\

8080A-Bcsed

erE

mputer

80E5 microprocassor is s much impaovcd

ion of its pcdeccsso., thc 8080A. Th. E0t5
o0 iB chip dlost of thc logic circuiEy for
compotidg lasks lnd for communicatiog
pc.iphqrls, Ho!vcy6, eighl of its bus liqc!
; thlt i!

sd.r rdtq! e$Ldeq Ihis chrptir discussrs

l0t5 architccole h detarl and illustratcs lcchfor dcmukiplcxing the bus and gcneradng lhc
connol signals.

I..t .,

thc chaptcr dcs.nbcs a typical 80t5.

miquomputcr &sigocd with gcn.rel puposc
and VO dcviccsi i! slso illusEstcs rhc bus
i8 signrls in cxcculing an in$ruclion. ln addi.

lh.

chaptcr includes illustrations of speciald.vicca such as th. 8155 end 8?55/8355.

dair mc.nory maF io thc Intcl SDK-85 system.
, thc chlpacr inclu&s a discussion of th.
microproccssot aod rtlatcd deviccs, and
th. 80804 with ttr. 8085.

tr

Draw a logic rchemaric lo g.neriitc flour conuol

and
sigsrgnals, Ltsrn8 thr 8085 Io/M,

nals: 0) M=E!,lR. (2) ),r.Mw-, (3) foR, and

(4) IOW-. Explain $e fun('ions of !hcs. co.Eol

lEogniz. thc furctioos of

various pinr of thr

D85 micloproccasor

fu bus timiogs in fcrchinS an insrudion

torn rlrmory,
Erplain how to dcmultiplcx thc AD-Mo bus

Erplain

tsidS a latch.

slgffils.
List rhc various inlcmal units thal m.k up thc
8085 archrrccrurE. and explain thcrr fun$ions rn
decodiog and execuriog an instructior.

Draw the block diagram

of an

8085-bascd

58

MICNOCOMPUIIR'IS'IEMS AND HARDWARE

Analyzc a mcmory ircrfacing circuil, and specify

lhc mcmory map of a 8rv.n mcmory devicc
Rccognizc lhc pon addrss ofa givcn I,/O devic..
List additioml siSnals found in such sp.cially
dcsigncd dcliccs as lh. 8155 and ihe 8755/8355,
and analyze lhe inicrfacing circurl oflhe SDK-85

Descnbe thc E080A MPU in Erms of its componeni dclices. thc 8080A mlcroprocctsoa, tha
8228 sysrem conlroller, and tha 8224 oscillelor.

Lisr rh. f.arures of rhc 8085 microprocatsor

and compare lhem with lhosc of lhe 8080A

THE 8085 MPU

The lerm
r

C PL' ,

}licro Proce.sing Unil ,uPL lr .rmilar 16 lhe tern Cenlrai Plocessing Ln::
-thc IIIPU as r d.vicc or r
SrouP of dcvicer
fvr rlcfin

used rn rad flrond I .ompule rs

unrll rhar can.ommunrcale *ilh-pcriphcrals. Drovid.liminS signals. dlrtct data floL'

gcrform computing uskt as spt(rfied bv the inshilrcn\ in memory) fn( .rnrl s.j
halc thc necessary lines ior the add.es! bus, lhe dala bus. and the conlrol tignah. an
and a cl!g!19! equllalenr freqrienc]'dgrerminm
would rcquire only a
funrtron.rl
co!1po!enl,
ro
complerelt
bc
-Osing
thrs d.scnpdon, lhe 8085 microprocesso! can almost qualify as an MPU b
(5s

ld

lgllllqll

with rhc fouoerng rwo lim(Juons

rurlss bul of rhe 8085 mrtoprot.ssor is multiplar.d (dtE

Si6-tr d.r. br.. tlibll; seed tl) b. d.rnrltPl.Ed.
2. Api'rofrtu$iHt iiaa Fd t9 bq gct!.t!d io inerfice mrhory atd. UO vith
tOas. (lnt.l has sode. spccialized. rnemol}] and I o dcvices thal do not rcquirq s

l ElH.r

coanol siSnals).

'tlis

scclion lhows how to demultrpler rhe bui and genemle the contol signals 3:
dascribing the 8085 microprocessor and rllustrales the bus limings

3.l

The 8085 Microprocessor

8OE5 is !n E-brl g.n.ral purPos. microproccssor capabjc of addrtsal$ 6rK

mcmor) The dc\rcc ha' lonr prns. rcqurr' a 15 V \,ngle pow.r sirpPly' and cen oFi
\rrth a l-MHz srngl..phasc clock. The 8085 ls an enhanced version ol its prcdecessor'

Thc

8080A. rrs innluctidn set is upw.r.rd-compatible with lhal of the 8080A. m.aning tha(
,ncludes all the 8080A 1n\tructions plus some sddilioncl ons
81185 rnnrudion
grnns urfi.r for thc 8080A will bc e\ceutcd by rhc 8085. bu! rhe 8085 rnd thc-8
Jrc n,,r n,n (umDrtrble.

rr

F curc

, i.no". tic tng,, p nout Jr lhe h085 nrcroproccsrrr .\,1 ll.! s'Bnal'
lnto ir\ groups r l, lddrcrs bus. l:, dsla bu,. O) conEol !,d strtua ai

b! cl3s\rIed
(,1) powlr supplv and frcqu.my !ignalr.
(6) s.nrl l/O potts.

(5

I inlcrrupu tnd p.riphcral

i0

itialcd

li8nlb.

E {l

Bq

FY

60

MICROCOMPUTEn

SiYSTEMS

AND HAADv,rAn!

ADDNESS BUS

zi- Ll
tz

-rl

Thc 808J has cight signal lin.s,

ordcr addrcss bus.

AF,{!,

which at! unidirlcrioml and used as th. hig}-

MUI.NPLEXTD ADDRESgDATA BUS

Thr siSnd linas ADi to ADo arc bidirE doaal, thy scrvc a duel purpo3.. Th.y ar! uscd
as th. low-ordcr.ddnss bus as l,cil a3 th. d.tr bus. In r&culint rr'insEuction, dudnt
Itrc a.rliar pan of $G cialc, th.sc lincs arc l]sad
thc low-ordcr add.Br bua. Durini li.
lsrlr pln of r. cycl., thcsc lfura .rt ulad a! ria dltr tos. (Thi5 b .l!o t own as
. nuhiplcxing thc bus.) Howev.r, thc low-odcr addtrss bu. can b. scpsJatid ftom thca

t
I
I
I

siSrrls by llsilg a lilch.

I
x

CONTROL AND STATUS SIGNATS

This group ol qignals includcs rwo conEol srSnals (R-O and wR-). three sho! sipalr
(lO/M. 51 aod So) ro idcntify lhe naruc of th. opcratiofl, and one spccial lignal (A!E) to
indicalc $c b.ginning of the opciedon. Thesc si8nlh arc as follows.

tr

l',- -

''i.

, at-

All-Ad&ir.

l-rlch Efliblc: This i3 a positiv. going iuls. gcn.rat.d evry tjmc !h!
t085 b8ins an operarion (machinc cycle); i! indicsr.s thal dl. bits oo AD7-ADo sr:
sddrcss bils. This signal is uscd pnmanly !o larch lhe lo\r'order addr.ss from Ur
muhrplcxcd bus and generate a s.pant s.r of cighr addrEss lincs, A. lo &.
[D-Rcrd: Thrs rs a Rcad conrrol signal {ac0!c low,. This signai rndicatcs lhat
selectcd I O or memory dcvrcc rs ro be raad and d4a sra ava,labl. on rhc data bu!

f YR-wfllc: This is a Write conEol signal (activc low). This signal indicar.s thai
dala fi tha data bus are ro b writtan inlo a sclacEd m.olory or rO location.
! lO[: Thrs is a status signal used io differcndalc betwcn L'o and mcmory ope.stionr
*hii'ir,s trigtt. ir indicates an I/O opcradoni whcn i is low, ir lndicai.3; mcmo
opcrarron. Thrs

signal rs combincd *uh FD (Rcsd)

and EF rwntc)

!o gcn.rrE UO

,Q;sr'r!d $t These slatus signah. similar lo lO/M. can identify vsrious opantions.
thay aJr ra&ly used in small syrrcms. (AU thc operadons ard their associ.Ed sra
alt listcd in Tablc

POWER SUPPLY

Ll

for r.fcrcncc.)

.5

This signal ca, b. used as lhe system

fbl

voh power supply.

Vs: Oround Reference.

IL
d
q

A}iD CLOCK FREQUENCT'

Thc pow.r supply and frequcn y signah ar as follows.

vcc:

E
F

!l

'

signah

at

trl

Immor) control rgnals.

3,- "

II
tl

90
tc di

O8ry8O6OA.BASED MICROCOMPUIER S1STEMS

L./ A
l

lLE J,l

6085 Mochinc Cycle Stcrtus ond C(.nbol

St

rofil

X.ctla. Cych
OFod. F.r.h

0
0
0

90 R.ld

.I

h&tru$ Actno,rhdg.

lLll

. Tr*.r

Oran

l0
0l
l0
0l
ll
0

I
I

ConEol SIrmIt

ID=0
ID=o

lql

z
z
z

tlold

lllr

s,

Sf,=o
TD=O

I[=o
0)

xl
xl

lFlT -

ID.*f,-ztrdNfI=

u!.L6)

AND EMERNATLY INITIATED OPEhATIONS

80E5 has fivc intcnupr signals thsl ca. bc uscd to

hLmrpt a prcgram cxecutton. Onc

siSnals, INTR (lnt.nupt Rcqu.st), is idehtical ao thc 8080A micmprocessor inc.si8r8l (IND; lhc ofiars a{lrnhrrcemctlls to lhe t060A. Thc microproccasor oc-

$c

/ledgcs an

i lnu

by th. INTA (Illernrpt Acknowlcdg.) sigml. (The intenup(

ID.ddition !o $c int rupts. rhr! pins-RESET. HOLD. and READY-a.crpt

cxt.rnally inidatcd signals as iryuts. To rcspond to thc HOLD rcqucsr, il has ona signal
HLDA (Hold Acknowlcdse). Thc functions of rhcsc siSnals wcrc prcviously disin Sadon 2.13. Tha RESET is again described b.low, and orhcn aIc lisrcd i,l
3,2 for rcfcrcnce.

EBEIIN-:

When the signal on $is pin goes loiv, thc prognm countcr is sct to zero,
MPU is ns.r
RESET OiJT: ThN signsl indicates ihat th. MPU h b.ing r.sct. Thc signd can bc us.d

thc buscs arE ri-statcd, and

!o rrlat

fi.

odrr drviccs,

YO

PORIi

t 8Ot5 hrs lwo rignals to implei:i.nt the serisl transmissionr SID (Sarial Input Data) and
(Scrial Ouip,ut Darr). They will b. dit ussed ir Chsptcr 16 on S.rial UO.
In this chapter. we will locus on lhe fitst thrcc groups of signals. whila othcn

will

discusscd io lder chaptcrs.

'12

Bus Timings

undetstand lhc furcdors of vafious signals of lhe 8085, we mus! cramiic thc timings
thcsc signals i, rtlation !o thc systcm clock. Tha bcst way lo illusEatc $. rilning ia
iu clamPle,

6l

-,-J
MICROCOMPOTER SISTEMS AND HARDWARE

62

ttE

3.2

80&5

trtflt 0np1n)

. iim

6ld ErandllY Inilldlad

I m .R.qucsti Tlit

(oqur)

RST

R.slan Inr.RFs: Th.sc ec vectoEd inErrupF and rarsfer dE program

.orrcl io sp.cific dlcmory lo.ations. Th.v have highcr Eiond's thar
fie INTR inttrupl. Among rh.sc 6re, the pionlv ordc, is 7'5 6'5.

',5
T&$ 0rptlo

Tnr

a nsr

?.S

(hFltr)

tsT 6.5

gcner.l'pwP6. inErrupr:.il is timilar

rh.
E080A
to lh. INT siSnal of
lnr.rdpt Acknowl.dg.: T}is is urtd lo ackno*ledge an i.tcrruPt'
is us.d a! a

fiOU)

HLDA (o!rpu)

Onpur)

..READY (lnpul)

and 5 5.

rt.

nonmatlabl. mreruPl.nd

hs lh. hrth'r Pno

rv

Thir sitnal indicaGs thar a F.iPn.El ruch as a DMA (OiEct v.mory

Accesg coniroll.t is rcquestin8 he use of lhe addGss.nd dlla bus's'
Hold Acknovl.dgr This signal acknowl.d8cs rhe HOLD equsr

This si8n.l is usad Io dclay lh. mrcropc.ssor Read or wfl.le cvcl's until
Uhcn this
a slow rcspondinS pcipheml is lt.d-'- ro scnd c acc'pt &la
IoB. he micrcproc.sor wars for an inrgnl nuhber of
sisnal
8oas

cl@k cycles un(il il Soes hi8h.

