ME5320 Advanced heat transfer

Lecturer : K. Badarinath
Lectures 4-5
17/8/2015 & 20/8/2015

2-D steady state conduction

Cartesian - examples

Exercise problem
A rectangular plate defined by
= 0; = ; = 0; =
is shown.
There are 4 boundaries for this
2-D geometry. The conditions
are
0, = 1
, = 1 ------(BC)
, 0 = 1
, =
Solve for
1. , = =

sin
+ 1

2. , = = 2 .

Step-wise solution procedure (Exercise problems)

Three conditions are homogeneous if we replace with
another variable = 1 .
Governing equation for this case is
2 2
+ 2=0
2

The variable with two homogeneous boundary conditions is

as we have homogeneous BCs at = 0 ; = . The BCs
are
1.
2.
3.
4.

0,
,
, 0
,

= 0;
= 0;
= 0;
= 1 ;

Assume a solution of the form , =

The solution must satisfy the governing equation. We get
2 () 2 ()
+
=0
2
2

2
2
2 + 2 =0

1 2
1 2
2
=

2
2
Since there are homogeneous BCs on , we get the right sign on
2 as (also noting there are many possible solutions = )
2
2

2
2
+

=
0;

= 0
2
2

For the the case of = 0, we get

2 0
2 0
=0

=0
2
2

The solution to the ODEs are given as

(1)
= sin + cos
= sinh + cosh
(2)
For 0 0 , we have
0 = 0 + 0
(3)
0 = 0 + 0
(4)
The complete solution is a linear summation of all solutions =

, = 0 0 +

()
=1

We now apply the BCs and we get

BC 1 0, = 0 gives
0, = 0 = 0
0 0, = 0 0 0 = 0
Since the variables 0 cannot vanish, we have
0 = 0; 0 0 = 0

= 0 = 0

(SOL)

Similarly BC 2: , = 0; gives
, = = 0
0 , = 0 0 = 0
Since the variables 0 cannot vanish, we have
= 0
0 = 0
Substituting from equations 1 and 3 we get
= sin = 0
Since cannot be zero, we have
sin = 0

=
,
= 1, 2, 3,

------(5)
Also for 0 ,
0 = 0 = 0 0 = 0
With 0 = 0 = 0, the solution corresponding to = 0
vanishes
7

Applying BC 3: , 0 = 0 gives
, 0 = 0 = 0
Since the variable cannot vanish, we get
0 = 0
Substituting in Equation 2, we get = 0
Looking at the result so far, we have
0 = 0 = = = 0, and the solution 0 vanishes.
So we have
= sin
= sinh
The solution then becomes (from Equation (SOL))

, =

sin sinh
=1

------(SOL-b)
8

 The product can be replaced by a single constant

We now apply the BC 4 to determine
We get , = 1 which gives

, = 1 =

( sinh ) sin
=1

We get then (for case 1)

sin
=

=1

sinh
sin

This requires that = 0 for > 1 and

1 =

sinh

So , we have

sinh

, = , + 1 =
sin
+ T1

sinh

 Similarly for case 2, we have by applying BC 4

We get , = 1 which gives

, = 1 =

( sinh ) sin
=1

We get then

2 1 =
=1

sinh
sin

This is a Fourier sine series and the values of the coefficients may be
determined by expanding the constant temperature difference 2 1
in a Fourier series over the interval 0 < < . This series is

2
1 +1 + 1

2 1 = 2 1
sin

=1

2 1 +1 + 1
1
= 2 1

sinh

10

 The final solution can then be expressed as

, =

sin sinh
=1

Which leads to
1
2
=
2 1

=1

sinh
1
+1

sin

sinh

+1

Note that the temperature is expressed in terms of a difference and is

in non-dimensional form.
In the subsequent slides, we list 3 more examples and will solve one of
them in class.
The other 2 are assignment problems, different for students with odd
and even roll numbers. Due date : Monday, 24th August 2015, 5:00 PM.
11

Example 1 (Assignment 2 odd)

Semi-infinite plate with surface convection
Consider two-dimensional conduction in the semi-infinite plate
shown in Figure below. The plate exchanges heat by convection
with an ambient fluid at . The heat transfer coefficient is
and the plate width is . Determine the temperature distribution
and the total heat transfer rate from the upper and lower
surfaces.

12

Example 2 (Assignment 2 even)

Plate with two insulated surfaces
Consider two-dimensional conduction in the rectangular plate
shown in Figure below. Two opposite sides are insulated and the
remaining two sides are at specified temperatures. Determine
the temperature distribution in the plate.

13

Example 3 (In-class discussion)

Moving plate with surface convection
A semi-infinite plate with thickness 2L moves through a furnace
with velocity U and leaves at temperature 0 . The plate is cooled
outside the furnace by convection. The heat transfer coefficient
is and the ambient fluid temperature is . Determine the
two-dimensional temperature distribution in the plate.

