India - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

30/08/2015
IndiaWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
Coordinates:21N78E
India
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
ThisarticleisabouttheRepublicofIndia.Forotheruses,seeIndia(disambiguation).
India( i /ndi/),officiallytheRepublicofIndia
(BhratGaarjya),[13][c]isacountryinSouthAsia.Itis
theseventhlargestcountrybyarea,thesecondmost
populouscountrywithover1.2billionpeople,andthe
mostpopulousdemocracyintheworld.Boundedbythe
IndianOceanonthesouth,theArabianSeaonthesouth
west,andtheBayofBengalonthesoutheast,itshares
landborderswithPakistantothewest[d]China,Nepal,
andBhutantothenortheastandBurma(Myanmar)and
Bangladeshtotheeast.IntheIndianOcean,Indiaisin
thevicinityofSriLankaandtheMaldivesinaddition,
India'sAndamanandNicobarIslandsshareamaritime
borderwithThailandandIndonesia.
HometotheancientIndusValleyCivilisationanda
regionofhistorictraderoutesandvastempires,the
Indiansubcontinentwasidentifiedwithitscommercial
andculturalwealthformuchofitslonghistory.[14]Four
religionsHinduism,Buddhism,Jainism,andSikhism
originatedhere,whereasZoroastrianismandthe
AbrahamicreligionsofJudaism,Christianity,andIslam
arrivedinthe1stmillenniumCEandalsohelpedshape
theregion'sdiverseculture.Graduallyannexedbyand
broughtundertheadministrationoftheBritishEastIndia
Companyfromtheearly18thcenturyandadministered
directlybytheUnitedKingdomaftertheIndian
Rebellionof1857,Indiabecameanindependentnation
in1947afterastruggleforindependencethatwas
markedbynonviolentresistanceledbyMahatma
Gandhi.
TheIndianeconomyistheworld'sseventhlargestby
nominalGDPandthirdlargestbypurchasingpower
parity(PPP).[10]Followingmarketbasedeconomic
reformsin1991,Indiabecameoneofthefastestgrowing
majoreconomiesitisconsideredanewlyindustrialised
country.However,itcontinuestofacethechallengesof
poverty,corruption,malnutrition,inadequatepublic
healthcare,andterrorism.Anuclearweaponsstateanda
regionalpower,ithasthethirdlargeststandingarmyin
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India
RepublicofIndia
BhratGaarjya
Flag
Emblem
Motto:"SatyamevaJayate" (Sanskrit)
"TruthAloneTriumphs"[1]
Anthem:JanaGanaMana
"Thouarttherulersofthemindsofallpeople"[2][3]
0:00
Nationalsong:
VandeMataram
"IBowtoThee,Mother"[a][1][3]
AreacontrolledbyIndiashownindarkgreen
claimedbutuncontrolledregionsshowninlightgreen.
Capital
NewDelhi
2836.8N7712.5E
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theworldandranksninthinmilitaryexpenditureamong
nations.Indiaisafederalconstitutionalrepublic
governedunderaparliamentarysystemconsistingof29
statesand7unionterritories.Indiaisapluralistic,
multilingual,andamultiethnicsociety.Itisalsohome
toadiversityofwildlifeinavarietyofprotectedhabitats.
Largestcity
Mumbai
Officiallanguages
HindiEnglish
Hindiinthe
Devanagariscriptis
theofficiallanguage
oftheUnion.English
isanadditional
officiallanguagefor
government
work. [1][4]
Recognised
regionallanguages
8thSchedule
Assamese
Bengali
Bodo
Dogri
Gujarati
Hindi
Kannada
Kashmiri
Konkani
Maithili
Malayalam
Manipuri
Marathi
Nepali
Odia
Punjabi
Sanskrit
Santali
Sindhi
Tamil
Telugu
Urdu[5]
Nationallanguage
None
Demonym
Indian
Government
Federalparliamentary
constitutionalrepublic[1]
PranabMukherjee
MohammadHamidAnsari
NarendraModi
Contents
1Etymology
2History
2.1AncientIndia
2.2MedievalIndia
2.3EarlymodernIndia
2.4ModernIndia
3Geography
4Biodiversity
5Politics
5.1Government
5.2Subdivisions
6Foreignrelationsandmilitary
7Economy
8Demographics
9Culture
9.1Artandarchitecture
9.2Literature
9.3Performingarts
9.4Motionpictures,television
9.5Society
9.6Clothing
9.7Sports
10Seealso
11Notes
12References
13Bibliography
14Externallinks
Etymology
Mainarticle:NamesofIndia
ThenameIndiaisderivedfromIndus,whichoriginates
fromtheOldPersianwordHindu.Thelattertermstems
fromtheSanskritwordSindhu,whichwasthehistorical
President
VicePresident
PrimeMinister
ChiefJustice
Speakerofthe
House
Legislature
Upperhouse
Lowerhouse
H.L.Dattu[6]
SumitraMahajan
ParliamentofIndia
RajyaSabha
LokSabha
IndependencefromtheUnitedKingdom
Dominion
15August1947
Republic
26January1950
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localappellationfortheIndusRiver.[15]Theancient
GreeksreferredtotheIndiansasIndoi(),which
translatesas"thepeopleoftheIndus".[16]
Area
Total
Water(%)
3,287,590[7]km2[b](7th)
1,269,346sqmi
9.6
ThegeographicaltermBharat(pronounced[bart
]),
whichisrecognisedbytheConstitutionofIndiaasan
officialnameforthecountry,[17]isusedbymanyIndian
languagesinitsvariations.TheeponymofBharatis
Bharata,atheologicalfigurethatHinduscriptures
describeasalegendaryemperorofancientIndia.
Population
2015estimate
1,276.267Million[8](2nd)
2011census
1,210,193,422[9](2nd)
Density
384.0/km2(31st)
994.6/sqmi
GDP(PPP)
Total
2015estimate
$7.997trillion[10](3rd)
Percapita
$6,266[10](124th)
GDP(nominal)
Total
2015estimate
$2.308trillion[10](7th)
Percapita
$1,808[10](141st)
Gini(2010)
33.9[11]
medium79th
HDI(2013)
0.586[12]
medium135th
Currency
Indianrupee()(INR)
Timezone
Summer(DST)
IST(UTC+05:30)
notobserved(UTC+05:30)
Dateformat
ddmmyyyy(CE)
Drivesonthe
left
Callingcode
+91
ISO3166code
IN
InternetTLD
.in
otherTLDs
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
Hindustan([nd
st
an])wasoriginallyaPersianword
thatmeant"LandoftheHindus"priorto1947,it
referredtoaregionthatencompassednorthernIndiaand
Pakistan.ItisoccasionallyusedtosolelydenoteIndiain
itsentirety.[18][19]
History
Mainarticles:HistoryofIndiaandHistoryofthe
RepublicofIndia
AncientIndia
TheearliestauthenticatedhumanremainsinSouthAsia
datetoabout30,000yearsago.[20]Nearly
contemporaneousMesolithicrockartsiteshavebeen
foundinmanypartsoftheIndiansubcontinent,including
attheBhimbetkarocksheltersinMadhyaPradesh.[21]
Around7000BCE,thefirstknownNeolithicsettlements
appearedonthesubcontinentinMehrgarhandothersites
inwesternPakistan.[22]Thesegraduallydevelopedinto
theIndusValleyCivilisation,[23]thefirsturbanculturein
SouthAsia[24]itflourishedduring25001900BCEin
PakistanandwesternIndiaalongtherivervalleysof
IndusandSarasvati.[25]Centredoncitiessuchas
Mohenjodaro,Harappa,Dholavira,andKalibangan,and
relyingonvariedformsofsubsistence,thecivilisation
engagedrobustlyincraftsproductionandwideranging
trade.[24]
Duringtheperiod2000500BCE,intermsofculture,manyregionsofthesubcontinenttransitionedfrom
theChalcolithictotheIronAge.[26]TheVedas,theoldestscripturesofHinduism,[27]werecomposed
duringthisperiod,[28]andhistorianshaveanalysedthesetopositaVediccultureinthePunjabregionand
theupperGangeticPlain.[26]Mosthistoriansalsoconsiderthisperiodtohaveencompassedseveralwaves
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ofIndoAryanmigrationintothesubcontinent.[29][27]Thecastesystemaroseduringthisperiod,which
createdahierarchyofpriests,warriors,freepeasantsandtraders,andlastlytheindigenouspeopleswho
wereregardedasimpureandsmalltribalunitsgraduallycoalescedintomonarchical,statelevel
polities.[30][31]OntheDeccanPlateau,archaeologicalevidencefromthisperiodsuggeststheexistenceofa
chiefdomstageofpoliticalorganisation.[26]InsouthernIndia,a
progressiontosedentarylifeisindicatedbythelargenumberof
megalithicmonumentsdatingfromthisperiod,[32]aswellasbynearby
tracesofagriculture,irrigationtanks,andcrafttraditions.[32]
InthelateVedicperiod,aroundthe6th
centuryBCE,thesmallstatesand
chiefdomsoftheGangesPlainandthe
MapoftheIndiansubcontinent
northwesternregionshadconsolidated
duringtheVedicperiod.