J,I

wh'n tht
Rcfer ro rhc cxamplc in lhc last chapter{2.:4): lliustratc f,i timing ofdal! flo$
is
2005H'
location
(4FH-MOV
storcd
in
C.A)'
I
insrrucrion code d I
being fctchad.

Soliruon

To fetch thc byte

Exdmp16

-:

OO I I I

(4FH). the MPU needs to identifylhc mcmory location 2005Hand'nable

th. data flovfmm mc or-v. This is cellcd lhe Fctch cycle' The data flow is shown in
Figure 3.2;lhc limings (Figure 3.3) are.rPlaio'd b'low.

O Srrp

l:

The Fogrsrn countlt Placcs lhc

3.2).

tFiBl'!

:''

Fitu.3.3

shows that at Tr

l6bil

rncmory ld&Gsr on lhe

'ddrcrs

bus

th. high-ordcr rEmory tddEss mH ir-pbcd 'on th'

lo
addrc$ inas Ao o lr. the t6u'od.r mahory .ddrc3t o5H i3 pltccd on t!' ho!'tD'
g06
ffotc'rrng
low
ADo. ard tha ALE sign.l goes high. Simtlarly, lhc stetus srgnil IOM
ogc;do$ (Fd drc salc ofcl,iily fi' orh'r two statur litnals
,rrii r,i. i.
S, and So, arc not ihown in iiSr.rr. 3.3, thcy will bc dilcuss'd in $c i'xr chlFrr)

",*r"*Lnll

tr Sllp 2i

Thc conrol

unl

s.nds

lh. conlroi 3ignrl ED o

cnable

!h'

frlcliory chip

(FituE !.2).
ihe
Th! control 3irnel ED i3 scnt out during th. clock P'riod T: ihus
'nrblilg
two
clock
P'nods'
ftmory chip (Fi8ur.- 3.3). Th. ED signrl ir acti!! during

c4

MICROCOT'PIIIER sYsTT\IS AND HARDWARE

E6UIE

3,3

lela tqnJ.r Bi.tqD

Sffil16r&0

2.

oJ-4

Ii

t1,

-bZ\t,.,.
",,t4

'

,l

-,59|

41

.r"41
L

F
F

p
t

It

r
l

ii cooBEd io F En.Hc (G) pin of rh. lstch, rd

tLh i 8rcundcd.

dlc OurFrr

c.drol (G) sitnal of (h.

FiguE 3.3 !ho*3 dlat olc ALE 8o.s high durirt Tr . Whco dE ALE ir hith, dl. lltcn
i! csnsp.rcoti this I'Eans &rl lha oilt$a chartpt,t r.coNrn8
r.coGling lo
!o mpul
iBput d.r!.
d.u. l.lulnt
Dqdnt r1t.t. rha
urqu of tlrl
tlt! l.ch
l.ich b
ii 05H.
oJH. \Yhcn
Wtcn *a
lrry, &.
dE dd. bI!
blt (EH
ii h*d
Lt ld u0rrt
uorrl
0r{ ir
6a A{fflari .L?*,
0!{il-ALE. .nd u. ouDtr C fr.
b. A{-& fq
rhFgLgi Fitur.3.4 3how3 rhc.nrirc iddrEss bus A,;-,Ao ltcr dF latchins oD.raion
lmii his circurnventcd !h. Plobl.m of dcmrrliiplcxirg th. low:ordcibui iy d,
sp..ial dcviccs such as thc 8155 (256 bytcs of PJw mcfior, + UOs) and t35J
^i$in8
(2K ROM + vos), which arE compadblc wiih fie E0E5 ftultiplcf,cd bur. Thcsc d.vi.r!
imcmally dlmulriplex &e bus usrng thc ALE signd (s.. Figurc 3.14.0d 3.15).

llery-iff*t5r..

3.14 Genarating Contlol Signqls

Figurc 3.3 shows thc FD (Rcad) as a cootrol sigttal. Si6c! lhi! sitnal is usld Mr fc
readinS mlmory uld for rcadio8 ar input &vicc. it is ncc.ssary to 8cneratc two diffcrt
R.ad siSoals: onc for mcmory and anothcr for inpur. Similarly. lwo slparaL Writc signlh
must br gcncrarad.
F@! 35 shorr! thal Jour diftcrcnl control sjgnals ut gcnerated by combining
sign.k RD, wR. and lO/M. Thc signrl Io/U go.s low for dlc rEmory oFrition. 1

'\
808'60!OA.BASED MICROCOMPLIEN SYSIEMS

J'-

3085

,r.

(il

!
(
),

,t6ull s.a
itaEqgucdLdhllslL ordalrddlsBu3

/'

arral is AND.d wirh itD aM WR signals by uiing d( 74u12 quadruplc (wGinput OR

t r.". a snot n rn Figur 3 5. Thc OR Irtes are fuicionally conleLted as n.galive
N,rXD garcs (s. App.ndrx C, Prtfcrtld lrgrc Symbols) Wh.n borh rnpur $gBrls 8j
Lr*. $ebuputs of th. gatct go Iow and gcnerat. EIEMF (Mcmory R<.rd, and \tlrtwbftmory write) cooEol signals whcfl rhc lO/M siSnel gocs high, ir indicales the F.iphbl ,O opcrEtior. FiBUE 3.5 shows thar this sipal is compl.m.ntcd using the Hcr
741-"sO4 and AND.d wirh dr ED and WF si8n ls ro g.rr.oE 6R 0,O R.ad) mi
(IO w.irc) contol sign ls. Th.s.'cqotrol 3ignals all unnecBsary for lntel's 8155
(bviccs t!.c.usc th.sc si$als arE g.ncratcd intmally using [D. EE. and
d.multipbx lhc bos rnd ro gcncn& th. n.c.ss{ry conEol si8flals, th 8085
GquirEs i latch aDd logic garcs tb build thc MPIJ , as shown in Figure L 6.
MPIJ can be int rfa.ed wilh ary mcmory or UO.)

MICIOCOMPUTIR

66

SYSTEMS

AND

HrA

NDWARE

n6ma3.l
s.hcrndilc lo GaDaEto
i.qdi/v'rrn Caotrolsfgnqb
lcr Marrory ond YO

3.15 A Dtdlled Look qt the 8085 MPU (Ind

Its

Architecture

Figlllr 3.7 $ow3 thc intlmal afohitlcture of rllc ?oE5 b.yond lhe Fograrnmable rrgist'rs
w. dilcuss.d prcviously. lr includcs rhe ALU (Ari$rnctic ahd t gic Unit), Tihing atd
Cotlaol-Unit, lnstsuclion Regist.r and Dccoder, Rcgistcr Afiay, IntenuPt control,..and
Scrial l,b Conrol. Wc will dis.uss the firsi four units bclow, while ihc lnst two win b'
discuslcd l.tcr in the book.

t--a
.2

n6t,lE 3-6
8085 Domullplbd
Aaldrs drd Ddto Bus

fr*

vtlh Conlol Slgrnql,

8035

lo,M
trD
WR

2..
EMR

.Nr.
.^1Lr.t

.aJ, 0 /

MICnOCOMPUiEn SYSTEMS AND HAI?DWAiE

ft

Thc (

ALU

Ihc uithndc loSic unir Dcrfo*. 'h. coEB{in! functioo.i it ircludes t!g-!!q@Uor.
rhe r.mmt"fl Ecirr.r ih. rirhmc0c and logic circuils. and firc fl!8s. Tl,. tclIllgy
,.g--irroi[ u-..iro--lrori a.,"- m;;iifrifi;aT.g;c opciiiiiiifrc rcsutt iii-tono
in ihc accumulrior, and lhq fls86 (flipfloF) ate s.f or Escl rccording lo thc rcsuh of
th. oparation.
Thc flags ar afrarrai by dtc Erithm.ric and Iogic opcrations in th. ALIJ. In most
of lhcta op.rations, thc rEsolt is slorcd in lha lc.unulalor Thercfore, lbe flags genetally
rrllacl dats cooditions in lh. a.cumulrtor-gith sonrc cxcc ions. The dcscripiioos and
condiiions of rhc fl.8s uE as follow$

80atr

i-&fts
rcriorr

.!6car!edo.

rdrrdi'rn

of

aritctt

d lo,i. Aqdidt,

ui*iuriutr*).ir'1, ir3Ig tlryir

pc-t.

INSI

TtI

G&L
ios!{

lge
.

xoa

NEE
Thc I

rf
rEr

if bit D?or thc

@.ggtr

t{ir.dl|5inbtfjbadv!.byE-f D' 8;1,

;l!brai, ii 13 o. tu-.!i!bi; iilr b. od;
wih {Fd ri{rlt r!, bitD it ttsavld fd indk{int {ic.ip' .d

alq

uttr

dt. rqr|.itlillg

D.co

!t dl E b dE odH t tir.t5.

tr Ac-Ariaiit cjrt fLa: ln rsrrhcu. oFntioi, eh.n ! c.n, i. totctrEd 5y

diSil D! afit p.lsci on to ditit D., lhr AC flrt i. r.l. Tlt fl.t ir usc{ {l y

intcm.iy foi 8CD (8iwy Codcd D..iEdl oFr.riQrr|, iin4 i{ iol rvailrbL for th.
prqranmcr o cneagi lhc lcqlcrcc of , Prog"m widr r iump hatriction
C P-hrllr. fltg: Aicr rn rrftiftliq or hlictl og.rdi@, i{ 6c rriull.has @ cven
niitnbd of i., dt. fl.g i. ,.t. lf lt b.r.+cd4rotcc *Jr-$FJr&!rt!r.1. (For
cr.rnd., thc drl tty! 0 0 0 0 0 0 I t hrt c14! prdty cvan il dr nlrgniiudc of

dt

16

iir

Tha

Ffa

t-I

od).
Cy -Crrry neg, If at| irirhmclic opcr.rio tesulls in e crrry, tlE Calry fl.g is rat'
ottrcr*lsc it ii rcsa. rrrc C{ry fl.g ako scrvcs .! a honow fl;8 for subtrrctiotl.
ntrrihcr is

1t

The bit positions rcservcd for lhes flags in th flag registcr ar at follows:

Dt

DI

Drl
AC

Dl

q
P

DI

D.

,CY

Lt
Among thc five flags. thc AC flag is usd incmally for BCD anthm'tici the

instruction Jt docs not inalude any conditional junP insEuctioos based on the AC flag
of $c rEmrioing four flags, thc z a d CY fhgs are tbose mosl commonly used'

TIMINd AND CONTROL UNiT

8c[rat's lh'
Thrs uni! syirchronizsall the microFoccssor oPcrations *ilh th clo'k,
'nd
pcnph'rals'
cortrol signals nccessary fot comm;nicaiion bctwc.d thc nuc1oproccssor

'nd

IIG

::-!

09

E08ts080A-&\s!D MlctocoMPlrr;R s'vsTEMs

ryr. pols rn r,l o.cilhc('F. Ita ID

ryic Frlscs indi.aliry fta availebilily of &lr oo Ul. dau bo!.

Thc conrol signah .rc simriar lo r

r!

id

TT d,nda

INSTRUCTIO}{ 1EGISTER AND DECODER

It

llrslucrioD r8rst . and thc (hcodcr aI! pln of thc ALU. whaa .|! inrSlation ir
EEh.d lrom m.mory, ir rs loadrd in ttc insalctbll rcdlEr Thc (Mcr da.od6 dr
i$truction .nd est3blisrcs ihc *qucD.c of cv.nls rc follox,. Ei
rnd iaruoa ba aaicsscd

lER ARRAY

:t

io lhc lr$ chsplrr. Tto dtlhnal

iiclircd
anporlry
rlfi$lre
W
Z,
tr.
in 6c Efir&r Err. lto.s
.rs..ad.d
{d
ro hbld 8.btu &ii duriog dia .refuiiri bl liriE iarrakri frtttr,
.rs ani
'rvd
rb, r,! us.d i0lEnlally, rhqy rrc riot evrilrblc io thc-pogrx{u.

pmgrammable rEgisters havc

.i6

b..n

discussd

t'

Decoding ond Executing on Instructton

Dccodmg and cxecunng ar in.lruction

!ii.r

it has

cn fcahcd can bc illusllrGd

*ith ih.

rlample from S.ction 3.1:.

4ssume ftlt the ascufiulator contairu dat! bytc t2H. and thc inltnrction MOV C. A {4Ftl)
is liiched l.isr rhc ste?s in &.oding srd erccuting lh. insulclion.

