What is nationalism and what facilitated its rise and intensification in the 19th and early

20th centuries?
- Nationalism is the belief that a group of people who share a common
language, history and identity and have the right to protect that identity.
- It intensified in the 19th century due to the Enlightenment. They take
advantage of being the best for they nation that they could be and knowing
who they were. Industrialization and competition also increased nationalism.
For example, the scramble for Africa divided Africa into different sections
based on European nation-states.
-Napoelon 1804-1805
- tried to conquer Europe in 1805 in name of nationalism, raised
worlds largest voluntary army
- French saw themselves as citizens
- conquered states didnt understand the patriotism, saw French
will to succeed
- Napoleon failed but spread nationalism in countries
--Brazilian independence: Portuguese royal family fled to Brazil from
Napoleon, granted Brazilian white settlers independence 1822
-Spanish colonies: colonies declared independence when Napoleon invaded
Spain
- Simon Bolivar wanted to unite all of South America and rise up
against Spain
-elite white settlers too tied with Spanish industries- comprador elite
- put in military dictators for protection for Western companies
-new nationalism: indigenous nationalism but white settlers
still in power
-New nation states: Belgium, Greece, Italy, Germany
-Italy:
-Garibaldi united city-states
- Germany:

- Otto von Bismarck united Prussia and industriazlied rapidly

-new competition in West, used violence in uniting country
-Manifest Destiny
-1848: territory from Atlantic to Pacific
-1860s: acquired Alaska
-Nationalism is an unintended effect of urbanization and diversification.
-Nationalism looks backward and forward- to the past and to the future

What did the Xhosa Cattle Killing, the Sioux Ghost Dance, and the Taiping Rebellion all
have in common?

-Xhosa Cattle Killing of 1856-57:

- Nongqawuse was a South African prophet who said that if the Xhosa
killed all their cattle and burned all their grain, the dead would rise and kill all
the white men, and the cattle and grain would appear tenfold
-The Xhose attempted this three times
- They obviously starved, 40,000 died and the rest were placed into
labour camps
-USA: Sioux Ghost Dancers
- Sioux prophets told people that if they did a special dance, the ghosts
would push the white people out
-the Americans saw the gathering of people as a preparation for battle
and fought them, won
-Taiping Rebellion
--Hong Xiuquan had visions and believed that he was the youner
brother of Jesus
- God told him to rid China of demons
- formed the Association of God Worshippers 1850

- 1853, had 1 million followers, took out white people and Old
Order
- Took over Nanjing
-1864: Chinese government sided with Europeans, Xiuquan wasnt a
good leader, failed

-all in common: people resorting to drastic measures to expel foreign

influence from their cultures

What factors led to the outbreak of WWII?

-Authoritarian Right
-Germany, Italy and Japan had authoritarian power after the Great
Depression
-single party system
- Youth league
-social welfare
-violence and terror
- anti-Semitism, intimidating militias
-Germany: European Expansion
-Austria, Czech Republic
-Italy: invaded Ethiopia 1935
-Japan: reinvaded China
-Soviet Union
-authoritarian left

-imposed equality
-Stalin vs kulaks
- kulaks were capitalist farmers, S.U. was behind in
industrialization
-collectivization, Kulaks burned down farms but Stalin was
victorious
-Five Year Plans
-state suppression
-gulags, labour camps in Siberia
-America/Europe:
-unemployment
-social welfare programs i.e. New Deal was little help
-Germany and Russia signed a Non-Aggression Pact
-thought Stalin would check Hitler
-split Poland between them
-September 1939: Hitler invades Poland start of WW2

What is decolonization and why did it begin after WWII?

Decolonization was the process of freeing the states under imperial control. It happened after
World War 2 because Europe didnt want an empire anymore. Soldiers from the colonies came
back with horror stories about Europe and what they saw. It was peaceful for the most part, but
violent where there were white settlers.

How and why did the Cold War end?

-resistance to deregulation and Space Wars

-not an option for 2nd word countires

-economies ruined
-autarky: self-suffiency -> dont need to trade with others
-nobody was leeting on that things were bad
-program by Reagans presidency: Space Wars
- put satellites in space
-shoot them down w/ lasers
-defense system against MAD, knock out nuclear missiles
-USSR acknowledged that they didnt have the money
-Gorbachev (1985-1991)
-interested in future, not past, reformed
-perestroika: economic restructuring
-glasnost: people have more freedom of speech
-Eastern European colonies start declaring independence
-Eastern European autonomy
-take Russian soldiers out of Warsaw Pact countries,
Gorbachev consented
-East Germany and Berlin Wall 1989
-Berlin Wall torn down
-Soldiers broke down wall
- neighborhoods reunified
-Germany reunified 1990
-Collapse of Soviet Union 1991
-15 new countires born
-Gorbace disappeared, Yeltsin protested his disappearance, he
was returned and Yeltsin was new leader

Examining events that occurred between the Industrial Revolution and the late 20th
century (Scramble for Africa, Great Depression, neocolonialism, deregulation, etc.),
explain how economies have continued to integrate globally. How is this trend beneficial
and detrimental? Your answer must include examples from developing, as well as
developed, regions.