into16majoroligarchiesand
monarchiesthatwereknownasthe
mahajanapadas.[33][34]Theemergingurbanisationandtheorthodoxiesof
thisagealsocreatedheterodoxreligiousmovements,twoofwhichbecame
independentreligions.Buddhism,basedontheteachingsofGautama
Buddhaattractedfollowersfromallsocialclassesexceptingthemiddle
PaintingsattheAjantaCaves
classchroniclingthelifeoftheBuddhawascentraltothebeginningsof
inAurangabad,Maharashtra,
recordedhistoryinIndia.[35][36][37]Jainismcameintoprominenceduringthe
6thcentury
lifeofitsexemplar,Mahavira.[38]Inanageofincreasingurbanwealth,both
religionshelduprenunciationasanideal,[39]andbothestablishedlong
lastingmonastictraditions.Politically,bythe3rdcenturyBCE,thekingdomofMagadhahadannexedor
reducedotherstatestoemergeastheMauryanEmpire.[40]Theempirewasoncethoughttohavecontrolled
mostofthesubcontinentexceptingthefarsouth,butitscoreregionsarenowthoughttohavebeen
separatedbylargeautonomousareas.[41][42]TheMauryankingsareknownasmuchfortheirempire
buildinganddeterminedmanagementofpubliclifeasforAshoka'srenunciationofmilitarismandfarflung
advocacyoftheBuddhistdhamma.[43][44]
TheSangamliteratureoftheTamillanguagerevealsthat,between200BCEand200CE,thesouthern
peninsulawasbeingruledbytheCheras,theCholas,andthePandyas,dynastiesthattradedextensively
withtheRomanEmpireandwithWestandSouthEastAsia.[45][46]InNorthIndia,Hinduismasserted
patriarchalcontrolwithinthefamily,leadingtoincreasedsubordinationofwomen.[47][40]Bythe4thand
5thcenturies,theGuptaEmpirehadcreatedinthegreaterGangesPlainacomplexsystemofadministration
andtaxationthatbecameamodelforlaterIndiankingdoms.[48][49]UndertheGuptas,arenewedHinduism
basedondevotionratherthanthemanagementofritualbegantoassertitself.[50]Therenewalwasreflected
inafloweringofsculptureandarchitecture,whichfoundpatronsamonganurbanelite.[49]Classical
Sanskritliteraturefloweredaswell,andIndianscience,astronomy,medicine,andmathematicsmade
significantadvances.[49]
MedievalIndia
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TheIndianearlymedievalage,600CEto1200CE,isdefinedbyregionalkingdomsandcultural
diversity.[51]WhenHarshaofKannauj,whoruledmuchoftheIndo
GangeticPlainfrom606to647CE,attemptedtoexpandsouthwards,he
wasdefeatedbytheChalukyaruleroftheDeccan.[52]Whenhissuccessor
attemptedtoexpandeastwards,hewasdefeatedbythePalakingof
Bengal.[52]WhentheChalukyasattemptedtoexpandsouthwards,theywere
defeatedbythePallavasfromfarthersouth,whointurnwereopposedby
thePandyasandtheCholasfromstillfarthersouth.[52]Norulerofthis
periodwasabletocreateanempireandconsistentlycontrollandsmuch
beyondhiscoreregion.[51]Duringthistime,pastoralpeopleswhoseland
hadbeenclearedtomakewayforthegrowingagriculturaleconomywere
accommodatedwithincastesociety,aswerenewnontraditionalruling
classes.[53]Thecastesystemconsequentlybegantoshowregional
Thegranitetowerof
differences.[53]
BrihadeeswararTemplein
Thanjavurwascompletedin
1010CEbyRajaRajaChola
I.
Inthe6thand7thcenturies,thefirstdevotionalhymnswerecreatedinthe
Tamillanguage.[54]TheywereimitatedalloverIndiaandledtoboththe
resurgenceofHinduismandthedevelopmentofallmodernlanguagesofthe
subcontinent.[54]Indianroyalty,bigandsmall,andthetemplesthey
patronised,drewcitizensingreatnumberstothecapitalcities,whichbecameeconomichubsaswell.[55]
TempletownsofvarioussizesbegantoappeareverywhereasIndiaunderwentanotherurbanisation.[55]By
the8thand9thcenturies,theeffectswerefeltinSouthEastAsia,asSouthIndiancultureandpolitical
systemswereexportedtolandsthatbecamepartofmoderndayMyanmar,Thailand,Laos,Cambodia,
Vietnam,Philippines,Malaysia,andJava.[56]Indianmerchants,scholars,andsometimesarmieswere
involvedinthistransmissionSouthEastAsianstooktheinitiativeaswell,withmanysojourninginIndian
seminariesandtranslatingBuddhistandHindutextsintotheirlanguages.[56]
Afterthe10thcentury,MuslimCentralAsiannomadicclans,usingswifthorsecavalryandraisingvast
armiesunitedbyethnicityandreligion,repeatedlyoverranSouthAsia'snorthwesternplains,leading
eventuallytotheestablishmentoftheIslamicDelhiSultanatein1206.[57]Thesultanatewastocontrol
muchofNorthIndia,andtomakemanyforaysintoSouthIndia.AlthoughatfirstdisruptivefortheIndian
elites,thesultanatelargelyleftitsvastnonMuslimsubjectpopulationtoitsownlawsandcustoms.[58][59]
ByrepeatedlyrepulsingMongolraidersinthe13thcentury,thesultanatesavedIndiafromthedevastation
visitedonWestandCentralAsia,settingthesceneforcenturiesofmigrationoffleeingsoldiers,learned
men,mystics,traders,artists,andartisansfromthatregionintothesubcontinent,therebycreatinga
syncreticIndoIslamiccultureinthenorth.[60][61]Thesultanate'sraidingandweakeningoftheregional
kingdomsofSouthIndiapavedthewayfortheindigenousVijayanagaraEmpire.[62]Embracingastrong
Shaivitetraditionandbuildinguponthemilitarytechnologyofthesultanate,theempirecametocontrol
muchofpeninsularIndia,[63]andwastoinfluenceSouthIndiansocietyforlongafterwards.[62]
EarlymodernIndia
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Intheearly16thcentury,northernIndia,beingthenundermainlyMuslimrulers,[64]fellagaintothe
superiormobilityandfirepowerofanewgenerationofCentralAsianwarriors.[65]TheresultingMughal
Empiredidnotstampoutthelocalsocietiesitcametorule,butrather
balancedandpacifiedthemthroughnewadministrativepractices[66][67]and
diverseandinclusiverulingelites,[68]leadingtomoresystematic,
centralised,anduniformrule.[69]EschewingtribalbondsandIslamic
identity,especiallyunderAkbar,theMughalsunitedtheirfarflungrealms
throughloyalty,expressedthroughaPersianisedculture,toanemperorwho
hadneardivinestatus.[68]TheMughalstate'seconomicpolicies,deriving
mostrevenuesfromagriculture[70]andmandatingthattaxesbepaidinthe
wellregulatedsilvercurrency,[71]causedpeasantsandartisanstoenter
largermarkets.[69]Therelativepeacemaintainedbytheempireduringmuch
ofthe17thcenturywasafactorinIndia'seconomicexpansion,[69]resulting
ingreaterpatronageofpainting,literaryforms,textiles,andarchitecture.[72]
NewlycoherentsocialgroupsinnorthernandwesternIndia,suchasthe
Marathas,theRajputs,andtheSikhs,gainedmilitaryandgoverning
ambitionsduringMughalrule,which,throughcollaborationoradversity,
Writingthewilland
gavethembothrecognitionandmilitaryexperience.[73]Expanding
testamentoftheMughal
commerceduringMughalrulegaverisetonewIndiancommercialand
kingcourtinPersian,1590
politicalelitesalongthecoastsofsouthernandeasternIndia.[73]Asthe
1595
empiredisintegrated,manyamongtheseeliteswereabletoseekandcontrol
theirownaffairs.[74]The"singlemostimportantpower"thatemergedinthe
earlymodernperiodwastheMarathaconfederacy.[75]
Bytheearly18thcentury,withthelinesbetweencommercialandpoliticaldominancebeingincreasingly
blurred,anumberofEuropeantradingcompanies,includingtheEnglishEastIndiaCompany,had
establishedcoastaloutposts.[76][77]TheEastIndiaCompany'scontroloftheseas,greaterresources,and
moreadvancedmilitarytrainingandtechnologyledittoincreasinglyflexitsmilitarymuscleandcausedit
tobecomeattractivetoaportionoftheIndianeliteboththesefactorswerecrucialinallowingthe
CompanytogaincontrolovertheBengalregionby1765andsidelinetheotherEuropean
companies.[78][76][79][80]ItsfurtheraccesstotherichesofBengalandthesubsequentincreasedstrengthand
sizeofitsarmyenabledittoannexorsubduemostofIndiabythe1820s.[81]Indiawasthennolonger
exportingmanufacturedgoodsasitlonghad,butwasinsteadsupplyingtheBritishEmpirewithraw
materials,andmanyhistoriansconsiderthistobetheonsetofIndia'scolonialperiod.[76]Bythistime,with
itseconomicpowerseverelycurtailedbytheBritishparliamentanditselfeffectivelymadeanarmof
Britishadministration,theCompanybegantomoreconsciouslyenternoneconomicarenassuchas
education,socialreform,andculture.[82]
ModernIndia
HistoriansconsiderIndia'smodernagetohavebegunsometimebetween1848and1885.Theappointment
in1848ofLordDalhousieasGovernorGeneraloftheEastIndiaCompanysetthestageforchanges
essentialtoamodernstate.Theseincludedtheconsolidationanddemarcationofsovereignty,the
surveillanceofthepopulation,andtheeducationofcitizens.Technologicalchangesamongthem,
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railways,canals,andthetelegraphwereintroducednotlongaftertheirintroductionin
Europe.[83][84][85][86]However,disaffectionwiththeCompanyalsogrewduringthistime,andsetoffthe
IndianRebellionof1857.Fedbydiverseresentmentsandperceptions,includinginvasiveBritishstyle
socialreforms,harshlandtaxes,andsummarytreatmentofsome
richlandownersandprinces,therebellionrockedmanyregionsof
northernandcentralIndiaandshookthefoundationsofCompany
rule.[87][88]Althoughtherebellionwassuppressedby1858,itledto
thedissolutionoftheEastIndiaCompanyandtothedirect
administrationofIndiabytheBritishgovernment.Proclaiminga
unitarystateandagradualbutlimitedBritishstyleparliamentary
system,thenewrulersalsoprotectedprincesandlandedgentryasa
feudalsafeguardagainstfutureunrest.[89][90]Inthedecades
following,publiclifegraduallyemergedalloverIndia,leading
eventuallytothefoundingoftheIndianNationalCongressin
TheBritishIndianEmpire,fromthe
1885.[91][92][93][94]
1909editionofTheImperial
GazetteerofIndia.Areasdirectly
Therushoftechnologyand
governedbytheBritishareshaded
thecommercialisationof
pinktheprincelystatesunderBritish
agricultureinthesecondhalf
suzeraintyareinyellow.
