Time based comparison
>
17/06/2013
FRA fingerprint in the factory (Germany)
Re-test on-site (France)

07.06.2013
Page 47
The result
>
17/06/2013
OK!
Red curve: January 2007 in the transformer factory (Germany)

Black curve: May 2007 on site after erection (France)
07.06.2013
Page 48
Most important requirement
The reproducibility of the traces has to be assured

For that, the connection technique (measurement cables and
grounding concept) is of paramount importance
Highest accuracy and precise documentation is essential when
performing an FRA test
07.06.2013
Page 49
One last remark please use the new Standard
07.06.2013
Page 50


07.06.2013
Page 51
What is partial discharge?
Insulation medium
perspex cylinder
Partial discharge activity
destroying the insulation
Needle on high
voltage potential
Counter electrode on
ground potential
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Consequences inside a transformer
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Page 53
...may result in a catastrophic outage
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Page 54
A recent example game over!
Transformer explosion shuts off

the lights in the stadium
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Page 55
When do we measure PD in a transformer?

50% of transformer failures are related to winding defects (Cigr A2/37)
PD measurements are an early warning indicator for developing faults.
Factory acceptance test:

Standard measurement during AC voltage tests
on all new (or repaired) power transformers.

On-site measurement:
Typically only after indication of problems
(e.g. gas-in-oil analysis indicates partial discharges or online PD

monitoring system gives alarm).
07.06.2013
Page 56
Key gases for partial discharges
Hydrogen
Methane
Source: IEEE TC DGA Tutorial, 2006
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Page 57
Gas generation due to PD
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Page 58
Expected PD what are the next steps?
Evaluate how to apply high voltage
Define how to decouple signals and type of measurement

Find solutions to distinguish inner PD from external noise
Evaluate PD intensity
Identify types of PD by pattern analysis
Locate PD sources
Risk assessment
07.06.2013
Page 59
The classical PD measurement circuit
Testing
Transformer
Coupling
capacitor
IPD
Test object
PD
fault
PD
Measuring
impedance
pCValue
This is the basis for all PD acceptance tests.

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Page 60
The bushing as coupling capacitor
07.06.2013
Page 61
What can be measured?

A
Ut(t)
U1(t)
2CS
r
CF
CP/2
CP/2
Uz
UL
-UL
2CS
U'1(t)
-Uz
A
Is(t)
I1(t)
I2(t)
I3(t)
CS
R1
Ut
CP
U1
CF
I1(t)
U 1 .C F
i1 (t ).dt
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Page 62
How does this look in practice?
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Page 63
Identifying the effected phase here phase A
Phase A
Phase B
Phase C
07.06.2013
Page 64
Next step localizing the fault position

3-D model in location software (PDL 650)
showing the sensor placement close to phase B
Piezo electric sensors on the transformer

tank, same places as shown in SW above
PD localization system PDL 650
07.06.2013
Page 65
Localization results base for a risk assessment
Fault location indicated

by PDL software
and comparison to
design drawing
Acoustical signals
acquired on the tank
wall close to phase B
PD fault found in the exit lead
between winding and bushing
07.06.2013
Page 66
Outlook
Newly developed diagnostic methods need to be standardized
Existing standards need to be adopted to state-of-theart technology
There is still a need for improved data interpretation of sophisticated

measurement methods (cooperation research and industry)
So, there is a lot of work to do lets roll!
07.06.2013
Page 67
Summary
Dielectric Response Analysis (DRA, also DFR): is an innovative, timesaving and accurate method to determine the water content in the solid
insulation of transformers
Frequency Response Analysis (FRA): is one of the most global test

methods. It gives information about mechanical and electrical problems of
transformers active part.
Partial Discharge (PD) measurement and localization: One of the most

important technologies to detect and locate weak points in insulation system as
an early stage indication of developing faults.
07.06.2013
Page 68
Welcome to the OMICRON Academy
07.06.2013
Page 69
Trainings @ OMICRON
The OMICRON academy offers different kinds of training:
Scheduled trainings
Scheduled training courses take place regularly at a variety of OMICRON
Academy Training Centers at fixed dates.
Customized trainings
Customized training courses are planned specially for you and are tailored to
your requirements
Webinars
Weinars are short interactive online courese conducted on a regular basis
online and are also available for download
http://www.omicron.at/en/training/academy/
07.06.2013
Page 70
Finally diagnostics is just on side of the coin...
07.06.2013
Page 71
Im happy to answer your questions!
Thank you very much for your time!

Any questions?
07.06.2013
Page 72

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Advanced diagnostic measurements on power transformers

Dr.-Ing. Alexander Kraetge

Introduction of the speaker

Dr.-Ing. Alexander Kraetge

First education and practice: Electrician (-1989)

Study: High Voltage and Power Engineering @ TU Berlin (-2001)

Research @ Berlin University of Technology (TUB) (-2006)

Product Manager @ OMICRON (since 2006)

Product Line Manager @ OMICRON

High Voltage Asset Diagnostics Manager @ OMICRON (since 2012)

Nice to meet you!

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Introduction: Diagnostics what is it for?

The diagnostic toolbox

Dielectric response measurements for moisture determination

Frequency Response Analysis a global condition assessment

Partial discharge measurements and location pinpointing weak spots

Indepth training and education the OMICRON Academy

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Transformers are very reliable and long-lasting elements in our grids

If so - when is diagnostic needed?

Type and development tests, fingerprinting

Acceptance testing to demonstrate that the unit is as ordered

Additional diagnostics if problems during these tests occure (time!)

Tests during commissioning or after a relocation

Condition assessment as basis for asset management

Deeper investigations after the occurance of suspicious results during standard

Trouble shooting after incidents (protection tripping, lightning stroke....)

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Its always the whole picture....

Type and special tests

Transformers are highly complex

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Exemplarily three diagnostic methods

Dielectric Response Analysis (DRA, also DFR):

Assessment of the moisture content inside the solid insulation

Frequency Response Analysis (FRA):

Partial Discharge (PD) measurement and localization:

Finding weak spots in the insulation

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Water ingress from outside (breather, gaskets)

Water is a byproduct of the cellulose aging process

Moisture content [%]

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Whats the problem?

Water reduces the dielectric strength of the insulation

Water accelerates the aging process

Water can lead to the bubbling effect

It is important to know the water content of a transformer

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Reduced dielectric strength...

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Where is the water?

An example: Transformer 150 MVA, 7 t cellulose, 70 t mineral oil

16 ppm 1,1 kg water

The harmful water is mainly in the solid insulation.

Dielectric phenomena inside an insulation

Image Source: Andreas Kchler, Hochspannungstechnik, Heidelberg, 2009

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH

Tan A measure for the quality of an insulation

Dr. Alexander Kraetge, OMICRON electronics GmbH