Zhishui Liu and Sam Zandong Sun

GANA SURYA PRADANA

1406505834

Shale Gas

Rich organic and mature

Reservoir rocks only 10%, 90% source rocks
TOC 3-10%
Need geomechanical to frac the formation

Abstract

Loggi g evaluatio

ethods of co ve tio al reservoirs are tt valid i gas shale

EVALUATION

Hydraulic-fracture

Understanding brittleness and in situ stress

You gs odulus a d Poisso s ratio dipole so ic
WL Log data -> rock physics model

Natural properties of rocks

Mineral composition
Organic content
Poro-Perm
Fracture porosity

Background

Study area continental lacustrine deposition.

TOC range 0.5% - 3.5%.
Quartz and carbonate high content.
Total porosity 5%.
The formation already produced shale gas by hydraulic-fracturing stimulation in a single vertical well.

Methodology

Calculates the natural properties of rocks using conventional logging data.

Hydraulic-fracturing stimulation.

Natural Properties of Rock

Clay minerals are the main minerals which make up mudstone and shale.
# Smectite, strong water sensitivity
# Kaolinite, acidity sensitivity
# Illite & smectite, alkali sensitivity
# Illite, salt sensitivity
# Chlorite and mixed illite & smectite, velocity sensitivity
To stimulate performance of reservoir, need to calculate clay content. Based on conventional logging data and XRD
data.
TOC can be detected by combination of resistivity and acoustic-log data.
CARBOLOG calculating TOC using Resistivity and acoustic.
Shale is a tight rock with low porosity and permeability, relative high poro-perm will increase the ability of gas
production.
Method Aguilera (1994), two groups perpendicular cracks cut the rock into cubes.
Porosity is composed of matrix and fracture porosity.

= Porosity of the fracture

= Resistivity shallow and deep
= Resistivity Mud filtrate and Formation water

= Original and invasion water saturation

= Porosity exponent, and saturation exponent of the fracture

Permeability calculated from fracture porosity

= fracture permeability ( in millidarcies)

( fracture aperture)
( fracture interval )
=
= constant
= fracture porosity

Hydraulic Fracture

Understanding mechanical properties such as brittleness and in situ stress

Mechanical properties -> Elastic properties You gs

Pore pressure using new equation to calculate the differential pressure by eliminating P-wave velocity under normal
compaction (Vpn)

odulus a d Poisso s ratio -> dipole sonic data

where E and C are the regression coefficient, VP is P-wave velocity,

Pd is differential pressure, and Pdn is differential pressure
under normal compaction.

illustrates the process of mechanical-property estimation using the predicted velocity as inputs

where h, H are minimum and maximum horizontal principal stress, respectively; pp is pore
pressure; and b1 and b2 are the coefficients denoting regional horizontal tectonics. m = vs/(1 vs)
denotes the minimum closure pressure coefficient (MCPC), and vs means the static Poisso s ratio; a
is the vertical Biots constant which can be calculated by the equation = 1 Kdry/K0, where Kdry
and K0 denote the bulk modulus of dry rock and rock matrix, respectively; v = gdz means
overburden stress, where is density; and g = 9.8.

Fco = 1.02 103 3.26 Sc K. Where Fco denotes cohesion, K is bulk modulus, and Sc
means uniaxial compressive strength, many empirical relations among Sc, porosity, density, and
other parameters can be found in Chang et al (2006

elastic properties to construct a relative brittleness index which is more reasonable and stable in
mathematics
where ai means the mineral brittleness factor , and fi means the volume of each mineral

Brittleness levels of various minerals

Summary

Based on conventional wireline logging data, an integrated approach can be used to predict key
parameters of gas shale by improved loggin gevaluation models and a rock-physics model.

Predicted results in a well in the Jiannan area in southern China prove the feasibility of the methods

By combining these calculated parameters with the characteristics of high-quality gas shale, the target
formation which is suitable for hydraulic-fracturing stimulation can be determined.