ofthe19thcenturywas
markedbyeconomic
setbacksmanysmallfarmersbecamedependentonthewhimsof
farawaymarkets.[95]Therewasanincreaseinthenumberoflarge
scalefamines,[96]and,despitetherisksofinfrastructure
developmentbornebyIndiantaxpayers,littleindustrialemployment
JawaharlalNehru(left)became
wasgeneratedforIndians.[97]Therewerealsosalutaryeffects:
India'sfirstprimeministerin1947.
commercialcropping,especiallyinthenewlycanalledPunjab,led
MahatmaGandhi(right)ledthe
toincreasedfoodproductionforinternalconsumption.[98]The
independencemovement.
railwaynetworkprovidedcriticalfaminerelief,[99]notablyreduced
thecostofmovinggoods,[99]andhelpednascentIndianowned
industry.[98]AfterWorldWarI,inwhichapproximatelyonemillionIndiansserved,[100]anewperiod
began.ItwasmarkedbyBritishreformsbutalsorepressivelegislations,bymorestridentIndiancallsfor
selfrule,andbythebeginningsofanonviolentmovementofnoncooperation,ofwhichMohandas
KaramchandGandhiwouldbecometheleaderandenduringsymbol.[101]Duringthe1930s,slowlegislative
reformwasenactedbytheBritishtheIndianNationalCongresswonvictoriesintheresulting
elections.[102]Thenextdecadewasbesetwithcrises:IndianparticipationinWorldWarII,theCongress's
finalpushfornoncooperation,andanupsurgeofMuslimnationalism.Allwerecappedbytheadventof
independencein1947,buttemperedbythepartitionofIndiaintotwostates:IndiaandPakistan.[103]
VitaltoIndia'sselfimageasanindependentnationwasitsconstitution,completedin1950,whichputin
placeasecularanddemocraticrepublicuponIndianindependencein1947GeorgeVIceasedtobethe
EmperorofIndia,atitlerescindedretroactivelybyanActofParliamenton22June1948,andbecameKing
ofIndiauntil26January1950.[104]Inthe60yearssince,Indiahashadamixedrecordofsuccessesand
failures.[105]Ithasremainedademocracywithcivilliberties,anactiveSupremeCourt,andalargely
independentpress.[105]Economicliberalisation,whichwasbeguninthe1990s,hascreatedalargeurban
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middleclass,transformedIndiaintooneoftheworld'sfastestgrowingeconomies,[106]andincreasedits
geopoliticalclout.Indianmovies,music,andspiritualteachingsplayanincreasingroleinglobal
culture.[105]Yet,Indiaisalsoshapedbyseeminglyunyieldingpoverty,bothruralandurban[105]by
religiousandcasterelatedviolence[107]byMaoistinspiredNaxaliteinsurgencies[108]andbyseparatismin
JammuandKashmirandinNortheastIndia.[109]IthasunresolvedterritorialdisputeswithChina[110]and
withPakistan.[110]TheIndiaPakistannuclearrivalrycametoaheadin1998.[111]India'ssustained
democraticfreedomsareuniqueamongtheworld'snewnationshowever,inspiteofitsrecenteconomic
successes,freedomfromwantforitsdisadvantagedpopulationremainsagoalyettobeachieved.[112]
Geography
Mainarticle:GeographyofIndia
Seealso:GeologyofIndia
IndiacomprisesthebulkoftheIndiansubcontinent,lyingatopthe
Indiantectonicplate,andpartoftheIndoAustralianPlate.[113]
India'sdefininggeologicalprocessesbegan75millionyearsago
whentheIndianplate,thenpartofthesouthernsupercontinent
Gondwana,begananortheastwarddriftcausedbyseafloor
spreadingtoitssouthwest,andlater,southandsoutheast.[113]
Simultaneously,thevastTethynoceaniccrust,toitsnortheast,
begantosubductundertheEurasianplate.[113]Thesedualprocesses,
drivenbyconvectionintheEarth'smantle,bothcreatedtheIndian
OceanandcausedtheIndiancontinentalcrusteventuallytounder
thrustEurasiaandtouplifttheHimalayas.[113]Immediatelysouthof
AtopographicmapofIndia
theemergingHimalayas,platemovementcreatedavasttroughthat
rapidlyfilledwithriverbornesediment[114]andnowconstitutesthe
IndoGangeticPlain.[115]CutofffromtheplainbytheancientAravalliRangeliestheTharDesert.[116]
TheoriginalIndianplatesurvivesaspeninsularIndia,theoldestandgeologicallymoststablepartofIndia.
ItextendsasfarnorthastheSatpuraandVindhyarangesincentralIndia.Theseparallelchainsrunfrom
theArabianSeacoastinGujaratinthewesttothecoalrichChotaNagpurPlateauinJharkhandinthe
east.[117]Tothesouth,theremainingpeninsularlandmass,theDeccanPlateau,isflankedonthewestand
eastbycoastalrangesknownastheWesternandEasternGhats[118]theplateaucontainsthecountry's
oldestrockformations,someoveronebillionyearsold.Constitutedinsuchfashion,Indialiestothenorth
oftheequatorbetween644'and3530'northlatitude[e]and687'and9725'eastlongitude.[119]
India'scoastlinemeasures7,517kilometres(4,700mi)inlengthofthisdistance,5,423kilometres
(3,400mi)belongtopeninsularIndiaand2,094kilometres(1,300mi)totheAndaman,Nicobar,and
Lakshadweepislandchains.[120]AccordingtotheIndiannavalhydrographiccharts,themainlandcoastline
consistsofthefollowing:43%sandybeaches11%rockyshores,includingcliffsand46%mudflatsor
marshyshores.[120]
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MajorHimalayanoriginriversthatsubstantiallyflowthroughIndiaincludetheGangesandthe
Brahmaputra,bothofwhichdrainintotheBayofBengal.[121]ImportanttributariesoftheGangesinclude
theYamunaandtheKosithelatter'sextremelylowgradientoftenleadstoseverefloodsandcourse
changes.[122]Majorpeninsularrivers,whosesteepergradientspreventtheirwatersfromflooding,include
theGodavari,theMahanadi,theKaveri,andtheKrishna,whichalsodrainintotheBayofBengal[123]and
theNarmadaandtheTapti,whichdrainintotheArabianSea.[124]CoastalfeaturesincludethemarshyRann
ofKutchofwesternIndiaandthealluvialSundarbansdeltaof
easternIndiathelatterissharedwithBangladesh.[125]Indiahastwo
archipelagos:theLakshadweep,coralatollsoffIndia'ssouth
westerncoastandtheAndamanandNicobarIslands,avolcanic
chainintheAndamanSea.[126]
TheIndianclimateisstronglyinfluencedbytheHimalayasandthe
TharDesert,bothofwhichdrivetheeconomicallyandculturally
pivotalsummerandwintermonsoons.[127]TheHimalayasprevent
TheKedarRangeoftheGreater
coldCentralAsiankatabaticwindsfromblowingin,keepingthe
HimalayasrisesbehindKedarnath
bulkoftheIndiansubcontinentwarmerthanmostlocationsat
Temple(IndianstateofUttarakhand),
similarlatitudes.[128][129]TheTharDesertplaysacrucialrolein
whichisoneofthetwelvejyotirlinga
attractingthemoistureladensouthwestsummermonsoonwinds
shrines.