E qmFl6

This cxampl. 1i limilar to rhc eiampb in Secrion 1.12, cxcept thar lha coflGnls ol rhc
ac(urnuldtor arc specificd. To dccodc and cxcc\lta &c inrnucdon. ih. followin8 st.D. art
pcrforma.l

Solriion

l.

l2

Th! Jonreirs or de dna bds,lFr al! placeJ I,l tha rnsrrucrion rcgrsrcr and dccod.d
iFigure.].8).
lF DrD

FIGT'DE 3 8

k.slirdi9n Deccdlng qnd Execuuon

lu.

FDo

VcF^

-a
70

MICROCOMP(nE& SISIIMS AND HARDWARE

,.

Tha con0art! of dl.

eunuhtG (t2H) alt

Eanlfanld ro

rtra

ElDcrry rl8ili.i in lli.

ALU-

3. Thc cootsotr of dr Emlorrry Egistcr rrE tautifgrEd !o irgisEr C,

3.17 Rer&r d.frrtporicErt Conoepl5

l. Thc 8065 microprq:rtrd h&t r mulriplx.d but ADr-Aq usad .3 thr low-ordcr
lddllss bus .rd dr datr bu!.
2. Th. bo! AD-Aq cr,| b. d.Euliiplcxcd by u5in8 . h.h .rld lhc ALE signd.
3. Th. 60t5 hrs r srr$s .irn.l IO/M |rd r'ro conrol sigds m.rd m. By ANDitr8

tc=

sgnds.

Th 865
D

tr

r;ftffi;E

cra

tr;;

.ffilffiffi:,rtr'.,'d lfitt:

MPU

r3fcrs dala ftom a mcmory tocstio[ to the microproccssor by ucing lha

Rcd ([iEFiR-Acrivr Low). This is .ko crllcd Ir dlq

contsol signsl McflEry

liocffiy.

O trrlllfars &rr @-.1@ nicroproc4u io r&rndy by usint lhc contol lignrl

Mcmory Wriic (MEMw-Activc lrw)- Thi3 is also callcd rtltb8 ho barnory.
o rcrcF5 d.lr from iDFrt davic.s by uliDg rtlr conEol ligD.l Uo Rcrd (mn- Activc
Lrw). Thi. i. d,o tnow! .! rldra t o .! B po.i.
tr t lr drrr to oueur dcvicd by utut th. conEol sitd lio wti@ (f6w-Activ.
L.*). Thi is rllo Inown I rrttht to .! oohof fo.t,

l.

To

.&.uE .n ir&llcdor, 0l! MPU

O phcar

addtat of dlr inatsuction o,t 6a ddrlta bur.

da oEniion urut on tlE luoa lill.r.
*ndr thc FEffi contol ri8Dd !o ana6lc $c rrtnory, fccha! thc inmrcdon byta,
t d phaar il in lh. iorfuction dccodlr.
O cx.a{t s thr idErrtior.
hG lrl6n&ry

tr irdqt r

3,2

EXAMPLE OF AN 8O8s.BASED MICROCOMPUTER

A gaDcral rnicr@dtFe, rystlm wr. illustrsr.d in Figur! 2.9, ir! tic lafi cbrF.r. A.frcr
6ur dis.ussion of $. EO85 miqbFocaslor utd !h. intlrfacing &vicc., vc c.n c&uLQ|
syst m io hclud. morE &tsil., .r rllovo ro Figurl 3.9. Thc sys&E Eclud.s intltf..itrti
drvic.s such ai El@rdald.rs. and hrch.t This sysr.m ir dis.usr.d bclow in dEE
sccrions: fic 80t5 MPU. mcnrcry. .nd I/Os.

3,21

The 8085 MP(,

Thc t0B5 MPU modulc (Figltl 3.9) includca d.vicca s1lch ,s lhc 80E5 ,ricrDFlc.5sor,
.Il ocEl latch, ind logic gat s as sho*n pr.viously in Figurc 3.5. Thc octal lrtch
d.muhiplcx.s dlc bus ADTADT u{ing thc rigral ALE, ,rd th! logic gaE! grsalr dtc

\"e

t.9
SIlElcfoqd Mcroco(lDul'.rs}'lhn

116018
ao6li

lOtE lL

qr

1.6 ir

E
t|
|. i-ldrE a di.'..l5klrl^!r^t|
i I l4il

d xo.d i-

- td.La

tt.

MraaocoMPrJIERrYsTEM! AND

ncccslar-J conEol sitnals,

Fiai,r

1.9

!ha*$ th. drmulliplorcd .ddEss bu!.

HAr:

rhc

dt

ME!tr, Ifi'. ua IO-f. to

!.d
..riv.
incrEas. dl. dnlins clr.Crw ot drc bJsa. r un:di.criorEl 5us dti!.r 15 used
addEs! bus urd . bidilErtror.l bui drirr is tl3cd for thc dall bus.
i;' l4;'- A r i !< \
'lrlornory
iow co.rol rignrfr: lvt-EEi(,

thc fow

3.22

'del

Eo65 Di.'.ocofirputcr shown in Figurc 3.q has two tvlEs of m.[lory chrpa-R
(Rcrd/Wtir. Nlemoryi and EPROiv! lEr.srbk Proglrnlmlblc Rc.d"Ost, M.mo.,

fhc

ei& ll!ryE! Thc nemory s..lion oa F,gu& 3.9 is.xpedcd in FiturE 3.10 !o
fe* llDrc &trils. The am oi lhis ,liscusrioE is to idcorily 6d rd.mor.v m.p by ma]l
ihr arsoaiat d crcuits, .od !o Gc(,8riz. rk fuqclions of r*"o control ri8n,ls: MEMR
FiEFffi. To rimplify th. prcrlniadon, dclails coiceming th. rn mory chips anj
trFmory nmirg uE cxcludcd haE. llltcl's 3pccial-pllfpo5c memoty chiPs-|fi. 8lsi
UE t755--and &cir rr,qDory rn ps ir thc sDK-85 lysEm .re dcscribcd it s.ctioo

-1

BTY ME}IORY
strows tlltt rhc crSht addit$ lin s Ar-Ao $E ronmct.d dlrcclly ro ihc
liner on lhc n|cn$ry chip !o idcllify:56 EEmor, localions. The rddt ss iilles A,, !o
.I! u!.d to sclcct thc merrcry chip lhroogh a !-lo-8 dc.oder snd lo8rc 8n s.
. ldandfyroS thc mcmora m.p l' a t*c-staD procals. Ihc first stcp ,s tc rccoeni4
to !.l.ct th.'mcr-ory ahip. Th. r..
logic lcrals rwuiEd on tb. rddrrls lincq l;{.
sr.p is to ardnior drc poasiblc logic lelel combinationc !ha! can be.ssunad by lhc

Figlr. 3.lo

whcn

6r

Arr-& shuld

R/WM

nrory chip is s!l.cLd, thc lotic lcv.ls

or lh.

iddtE$s

li!6

bc .s folloys:

A,. A. AD A,: AII Aro A'

AI

0 o 0 0 0 I I I

=0?H

Thc .dah6s lirc AE is collncctad to thc acliv. hiSh lnable linc of ih. &c!d!r duirrg &
invcriac lhclrfort, ir should bc .! logic 0. Thc rddrcss lincs Ar-Arr shoujd slso bc al loSr
0 !o .crivlt thc odFr (wo.nrblc lincs racu!.lo*) of dl! decodar. Tt. !al$ C' ad G.
rE OR garcs, fuDctiorEll! conEcct d as o.gativc NAND 8.lcs Is.. AFpandrr C

Prcf?nd L,ogic Symbols) wheo lh. inpu addtess lioes Am-Ar to lhe decoder a$urr th.
logic levcls I I l. tlc alput liDe ? of lhr dccodar goes low and salaats 6. R4;
drcrbry chip,
Thi ileoory chip has eight addre$s Iinls thst crn asunIc 2ni dffctltt coftbiortions
fron 00H io FFH. T"ncrcfore. lhc m.moq! map of lhis chrp raog.s froft 0701t to (nPFF'

AJ Atr AU.Ar: AIr AI A*

0 0'0

0 0 I r
07H

ehip

Scbt

AddrEss

AI
r

A, A6 AI A" A' A: AI

00000000

lliillllllll

A{

= 0700ll

U?FFH

73
p6/6O6OA-BA5ED

IllCnocoMPUTlR

S',YSTEMS

'

r/"

-M-.Mi

r.tl

o,

D]

i
1.10

MemorY:nierlocing

74

MICROCOMPI'IIR

EGUIE

3.ll

Tlldm ol tha tiLtnqt

Vrrll Cfcle

AND HARDWA&E

Tt

TJ

LJ

LJ

v..-y eaa*.

Y
CLK

I
IO' M

TEMS

^_A.

o-

ri

t_-__r

EINOM
Uta thc R ly mcmory chip. ihc EPROM also has 256 bytes of fiemory and ftquit s ciShl
.dd.css linc., A-,{o, to id.ntify 256 lo.ations. Hoqevcr. its mmory map rrngcs ftom

@H

to @FFH.

showD D.low

AI' Al1 A"

000000

AN
,0

ArO

Ag AI A" AI AI Ar ,\

fu
0

Chip Sclcct AddEss

tii

ltEmory citluit, lhc only

i;t il; il.il ;*"

*tnYlHl$"**n

diffcr'rr'

butcs'

frcm

fic &w mcmory circuil B ih't tlt CfiP

rlrc input to thc &codcr \s

00

=(nFFH

Thus' thc hiEh-ordci I

."* .iTiim#_Hffim
*"-.
''"
wti(an iolo t ln !

inforlruibn ctn mr bG
rimilrr !o that of FigutE 3 ' 3 ' crccfl

&d*iplcxcd

= qmH

tI
I I I I I I I

\NT
ln

0000000

rhat

I' Eufi

MICROCOMn TEn SYSTIMS AND HAI!,WARE

r.*--{\_=
^.--1J

I
!

aEn

l
I

rltt
e,

!!9

t58

1II

lIiI

Tt

id.t

!l!
c6!

.1

flei,Il !.ll

re!

;:l

InbrtrdnC

t;

S.Za tne

Thc SDK-t5 is s

.1

tr

d
d
ri

LtO

rht

PoiE

\/
SDK-E5

Memon

siltL-boud mictocomPurr dcsigocd by lnlal an4 wi&ly utld.in collcgc

l.bo$toiica. Tbe sy;taE is dasigned uriry th. 8oE5 microproccssor ard spcially com_
D.tibl. &vicc5. such ar the El55,tl56 and the t355/8755'
' Th. 8155;8156 and $c 8355/8755 hcludr mulliPlc dcvics or the taff chii' Th'
Thc El5t
8155 hes 256 bytes'of Rw m.mor,. two Prograrnmabh I'O Pons and a !mer'

835!
is idenlical tp tire E 155. exccpl rhai its Chip Enablc rcn signal rr acrrvc high' Thc
pin
conpatiblc
an
EPROM
thc
8755
is
and
is a ROM *i& rwo progrnmmablc Li O Po '
'

.,irf, ,ft" e35' ft i.;/".mable ,o pons ol thes devices $a dis'uss'd ir chaptcr I 4

" of-thesc chips and ilreir memory maps in the SDi('85 sy$em wiu no
TIic mcmorl scc on
bG

disccus.d,

TI{E 8]55 MEMORY SEC'IION

FreuE 3.14 rhows thc block diac;m ol the 8155 memor) s'tlon' h has cighl addtst
lin; .nd srr lin a compatiblc wrth lhc control and status signalr of thc 8C85: CE rchrt
EllabL), lo/ii, ALE,IiD. WE, and RESET lhese control and slatus lines 3rc oot foun'
elim!
in dlc gencral-pupose memory deviccs shown in the prcvious s'ction' These lincs

r !,1

dl

Gll

IIg
*
34.

-t

80896080A-&{SED MICnOCOMP'JT:R Sys',iE}r3

[;l

ro9

,.,7

l^i

l'1_l l"l

?t-.

