Assignment by:

Hina Afshin
Topic:
Work on management by scientist

 Peter Drucker (November 19, 1909 – November 11, 2005)

Peter Ferdinand Drucker was a writer, management consultant, and self-described

“social ecologist”. His books and scholarly and popular articles explored how humans
are organized across the business, government and the nonprofit sectors of society.

Work by Peter Drucker

• Decentralization and simplification. Drucker discounted the command and

control model and asserted that companies work best when they are
decentralized. According to Drucker, corporations tend to produce too many
products, hire employees they don't need (when a better solution would
be outsourcing), and expand into economic sectors that they should avoid.

• A profound skepticism of macroeconomic theory. Drucker contended that

economists of all schools fail to explain significant aspects of modern economies.

• Respect of the worker. Drucker believed that employees are assets and not
liabilities. He taught that knowledge workers are the essential ingredients of the
modern economy. Central to this philosophy is the view that people are an
organization's most valuable resource and that a manager's job is to prepare and
free people to perform.

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• A belief in what he called "the sickness of government." Drucker made
nonpartisan claims that government is often unable or unwilling to provide new
services that people need or want, though he believed that this condition is not
inherent to the form of government. The chapter "The Sickness of Government"
in his book The Age of Discontinuity formed the basis of the New Public
Management, a theory of public administration that dominated the discipline in
the 1980s and 1990s.

• A belief that taking action without thinking is the cause of every failure.

• The need for community. Early in his career, Drucker predicted the "end of
economic man" and advocated the creation of a "plant community" where
individuals' social needs could be met. He later acknowledged that the plant
community never materialized, and by the 1980s, suggested that volunteering in
the nonprofit sector was the key to fostering a healthy society where people
found a sense of belonging and civic pride.

• The need to manage business by balancing a variety of needs and goals, rather
than subordinating an institution to a single value. This concept of management
by objectives forms the keynote of his 1954 landmark The Practice of
Management.

• A company's primary responsibility is to serve its customers. Profit is not the

primary goal, but rather an essential condition for the company's continued
existence.

• An organization should have a proper way of executing all its business

processes.

• A belief in the notion that great companies could stand among humankind's
noblest inventions.

 Elton Mayo (26 December 1880 - 7 September 1949)

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George Elton John Mayo was an Australian psychologist, sociologist and theorist. Mayo
is known as the founder of the Human Relations Movement, and is known for his
research including the Hawthorne Studies, and his book The Human Problems of an
Industrialized Civilization (1933). He concluded that people's work performance is
dependent on both social issues and job content. He suggested a tension between
workers' 'logic of sentiment' and managers' 'logic of cost and efficiency' which could
lead to conflict within organizations.

 Frederick Taylor (March 20, 1856–March 21, 1915)

Frederick Taylor was an American mechanical engineer who sought to

improve industrial efficiency. Taylor's work was strongly influenced by his
social/historical period. Frederick Taylor, with his theories of Scientific Management,
started the era of modern management. He advocated a change from the old system of
personal management to a new system of scientific management. Taylor consistently
sought to overthrow management "by rule of thumb" and replace it with actual timed
observations leading to "the one best" practice. Taylor's strongest positive legacy was
the concept of breaking a complex task down in to a number of small subtasks, and
optimizing the performance of the subtasks. To modern readers, he stands convicted by
his own words: The Principles of Scientific Management

Work by Frederick Taylor:

• papers on the science of cutting metal

• coal shovel design
• worker incentive schemes
• A piece rate system for shop management.

 Max Weber – Bureaucracy (1930-1950)

Weber, as an economist and social historian, saw his environment transitioning from
older emotion and tradition driven values to technological ones. It is unclear if he saw

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the tremendous growth in government, military and industrial size and complexity as a
result of the efficiencies of bureaucracy, or their growth driving those organizations to
bureaucracy.

Work by Max Weber:

• Weber's major works dealt with the rationalization and so called

"disenchantment" which he associated with the rise of capitalism and modernity.

• Weber's most famous work is upon religion that religion was one of the non-
exclusive reasons for the different ways the cultures and stressed that particular
characteristics of ascetic Protestantism influenced the development of
capitalism, bureaucracy and the rational-legal state in the West.

 Henri Fayol (29 July 1841–Paris, 19 November 1925)

Henri Fayol Istanbul, was a French mining engineer, director of mines,

and management theorist, who developed independent of the theory of Scientific
Management, a general theory of business administration also known as Fayolism. He
was one of the most influential contributors to modern concepts of management.

Work by Henri Fayol:

With two exceptions, Henri Fayol’s theories of administration dovetail nicely into the
bureaucratic superstructure described by Weber. Henri Fayol focuses on the personal
duties of management at a much more granular level than Weber did. While Weber laid
out principles for an ideal bureaucratic organization Fayol’s work is more directed at the
management layer.

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Fayol believed that management had five principle roles:

• to forecast and plan

• to organize
• to command
• to co-ordinate
• to control.

Forecasting and planning was the act of anticipating the future and acting accordingly.
Fayol developed fourteen principles of administration to go along with
management’s five primary roles. These principles are enumerated below:

Specialization/division of labor, Authority with responsibility,Discipline,Unity of

command, Unity of direction, Subordination of individual interest to the general interest,
Remuneration of staff,Centralization,Scalar chain/line of authority,Order,Equity,Stability
of tenure,Initiative,Esprit de corps.

Fayol’s five principle roles of management are still actively practiced today. The author
has found "Plan, Organize, Command, Co-ordinate and Control" written on one than
one manager’s whiteboard during his career.

 Robert Owen (14 May 1771–17 November 1858)

Robert Owen born in Newtown, Montgomery shire, Wales was a social reformer and
one of the founders of socialism and the cooperative movement.

Work by Robert Owen:

• 1813. A New View Of Society, Essays on the Formation of Human Character.

• 1815. Observations on the Effect of the Manufacturing System. 2nd edn, London.

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 • 1817. Report to the Committee for the Relief of the Manufacturing Poor. In The
Life of Robert Owen written by Himself, 2 vols, London, 1857-8.

• 1818. Two memorials behalf of the working classes.

• 1819. An Address to the Master Manufacturers of Great Britain. Bolton.

• 1821. Report to the County of Lanark of a Plan for relieving Public Distress.

• 1823. An Explanation of the Cause of Distress which pervades the civilized parts
of the world. London. & Paris.

• 1830. Was one of the founders of the Grand National Consolidated Trade Union

• 1849. The Revolution in the Mind and Practice of the Human Race. London.

Robert Owen wrote numerous works about his system. Of these, the most notable are:

• the New View of Society

• the Report communicated to the Committee on the Poor Law

• the Book of the New Moral World

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