that,betweenJuneandOctober,providethemajorityofIndia's
rainfall.[127]FourmajorclimaticgroupingspredominateinIndia:
tropicalwet,tropicaldry,subtropicalhumid,andmontane.[130]
Biodiversity
Mainarticle:WildlifeofIndia
IndialieswithintheIndomalayaecozoneandcontainsthree
biodiversityhotspots.[131]Oneof17megadiversecountries,ithosts
8.6%ofallmammalian,13.7%ofallavian,7.9%ofallreptilian,
6%ofallamphibian,12.2%ofallpiscine,and6.0%ofallflowering
plantspecies.[132][133]About21.2%ofthecountry'slandmassis
coveredbyforests(treecanopydensity>10%),ofwhich12.2%
comprisesmoderatelyorverydenseforests(treecanopydensity
>40%).[134]Endemismishighamongplants,33%,andamong
ecoregionssuchasthesholaforests.[135]Habitatrangesfromthe
Thebrahminykite(Haliasturindus)
tropicalrainforestoftheAndamanIslands,WesternGhats,and
isidentifiedwithGaruda,the
NorthEastIndiatotheconiferousforestoftheHimalaya.Between
mythicalmountofVishnu.Ithunts
theseextremesliethemoistdeciduoussalforestofeasternIndiathe
forfishandotherpreynearthecoasts
drydeciduousteakforestofcentralandsouthernIndiaandthe
andaroundinlandwetlands.
babuldominatedthornforestofthecentralDeccanandwestern
Gangeticplain.[136]Themedicinalneem,widelyusedinruralIndian
herbalremedies,isakeyIndiantree.Theluxuriantpipalfigtree,shownonthesealsofMohenjodaro,
shadedGautamaBuddhaashesoughtenlightenment.
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ManyIndianspeciesdescendfromtaxaoriginatinginGondwana,fromwhichtheIndianplateseparated
morethan105millionyearsbeforepresent.[137]PeninsularIndia'ssubsequentmovementtowardsand
collisionwiththeLaurasianlandmasssetoffamassexchangeofspecies.Epochalvolcanismandclimatic
changes20millionyearsagoforcedamassextinction.[138]MammalsthenenteredIndiafromAsiathrough
twozoogeographicalpassesflankingtherisingHimalaya.[136]Thus,while45.8%ofreptilesand55.8%of
amphibiansareendemic,only12.6%ofmammalsand4.5%ofbirdsare.[133]AmongthemaretheNilgiri
leafmonkeyandBeddome'stoadoftheWesternGhats.Indiacontains172IUCNdesignatedthreatened
animalspecies,or2.9%ofendangeredforms.[139]TheseincludetheAsiaticlion,theBengaltiger,thesnow
leopardandtheIndianwhiterumpedvulture,which,byingestingthecarrionofdiclofenaclacedcattle,
nearlywentextinct.
Thepervasiveandecologicallydevastatinghumanencroachmentofrecentdecadeshascritically
endangeredIndianwildlife.Inresponsethesystemofnationalparksandprotectedareas,firstestablishedin
1935,wassubstantiallyexpanded.In1972,IndiaenactedtheWildlifeProtectionAct[140]andProjectTiger
tosafeguardcrucialwildernesstheForestConservationActwasenactedin1980andamendmentsaddedin
1988.[141]Indiahostsmorethanfivehundredwildlifesanctuariesandthirteenbiospherereserves,[142]four
ofwhicharepartoftheWorldNetworkofBiosphereReservestwentyfivewetlandsareregisteredunder
theRamsarConvention.[143]
Politics
Mainarticle:PoliticsofIndia
Seealso:ConstitutionofIndia
Indiaistheworld'smostpopulousdemocracy.[144]Aparliamentary
republicwithamultipartysystem,[145]ithassixrecognisednational
parties,includingtheIndianNationalCongressandtheBharatiya
JanataParty(BJP),andmorethan40regionalparties.[146]The
CongressisconsideredcentreleftinIndianpoliticalculture,[147]and
theBJPrightwing.[148][149][150]Formostoftheperiodbetween
1950whenIndiafirstbecamearepublicandthelate1980s,the
Congressheldamajorityintheparliament.Sincethen,however,it
hasincreasinglysharedthepoliticalstagewiththeBJP,[151]aswell
aswithpowerfulregionalpartieswhichhaveoftenforcedthe
creationofmultipartycoalitionsatthecentre.[152]
Aparliamentaryjointsessionbeing
heldintheSansadBhavan.
IntheRepublicofIndia'sfirstthreegeneralelections,in1951,1957,and1962,theJawaharlalNehruled
Congresswoneasyvictories.OnNehru'sdeathin1964,LalBahadurShastribrieflybecameprimeminister
hewassucceeded,afterhisownunexpecteddeathin1966,byIndiraGandhi,whowentontoleadthe
Congresstoelectionvictoriesin1967and1971.Followingpublicdiscontentwiththestateofemergency
shedeclaredin1975,theCongresswasvotedoutofpowerin1977thethennewJanataParty,whichhad
opposedtheemergency,wasvotedin.Itsgovernmentlastedjustoverthreeyears.Votedbackintopowerin
1980,theCongresssawachangeinleadershipin1984,whenIndiraGandhiwasassassinatedshewas
succeededbyhersonRajivGandhi,whowonaneasyvictoryinthegeneralelectionslaterthatyear.The
Congresswasvotedoutagainin1989whenaNationalFrontcoalition,ledbythenewlyformedJanataDal
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inalliancewiththeLeftFront,wontheelectionsthatgovernment
tooprovedrelativelyshortlived,lastingjustundertwoyears.[153]
Electionswereheldagainin1991nopartywonanabsolute
majority.ButtheCongress,asthelargestsingleparty,wasableto
formaminoritygovernmentledbyP.V.NarasimhaRao.[154]
Atwoyearperiodofpoliticalturmoilfollowedthegeneralelection
of1996.Severalshortlivedalliancessharedpoweratthecentre.
TheBJPformedagovernmentbrieflyin1996itwasfollowedby
TheRashtrapatiBhavanistheofficial
twocomparativelylonglastingUnitedFrontcoalitions,which
residenceofthepresidentofIndia.
dependedonexternalsupport.In1998,theBJPwasabletoforma
successfulcoalition,theNationalDemocraticAlliance(NDA).Led
byAtalBihariVajpayee,theNDAbecamethefirstnonCongress,coalitiongovernmenttocompleteafive
yearterm.[155]Inthe2004Indiangeneralelections,againnopartywonanabsolutemajority,butthe
Congressemergedasthelargestsingleparty,forminganothersuccessfulcoalition:theUnitedProgressive
Alliance(UPA).IthadthesupportofleftleaningpartiesandMPswhoopposedtheBJP.TheUPAreturned
topowerinthe2009generalelectionwithincreasednumbers,anditnolongerrequiredexternalsupport
fromIndia'scommunistparties.[156]Thatyear,ManmohanSinghbecamethefirstprimeministersince
JawaharlalNehruin1957and1962tobereelectedtoaconsecutivefiveyearterm.[157]Inthe2014general
election,theBJPbecamethefirstpoliticalpartysince1984towinamajorityandgovernwithoutthe
supportofotherparties.[158]ThecurrentPrimeMinisterofIndiaisNarendraModi,whowasalsothe
formerChiefMinisterofGujarat.
Government
Mainarticle:GovernmentofIndia
Seealso:ElectionsinIndia
IndiaisafederationwithaparliamentarysystemgovernedundertheConstitutionofIndia,whichservesas
thecountry'ssupremelegaldocument.Itisaconstitutionalrepublicandrepresentativedemocracy,inwhich
"majorityruleistemperedbyminorityrightsprotectedbylaw".FederalisminIndiadefinesthepower
distributionbetweenthefederalgovernmentandthestates.Thegovernmentabidesbyconstitutionalchecks
andbalances.TheConstitutionofIndia,whichcameintoeffecton26January1950,[159]statesinits
preamblethatIndiaisasovereign,socialist,secular,democraticrepublic.[160]India'sformofgovernment,
traditionallydescribedas"quasifederal"withastrongcentreandweakstates,[161]hasgrownincreasingly
federalsincethelate1990sasaresultofpolitical,economic,andsocialchanges.[162][163]
Thefederalgovernmentcomprisesthreebranches:
Executive:ThePresidentofIndiaistheheadof
state[165]andiselectedindirectlybyanational
electoralcollege[166]forafiveyearterm.[167]The
PrimeMinisterofIndiaistheheadofgovernment
andexercisesmostexecutivepower.[168]
Appointedbythepresident,[169]theprimeminister
isbyconventionsupportedbythepartyorpolitical
Nationalsymbols[1]
Flag
Tiranga
Emblem
SarnathLionCapital
Anthem
JanaGanaMana
Song
VandeMataram
Currency
(Indianrupee)
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allianceholdingthemajorityofseatsinthelower
Calendar
Saka
houseofparliament.[168]Theexecutivebranchof
Animal
Tiger(land)
theIndiangovernmentconsistsofthepresident,
Riverdolphin(aquatic)
thevicepresident,andtheCouncilofMinisters
thecabinetbeingitsexecutivecommitteeheaded
Bird
Indianpeafowl
bytheprimeminister.Anyministerholdinga
portfoliomustbeamemberofoneofthehousesof Flower
Lotus
[165]
parliament.