L-l

ALE

r-l

ED

ET

I-r,s-i i--,

flNrER C'

K--l

fiTiEtraiT- .8r!!!r!!... -f8.3 J6rl:6.:

CE

HGUTE 3. 14
The 8155 MehorySecljon Th6 Blok Dtogra6.: i.-)
SOUICE, A, Iitl CoEod's, ,vCJ $tqt fektlr a k t lq^roi \S@
-

lslc thc n.cd for cxl.m.l dcmoltiplexi;g rhc bus ,

coDml siSnai, fo. m.mory and i,O.
Figure 3.1.1 ako shows ih. intamal rt!!c!ur. oi lhc El55 mcmory *ation. Tha

mcmor) sction includc! :S6 y 8 mcmot locrt,ons and an int.mat jatch to d.mutriDlx
lhc bus hnes AD.-,\D, TI. mcmory rccfion Jilo tcqurcs a Chip Enablc r-E, si8nal and
a Mcmor) Wnrc f,iEFiI-r. cont ol s,gnat.
n.rarcd inrcmaltv by combininS rhi IO,V

.nd WR

lLt
E

TE
Bl5.
835

lli!L
a

ll

signals

-ge

'

thc

Figurc 3 15 rhows a schcmatic o[ tiie SDK-t5 gyrt?m of incrfscing

55
rncmory scction with rhc 80t5. The 8205, a 3.to-8 d.codcr, dccodcs th. addrcss lincs

nculr

+sr

3.15

IntErlqclng rh 8i65
S4\6rnolic fom lh

Mho.y

SDX.85 SFtem

SOUtCl ltrkr

r.tur rtrN
A|'.rlir B

Cmi'd-

-rJ Ls',
t9r3r.
^urh

lDf

Ch;, Crtir

A,,
A:

,E,E:8,

fE
IO,

ALE

E5

w-i

drla
chF
ioud

RESET

3t5t

1E

IVIICROCOMPITIER SISTEMS AND ThRDWARE

and thc ourput ljne 4 o[ (hc d.coder oabls d. mcmory chip. Thc conqll rtrd
the status signals from thc EO8J are connected dirccdy lo the resP.tivc si$ds on thc
memory chip. Sinilarly, lhe bua lines ADr-A..rE aiso cotrnctcd di&cdy !o thc memory
chip to addrcss ary ooc of thc 256 mcmory locatioas.

Arr-Afl

Ercnple

kplaio

Solution

Thc intrrfociDg togic shorrs tbe 3-to-8 de.odtl its output Iirc 4 (O.) is us.d to *lcct lh.
8155. Th. addres6litres Ar to AD rtc contr..tcd as inpul to th. alccodcr, and lhe lmcs Arj
Enablc lines. Th. third Eaablc lirc (a.tivc high) is
srd Ar arc uscd as activa
p.nnarcnd, coabl.d by tyinS it to +5V. TtErclorc, outPut lirc 4 of tllc dccod.r gocs low
whco drc ad&er6 Iin s
c thc follo*ing addttssi

TIG

IDt(

Sc$

sYr
sol,

the de.oding lo8ic and the memory map of thc 8155 shown in Fi8urc 3.15.

loi

A|' AU AB Al1 AlI Alo

00t0oxx

A;

X = 20H (Assuming t'c donl

carc Iincs

aft

at

32

loSrc 0)

Thus. th. Ermory mrp of$c 8155 tncnrory *ill raryc frcm 2000H to 20FFH. ln r.dity'
nE Dory s..tioo of this tl55 uses th mcmoty sps.c liom 20@H 0o 27FFH. Th
SD(-85 m.ud rlfcIs ro ihc m.mory lpace from 2ImH to 27FFH as "foldbact sPac."'
which .ErDs it i3 ool bcitrg uscd, but tlci$er is it avarlsblc for !!ly .4alrsioo bccalle of
multipL addrBscs (as axpl.incd bclow).
ln FitorE 3. 15, lhc ad&css lincs Am, A., ird Ar arE doal cal! :trd crn .ssutr. logic
strEs 0 or l. lJ lhcsc lhrlc lincs assurE logic I stltc, lhc trl.glory nrap will r.n8c ftom
2?OOH to 2?fFH. Alt.rnpting to slotc a progrtm in locrtions on p.8c 27H is lhc.sah. as
entcrinS tbc lroSram in locations on Pagc 2OH The tnelhory eddtlss.s ftom 2lmH to
2?mH will aactss th. m.mory rcgi$e6 from 2000H !o 20FFH. Thcr.for.' dte EE ory

tlt

sp6ce fiortr

2lmH o 2?FFH, cdlcd foldb.ck Imjmry'

caoool

b. us.d.

\'r IHE 8755 MEMORY SECTION

N fgur. L Io .to*. rl,. inErfa.rng of $c 8?55 EPRoM from the sDK-t5 svstcm. Th.
cirEuit us.,. thc lamc decodcr, 8205, as lhe 8155 interfacinS GiSur 3.15). Th. 8755 hrs
2O4E hyE! of lrEmory aad nquires 1l ad&css lincs from thc micloPro.t$ol. Thc r'st of
th. addrls lirEs are uscd !o selact lhe chiP. Thc outPut liIE 0 of lhc d...dcr salc.ts lhe
chip. Theraforc, iltc mcrlory map ranges ftogl 00q)H !o OFFH' &s showo balow.

Al, AB A1, AD

oo0o0
OQH

oo0001ll
\------l--J

AII

I I
\-/-J I I

i
I

0000

0 0 0

IIIl

I I I I =07FFH

illr
F

tltl
ltli

0 =0m0H

Hd

TD'E

s{
br{

L.l

79

8085/8060A-AASEO MTCROCOMPU1En SYSTEMS

Frcutl

3.16

Inlorioclng th 8755
SchoEtduc

fom

Systom

SO0iCE lrr.l c.qEnid,

Lrn&? (Sub

Memory-

SDK-85

SDi-t Ur.it

Oe. C.lil,: Auo.r,

A,'
atr

I, QE:

roM

1973),

3:05

ED

8755

3,25 How

Does on 8085-Bqsed Stnole-Boqrd

Microcomputer Work?

Hardwar is the rkcleton of fie computr:

is irr life.'The soirware rprogams,
'ofr*are
makes th coftputer livc: withou! it, lhe hardlr?re is a dead piece of semiconductoa
matenal. Singl.-board microcompuErs, such as the one sho*n in Figure 1.9 or the
SDK-85, have a p.ogian called 'Rey Monitor" or "Key Exe.utive" prmanntly stored
in memory. Thi! program is stored ither in EPROM or in ROM beginning at the memory
location 0000H.
wll.n the power is nimed on, the monilor program comes alive. lnitially. the
rivhed the system is reset, the program countr in
Plogam counter has a random addftss,
rhc 80E5 is clcarcd, and it holds tftc add.ess 0000H. Th SDK-85 system includes a "power
oo" rcrct circuii, which rescts the system and clan thc progrdm counter whetl the system
is tumed on. Thc MPU placs the addrcss 00mH on the address bus. The insauctioD code
storcd in locatidn 0000H is fetch.d and executed, snd the execution continues according
to the instruciions in th moditor proglasl. Th primary funclions of the moniror program

&!

l.
2.

3.

{.

as follows:

Reading the Hcx keyboard and cleckin8 for a key closurc. Continuing to check the
keyboard urtil a key is prcssed.
Displaying the Hex equi\alcrl o[ the key prsssed at tha outpLr( pon. (uch as the
scven-seghenr LEDS.
Idctrlifying lhe kcy prEss.d and storiog its binaiy equivalent in memory, if nccssary.
Tr,Ilsfcnin8 lhc Fogram exe.ution sequcncc to the uscr program when &e Euci.re key.

is praa3ad.
TIlc progi.mlner entrs

p.o8ram in RJW mcmory in sequential memory locarions

and the fuoction kcy calleA Srorc or Next. Whctl th. syst m
th. progariq counlcr is cl*rEd, aAd the mooilor prog.arD begins b check a key
closuE a8ain. By usitrg thc k yboard. lh. Fogralnmer ertcrs the first mcmory address
by Ning
b rset,

ft.

dara keys (0 to

80

MrcRocoMlrEp

s'rsrEMs AND BAnDvarE

wh.rr the uscr prcgram is stored in RyW mcmory irld dir.cts tha MPU !o cxccul! th.
progtaJn by prBsing lhc Errcxr? or Go kcy. Th MPU f?tchcs, d.c!d!s, and cxccutd ooa

instruction codc al tilne and continus to do so uolil it fachrs ua llar, inttruclion,

Thc key monitor progr.ln k e 6itica.l clamcnt in entfiing, rlorint, and cxacutint
proglm. Until ih. Et.cr.r, kcy is pushcd, lhe monilor pro8tun in 6. EPROM (c ROM)
diiEcts .ll-ihc op"rnioB of thc MPU. Aft.r thc ErrcrL key is purhcd, tha usa! F,lltnm
dirEcts dr MPU !o pcrform thc firnctions writtcn in lhe progtam.

33

THE 8O8OA MPU

Tha 8080A micrcproc.ssq is thc prcdeccssor of $. t0t5 and lhc dcscqpdarl of lh. fllll
8-bi! proccssor, lh. tm8. The insEuclion s.t of the 8080A .rd thc 8085 l! pracricdly thc
sam.. Programs wrilen for 8080A systcms can bc cxrcuEd in E0E5 systchs wilhout
modifications. Thc p.imaly improvcmol of thc t0t5 is io thc alra of h8tdwat! Tha
8080A is not in itsclf a complrtc irncdonal unil as a proccstor; i! rlquirls lwo addiriord
chipsr thc 8224 clock gcncrator driver, aad Oa 8228 aysiam conltollcr a.d bus &ivcr. Th
8080A docs not havc all thc nccessaly condol signals (such as Mamory Rcadwii. atrd
I./O Read^rrit ): $ese signals arc gcncrarcd by using lhc t228 systcm conEoUrr.
Fi8urc 3.1? shows lhc complcl,a, lhrr.-chiP, functioflal Micro Proesaiq Unil
(MPU). Tha fuDctional dctails of lhcse chip! at! describcd b.low

3,31

The 8080A Microplocessor

Manufac$rcd on a ringla LSI chip using an r{hanncl silic-on'8aE MOS proc.ss, lhis
hicroproccssor is houscd iD a 4o-pin DIP (dual'in'linc P.cka8!). Thc 8080A i! rn im'
provrd vcftion of lntrl s ft's! 8-bi! micrcFlc.ssor, lha t008 Figur.3.18 rhows tha pin
'conaactions goupcd in funclional ut ts (s!c Fi8urc 3.1 for
Pin .onfituratioa)
Tha 8080A ha! sixtan addrcss lincs and eight data lin.s, and rcquir$ thrlc powcr
-5 V and rl2 v) atrd a clock with l*o pha!.3 (6 tltd 6). lt h$ Etl
signrls
not
includinS such contol signals as Madory Rcad/Writa and UO
,co;EDl
Rcad/writc discus&d baforc. Thcs. arc gcncratcd usinS tha syst m conEollar. Fo! thc sal.
of cladty, thc functionel dclails of cach conEol signa.l a& dmittld h.rc.

iugplics (+5 V,

THE 8224 CLOCX GENERATOR DRT\ER (FIGURE 3,17)

This rs a clo.k Scncmaor chip dcsiSncd to plovt.l. a t*o.Phlsc clo.k d rnd 4' to thc
8O8OA. Th. crysisl dcillator providcs ihc ba3ic ftlqucncy divid.d by rE inridr6!chip,
and ixo phascs-d rnd A-aft gcncrat d for th. 8080A. In .dditioo. da 8224 Scmr'
ar.s rhe RESET and READY sigda for lhc 8O8OA, and lhc STSfE (Starus Stsobe siSral)
for the syst In coduollet thc E228.'

rl

I
:

4u

)at

60tt8060A-gAsED Mlcnocot"rpursit SysrEvs

OND

INTE

w-n

DAIN

l5
TANK

osc

+DB

3:tJ
RDYIN
3:t8,3113

DB,

03:

R-E]IN-

+t2v
OND

SfiTIS.-F6BE

NiA

cNn -..:.;

MEvE

BEiiF
li6F

i6F
PIGUIE

3-

I?

E-106!A MPy

Ttl 8o8oA Mrcroprocessor .hed224

Ctoc( cneroror qnd rh 8228

hEI cd!.n.on.

,t

c.r-

ar,sJ

Fo,r, o"-,,

,--i,r_o c,*. cro

auGor. t9?9).

7 t

MICROCOMPUTER SYSTIMS AND HARDWARE

TIGUXE 3,

+5V,tV+11VCND

i8

Th6 6080A Miaroptocsssor

INT
HOLD
READY
RESET
SYNC

INTE

WAIT

TI{E 8228 SYSiEM CONTNOLLER AND BUS DRNGR (FIGURE

3I7)

This siflgla.chip integaalcd circui! is employed for lwo purpos.s: ( l) as a bidircctional bus
drivcr foa tha dala bus. ro providc .ddiriolal currcnt capabilray to drive pcripbcrtls; and
(2) as a con[oilar. to Sencralc rhc neccssary con!rcI signals.
Tha eitht data lines of rhc t080A are conneclcd to thc chiElg gancrata a buffc&d
data bus. Thrc. signals flom $c t0t0A-DBIN (DaB Bus In). wR (Writ), and HLDA
(Hold Achowlcdgc) and ST$[B- lsarus Strobc Signrl) &oIn thc clock a'r uscd s6 inpu!
to gcn.rar. flve c;nrol signalsr Mcmory Read (FiEMfr). Memory wril. (FlEFiW), LO
wnlc rIO!t-). and Inrcrrupt Ackno\ l.agc rFiiAt. F91furun di1
Read (fdR,.
cussioni rll th.Er chi'ps witl b. vi.wed as the MPU. Thc control signals ?6F and 76F
arc functiooally simiis, io rhe 8085 control signals mF and low-. rcspcedvelyi lhey just
have diffcrent names in the 8080A and 8085 manuals.

l|CUM
nc er,d

ta i;
j

sourq
,.