14

Generalized diffusion with moving volume

In Lecture 2, we had discussed the generalized heat diffusion
equation. An implicit assumption in deriving that equation was that
the control volume is stationary.
However, before we can discuss Example 3, we need to develop a
modified form of the diffusion equation to include moving surfaces.
Recall that the general form (with constant k) we got was,
2 2 2 1
+ 2+ 2+ =
2

The most general form is an energy balance equation for a
boundary moving with a generalized velocity vector (including
acceleration). This is the energy equation (used in CFD). For this
example, however, we derive a simpler form of heat diffusion with
moving boundaries but assuming a uniform velocity field
15
= + +

Consider an infinitesimal control volume in a region moving

with velocity

Apply the principle of conversation of energy in this infinitesimal

control volume . We then have,
+ =
We make the following assumptions : uniform velocity, constant
pressure, constant density, and negligible changes in potential energy
Energy is exchanged with the element by two modes - conduction and
mass motion. Both the modes are shown for a 2-D differential volume
in the next slide.

Energy transfer
by conduction
mode

Energy transfer by
mass motion mode

17

Mode 1 Heat conduction

This is governed by the Fouriers law and the heat flux in and out of
the control volume are as shown.

Mode 2- Energy carried by the mass motion

The energy carried by the mass motion is obtained by multiplying the
specific enthalpy (enthalpy per unit mass) with the corresponding
mass. The mass flow entering the element in direction is given as
and similarly in the direction is given as . The rate
of energy carried is obtained by multiplying the mass flow rate with
the specific enthalpy.
So considering all 3 inlet faces (in 3-D), we have
= + + dx + + +

The energy stored by the differential volume is given as

=
Where is the rate of energy generated per unit volume.
The energy going out of the volume (in 3-D) can be written as a sum of
the energy from conduction and mass motion. It is given as (ref. slide
15)

= ( +
) + ( +
) + ( +
)

+ +
+ +

+ +

Note here that , , are constant since material motion is assumed

uniform.

The energy stored in the differential volume is given as

where is the integral energy per unit mass and is time.

Now applying the energy balance and dividing all the terms by
we get,
+ =
i.e.

+ =

Now is defined as

=+

Where constant pressure. Thus we can write

=

Substituting in the energy balance equation to express

everything in terms of , and also applying Fouriers law for each
of the terms = k

and so forth, we get

=
+
+
+

Now enthalpy change at constant pressure is given as

=
Substituting this and assuming constant we get
2 2 2 1

+ 2+ 2+ =
+
+
+
2

where

The above equation (slide 21) is also applicable for

incompressible flow with variable velocity as long as dissipation
(work done by viscous forces) is negligible .

We now go back to our example 3 (Refer slide 14).

Observations
1. Temperature distribution is symmetrical about the axis.
2. At = ,the plate reaches ambient temperature.
3. All four BCs are non-homogeneous but by defining =
, 3 of the conditions can become homogeneous in .
Formulation
i. Assumptions : 2-D,steady, constant properties, uniform
velocity only in x, = 0 and uniform and , no heat
generation
22

ii. Governing equation. The general equation is

2 2 2 1

+ 2+ 2+ =
+
+
+
2

Using the assumptions, we get

2 2
+ 2
=0
2

We substitute = and replace =

which gives
2 2

+ 2 2
=0
2
-------(A)

iii. Boundary conditions : Here the independent variable with 2

homogenous BCs is y . Noting symmetry the four BCs are (PTO)

1.

,0

2.

= 0 (Symmetry conditions on x axis)

= h(, )

3. , = 0
4. 0, = 0
Solution : We assume a product solution of the form , =
(). Substituting this in the Equation (A), we have
2 () 2 ()

+
2
=0
2
2

We then get
2
2

2 + 2 2
=0

Dividing through out by XY and rearranging we get,

1 2

1 2
2

2
=

We get then,
2

2 = 0

and
2
2 = 0

2
Since 2 HBCs are on variable y, we select the sign as positive for y
2

----(1)
2 = 0

And
2
2 = 0
----(2)
+

2
For the case = 0 , the equation are
2 0
0
----(3)
2
=0
2

2 0
=0
----(4)
2

The solution to the Equations (1) to (4) are

= exp +

2 + 2

= +
0 = 0 2 + 0
0 = 0 + 0

The complete solution becomes

, = 0 0 +

=1

2 + 2

Now we apply the four boundary condition to determine the constants

0 , 0, 0, 0 , , , and also the characteristics values .
BC 1 :

, 0 = 0 from equation 2 we get,

cos( ) ( ) = 0

= 0
Since cannot vanish , we get
= 0
Similarly from Equation 4, we get
0 = 0
BC2 :

, = (, ) gives (from Equations 2 and 4)

( ) = () cos ( )

Which gives
k ( cos ( )) = 0

tan =
tan =

Where is the Biot number defined as

The above equation is the characteristic equation whose roots give the
value of .
Applying BC2 to Equation 4 gives
0 0 = 0 0 ()
0 = 0
BC3 : , = 0 on equations 1 and 3 leads to
exp + exp() = 0
exp = 0 = 0

The result till now: We have 0 = 0 = = = 0

Since 0 = 0 = 0,
0 0 = 0. So the solution is

exp 2 + 2

, =
=1

cos

We rewrite the solution as

exp 2 + 2 cos

, =
=1

We now apply BC 4 : 0, = 0

0, = 0 =

=1

We now invoke the Sturm-Lioville orthogonality condition.