IntheIndianparliamentarysystem, Fruit
Mango
theexecutiveissubordinatetothelegislaturethe
Tree
Banyan
primeministerandhiscouncilaredirectly
responsibletothelowerhouseofthe
River
Ganga
[170]
parliament.
Game
Notdeclared[164]
Legislative:ThelegislatureofIndiaisthe
bicameralparliament.Itoperatesundera
WestminsterstyleparliamentarysystemandcomprisestheupperhousecalledtheRajyaSabha
("CouncilofStates")andthelowercalledtheLokSabha("HouseofthePeople").[171]TheRajya
Sabhaisapermanentbodythathas245memberswhoserveinstaggeredsixyearterms.[172]Mostare
electedindirectlybythestateandterritoriallegislaturesinnumbersproportionaltotheirstate'sshare
ofthenationalpopulation.[169]AllbuttwooftheLokSabha's545membersaredirectlyelectedby
popularvotetheyrepresentindividualconstituenciesviafiveyearterms.[173]Theremainingtwo
membersarenominatedbythepresidentfromamongtheAngloIndiancommunity,incasethe
presidentdecidesthattheyarenotadequatelyrepresented.[174]
Judicial:Indiahasaunitarythreetierindependentjudiciary[175]thatcomprisestheSupremeCourt,
headedbytheChiefJusticeofIndia,24HighCourts,andalargenumberoftrialcourts.[175]The
SupremeCourthasoriginaljurisdictionovercasesinvolvingfundamentalrightsandoverdisputes
betweenstatesandthecentreithasappellatejurisdictionovertheHighCourts.[176]Ithasthepower
bothtodeclarethelawandtostrikedownunionorstatelawswhichcontravenetheconstitution.[177]
TheSupremeCourtisalsotheultimateinterpreteroftheconstitution.[178]
Subdivisions
Mainarticle:AdministrativedivisionsofIndia
Seealso:PoliticalintegrationofIndia
Indiaisafederationcomposedof29statesand7unionterritories.[179]Allstates,aswellastheunion
territoriesofPuducherryandtheNationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi,haveelectedlegislaturesand
governments,bothpatternedontheWestminstermodel.Theremainingfiveunionterritoriesaredirectly
ruledbythecentrethroughappointedadministrators.In1956,undertheStatesReorganisationAct,states
werereorganisedonalinguisticbasis.[180]Sincethen,theirstructurehasremainedlargelyunchanged.Each
stateorunionterritoryisfurtherdividedintoadministrativedistricts.Thedistrictsinturnarefurther
dividedintotehsilsandultimatelyintovillages.
States
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Aclickablemapofthe29statesand7unionterritoriesofIndia
1. AndhraPradesh
2. ArunachalPradesh
3. Assam
4. Bihar
5. Chhattisgarh
6. Goa
7. Gujarat
8. Haryana
9. HimachalPradesh
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10. JammuandKashmir
11. Jharkhand
12. Karnataka
13. Kerala
14. MadhyaPradesh
15. Maharashtra
16. Manipur
17. Meghalaya
18. Mizoram
19. Nagaland
20. Odisha
21. Punjab
22. Rajasthan
23. Sikkim
24. TamilNadu
25. Telangana
26. Tripura
27. UttarPradesh
28. Uttarakhand
29. WestBengal
Unionterritories
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
AndamanandNicobarIslands
Chandigarh
DadraandNagarHaveli
DamanandDiu
Lakshadweep
NationalCapitalTerritoryofDelhi
Puducherry
Foreignrelationsandmilitary
Mainarticles:ForeignrelationsofIndiaandIndianArmedForces
Sinceitsindependencein1947,Indiahasmaintainedcordial
relationswithmostnations.Inthe1950s,itstronglysupported
decolonisationinAfricaandAsiaandplayedaleadroleintheNon
AlignedMovement.[181]Inthelate1980s,theIndianmilitarytwice
intervenedabroadattheinvitationofneighbouringcountries:a
peacekeepingoperationinSriLankabetween1987and1990and
anarmedinterventiontopreventa1988coupd'tatattemptin
Maldives.IndiahastenserelationswithneighbouringPakistanthe
twonationshavegonetowarfourtimes:in1947,1965,1971,and
1999.Threeofthesewarswerefoughtoverthedisputedterritoryof
Kashmir,whilethefourth,the1971war,followedfromIndia's
supportfortheindependenceofBangladesh.[182]Afterwagingthe
NarendraModimeetsVladimirPutin
atthe6thBRICSsummit.Indiaand
Russiashareextensiveeconomic,
defence,andtechnologicalties.
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1962SinoIndianWarandthe1965warwithPakistan,Indiapursuedclosemilitaryandeconomictieswith
theSovietUnionbythelate1960s,theSovietUnionwasitslargestarmssupplier.[183]
AsidefromongoingstrategicrelationswithRussia,IndiahaswiderangingdefencerelationswithIsraeland
France.Inrecentyears,ithasplayedkeyrolesintheSouthAsianAssociationforRegionalCooperation
andtheWorldTradeOrganisation.Thenationhasprovided100,000militaryandpolicepersonneltoserve
in35UNpeacekeepingoperationsacrossfourcontinents.ItparticipatesintheEastAsiaSummit,theG8+5,
andothermultilateralforums.[184]IndiahascloseeconomictieswithSouthAmerica,[185]Asia,andAfrica
itpursuesa"LookEast"policythatseekstostrengthenpartnershipswiththeASEANnations,Japan,and
SouthKoreathatrevolvearoundmanyissues,butespeciallythoseinvolvingeconomicinvestmentand
regionalsecurity.[186][187]
China'snucleartestof1964,aswellasitsrepeatedthreatsto
interveneinsupportofPakistaninthe1965war,convincedIndiato
developnuclearweapons.[188]Indiaconducteditsfirstnuclear
weaponstestin1974andcarriedoutfurtherundergroundtestingin
1998.Despitecriticismandmilitarysanctions,Indiahassigned
neithertheComprehensiveNuclearTestBanTreatynortheNuclear
NonProliferationTreaty,consideringbothtobeflawedand
discriminatory.[189]Indiamaintainsa"nofirstuse"nuclearpolicy
andisdevelopinganucleartriadcapabilityasapartofits
INSVikramaditya,theIndianNavy's
[190][191]
biggestwarship.
"minimumcredibledeterrence"doctrine.
Itisdevelopinga
ballisticmissiledefenceshieldand,incollaborationwithRussia,a
fifthgenerationfighterjet.[192]Otherindigenousmilitaryprojects
involvethedesignandimplementationofVikrantclassaircraftcarriersandArihantclassnuclear
submarines.[192]
SincetheendoftheColdWar,Indiahasincreaseditseconomic,strategic,andmilitarycooperationwith
theUnitedStatesandtheEuropeanUnion.[193]In2008,aciviliannuclearagreementwassignedbetween
IndiaandtheUnitedStates.AlthoughIndiapossessednuclearweaponsatthetimeandwasnotpartytothe
NuclearNonProliferationTreaty,itreceivedwaiversfromtheInternationalAtomicEnergyAgencyand
theNuclearSuppliersGroup,endingearlierrestrictionsonIndia'snucleartechnologyandcommerce.Asa
consequence,Indiabecamethesixthdefactonuclearweaponsstate.[194]Indiasubsequentlysigned
cooperationagreementsinvolvingciviliannuclearenergywithRussia,[195]France,[196]theUnited
Kingdom,[197]andCanada.[198]
ThePresidentofIndiaisthesupremecommanderofthenation'sarmedforceswith1.325millionactive
troops,theycomposetheworld'sthirdlargestmilitary.[199]ItcomprisestheIndianArmy,theIndianNavy,
andtheIndianAirForceauxiliaryorganisationsincludetheStrategicForcesCommandandthree
paramilitarygroups:theAssamRifles,theSpecialFrontierForce,andtheIndianCoastGuard.[200]The
officialIndiandefencebudgetfor2011wasUS$36.03billion,or1.83%ofGDP.[201]Forthefiscalyear
spanning20122013,US$40.44billionwasbudgeted.[202]Accordingtoa2008SIPRIreport,India'sannual
militaryexpenditureintermsofpurchasingpowerstoodatUS$72.7billion.[203]In2011,theannual
defencebudgetincreasedby11.6%,[204]althoughthisdoesnotincludefundsthatreachthemilitarythrough
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otherbranchesofgovernment.[205]Asof2012,Indiaistheworld'slargestarmsimporterbetween2007and
2011,itaccountedfor10%offundsspentoninternationalarmspurchases.[206]Muchofthemilitary
expenditurewasfocusedondefenceagainstPakistanandcounteringgrowingChineseinfluenceinthe
IndianOcean.[204]
Economy
Mainarticle:EconomyofIndia
Seealso:EconomichistoryofIndia,EconomicdevelopmentinIndia,TourisminIndiaandTransport
inIndia
AccordingtotheInternationalMonetaryFund(IMF),asofApril
2015,theIndianeconomyisnominallyworthUS$2.306trillionitis
the7thlargesteconomybymarketexchangerates,andis,at
US$7.996trillion,thethirdlargestbypurchasingpowerparity,or
PPP.[10]WithitsaverageannualGDPgrowthrateof5.8%overthe
pasttwodecades,andreaching6.1%during201112,[208]Indiais
oneoftheworld'sfastestgrowingeconomies.[209]However,the
countryranks140thintheworldinnominalGDPpercapitaand
Indianagriculturedatesfromthe
[210]
129thinGDPpercapitaatPPP.