How did the Industrial Revolution foster global economic integration?

- Where did the IR Begin? What did the IR require?
-Britain; large amounts of natural resources, laissez-faire
economics, large population for labour
-Imperialisms connection to IR:
- needed raw materials to manufacture the products
- not as much attention on slave trade

-Benefits? Detriments?
- West Africans benefited because they were making money off
of their raw materials
- Industrialized countries benefited because they were able to
produce more goods
-African kingdoms lost political power and were assimilated into
Western culture
-African colonies could only trade with their mother country
(detrimental to colony, beneficial to empire)
-conflict with Muslim states because of French invasion
- Lack of organization of tribes
-racial superiority
How did the Great Depression reveal the interdependency of global
economy?

-How did the Great Depression being? How did it go from bad to worse?
-Europeans in debt to US after WW1
- US banks gave out too many loans expecting Europe to pay
back; Europe didnt have enough money, the interest rates on their debt
increased
- European banks collapsed, then US
-factories closed, US put high tariffs on foreign products
- Germany printed money without value, inflation
- countries tried to economically isolate themselves
- 1919: Versailles Peace Settlement: Germany owed France and
Britain 132 billion marks
- How did the economies of the developing world impact those of the
developed world?
- The imperial countries relied on their colonies for raw materials,
so when the developed world decided to cut down on factories and stop
trading with their colonies, the developing world suffered and wasnt able to
supply the raw materials that the imperial countries needed.
-What were the negative POLITICAL consequences of the Great
Depression in the 1930s?
-many European states relied on authoritarian rule after the
Great Depression
- Germany, Italy and Japan went to the right, had single
party systems
-youth programs, indoctrinate youth into party before
blood
-Russia went to the left
-Stalin vs kulaks (capitalist farmers), collectivization
- gulags- labour camps in Siberia

-The Great Depression prompted the creation of international financial

organizations during WWII- what were these? What did they do?
--The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund were
created to lend money to countries in need in case of bankruptcy or
insolvency. They were created during the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.

After WWII, European imperial powers began the process of decolonization. One would
think that this was economically beneficial for the former colonies (no more
exploitation). Was this the case?
-What was neocolonialism? What did it reveal?
- neocolonialism was the specialization of a country in only one export.
If the stock failed, the country failed. It was still economically colonized
although it was politically free.
-What was Kwame Nkrumahs solution to neocolonialism? Did it work?
Why/why not?
- Kwame Nkrumah was the first black president of Ghana
- he said, Ghanas independence is meaningless. Ghana didnt have
the resources or labor. If they stayed divided based on tribes, they would
stay dependent on West. They had to unify to economically succeed as a
country.
- supported Pan-Africanism- unification of Africa
-disbanded tribes
-Failed because only 3 countries agreed, some countries were better
off than others, regionalism
-Is there any evidence that shows that developed countries were vulnerable
to developing countries? (early 1970s)
- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries 1960
- 1973 oil embargo on US because US supported Israel in Arab-Israeli
war
- Arab countries influenced rest of OPEC
- oil price skyrocketed

- global recession

What is a diversified economy and why is it important for a country to have one? At
what point did developing countries begin to diversify their economies? How did this
occur?
-What is deregulation? Why did it occur?
- deregulation is laissez-faire economics. It takes out the labor unions,
cuts social welfare and privatizes industries. It occurs because of stagnant
economies.
-What were the benefits? Detriments?
- It gets the economy back on its feet quickly
- People lose jobs, unemployment spikes, people had to relocate

Why was there a resurgence of state control over society around the world in the
aftermath of WWII? What were the goals of various states in doing so? How was this
both a positive and negative development? Why was there such widespread social
upheaval against the state around the world in the 1960s? How was this social upheaval
justified in different places around the world? Was it the same? You must provide
examples from developing and developed regions for each time period.
-Why was there a resurgence of state control over society around the world
in the aftermath of WW2?
- State wanted to offer security, stability and unity. Never saw so much
instability at one time. Became more conservative as aa result
- communism became the new fascism
-How was this a positive/negative development?
- economies were stabilized
- huge resurgence of dictatorships, loss of freedom of speech in
communist countries
-Why was there such widespread social upheaval against the state around
the world in the 1960s?
- youth grew up in a time of rigid stability