The governing equation for is
2
2
+

= 0
2

Comparing with SL problem (Lec 3) we have

1 = 2 = 0 and 3 = 1
This gives
= = 1 and = 0

Since the boundary conditions on y at = 0 and = are

homogeneous, the solution = cos , = 1,2,3 are orthogonal
with respect to the weighting function = 1.
We also have

0 =

cos
=1

Multiplying both sides by cos and taking the integral from =

0 to = , we get

(0 ) cos =
0

cos cos
0 =1

Invoking orthogonality, implies that for , the integral on RHS goes

to zero. We get

(0 )

cos 2 ( )

cos =
0

2 0 sin( )
=
( ) + sin( ) cos( )

 The final solution in terms of T is

, = , +

exp 2 + 2 cos

= +
=1

Where

2 0 sin( )
=
( ) + sin( ) cos( )

31

2-D steady state conduction

Cylindrical co-ordinates

32

Cylindrical 2-D conduction

Steady state conduction in cylindrical co-ordinates depends
on the variables , , . In 2-D conduction, the temperature is
a function of any two of the three variables i.e.
= , ;

= , ;

= (, )

General form of the heat diffusion equation is

1

+ 2

+ =

33

Bessel differential equations and Bessel functions

A class of linear ordinary differential equations with variable
coefficients is known as Bessel differential equations. A general
form of Bessel differential equations is given by
2

2
2

+ 1 2 2
2

2
2
2
2
2
+ + 1 2 + 2 2 2 = 0
Note the following
1. It is a linear second order differential equation with variable
coefficients. That is, the coefficients of the dependent variable and
its first and second derivatives are functions of the independent
variable .
2. , , , are constants. Their values vary depending on the
equation under consideration.
3. is called the order of the differential equation.
34
4. can be real or imaginary.

Solutions : Bessel functions

The general solution to a Bessel DE can be constructed in the

form of infinite power series. Two linearly independent
solutions are needed since the equation is a second order
one. The form of the solution depends on the constants
. There are four possible combinations
1. ,
The solution is
= exp 1 + 2
Where
1 , 2 are constants of integration
= Bessel function of order n of the first kind
= Bessel function of order n of the second kind
Note
i. The term is the argument of the Bessel function.
35
ii. Values of the Bessel functions are tabulated.

2. ,
The solution is
= exp 1 + 2

3. ,
The solution is
= exp 1 + 2
Where

= , where is imaginary, = 1

=modified Bessel function of

order n of the first kind

=modified Bessel function of order n of the second kind

4. ,
The solution is
= exp 1 + 2

36

Forms of Bessel functions

The Bessel functions , , , , , are symbols
representing infinite power series. The series form depends on . For
example represents the following infinite series
2+

1
2
=
! ( + + 1)
=0

Where is the gamma function.

Special forms : When =

1
2

Bessel functions for = take the following form

1

2
sin

; 1

Bessel functions of order 3 2 , 5 2 , 7 2, are determined using

2 1
+1 2 =
1 2 3 2 ; = 1, 2, 3,

37

Similarly modified Bessel functions for =

1

2
sinh

; 1

1
take the
2

following form

2
cosh

Modified Bessel functions of order 3 2 , 5 2 , 7 2, are determined

using
2 1
+1 2 =
1 2 + 3 2 ; = 1, 2, 3,

Special relations for = 1,2,3,

= 1
= 1
=
=
A table of selected values of Bessel functions is given below

()

()

()

()

()

()

38

The formulae
for derivatives
of the Bessel
functions are
shown here.
The symbol
represents
certain Bessel
functions of
order .

39

The integrals of
Bessel functions
where ()
represents
()
are shown here.
Note that the
integral
0

cannot be
evaluated in
closed form.
40

Equidimensional (Euler) equation

Consider the following second order differential equation with
variable coefficients
2

+ 1
+ 0 = 0
2

Where 0 1 are constant. The coefficients have a pattern 2

multiplies the second derivative, multiplies the first derivative and 0
multiples the function . This equation is a special case of a class of
equations known as equidimensional or Euler equation.
The solution to the above equation depends on the roots of the
following equation
1 1 1 1 2 40
1,2 =
2
41

 There are three possibilities

1. If the roots are distinct, the solution takes the form
= 1 1 + 2 2 .
2. If the roots are imaginary as 1,2 = , where
= 1, the solution is
= [1 cos l + 2 sin( l )]

3. If there is only one root, the solution is

= (1 + 2 l )
42