,o

3.32

.1

It'

ntdEl

6. 80{
clrsnfl

quidr

The 8080A Bus Timings

Figurg 3.19shows rhc timing of thc 8080A Memory Read cycle. ltis in many ways similar
to thc Memory Read cycle of the 8085: however. therc arE some differ.nces.
Tha 8080A data bus is used for the sratls idsniification of an operadon atrd for
Eansfer Thc MPU places the stanls of tbe operation on fie data bus during lhc eadier p.1
of the cycle, and places dara on the bus during the laier pan of the cycle. while rhc 808(
uses ao 8-bit stalus formar lo idcntify vanous MPU opcradons. the 8085 uscs lhr:.
separale lin.s (IO/ii, S,, and Sd ro id;ntifly ar oprarion. FunherTrore, all rhe neces$L1
control signals can be gen.rar.d in arl 8085 syslem by using th status linc IO/M and t{o
control sig:Eh-

coorol

inilnat

rbcl

r.tit

,y
80ryE080A-&\StD MICROCOMPUTER S{STIMS

Q-D.

DAIII

I
a

I
I

tcutE

3.19

lho 8060A 8u! nmhoB lor tho Instrucuon Felch

IOWCII Adrnd ltlB lm.l CoiFr h.

2-,

3N kdo pto SrlrN U r r lrtul

(36lr Cl6, Cr!l,: Authd, l97r),

3
rt

Tha MPU conEol signals in thc 8080A aIE 8c[cratad in lhc fashion sinild to that
tha 80t5, by combininS th. microF[cr$ot conEol sigals and lhe sBtus. Howcvct,
80toA, orc staNs k idcnrilicd usitrg ciSht dal. Iincs, and thc MPU opcrations aIr
cl&sified in tln diff.rcnt catcgori.s. fhaEforE, lhc aystcm conEollcr (lh. 8228) is rcqrirEd @ htch ttlc staos ard gncrat! thc trc....iy contol si8[sts (Figur-r 3.17). Thcr.
out th. conc.poal
cotrEol signsls can bc gencrated by usmg thc drscrllr loSic !o
dmilarity bctwen thc 8085 and &e 8080A.

tl

poi

SUMMARY
ch.Plc' ddcribcd thc arhitlc0rr! of rh. 8085 micoproccssor ard illlr3earcd thc
i.rr ddmultiplcxing lhc bus AD-ADo and gencr.ting the conEol sig,tals.

I
:
!

MICROCOMPTITER SYSIEMS AND

IAIIJ

3,3

compolnon ol th.

8085 qDd lhe 8o8oA

tots

cma
l

Po*cr Supplix

x. Fuodio.t

l MPU

Thr! :+5 v, _5 V. +l2 v

olx: +J

ThI! chiF:80804,

OD. chip: 80t5 plu!

E22a

and 8228

3, Oock

ch

Ona d
3 MHz

2 MH.

Lre-ord.r rddEls b!!

5. Dm

Bus

8 Dat! Iincs

Dat

rd

8arcr.

Phr..

a. Goct Elqrrdy
5. Addfttt Bur

and

is

hl

nultipl.r.d wirh
E D!t! lin.s

rr'E

d.rr

MulriDlcr.n wih

dll

lovrG

$$us informaion

Explain

?. bt.rn}pl
On.

l.
9.

Eria R.rui!.

Sad

ii srrE

S.ri.l VO lin
Compld pro..durc !o gcft.atc
sutus inform.tion. Nc.ds
.xka chip. lnJonnxion i3

ar t0EOA.
s.

simplt pro.cdur.. Th. linca

So, Sl, and IO/M indic.r.

74

insErctiofii 72 inasEtionr
dE t00,r.

iE ssrE .s h

Lis! thc IC

reeds

werc rcvicwcd in S.cdon 3.17.

Thc chaD&r illustmlcd an 80E5-bas.d mi.rocompulcr systcm and analyz.d th.
mcmory nap of rh devices 8155 and 8755/8355 uscd in thc SDK-85 sysr.m. In add:
!i,on, thc archir.circ of rhe 8080A and rhe ncc.ssary dcvic.s to dcsiSn sn E080A

MPU wcrE discusscd.

'Iable 3.3 comprEs lhe 80804 wilh $e 8085. i!5 imp.ovrd vcNion. l0 additior:
lo lbe obvious enhancerhents io lhc srea of chip count,.powcr supply! end iequ.ncy.
the 8085 hds a muh simplcr way of gcncratinS status irfomalion and conEol signlls
The 80t5 iocludes all &c 8080A insEuctions plus lwo mot itsuuctions Elatd !o -

s.nal ,O and additional incrlupi lines.

ASSIGNMENTS
1. Explain lhe funcxons of ALE and IO/M siSnals of the 8085 microproc.ssor
Dmw a schcmaric to dcmultipl.x ihc bus ADTADo using dl. 8282 oct l latch.
3. FiSuE 1.20 shows fie E205 (l-to-8) decod.r with th thl! inpui siSn.ls:
IOi M, RD, and WR from rhe 8085 micropro.essor Sp.cify and namc lhe valid
output slgnak.

rd

thl

rcadin8

ln qucstt

I
Imporunt conc.pls rclatcd to tha 80E5 archiEaturr and thc ctacudon of rtr insEtcocr

.{

ri

Whlt aE:

of lhe

multipla(cd with dal.l bus.

10. lndu.don S.i

Sp.cify

MH2?

ln FiguE
the invart

ln dE

SO

(s.r t-ita
accefl
your

rl

afi

In Figtrt
In

Fig(

Lisr

dr

Erphir'

.o. t2ot

ro/El

^,

;;1,

^"

wtr

E, E,

3:

!,
E.

Exphin why four output signals a.. invalid in FU. 3.20.

o opcratc at L l MHr.
(CY) fl.8s, &d wtFn .n dEy sct?
List th! scqucnc. of cvcnts lhat occurs wh.n lhc 8085 MPU reads ftom rneorory.
A$umc lhat mcnory locstioo 2075H has a data bytc 47H. SFcify drc conrcnts
of thc addrEss bus AFA. rnd $c multipl.r.d bus ADTADo whcr lhd MPU
rc.dr dlit locaiion. SFcify th cooEnts of dE progr3m countcr whco dl. MPU is
Spccify th. crystal lrqucncy Equircd for an t0E5 sysGm

wh.t

arc

Zm (Z) ard Clrry

Ildilu lix{tho 2075H.

In qucstion 8, whco docs th.

signl

go low if rhc syscm s ft.qu.ocy is

MHz?

lD FiSurc 3.10, spccify rhc mcmory maps of the P"'wM and dlc EPROM chiF if
tha iovcnc. of th. r(hrEss lin A,r is .liminlcd.
h rhc SDK-85 sFtcm, dE sFcificd map of lhc El55 mctnory is 2(mH 1o 20FFH
(s.. Fi&r. 3.15). lf yo'r cnlcr . dara bytc .t th. locatioo 2lmH, will rha systcn
acccpt lhe dsra bytc?

If it

rcccprs

it, wherc will ir

srorc

$c

daia byte? Erplain

Io Figur! 3.15. sp.ciry ttE mcmory nrp if output liE Or of dlc dccodq tm5 is
conEctcd to thc CE ligral. Sp.cify tbc rrng. of rhc foldb*k nEfiGy.
ln Figurc 3.16. spacify thc m.mory map if output linc G of (hc dccodcr t205 is

cmo..lcd to $c G signai.
Usi thrlc imFDvcd fcarurG of rh. 8085 ovr. d|G 600A microFocclso..
Expl.in dE frDcrioo of lhc syslctD conEollc. in $c 80804 MPU.

--!
.'.1

and

Fovid.! ro ovcrrricrv of lb. insau.{oo

..r of d|c E0t5,8G0A dictoProac$or. Tha iD.lne_
lEriIlF@
tioo r.r d.r.r!!mr fu Fci
co pcrfotm. Exlrrpl.3 IE tivan ro ilh.tit lrco
6a 865 aad dE gEoA dtto!.oaaala.i crccr@
t*rr(lirxr. n|d Ernt ert o innr,rtioa ctcL,
xaiac crlc. ra l-oorr rt efnod.
This chaprcr

I
I

I
I
I

lo*r.-*

la * * ,*. **lrlioo fir'ciidE drt c.a

I uc pefonnoa ty rnc
Itr U, tu nvc ,r.i. !ru4. of ir.au.ridr h tE
I tmmmoa inrrnrc*m ra.
lO erpnin u ,..-. op-a c.a. {Aco&) yrl

I ffi;-*d*Eltrsby
E{-. crrh,
-h.
F*

Uriti{.d

crd..

h ecrr i.$Edy ir
ln rif o* oes og"lo.
d dE t!.c1rc r-'.d

h m;#.!|-

l+rt tttd 2-byt

ft tf u .ip io "r""rd"s ff5
I bErkto.- od a*pldn fu srci.lcd 3it!.1

1ffin"n.*o*L"-aa.r*.me
rt"rc'uttooof
ffi#.,.o",*irunns

"'

-1
Nsrnuc!

i:

li"rf

trcr{
rs

lQ

E{

tpe{
Thcsc

--

ii

r{

$I

i.fl
I
I

ceq"I

a.ol

l":H

qrl

rd

t1

tt

N'MUCTIONS}IID TIUINGS

rffi*affi#llffi,
These

ructioos Fdqrn vaihuf,lolical op.6dodr with tlic aofladtrof.th!

! {e,i&iiidii-aoy

sut

rlae.

AID,j';

.,w;ffi6,.i1rt,,,
.

I9TE&S.B! ""'

bc

&bir.numb.r, o( rhc co,r.',r! of

9u!3ll

flqg

o*ig.g-E!"lu!i,c.oR.d

,$ri.t

fll

e or of !d

a-

no A
.

","','.-.,

r'",'t'f
Itis

:ge{r,ae$ffitr gt.{,-t: oL': ""

groug

of ;isrructions'"'t,ai"

(r urronditooally.

Sitrcondidonal jumF

,t

"

..qr"n"" of po*gnm

arc an imponant aspect

executioo cirhpr corditionelly

oftirr dccision-makilg inoccss ia

Foglimming. Tlrosc iostmctioats ta3t for a clrlein aonddon (a,!.. Zrro ortirrr nr!)
an,l atrer fie prcgmm sequcNe !*h.n ihe condirioir rs mct. tn airlirior. ftc insrnrcdoli

s.l inclu&r

rn iastrqatie! callad
an

,.n.ordi

ional

juhp.

I+r.lc, ;'tir*y[
clntilil maaiina fuirCdois nrch

ai

as

-l

Revi6v, of the 8085/8090A Opelquons

mifilPloccsse opcrarions lllricil !o drir malip{rhtior can ba jumhrriz.J itl tbu!
-- -{i'-'
*,lsi

F'fofidng erirfuft ric opar!troos

r
Frfonnint logic.l op.ations
Gllint fq a givco condidon lrd altdh8 tbc Fo8ram iequcmc

rrb

*;lr''7

90

Mlcxocolarulct

iffiioo !a ]!
l. b rb !Gfr, ac'co@ pf ric-rc !r
d.sir kb r! drr3.d.
Soor td?ona a{aca of tha

sYsfEM! A.lrD HAtDw ng

ArL

Dr.d bcloq:

ldJarlmFd: ooly lh. coilcdr of h.

d.rta caa E|,a& or rEirrc da fiio.i tL E&r a6 hr rd ftoh oda

!tlhr.l! (crcGpt fo. tiG m.morr.rn rtcd llo d.vicc).
,. .{'idtrtHi. .d losid of.agirna atr Ffoirt|.d nilh dE cdEtr. of ft *c!!i[b..
,!d &a rEdta ,t! l|!tl b ti. accrdrtLLa (wi$ ,oc cialpdolr!).
a. An, tt id.r iEtifiog trEtre, 6n b. u..d ffi ircnqEin .rd d.crlrErt.
5. A prqru rcqoce cea t cD.GSql cltl|. ciroditionaXy a by lrint fm a givcn
d.la codidl.