Until1991,allIndian
period7,0006,000BCE, [207]
governmentsfollowedprotectionistpoliciesthatwereinfluencedby
employsmostofthenational
socialisteconomics.Widespreadstateinterventionandregulation
workforce,andissecondinfarm
largelywalledtheeconomyofffromtheoutsideworld.Anacute
outputworldwide.Above,afarmer
balanceofpaymentscrisisin1991forcedthenationtoliberaliseits
worksanoxdrawnplowinKadmati,
[211]
WestBengal.
economy
sincethenithasslowlymovedtowardsafreemarket
system[212][213]byemphasisingbothforeigntradeanddirect
investmentinflows.[214]India'srecenteconomicmodelislargelycapitalist.[213]Indiahasbeenamemberof
WTOsince1January1995.[215]
The486.6millionworkerIndianlabourforceistheworld'ssecondlargest,asof2011.[200]Theservice
sectormakesup55.6%ofGDP,theindustrialsector26.3%andtheagriculturalsector18.1%.Major
agriculturalproductsincluderice,wheat,oilseed,cotton,jute,tea,sugarcane,andpotatoes.[179]Major
industriesincludetextiles,telecommunications,chemicals,pharmaceuticals,biotechnology,food
processing,steel,transportequipment,cement,mining,petroleum,machinery,andsoftware.[179]In2006,
theshareofexternaltradeinIndia'sGDPstoodat24%,upfrom6%in1985.[212]In2008,India'sshareof
worldtradewas1.68%[216]In2011,Indiawastheworld'stenthlargestimporterandthenineteenthlargest
exporter.[217]Majorexportsincludepetroleumproducts,textilegoods,jewellery,software,engineering
goods,chemicals,andleathermanufactures.[179]Majorimportsincludecrudeoil,machinery,gems,
fertiliser,andchemicals.[179]Between2001and2011,thecontributionofpetrochemicalandengineering
goodstototalexportsgrewfrom14%to42%.[218]IndiawasthesecondlargesttextileexporterafterChina
intheworldincalendaryear2013.[219]
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Averaginganeconomicgrowthrateof7.5%forseveralyearspriorto2007,[212]Indiahasmorethan
doubleditshourlywageratesduringthefirstdecadeofthe21stcentury.[220]Some431millionIndians
haveleftpovertysince1985India'smiddleclassesareprojectedtonumberaround580millionby
2030.[221]Thoughranking51stinglobalcompetitiveness,Indiaranks17thinfinancialmarket
sophistication,24thinthebankingsector,44thinbusinesssophistication,and39thininnovation,aheadof
severaladvancedeconomies,asof2010.[222]With7oftheworld'stop15informationtechnology
outsourcingcompaniesbasedinIndia,thecountryisviewedasthesecondmostfavourableoutsourcing
destinationaftertheUnitedStates,asof2009.[223]India'sconsumermarket,currentlytheworld'seleventh
largest,isexpectedtobecomefifthlargestby2030.[221]
India'stelecommunicationindustry,theworld'sfastestgrowing,added227millionsubscribersduringthe
period201011,[224]andafterthefirstquarterof2013,IndiasurpassedJapantobecomethethirdlargest
smartphonemarketintheworldafterChinaandtheU.S.[225]
Itsautomotiveindustry,theworld'ssecondfastestgrowing,
increaseddomesticsalesby26%during200910,[226]andexports
by36%during200809.[227]India'scapacitytogenerateelectrical
poweris250gigawatts,ofwhich8%isrenewable.Attheendof
2011,theIndianITindustryemployed2.8millionprofessionals,
generatedrevenuesclosetoUS$100billionequalling7.5%of
IndianGDPandcontributed26%ofIndia'smerchandise
exports.[228]
TheBombayStockExchangeis
Asia'soldestandIndia'slargest
boursebymarketcapitalisation.
ThepharmaceuticalindustryinIndiaisamongthesignificant
emergingmarketsforglobalpharmaindustry.TheIndian
pharmaceuticalmarketisexpectedtoreach$48.5billionby2020.
India'sR&Dspendingconstitutes60%ofthebiopharmaceutical
industry.[229][230]Indiaisamongthetop12biotechdestinationsof
theworld.[231][232]TheIndianbiotechindustrygrewby15.1%in
201213,increasingitsrevenuesfrom204.4BillionINR(Indian
Rupees)to235.24BillionINR(3.94BUS$exchangerateJune
2013:1US$approx.60INR).[233]Althoughhardly2%ofIndians
payincometaxes.[234]
Despiteimpressiveeconomicgrowthduringrecentdecades,Indiacontinuestofacesocioeconomic
challenges.IndiacontainsthelargestconcentrationofpeoplelivingbelowtheWorldBank'sinternational
povertylineofUS$1.25perday,[235]theproportionhavingdecreasedfrom60%in1981to42%in2005,
and25%in2011.[236]30.7%ofIndia'schildrenundertheageoffiveareunderweight.[237]Accordingtoa
FoodandAgricultureOrganizationreportin2015,15%ofIndianpopulationisundernourished.[238][239]
TheMidDayMealSchemeattemptstolowertheserates.[240]Since1991,economicinequalitybetween
India'sstateshasconsistentlygrown:thepercapitanetstatedomesticproductofthericheststatesin2007
was3.2timesthatofthepoorest.[241]CorruptioninIndiaisperceivedtohaveincreasedsignificantly,[242]
withonereportestimatingtheillegalcapitalflowssinceindependencetobeUS$462billion.[243]
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Drivenbygrowth,India'snominalGDPpercapitahassteadilyincreasedfromUS$329in1991,when
economicliberalisationbegan,toUS$1,265in2010,andisestimatedtoincreasetoUS$2,110by2016
however,ithasremainedlowerthanthoseofotherAsiandevelopingcountriessuchasIndonesia,Iran,
Malaysia,Philippines,SriLanka,andThailand,andisexpectedtoremainsointhenearfuture.However,it
iscurrentlyhigherthanPakistan,Nepal,Bangladeshandothers.[244]
Accordingtoa2011PricewaterhouseCoopersreport,India'sGDPatpurchasingpowerparitycould
overtakethatoftheUnitedStatesby2045.[245]Duringthenextfourdecades,IndianGDPisexpectedto
growatanannualisedaverageof8%,makingitpotentiallytheworld'sfastestgrowingmajoreconomyuntil
2050.[245]Thereporthighlightskeygrowthfactors:ayoungandrapidlygrowingworkingagepopulation
growthinthemanufacturingsectorbecauseofrisingeducationandengineeringskilllevelsandsustained
growthoftheconsumermarketdrivenbyarapidlygrowingmiddleclass.[245]TheWorldBankcautions
that,forIndiatoachieveitseconomicpotential,itmustcontinuetofocusonpublicsectorreform,transport
infrastructure,agriculturalandruraldevelopment,removaloflabourregulations,education,energy
security,andpublichealthandnutrition.[246]
Demographics
Mainarticle:DemographicsofIndia
With1,210,193,422residents
reportedinthe2011provisional
censusreport,[9]Indiaistheworld's
secondmostpopulouscountry.Its
populationgrewby17.64%during
20012011,[247]comparedto
WomeninKargil,Jammu
21.54%growthintheprevious
andKashmir
decade(19912001).[247]Thehuman
sexratio,accordingtothe2011
census,is940femalesper1,000males.[9]Themedianagewas24.9
inthe2001census.[200]Thefirstpostcolonialcensus,conductedin
1951,counted361.1millionpeople.[248]Medicaladvancesmadein
thelast50yearsaswellasincreasedagriculturalproductivity
broughtaboutbythe"GreenRevolution"havecausedIndia's
populationtogrowrapidly.[249]Indiacontinuestofaceseveral
publichealthrelatedchallenges.[250][251]
ApopulationdensityandIndian
Railwaysconnectivitymap.The
alreadydenselysettledIndoGangetic
PlainisthemaindriverofIndian
populationgrowth.