-most educated generation

- not just Ivy league students, public schools Campus was perfect
place to gather
- civil rights movements, gay rights, women, sexual revolution
-How was this social upheaval justified in different places around the world?
-US:
- civil rights- MLK and Malcolm X/ Black Panther
- equal rights for black people
- MLK was for non violence
- Malcolm X thought violence was justifiable
- Black Panthers: black is beautiful, militant group

- antiwar movement, draft protest

- people fled to Canada or cut off their trigger finger
-Kent State University 1970
- In protest of Cambodia, National Guard came in
and killed 4 students
-Paris 1968
- Le Sorbonne was taken over by students protesting status quo,
- students all over France joined in
- workers joined in because they were their parents, factories
shut down
- new government put in place (most effective protest)
-Prague Spring 1968
- Czechoslovakia, communist state

- Alexander Dubcek wanted freedom of expression in

communism
- Soviets rolled in tanks
- Mexico City 1968
- youth protested economic inequality
- Olympic Games were to be held in Mexico City
- students didnt want money to be spent on Olympics
- military opened fire

What was the nature of the conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union in the
latter half of the 20th century? How did these two nations emerge as the new
superpowers? Your answer must also consider why Britain declined and why China did
not re-emerge as a superpower. Also explain the diverse ways this conflict manifested
itself and how it affected other parts of the world.
- What was the nature of the conflict between the US and the Soviet Union in
the latter half of the 20th century?
- free market vs centralized planning
- US was capitalist, Stalin controlled everything
-Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan: contain communism, loaned
money to rebuild economies affected by WW2
- Korea, Austria, Germany occupied by UK, US, USSR and France
- Berlin Wall 1961
- Berlin Wall built to prevent East Germans from fleeing into West
Germany
- NATO vs Warsaw Pact

- conflict never turned on its head because of MAD

- How did these two nations emerge as the new superpowers?
- US used nuclear weaponry in 1945 against Japan, asserted itself as a
superpower
- USSR used nuclear weaponry in 1949, bomb tests, asserted itself as a
power
- Why not Britain or China?
- Britain lost India, its major source of raw materials and labor, had to
rebuild 1947
- China:
- Mao created Communist party in China
- Chinese civil war 1927-1949
- communist vs nationalist
- interrupted by Japanese invasion, restarted in 1945
- Mao won
- After Stalin died, Russia criticized him, Stalin was Maos hero,
Mao resented Russia, cut ties with Russia
-US encouraged split
- China still not industrialized
- 1957: wipes out political dissidence
- Great Leap Forward 1958-1963: 5 year plans that didnt work
because China is a farm country, people couldnt farm and produce steel at
the same time, steel wasnt good enough quality and huge famine
- How did this conflict manifest itself?
-Cuba:
- American invested money in Cuba, Cuban revolution 1/1/1959

- Castro overthrew Battista regime, made it communist, threw

out American money
Korean War 1950-1953:
- Soviets occupied North Korea, US allies occupied South Korea
- North Korea waned to unify Korea under communism
- UN declared war, US fought
- Russia supplied NK, China got involved as well
- truce on 38th parallel, failure for US
-domino theory
-US would support neighbors of communist countries
-Cuban missile crisis 1962
- Castro invited Kruschev to put missiles on Cuba to spite
Kennedy
- Kennedy agreed to withdraw missiles in Turkey if Kruschev
didnt put missiles in Cuba
- closes to MAD
-Vietnam
-when Japanese surrendered in WW2, Ho Chi Minh took control
- 1946-1954 France came back, used US and UK to oust Ho Chi
Minh, he used Russia and China
- 1954: France withdrew, US stayed to contain communism to
north
-1973: America withdrew, withdrew embassy 1975, Ho Chi Minh
won, Cambodia also became communist
- Afghanistan 1979
- Soviet invaded Afghanistan
- US supported guerrilla fighters Taliban

-Hollywood, Kitchen debate

- Western films promoted agenda
- Moscow hosted Worlds Fair, Kruschev said kitchen was prison
for women, Nixon said appliances freed up time for women to enjoy other
activities
- Space
-Sputnik 1957: first statellite
- Gagarin 1959: first man in space
- Glenn 1960: first US man in space
- moon landing 1969
- Olympic Games
-NATO boycotted 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow
- Warsaw Pact boycotted LA Games in 1984