!,

1,

An l,lo

Id ri-]'it,.. +-t
n".--o.l

INSTRUCIION FORMAT

r'^j-!:n'r'r

A!l

-tk"^

. tivrn

fii.
(rdllrrau

!.*

bc

o nrut cgircr, r ocriry locrtim, or E.bir aotlGbiri aa"o)t

te tacold ir indicn. .f_to^

v
4.21 Instiuction Wod

-;*
Th6.lOEJ/gmA inrmcrion
to tdoad

ln

Size
t6 h cbr.ifd i! o rti. f.liooi6 rboa

gu4l

rcccrting

iirc:

ft.

a! .yltooytFur b.aulc h b !l t.tir

irutritirr: :rr corwurly c&rad b in t rE of b.vci diE

80t5/E0t0A, ''byr." rnd "$ord"

lnic,of qlEtalor, Ho! rvc,.

$m !/!rd!.

ONE.BYTE :NS'TRI'C?IONS
Foa

li.f
Copy thc

oosElt

ItG.&crlr

hE IG

rb
C.

of

Or.dG

ODarrad

MOv

c,A

cr.Illrb:

lhry Coa. f.s Caa.

otu,

nll -

{FH

oti
od

toC

lnvat

a.a

TL

rhd

rr al

rDrNcs

I,gfrrnolc
Add

^xD

r-

t effi. ot

rqid.l

ADD

I0@

B to dr.

.6!6 of t!
ElrlloLlor.
IN! (codpLfilt)
c.dl blt i! tb
Gr|l l!b..

.g'!_-ltJ.l,

Fg

2FH

ala l.ttE inrdrrctior FfoaDir!8 ltrlr dilfc(.at l.!t!. ln !h.

o?..!rd tqi*,l 8r +c.ifr.d. I! 6! ..cod intall.iioo, th. op.r.
d od tt *.indtk it alrEd. SirDilrrl),, h lh. rhint iurrrdib, tlt
ir r..ur!d 6 b. !h. iDelicit o?.rrtd. IlE irfiEdo!! r! fqql

ld

lhud ir
t 2.bya

rt

N$nucltoNs
h.&udin, 6. n n b,t +.crfr..

|D.

oFrd..

o?6!!d. Factr,lpLl

OD.od. OFr.

T.rt

Ivlvl

.t| t.bit
ddr hyta in tha

&n

ra

tbc

ddr

b!,ta

it

A. D.tr

3E

Ihi.

aar.Ebly l&guas! inatlrclion

A.32[

This io$u.tion qpuld EquiF

ltc r..qrd

lrt

ILr

Mlaooal.3 ,Lr
MVr

rd

C.d.

Tlt

32H.

c.d.

Glrddaa,

3E

o nranory

Flr,t Byl.
S.<rid D',i.

k rrt&n at:

Coda

,3U

locSioii io ltqr in.nlcriotl.

iITREE.BYG INITRUCTIONS

h a :l.brl! ilrrriEtion. dE filll byr. rpccifica 6a a?codc, .rd rtlc folhvin8 lwo bytd
lccily tu' l6bir .&r$- No6 rb! 6. &cood byt i. dE ho-oidc. r,rdrlir .rd dE drid

tt!

ir lta ldth-oad.r .ddr!s!. For cinnplc:

B
rh.

Fgr!.a'

SE6t

Elr1lloc.tktr tf,JH.

9t

fhqa ireltad6
ifitEt'lon.
t i. rFcin

,*-

oqqo,

^PP
CMA

llr

OD.od.

Of.ild

Cod.

,MP

2m5H

c3
t5

Fi.rt Bylc
S..oid Eyic

Tbird Br'!e

G,D
(-l

g' ,,

0"
0

92

MICROCOMPUIEN

S'YSTEMS

ANO IIADDWTRE

rhtc. trrlhory loarrioos !o rrorE iD m.mory.

'cquirl
Thcse commaods arE in maiy wrys similt to ou! varydry convcnrtoo. For
eximpl. whilc crting in r rcstauranl, *. rrry mr]c thc followinS ltqu4ns .td ordc

Thi. ioshrcdori rvould

l.

Pass (rhc) butiar.

2.

Past

4, I *ill
3. t will

(6e) bowl.

havc combin.tion 17 (od tha nanu).

llav what Susi. ord.rd.

3. (Lct us) car.

. Thc filol requcst spccifia. lhe cxa.t itcm, it is silnil{ !o th insqtclioo for loeding
aFcfic dal! by. io a rc$sl.r. ThG ..cond Equcs( mcllions thc bowl r.d*r thrn thr
coottna, av.n 6ough onc b inl.rlslld rn thc contcnb of thc boil. ft is similrr !o th.
inltruction MOV C,A wlicrc ngisten (bolvl3) atr spccificd r.lhar lh.n drE. Th. third
e

sutgcstion (lt us cao assumes that one kaowa whei to cal, It is similar !o thc insttuctioa
Complcm.nr, which implicirly assumls thet tha oFrand is thc rtulErd.tot. L tha founh
scotancc, thc location iif d& ilcn on lhc nEDl, is spacificd aod nol thc rdual iEln. lt is
slmilar ro tht iostructiooi trrlsfc. lhe dala blrc from thc locatio 2050H. Thc l.sl ordc'
(\rhat Susie ordcred) s sErcificd indir.ctly. Il is similar to in rnstluclio.n lhsisp..ifics r
mmory locarioo (hrough $c roolcnls of a rcSister poir. (ExamPl.s of tbc lasl tro tlFi
of iDstrucrion alr rllusuaEd in larcr chapllfs.)
Thcac various ways of sp ifrme d.ts .r. ca&d-!!c rddnsdn8_mod.s. AlihouSh
microproccssor instrucdons rlquil. one or nx,rt words to !tscify dE opcrards, lh.
trotttions rnd convc.tions us.d in gFcifyirg the operands have vcry liitlc lo do vit\ thc
or,cretion of tha microproaessor. The mncmonic Lilcrs used lo spcify a command arc
choscn (somewhat qbirarily) by lh manufacorcr. Whcn an instruction irs@rcd in

i?

is

{or.d

i,

coavenrions used

slq

It
i

ng
I

spe.ifyiag thc itsEuctioos sI valuable ln

]"

4.22 Opcode Formot

ln ordcr to undcrshnd oparation cods. wc nead to cxamina how an inslruclion is d$i8ncd
irlo th. miroproc.ssor. This informaoon will bc us.ful ih cadirg i.{!ct't m3nu.l.
in *hich opc.aion cod.s a't specificd
hinsty lorlnri .nd 6-bi6 ai! divirl.d in
vadous groups.
ln lhc dcsign of the 8085/8080A microproc.ssor chip, all oPararions. rcgisle.s, and
slatus flags arc
ifi.d wirh a spc.ific codc. For .xampl., all i[t ma.l rctisLrs a.rc

i,

dr

idcotified as follo\rs:

CodG

ltcglltcrs

Codc

000

mt

00

OI

R!8bi.r P.i.t
Bc
DF

93

.Ii6?RI'CTIOM A}ID TIMINGS

Dl0
E

010

0l l
100

t{

t0l

' flL

it

tc,

n.z',

AF oR API

lr0

icsewcd for
Mamory Rclatcd Opcntion

Somc of thc opcration .odes arc identified rs fcilows:

Fuhctiolr
l. Rohr. each bir ofth.
accumulator to rhe left
,.

by oae posilion.
Add rh. conlcnts of
rrgisr.r ro

a
rhc
accumulator.

O?ar ion
-0rXxH t

I=

Code

0?H

(6-bi1 opcode)

t0000 SSS

(s'bit opcode*3 birs

aft reservcd tbr a registr)

This insEuction is complctcd by ad;ing lhc code of th rcgister For cx.rDplc.

Add

(rmo)

Registar B

C@

Implicit

Binalv lnsnucnon:

In assmbly la 8uag.. this

i!

lm00l00 = 80H
.\dd ReB. B

.rprcssed !s:

OFode Operurd-

Hex Codr

ADD
A
8OH
3. IIOVE (Copy) thc conlcnt
0l
ddd
of rrgistcr Rs (sour!c)
2-bil Opcod. Rcg, Rd.
to rcgistcr Rd

*-''
1[ rr'

(d.stination) lbr MOVE

rrr
Rcg. Rs

Thls inrtruction is complered b) adling th. codcs of rwo rrgistcrs. For example,
Move (copy) rhe

contcnr iO .l

TorcgidrIcr.E-Ot(ddd)
: I I I (s!,
From r?gisttr A
0 I 0 0 ! I I I +4FH
Binsry InsEuction :
OFod; Or..and

-t
94

l.rcIo@l.,t tta

3l3f8x3 AltD

ll Id{lI!

.l
Orq& Ot.r-a EiCd.
LOV Cr,t
1P
n ... iodir lt. ffi iqir.r it li. &.d!ri6 d t 6d n8i.r6i. t rdGfioc A !o C-whli .p?Gat .Gwr$d fd. !d.l rG! noo Lft ro ri!h. fyph.Iy,
(c.?y)
ln

..ra.

ir lh.

lf,

la!u.!., tli. i. .rFr...d

l&al8)A

u.cr't

rt.dd ti. rb la.ftr

i!.trBrbn ir .ho*n .r folhr.:

l{OV .1, d.
olllDlDlDlslsls

4,3

How ro wRrEAr\rD

lit

aactr,,esupr.u pnoenau

t!a

6EE of irt&rrri[ wri!.. b tI r cdffi b Efob . rDacific

trIEEl. IL liatnEuE t! ta&cE llm iD rmhEbr Gl oI tlt! tnrcrcrmaalaot. lo
iffi-r prqrlir, rlivirlc r fivca ptttl h rartt qr h En of 6. ;!..dioor $.
m8t$804 c.rl FfolEr, rbr !n!.1& {t r a.p. bb inttrEiE. wririr8 . liltph
FSrrn of dCirE two m5. in li. Ilsfifr^ Lrerr.t ir ilh.scd t hd.
A Dmd&r i! a

4.31

lUustrqtilre Ploonfii: Add l\f,o

Hardddmd Numbea

Pli!&Li S.a.r..t Wdl! i!.trrdo..6

5d ..vc $c u5r,ca h actia&r C.

rdd

tro bl.dccirtl.l nunb.'3,

32H .nd

4tH,

kotaai Ataa!,- TL Fogrs! to d a,rofl!$.r. co bc *riiEn io yriors wrlr

by tdrctil! diffu! ilratid a!ri.$rr ad irtBcriona Elr.d to &ar. rcgir&E.
tlou.rtr, lh. lofical arFa.i rill rEra r La. llrnrin |fi. {!E. I i. darcribad balow
in ergi*, follo'{d by . fit hii oa t .. .!A. irlo tbc m09fli00A urcrrtly od
mahilE l&turtaa.

tuollbr
l. Ldd tt. nu .r !2H ir ol. 0tit ,
Ti. r.p. 6d!d b.dd

.r! l. foah*t:

2. Lad 6a rmbGl atH i! rnottar r!tt!t!r.

33. ADD tia col.rlt oa lta tro l!dra.r.

Sat! dE tum ir ltgiLr C.

Ed

-rD.

pofrrd.

To t',r,r.* tb q. ib ,!,ttfrly ,,rt 6E iG k',gl,'6,',

f.rnili.' wili lt ir,ltucrkr a oa tG gf,rm^ a a t ..s ?i6 tt
fic.li(ro of illlnEtiont d...ribad G!,lir.
.b

dd.

:tt, rl i..?.dn

r Id.{ Z l

iFdi.a

- tt i i.ri.- *n .!.

-a

c.

yoo rlould

tE

l cbd.

95

IIIS'TRUCIIOIISAND INGS

hot'..r I lXt&!6eA Af,U, L.!su{.

'

Aft!.

n !rin!

lhc iisrnEtio{ !cl.

le ..r.l ly Lrgu{c r. fo{oiaa

cEEL
oF.d. oDrld
l. Mvl A, t H Lo.d 6. lnlb.t 32H it li. c{lddn
E, ,ltlt
a uvt
,rd e. sob.r atH h tldr.E B
!. AID I
i.tu! Ua cooLI! ol lltLt I b lia
. .o!!tx of dr s1llndnt. TL rm
b 3o.td h th. sl|dd&..
4 lrcv C, A
opy t rl& ft6li. Elouls 6

c.a llosbtc da

lotkd

ec

aaP.

rlSix.r C
of lhr Fotr.rh

fnd

?i!rr f f&*. I{rry By bokin3 ry 6.6.Enir co& io. d i.t{ciE

h ]hr inaladd c, ?r s r.ndaE tta liot tl lao mrcihc lrajugr u follo*l:
llrclb

Mrandf!.
L MVI A,
!2ll
,. MVI B.
,tttl

codc

(Ilq)

3El -.
z.Dyc orEudton
3, I

[]rn*,,*,-.t0

t: ADD B
-a.Movc,A

4F

76

g. lrLT

l-byr. i!fircliol|
I'byr. illlaucdoi
l.byE itunuction

Shfk-lortd lrlsoPoLr *t .!.rls.

tut }!u b.tr r .iEtt bo.rd lhicN.orent . cqlipf.d *ith r lttr k ybord .!d &\Y
dEar. IrahE tha !ao,t!n, *LEl ! natno* localior-Fcflrably, d|G riBl tltcl!|oi,
toclioddrb u*r 8/W rcy .- !!d a6lcr tb. Fqtr.n ra$rciti.lly. Fo. cr.nPL' ft
.bovc Folr.m ir $ol!d a db*.:
Hot l!