LifeexpectancyinIndiaisat68yearswithlifeexpectancyforwomenbeing69.6yearsandformenbeing
67.3.[252]Therearearound50physiciansper100,000Indians.[253]ThenumberofIndianslivinginurban
areashasgrownby31.2%between1991and2001.[254]Yet,in2001,over70%livedinruralareas.[255][256]
Thelevelofurbanizationincreasedfrom27.81%in2001Censusto31.16%in2011Census.Theslowing
downoftheoverallgrowthrateofpopulationwasduetothesharpdeclineinthegrowthrateinruralareas
since1991.[257]Accordingtothe2011census,thereare53millionpluscitiesinIndiaamongthem
Mumbai,Delhi,Bangalore,Hyderabad,Chennai,Ahmedabad,PuneandKolkataareinorderofthemost
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populousmetropolitanareas.Theliteracyratein2011was74.04%:65.46%amongfemalesand82.14%
amongmales.[258]Theruralurbanliteracygapwhichwas21.2percentagepointsin2001,droppedto16.1
percentagepointsin2011.Theimprovementinliteracyrateinruralareaistwotimesthatinurban
areas.[257]Keralaisthemostliteratestatewith93.91%literacywhileBihartheleastwith63.82%.[258]
Indiaishometotwomajorlanguagefamilies:IndoAryan(spokenbyabout74%ofthepopulation)and
Dravidian(24%).OtherlanguagesspokeninIndiacomefromtheAustroasiaticandTibetoBurman
languagefamilies.Indiahasnonationallanguage.[259]Hindi,withthelargestnumberofspeakers,isthe
officiallanguageofthegovernment.[260][261]Englishisusedextensivelyinbusinessandadministrationand
hasthestatusofa"subsidiaryofficiallanguage"[262]itisimportantineducation,especiallyasamediumof
highereducation.Eachstateandunionterritoryhasoneormoreofficiallanguages,andtheconstitution
recognisesinparticular22"scheduledlanguages".TheConstitutionofIndiarecognises212scheduled
tribalgroupswhichtogetherconstituteabout7.5%ofthecountry'spopulation.[263]The2011census
reported[264]thatHinduism(79.8%ofthepopulation)isthelargestreligioninIndia,followedbyIslam
(14.23%).Otherreligionsornone(5.97%ofthepopulation)includeChristianity,Sikhism,Buddhism,
Jainism,Judaism,Zoroastrianism,andtheBah'Faith.[265]Indiahastheworld'slargestHindu,Sikh,Jain,
Zoroastrian,andBah'populations,andhasthethirdlargestMuslimpopulationandthelargestMuslim
populationforanonMuslimmajoritycountry.[266][267]
Culture
Mainarticle:CultureofIndia
Indianculturalhistoryspansmorethan4,500years.[268]Duringthe
Vedicperiod(c.1700500BCE),thefoundationsofHindu
philosophy,mythology,theologyandliteraturewerelaid,andmany
beliefsandpracticeswhichstillexisttoday,suchasdhrma,krma,
yga,andmoka,wereestablished.[16]Indiaisnotableforits
religiousdiversity,withHinduism,Buddhism,Sikhism,Islam,
Christianity,andJainismamongthenation'smajorreligions.[269]
Thepredominantreligion,Hinduism,hasbeenshapedbyvarious
historicalschoolsofthought,includingthoseoftheUpanishads,[270]
theYogaSutras,theBhaktimovement,[269]andbyBuddhist
philosophy.[271]
ATodatribalhutexemplifiesIndian
vernaculararchitecture.
Artandarchitecture
MuchofIndianarchitecture,includingtheTajMahal,otherworksofMughalarchitecture,andSouth
Indianarchitecture,blendsancientlocaltraditionswithimportedstyles.[272]Vernaculararchitectureisalso
highlyregionalinitflavours.Vastushastra,literally"scienceofconstruction"or"architecture"and
ascribedtoMamuniMayan,[273]exploreshowthelawsofnatureaffecthumandwellings[274]itemploys
precisegeometryanddirectionalalignmentstoreflectperceivedcosmicconstructs.[275]AsappliedinHindu
templearchitecture,itisinfluencedbytheShilpaShastras,aseriesoffoundationaltextswhosebasic
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mythologicalformistheVastuPurushamandala,asquarethatembodiedthe"absolute".[276]TheTaj
Mahal,builtinAgrabetween1631and1648byordersofEmperorShahJahaninmemoryofhiswife,has
beendescribedintheUNESCOWorldHeritageListas"thejewelofMuslimartinIndiaandoneofthe
universallyadmiredmasterpiecesoftheworld'sheritage".[277]IndoSaracenicRevivalarchitecture,
developedbytheBritishinthelate19thcentury,drewonIndoIslamicarchitecture.[278]
Literature
TheearliestliterarywritingsinIndia,composedbetween1700BCEand1200CE,wereintheSanskrit
language.[279][280]ProminentworksofthisSanskritliteratureincludeepicssuchastheMahbhrataand
theRamayana,thedramasofKlidsasuchastheAbhijnakuntalam(TheRecognitionofakuntal),
andpoetrysuchastheMahkvya.[281][282][283]Kamasutra,thefamousbookaboutsexualintercoursealso
originatedinIndia.Developedbetween600BCEand300CEinSouthIndia,theSangamliterature,
consistingof2,381poems,isregardedasapredecessorofTamilliterature.[284][285][286][287]Fromthe14th
tothe18thcenturies,India'sliterarytraditionswentthroughaperiodofdrasticchangebecauseofthe
emergenceofdevotionalpoetssuchasKabr,Tulsds,andGuruNnak.Thisperiodwascharacterisedbya
variedandwidespectrumofthoughtandexpressionasaconsequence,medievalIndianliteraryworks
differedsignificantlyfromclassicaltraditions.[288]Inthe19thcentury,Indianwriterstookanewinterestin
socialquestionsandpsychologicaldescriptions.Inthe20thcentury,Indianliteraturewasinfluencedbythe
worksofBengalipoetandnovelistRabindranathTagore.[289]
Performingarts
RukminiDeviArundale,oneofthe
foremostrevivalistsofbharatnatyam
danceinthe20thcentury,performsat
aconcert.
Indianmusicrangesovervarioustraditionsandregionalstyles.
Classicalmusicencompassestwogenresandtheirvariousfolk
offshoots:thenorthernHindustaniandsouthernCarnatic
schools.[290]Regionalisedpopularformsincludefilmiandfolk
musicthesyncretictraditionofthebaulsisawellknownformof
thelatter.Indiandancealsofeaturesdiversefolkandclassical
forms.Amongthebetterknownfolkdancesarethebhangraof
Punjab,thebihuofAssam,thechhauofOdisha,WestBengaland
Jharkhand,garbaanddandiyaofGujarat,ghoomarofRajasthan,
andthelavaniofMaharashtra.Eightdanceforms,manywith
narrativeformsandmythologicalelements,havebeenaccorded
classicaldancestatusbyIndia'sNationalAcademyofMusic,Dance,
andDrama.Theseare:bharatanatyamofthestateofTamilNadu,
kathakofUttarPradesh,kathakaliandmohiniyattamofKerala,
kuchipudiofAndhraPradesh,manipuriofManipur,odissiof
Odisha,andthesattriyaofAssam.[291]TheatreinIndiamelds
music,dance,andimprovisedorwrittendialogue.[292]Oftenbased
onHindumythology,butalsoborrowingfrommedievalromances
orsocialandpoliticalevents,Indiantheatreincludesthebhavaiof
Gujarat,thejatraofWestBengal,thenautankiandramlilaofNorth
India,tamashaofMaharashtra,burrakathaofAndhraPradesh,
terukkuttuofTamilNadu,andtheyakshaganaofKarnataka.[293]
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Motionpictures,television
TheIndianfilmindustryproducestheworld'smostwatchedcinema.[294]Establishedregionalcinematic
traditionsexistintheAssamese,Bengali,Bhojpuri,Hindi,Kannada,Malayalam,Punjabi,Gujarati,
Marathi,Odia,Tamil,andTelugulanguages.[295]SouthIndiancinemaattractsmorethan75%ofnational
filmrevenue.[296]
TelevisionbroadcastingbeganinIndiain1959asastaterunmediumofcommunication,andhadslow
expansionformorethantwodecades.[297][298]Thestatemonopolyontelevisionbroadcastendedinthe
1990sand,sincethen,satellitechannelshaveincreasinglyshapedpopularcultureofIndiansociety.[299]
Today,televisionisthemostpenetrativemediainIndiaindustryestimatesindicatethatasof2012there
areover554millionTVconsumers,462millionwithsatelliteand/orcableconnections,comparedtoother
formsofmassmediasuchaspress(350million),radio(156million)orinternet(37million).[300]
Society
TraditionalIndiansocietyissometimesdefinedbysocialhierarchy.TheIndiancastesystemembodies
muchofthesocialstratificationandmanyofthesocialrestrictionsfoundintheIndiansubcontinent.Social
classesaredefinedbythousandsofendogamoushereditarygroups,oftentermedasjtis,or"castes".[301]
Indiadeclareduntouchabilitytobeillegal[302]in1947andhassinceenactedotherantidiscriminatorylaws
andsocialwelfareinitiatives.AttheworkplaceinurbanIndiaandininternationalorleadingIndian
companies,thecasterelatedidentificationhasprettymuchlostitsimportance.[303][304]Familyvaluesare
importantintheIndiantradition,andmultigenerationalpatriarchaljointfamilieshavebeenthenormin
India,thoughnuclearfamiliesarebecomingcommoninurbanareas.[305]Anoverwhelmingmajorityof
Indians,withtheirconsent,havetheirmarriagesarrangedbytheirparentsorotherfamilymembers.[306]
Marriageisthoughttobeforlife,[306]andthedivorcerateisextremelylow.[307]Childmarriagesare
common,especiallyinruralareasmanywomeninIndiawedbeforereaching18,whichistheirlegal
marriageableage.[308]FemaleinfanticideinIndiaandfemalefoeticideinIndiahavecausedadiscrepancy
inthesexratio,asof2005itwasestimatedthattherewere50millionmoremalesthanfemalesinthe
nation.[309][310]Howevertherecentreportfrom2011shownimprovementamongthegenderratio.[311]The
paymentofdowry,althoughillegal,remainswidespreadacrossclasslines.[312]Deathsresultingfrom
dowry,mostlyfrombrideburning,areontherise.[313]
ManyIndianfestivalsarereligiousinoriginamongthemareChhath,Christmas,Diwali,DurgaPuja,Bakr
Id,EidulFitr,GaneshChaturthi,Holi,MakarSankrantiorUttarayan,Navratri,ThaiPongal,andVaisakhi.