ELt..d E&.oL. Prear.dh.

Mr.ody

fE&.
20@

2mt

N2
N3

tlb.., Co.Ld'
L lb.r,
0.0.1.r.1.1.1.0
0,o. t.1.0.0, 1.0
0 0.0.0 0 r t.0

H.r
Cod..

06

01001000

2m4

1.0.0.0.0.0.0.0

2005

0,t.0.0.1.r.1.1

0l I r0l

l0

4F

'

MlcROCoMPuiEt Sr/llllils AND HAnDWA&E

96
B

Rr3a{ lha sy$e6.

DiEcl tl lul.roFocr$o. t*.rt yoill D@grxn bcSirs by

pushi4 rhc apFop.iatc kcys.
Exccuta ha program,

Ach

discr

lerE

kog n Eracutbo

Whco the mimFocessor is dirccted to tttc olclDor? locatiotr

2@0H, it b.8ins &c pmttam.xdutiod by fc{ching $e frsl machitE cql-TiE Prccrssor
dccod.s dlc codc by In.tchinS it vrith ils prEdcsignei s.t of mstruclions, ard F.rforErs thc
fuoction spccificd in lhc cod.. Tbc microproce$or contimcs this proces! se{ucndally, orl.
m.mory locsrion t6 r& ocrt. uflil ir is dtlcred to h.h. Thc limiog dclails of thc .rccudon
of ln mst rcuoo arE &scnbcd larer.

Rlautt Thc.nswcr of your additioo (32 + 48 3 7AH) is. foond in tY/o.ltiste$d& rccomul.tc nd lllistcr C. Evln if the sum is tr.nsfIrcd tlm $a rccomullld to
Ggis&r c. 6c con&orr ofth! tccumolalor arc ml dGtoyrd (R6tEnbct, ir dau tnntfcr,
lh. sourEc is oo( dcstroycd). Hor|.vcr, thc ans*cr will ma b. disPlay.d rutonric.lly

bcca$c lhc plogram

4,4

d! ml isclu&

an OUT insttuclion.

f,n-

1..I I.
I ,,,sir

'.!.I

S.Cl

q.c
i!

INSTRUCTION TIMINGS AND OPERATION STATUS

arE stored h lhe rncmory of a miclogotBPutar. To cxacuta aD
in$rircrion. dlc MPU fiusr Iocarc lbc rhcmory loaaiioo. fctch thc code vie th. dll3 bus,

A program or instructiont

and pcdorm th. functioo spacificd in dc co&- Th.s.

lan chsptci ar "Fcich. Dacod.. dElxari&'b 2' aad

d.cod. ir in liE insBulion rrgi$cr,

r&$r

ricll

dcs.ribcd m

cod..

AI

&

thi-E;ffi

lbvtj

pc.fonnd
lhc clocl

a!.

givcn mqtsnt 5!4

witin r$v.o

of

tlrc

4.41 Exgcution ot an ln$ruction (8085)

Thc mts i&nrifics its v.rious oparalionr. c lcd D..hlDe cycl.., lhmugh thc thrc. sla$t
signals IO/M, So. and S,, as fouows.

. Thr

l.
3.
4.
5-

Slrlut

t085

oFr..locr lo/ti $

(OF)
(MR)
Mcmory Writ (MW)
UO Rc.d IIOR)
t/O Writc (lOW)

Opcodc Fctch
Mcmory Rcad

0
O
0

I
I

lt0l
t00l
0ll0
l00l
0ll0

Colttrol

W[

ta

-:t

"l

INSTRUCfIONS ANO TIMINGS

ln iddition to $cs. op.r6tions, ihr 8085 p.rfotrns otlrcr opc:ations, siriir as lnrcnup
A.knowlcdlc (s.! Table 3.1), *hich ale ommi[cd hcre for thc srkc ofcl&ity. Bcforr
discussing lhc riming'and thc cxecudon of rhcsc file opeErions ive nced to diinc dxlc
tetms: insruc(rcn cyclc. machina crale. and T-state.
Instructlon (Vcl is dcfined as rhc trma rEquirad to complete rhe .xecurion of .rnc
in$ruciion: Th. 8065/EO80A idsttuctioo cycle coosists of orlc ro five m.chin .yal.s or
or,a lo fivc oFErations,

/
.-.r'

M.chtnr .yda is dcfied a! rhc omc rcquir.d lo compl.te thc oFration of

h (he $E5. dlc machin cycle may consirt of rhr.e. !o
six T-star.s, and rn dl. 8080A, 6I!. t, five T-stars.
Tdatr is dcflrEd .s ooc subdivisioiof rlE opGteaion perforncd in ooc clock pcriod.
Tksc sobdivisi{ifarE intcmd satas sy.chronizcd *ith thc sysrem clock.
rccrsrng cithcr roqnory or UO.

Th followinS Gr.mples illustraE. rhcsc (ooc.pts.

t[.

ilrl0r&iioo MOly C,A (ao& {FH} is srorcd d rrftory loc.dor 2OjH ircf.. b
S..tioo 4.31, Utulrt irr PtDtr.E). Thc rcufiulilo. h,3.drtr bytc ?*H. llhrEla ttl.
cf,aaulioo of dlc intrcdon &d.c.lcuha thc cxccutioo timc ifth. syltain.hck lilqucncy

L2

MHz.

Erqmple
4.1

..in'

M.i!t

L..lb. (ll)
2005

Thc cr.ertion of dl inshrcrion! is s.4uanc.d b.v lhc

cutiotr of ah i[struction, its nrcnrff/ &UJ.st musr tE in

prolra{ .ou r.. Bcforc lhc cxc[E [rotlam couoocr. lt is rssumad

hrc drlt dlc insrtucdoo hcrcd { dE Flvious mcr.nory locatim 2q)4H is elrcdy.r.qtlcd! fDd th$6a p.p!.rq ccqrt . h.5 &cl&rrs 2oo5H.

Io

cxccurc rhc insrultion tocica et

(sc. Figuc 4.1):

XiSu,-m filo*ing scq*o"" oL"

,,o

l.

TIlc MPU placcs th mntcnrs of lhc progrlm counEr (2m5H I on th. address bus, ZoH
on ahc hiSh-ofilcr blls {nd 05H oll {E low-qds bus
2. TtE MPU cau.cs ta ALE sigrd b Co hithi dr{ c.a b. !$cd lo dcfiulrrDlcx fte bus.

lD-Atb.

3, TtE MPU ind.ntifics th. !&rrc of dr r!.dlirE cyclc-Opcodc Ferctr flnsnuction

.Erch)-by lsing $c irdlls siStr ls (IOIi - O, S;= l, So= l)
During Tr, ftc MPU scrds {E coiuol siglld nD ro cDrblc ncmory ad incnrrnr
inc Fogr.m couract by I b ffi.
@

Sot'ution

MICNOCOMPI'IEN

Slst T's AI|D 8AnlfdARE

i'l
\ ,,(! l

\!\
( l"*
)

Sladla
6 da"ll{

Y\t' cf-'Edi *fO *le

l' J 7t'
tf,' ' **u/
D![ rcno'q ArD rrmo.es
E,E
t
L.. lE
20I
2or $

b
XVI A.

lin

crcfr rlf. Ed d rrt! TG lL rLl

b
h
T{c.,
.&
-d b tFdd cFh, t4, b ltt T{5
(El!t..D.
Ib rd* cy.I L, b ihi6.d . e OfEd. FrC .Fl. !, & ia!.b
fOE - 0, S, . l, d 8ar l.:hrr L c T'. t hia!'ad.r.d&!.. (2OH) I
f5aat5A.rA.,Lbi&6(ol0brhdrlbht|AD,-AA,d
L L..E B- 6. c d
-ALaUhLd E!d.) rt!.|i. d.tpltl
iqr nr
fi uru;locdo
ErE' lo.d6 ffi
rm.ttt d..
rhdE
E br.
br. d l! l5 0EA)
6[8] tqr
.|r.l
E rf,
ifiilod
ra-.h., tb hl!,d. bcoeLa i .. r.lt dli.hr*ba.-

llrh

h*

rqdc. rc &

c:,rL" tal,

htr&L,

Ddrf

tr a*ot.

O.rTob.mCt

Ata

ld,g

l,.l

ma.t

a5$iruUou

oan

99

t!fiicb! (wtA

&l

tl)

loe dl

MranocoMPurER gYsriMrAND HARDW .R!

100

ffdria c'yclc M1 rniir i. ilidltil .r . lidra, Rc.d cadc GOfr - o,

$ - 0), b .ioihlibH, cych: frdris cycLt li. illr!* z(I,tH b pLcGd oo
rh t ! l' in M', 6e rh byr O2tD ii faded vir dlc &4. bos, rtd lh. in,tsl&{oc i!
cxccttd rtudng ttc T1rlnc. MehiE cyclc. Mr rl|d lit.r! imil.r rcy bolh Ftformtt
Mafiory Rrad function. Ho*!vca, tha 6t!i mrhinc crclc oflrch inrtsuctioi i! lLniifu
'
T'h.

S' = l,

.rrb..OpcDd. Rlct

c:d.

nt

t lt.n

lt

M.lEry Rld cFL,

F om thc two ardmplcs abovc, wc crn

3utnfftir. lh.

!. ftG inrmcdoi crclc tdriilt! oftc arqltioi

. crco|ti(ri tinr ir d.l!flrlH by tti. T-rutas.
n!. l.byt -i

of ooc

foUowing points:

mol! llilahinc cyclcs, rtld dl.

oa

lht r l-b./r.lFrrrdd,lns
o*hhc cFl.s.)
as dl. !.$.ncc of opc ioi. $riEd to coflplelr (,lc

iElrim cFlc ir dcfirEd

'irf rh futl.ridt!.
.3. l'llc T.st tc li-ir intarndly d.IiEd

A.trtioi

loc

XTHL liar 6w

rnd i5 sFtuleiz.d

lrilr 6.

iyi_

tan cloax,

a.

Tl tyF of opcrxioo ir idcotificd rt thc bclinltirg of: n chi!. cyct. by lfic

$Ius si!nrl!.
3, Th. conEol signel idcnrifias thc timin8 ofdE op.ratio!.

X 4.42 Erecutlon ol qn tnslrudton (8080A)

Thc cracutoo of an insmrclroa h dlc 8Ot0A ts somc*h.l niorc comPlcr U.t in th. 8O5.
Th m80A h.s r 2-ph.!. clo.k, .nd 16 cP.rations ar!-ircntllicd by hc 8'bit .lalu6 on lh.
. dau bus. Tl* suNs codcr ur d follows :

Ednpb
{3
Sohrtlon

2dDH .rld zIDIH

sa*i

OFr.do

I'

OFcld. Fctch

2. Mcrtoq Rard
3. Mllroq Writc
4. YO Red
!. Yo WriE

n|I
bE

codr

A2H

82lt
MH
42H

l0H

l' it Erstdc 4.2.

ttE cr.Eltioo of lhis iFuction k ia ul.t, *.y! sii ld o tha arccudoi ot ttc itlstuclioo
*ot}n i! Ermplc 4.2. It nquirca t*o mEhill. c,'16 {ith r loul of savcn T_ltatss.
Frgutc 4.3 shows rhat ttc bcginDi[g of . mshi* cydc i! ildic.r.d by lb. rytrc
Fft., riaiLi !o tllc ALE sitdin dE EOt5. At Tr, tbc micloFo(lssor Ph.!. &G rddrcsi
oo tit dro
(2GOoE) oi 6. .ddlsr b{s rd tlE o?r.don g{us (Opcldc Fctch
-A2H)
h
ibc
tll[tt.
hl'. Tha t22t contol.r
lbc aFc F .c 6 Lt
'r.6

il
u
R

TND IIUNGS

l
t

td2

MICROCOMPI.IIIR SYSTEMS AND }I^RDWANE

Ti

TI r.

ttjtli

:*?f;.

g,i{'":

r, lr: lrr J1 I r!

r.lr,lr. r,l rr

-;7

r.).8$t L-hi r. cr.k.

(b)

8d0A

T:

I1,

M.hir Cr.k.

a.a

CorrFolt(h
'lemr
i, lh6
lXl),

8085

irh Alc. .i

drd flre

8O8OA

trl.tuctto'r CYct..

Ye a. a ,lt taq,@e lt*t

p. +t, t?, llFBd qrt F ..i..

tdJf,CE

Crry

rrar!t-!,

d.. od ,rffiftEt.

EoOi Foai5rors rcquiE s. ro fivc mr.hinc cyclc6 to ctccrta ai inrtrrtio Mr L

n(!.s.ry for.ll iolrnc,iions. +-L
M
3. Th.80t5 Mr cycle has four io sii T-srd!s, rnd lh. t08OA Mr cycl6 h.l four 6

2,

4,

4,5-'
=7q

:ry'k' .t+(

lrlar 7

In lhc aubscquent mtchrrc cycles, thc EO85 rlqurrcD only thr!. T-rillcr: ll$ 80804.
thc odl; h!rd. rcqurBs toor !o livt T-surc!.

.r

q-5

OVERVIEW OF THE 8OE5/8O8OA TNSTRUCTION SET

Th. t0t5 microFlc.stor lnsEuctioo scr hss 7a opcnaioq codcs rhs! rctuh irr-?llln
lGlEiidE, Ttc 5cr iicltdct all rha.8(){loA htalEtiro! plot t*o rddidand lnnru.ilo
6IlJ ad RJM, rcllcd o lcrid l,/O). l( ia 6D ovcMh.Ini[i crpcricnca for a badnE F
sudy dEaa irstrEtiqlr. Y(lr .lr suontly ldviscd iot ro rtramF lo ,qd all thlsc in
slluclk)o ora tiDa. Houcvcr, yos should tr rbla b Imtp aD ovcrviaw of d. rd by
cratninin! dE ilquartly ulcd irltnEtbn lidd talow..
Thc tollo*io8 oorations ar! lscd in thc dalcriplioo of lha inrtdcdona.
R

= ad8s,,to8or &bii

R.ei;

M = MEmory lrSidrr 0oc.tioi)

R! = Rc+tlr rouEc

td = R.8k rd.ltineti6
R,P = RcEktEn oair
() = conl.li.s of
iTll.. i6lll<ric eidri-

-d ttr|'.l.a b ri. ai m d.Fa llr EPLr l-cbr i .

AB.dn f f6 ...y rtfalrl.r tu &.idit d. bhd.. .br hl! .t *!xin
r.dtir.t io rh. tuodidl h.!.daio.l !.qBE ot *!ilI cod... &d rlrbakal !b.

.rpl.ii.d .lth.bcrk.tl,

nnai6

.lr.rScd

in

105

INSMUCTIONS AND TIMINGS

CMP R,/M

Cdp.t! 6. cdr&'la of Ggi*thE,,/fiy

widt tta conrlntr ot iE srlr|rihln for

c?r 8+it

Cofip.E $bit dd.

b!. tli.r,

'

aqurl to, oi nlo(! ttlat.

d|c .oitcnti of fu
th&, cafd ro, a'r

*i6

rcc0mulator for lala

moll lhl,r.
ctmgc rhi prograia scqucnc. lmconl

4. Bnndr iLst0ctions:

ditionatly.

CtrnS dr fiogr..n sr$Encc itsp.cifrcd

drts coiditiodr ir!'fut.

dc prler&n saqucrrc. !o thc loc.don

spcciicd by lh l6bit addEss.
Cltrngc lhc piqr.m sa|ucllc. !o lhc loa.tion
spccifrcd by thc lGtnl add.rs6 if lhc Z.to
flrg is s.t.
Chiog! lh program scqucncc to thc loca(oi

JMP l6.bit Ad&E 3

Iz

ltrit

Changc

Ait&rsr

JNZ l6bit Ad&.ss

spccified by

!la.

Jc l6bi! Ad&.ss

JNC

l6bit

AddrEss

sFcificd by tllc l6bit addr$s

iidD

ZEro

C;ry

s.qrma.

c-oouol ioslinctions:

HLT

Stog pioccsring and wait.

NOP

Do nol pcrform ,ny oFration.

rlldcd

-$arioor
C.[ -d Rrtul!

to

I6bit

rcf,rcscnlalivc srmph; it docs nol includ. vir1.ous

dat! oFr.tions, sdditional JurU insflrctibns, and co.ditioel

Thi5 sat of bstsu.lioor is

a5l

iIrc

Changc thc progrrm scquencc lo lhe localion

of a subroutinc.
{.tum io thc calliDg proSram altcr com-

pletint thc subroutihc

5. M*hirc

jf

flag is reset.

RET

addtlss

C'hrngc tlE Fogr.rh s.,tudi! ti thc localion

' spc.ificd by lttr l6bn .ddr!.is if tltc Carry
flag is !!r.
Cha{gr thc program scquaoca to lhc loartion

CAI-L lcbit Ad&tss

*& l6bit

flag is rE&t.

illrnrcrions.

How to Recagnlze'Nunber
ol Bytes lI}ctrl lnstrucuon

t E bcoc fullid {,i6 irltnlctirtrr .od bcgi[ to rrlc ttsn il *riting progrem to be
dad orrualr, wc 0.rd to tml, dlc numbct of b/!6 Gquirtd for . givco iolquction.
I i cry ti rititc pogrrrns if wc can fiod a wal lo &cognizc 0t aumb.t of byics in an

-Ei(a

virbou looknog up lfta in3tsuction lisr.

MlcPoco0rPt

106

lEl s6rEusaND x^nDulaE

lt rr r! E h d b rtLt b lLtiif, dE !En$.r of dyrcr io ra iruirrc'tior'

hr alr fuca b furd tt .rttfnilt dE iotlllcirl !.1.
t. Ib rafcr iarian drr co?t b cdt ats from @
dp nliE (d tEtur) rt l.bl,t itrrnrak,l5.

'a

Eranpb: r,{OV
ArirEtaicloSi.

Eror&rr

iE

Ilgi!c.. (o. rrmdy) itrlo

ci..E riGau tc clditB Lnat l.rc

l'bp

intnrl.don!.

ADD, SUB, Of,A, ANA, INR' DcR

DG[ffitrl8
l. btEli(r lti

! Ib
&.i&rj

alindr.

&bii d.rr diEcdy .t! 2-byr. ill.llrcriont.

G.trd by fiftc loo.r. wi$ lh. ardi8 lcE I
ADl. ANl, oRl (Erc.Ftor: lts LJI inlolcrioo!)

lod d

aaicn GFarrlly ,t!.t

Yvl.

l. ffilxd6 lhl lod

Ezrylor

16 titt a rtfcr ut ,lcqory rdd.s.6

LXI, tMP, Codirioo.l JutlDl' CALL

nl

]'by!. ioer8tio6'

lh'
rppticruc, lll.y m.y nd4pry io
'll
in
lh.
ioilid
c.t!.
w
b.
u*fuI
thur
l
of
ltt&
ndc.
irrlneribn! h 61 ..l. tl,owtttt,
of *riting lroSrn!. Ancr *ritit{ a fa, FoltMs. Fs xdll t gi! io t c th. ,alattr ttd
wil ba at* lo llcoitrizc &a ttnbar d b!i6 rEquiild for an in$,ction'
Althoodr

lhct3 .mrB .r! r.cnlly

SUMMARY,
dr.sibrd lh. tbr. nrdF rion tuction. of lfiG $85/r080A
rrkrFocarta. Eovid.d a! ovcrvi.w of lhc it6Blcrior a.t' ld ilhttalal dl
Gr.cntbn d irrtrdrorl. in llhirn lo thc ry.r.m'r chct. Tt inDollttf, c(nclF
i. dir ct{..t cls b. uno.tiud lt folbw.

nir chdlr

a Tb iS'liOoA microp.oc..td oP.trtidts .!c cluiifi.d i!6 fivr llrfr

trut : dr. [.fitcr (.o?y), u hrat,(o!.tlogic, bdtdr' .fd tn .ib.,dodd'
tiotr b b. Ffo.tEd,
c lt ir*rcfoo ir tso p. : qcod.
'?'i!d
rctid"'
(dd. io b. ooctd qli Th. q.nnd ctn b. de (tj or l6+it), rddt's'
(diE
i**rly'.L
dr'
d ir c..n b! impli.,r. Tla ftlH of tpacit ng e o0rod
E cdld tb dd'l sirt nodc
l', 2.'
E Tb irir&&n !.i it c-hiiif.d in drllr Itolt!6 *c(di!a o li. {'o'd
'izti
a l{!r Le\rda,r!.

.lo7

INSTRUCIO.I$ AND TII'INGS

tr Towtit
tr

all sscmbly

lanCuassfllsr.rn, Svidc Evc!.prob.hs ialq

sdllst

p.

ir

rDkiop[occlFor oDal'lild3, Ernsh& {tc* {!?a iDio raacfilrlX lr$gulSE

h.Eucrbrls, arld thcn [aniLt dEn nto d! !08r8$0A
cod..
Th. iDrEBrio6 cycL ia d!fio.d ., rhc riB rlqrilld,b ce@plac tta lre&ro .f ro
inttructioq it coruirfa of yriq|r 6rah&l. eycl. Esh
clcta ia r aiampilc.laor opqltiotr mda u! of vriors T{llt . (Gquivahor !o dl. clel p.dod).

laaru of

{E

erhi!
arLb

It

mr.hiic cycl6-Opco& F.ch, lttcrrMy Rrrd, M.ay WriE,lr0.&ad, .!d

WriE-rE filquanrly uld by rhc micrnDroca$r I! ttE t(!5, th. El8hiE
cycb
cycE lr.
.r. kLhtfird
k .ffird by rh. !Atu.
ru!u. ttml.ldtrIl
tim.l.loil; S."
Srr ttr
h 6t
tu t(Xli,.th
dXlA. dlc;;.
$, od 3r,;
nrtrtrr cyd
rchiB
Gy.L. rir
re idcndfd
i&Drifi.i by
bv phcirt
rhci[ dE t+[ rmr .oda o! tL ilnr
dr. *i
!l! .t 6.
bcjtuiq ofdra
Uattnliq
oltfie r*br
D.ctia .r!ic.
cplc.
O Thc nicopocauc rndr out .tr sppropdrE cod d&lt ro'lddtfy d*tir
drldlnirl8 of

tr

VO

c..h mrchiE cych.

ASSIGNMET.ITS
L

Ust the folll cscgorils of m85/8OmA insitucriofi3 rhrl , rnlFrhia dttr.

opcod. &rd opctar , .nd spccif, thc qcode ard tha op.f,lld ir tbc
insErrclioa MOV H, L.
3. Writ tlF DuchirE coda for tlE insEoctiotr MOV H, A if $c oFodc = 01. lhc
rcgist r codc for H = lo0r, .nd rh! rigislcr coL for A = I I I 4. w'ilc dr. E085/t080A orcmonics aod the machioc code ao t4nsfr ihc Fogr.m
s.qudra! !o thc lo.stiofi 0155H.

2. DcfitE

5.

5.

Dcfi&: iDsEuction cyclc, machinc cyclc, aDd T-stata.

C.lcd.c 6. ti[E llquilld to cxccu!. thc follouing two iadruc{ioG if &c

systcm

clock filqucdcy b 750 kHz:

MOV C, B
JMP 2OJOH

,.

T-$acr

l0 T-sr.tcs

IllusEr& thc contcnts of 6c ad&cas bus and Ulc datr bus widr rc!p..r ro rllc syslrE clo.L iD atr EomA sysr.m whln rh. fouowirg insEucuon is cxccutcd. Show
-eprop.id!
tbc
cooud sign.ls.

iftEGy .!rrhh.
Addng Cod.
m5l
C5
m52

F2

!,lncrloi.t
ADI. F2H

Coonrot
Add F2H io dE codirn$
lhc ac1rliirlatfi

of

r08

MICNOCOI'!(,fEN

SYSTEMS

AND HANDWANE

trhsre 6. cGolr d ria ddE . bur rd &6 &r. trrr' art dtc tinring of lh.
caol'r[rb ia a U5 .r!a. r,t .rtc in.trldiq! i! q!si[ 7 i. arrcu!.d-.
Stor tu btlc t trcB oafi. rir.L I(y , So i[d Sr.
t, ffif? bfr.i tilt b d 6. blbrilt t*o IGr @!rba5. Bodr ri. nlrnbq8
aold ta.aa!!r! fa IUIG o!. Srtr tia 116 io ih acqrmlbi
a.

'

!ard..G

A2H

AH

ta Brb
FlSr.o i! Qc.{ir 9 iio rt .m8'rflloA l..dbly lr!to.g.,
ff. b !r:ztrl.it ed h r!!iE B rd d.r. bric yrH i. ndld in 6G ElDrl&, Slirr ta ffi
of i!,!Er B, C, ntd ri. g{dhr .k tb er.qd6
oa

i. hryla lro lrttsi.:

I{OV A, B
ltov c, A

r{i