Indiahasthreenationalholidayswhichareobservedinallstatesandunionterritories:RepublicDay,
IndependenceDay,andGandhiJayanti.Othersetsofholidays,varyingbetweennineandtwelve,are
officiallyobservedinindividualstates.
ThroughoutIndia,manypeoplepracticecustomsandreligiousrituals,suchas"Saskra",whichisaseries
of"personalsacramentsandritesconductedatvariousstagesthroughoutlife".[314]
Clothing
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Mainarticle:ClothinginIndia
CottonwasdomesticatedinIndiaby4000BCE.TraditionalIndiandressvariesincolourandstyleacross
regionsanddependsonvariousfactors,includingclimateandfaith.Popularstylesofdressincludedraped
garmentssuchasthesariforwomenandthedhotiorlungiformen.Stitchedclothes,suchastheshalwar
kameezforwomenandkurtapyjamacombinationsorEuropeanstyletrousersandshirtsformen,arealso
popular.[315]Useofdelicatejewellery,modelledonrealflowersworninancientIndia,ispartofatradition
datingbacksome5,000yearsgemstonesarealsoworninIndiaastalismans.[316]
Sports
Mainarticle:SportinIndia
InIndia,severaltraditionalindigenoussportsremainfairlypopular,
suchaskabaddi,khokho,pehlwaniandgillidanda.Someofthe
earliestformsofAsianmartialarts,suchaskalarippayattu,musti
yuddha,silambam,andmarmaadi,originatedinIndia.Chess,
commonlyheldtohaveoriginatedinIndiaaschaturaga,is
regainingwidespreadpopularitywiththeriseinthenumberof
Indiangrandmasters.[317][318]Pachisi,fromwhichparcheesiderives,
wasplayedonagiantmarblecourtbyAkbar.[319]
Cricketisthemostpopulargame
amongIndia'smasses.Shownhereis
aninstanceofstreetcricket.
TheimprovedresultsgarneredbytheIndianDavisCupteamand
otherIndiantennisplayersintheearly2010shavemadetennis
increasinglypopularinthecountry.[320]Indiahasacomparatively
strongpresenceinshootingsports,andhaswonseveralmedalsat
theOlympics,theWorldShootingChampionships,andtheCommonwealthGames.[321][322]Othersportsin
whichIndianshavesucceededinternationallyincludebadminton[323](SainaNehwalisthetopranked
femalebadmintonplayerintheworld),boxing,[324]andwrestling.[325]FootballispopularinWestBengal,
Goa,TamilNadu,Kerala,andthenortheasternstates.[326]
FieldhockeyinIndiaisadministeredbyHockeyIndia.TheIndiannationalhockeyteamwonthe1975
HockeyWorldCupandhave,asof2012,takeneightgold,onesilver,andtwobronzeOlympicmedals,
makingitthesport'smostsuccessfulteamintheOlympics.
Indiahasalsoplayedamajorroleinpopularisingcricket.Thus,cricketis,byfar,themostpopularsportin
India.TheIndiannationalcricketteamwonthe1983and2011CricketWorldCupevents,the2007ICC
WorldTwenty20,sharedthe2002ICCChampionsTrophywithSriLanka,andwon2013ICCChampions
Trophy.CricketinIndiaisadministeredbytheBoardofControlforCricketinIndia(BCCI)theRanji
Trophy,theDuleepTrophy,theDeodharTrophy,theIraniTrophy,andtheNKPSalveChallengerTrophy
aredomesticcompetitions.TheBCCIisalsoresponsibleforconductinganannualTwenty20competition
knownastheIndianPremierLeague.
Indiahashostedorcohostedseveralinternationalsportingevents:the1951and1982AsianGamesthe
1987,1996,and2011CricketWorldCuptournamentsthe2003AfroAsianGamesthe2006ICC
ChampionsTrophythe2010HockeyWorldCupandthe2010CommonwealthGames.Major
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internationalsportingeventsheldannuallyinIndiaincludetheChennaiOpen,theMumbaiMarathon,the
DelhiHalfMarathon,andtheIndianMasters.ThefirstIndianGrandPrixfeaturedinlate2011buthasbeen
discontinuedfromtheF1seasoncalendarsince2014.[327]
IndiahastraditionallybeenthedominantcountryattheSouthAsianGames.Anexampleofthisdominance
isthebasketballcompetitionwhereTeamIndiawonthreeoutoffourtournamentstodate.[328]TheRajiv
GandhiKhelRatnaandtheArjunaAwardarethehighestformsofgovernmentrecognitionforathletic
achievementtheDronacharyaAwardisawardedforexcellenceincoaching.
Seealso
OutlineofIndia
ListofIndiarelatedarticles
Notes
a. "[...]JanaGanaManaistheNationalAnthemofIndia,subjecttosuchalterationsinthewordsasthe
GovernmentmayauthoriseasoccasionarisesandthesongVandeMataram,whichhasplayedahistoricpartin
thestruggleforIndianfreedom,shallbehonouredequallywithJanaGanaManaandshallhaveequalstatuswith
it."(ConstituentAssemblyofIndia1950).
b. "Thecountry'sexactsizeissubjecttodebatebecausesomebordersaredisputed.TheIndiangovernmentliststhe
totalareaas3,287,260km2(1,269,220sqmi)andthetotallandareaas3,060,500km2(1,181,700sqmi)the
UnitedNationsliststhetotalareaas3,287,263km2(1,269,219sqmi)andtotallandareaas2,973,190km2
(1,147,960sqmi)."(LibraryofCongress2004).
c. Seealso:OfficialnamesofIndia
d. TheGovernmentofIndiaregardsAfghanistanasaborderingcountry,asitconsidersallofKashmirtobepartof
India.However,thisisdisputed,andtheregionborderingAfghanistanisadministeredbyPakistan.Source:
"MinistryofHomeAffairs(DepartmentofBorderManagement)"
(http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/BMIntro1011.pdf)(PDF).Retrieved1September2008.
e. ThenorthernmostpointunderIndiancontrolisthedisputedSiachenGlacierinJammuandKashmirhowever,the
GovernmentofIndiaregardstheentireregionoftheformerprincelystateofJammuandKashmir,includingthe
NorthernAreasadministeredbyPakistan,tobeitsterritory.Itthereforeassignsthelongitude376'toits
northernmostpoint.
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id=eY0YhSk9ujsC&pg=PA98),OxfordUniversityPress,ISBN9780195300574
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id=nCCEmAIo7HAC&pg=PA64)(1sted.),MacmillanPublishers,ISBN9781580631433
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10725584),BBCNews,1August2010,retrieved5October2010
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816670376
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id=63gdKwhHeV0C),UniversityofHawaiiPress,ISBN9780824802714
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(https://books.google.com/?id=_plssuFIar8C&dq)(2nded.),TrenthamBooks,ISBN9781858563299
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520026728
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Experience(https://books.google.com/books?id=JgsuaIm3ncC),NewYorkUniversityPress,ISBN97808147
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id=CaRVePXX6vEC&pg=PA102),GreenwoodPublishingGroup,ISBN9780313305139
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852297629
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821386897(https://dx.doi.org/10.1596%2F9780821386897).Retrieved6September2012.
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Championship/articleshow/6542488.cms?referral=PM),TheTimesofIndia,retrieved5October2010
Yadav,S.S.McNeil,D.Stevenson,P.C.(23October2007),Lentil:AnAncientCropforModernTimes
(https://books.google.com/?id=VfT6hZHpXPkC&pg=PA174),Springer,ISBN9781402063121
Zvelebil,K.V.(1August1997),CompanionStudiestotheHistoryofTamilLiterature
(https://books.google.com/books?id=qAPtq49DZfoC),BrillPublishers,ISBN9789004093652
Externallinks
NationalPortal(http://india.gov.in/)oftheGovernmentofIndia
India(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/theworldfactbook/geos/in.html)entryatTheWorld
Factbook
India(https://www.dmoz.org/Regional/Asia/India)atDMOZ
Indiaprofile(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/worldsouthasia12557384)fromtheBBCNews
India(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285248/India)EncyclopdiaBritannicaentry
India(http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/india.htm)attheUCBGovernmentInformation
Library
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=India&oldid=678419109"
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