BENGKEL KECEMERLANGAN AKADEMIK 2015

Combined Science 5129

ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION
PRINCIPLES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
THE A.C GENERATOR
THE TRANSFORMER

LEARNING OUTCOMES

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Production of electricity from magnetism
This phenomena led to the construction of generators for
producing electrical energy in power station.
ELECTROMAGNETIC
INDUCTION

MUTUAL
INDUCTION

Induced e.m.f & induced

current created due to:
- wire moving through a
magnetic field
- magnet moving through a
coil

Induced e.m.f & induced

current created due to:
- changing (growing/
shrinking)magnetic field lines
of a coil is cut by another
nearby coil.

Movement is observable.

No observable movement.

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

The phenomena can be observed from the following simple

experimental set-ups.

Moving a wire across a

magnetic field

Moving a magnet in/out of

a solenoid (cylindrical coil)

ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
In both set-up, current is detected by the ammeter (needle will
deflect) only when the wire/magnet is moved in the direction stated in
the diagram.

Moving a magnet in/out of

a solenoid (cylindrical coil)
Moving a wire across a
magnetic field

No current is detected by the

ammeter (no needle deflection)
when the wire/magnet not
moving.

MECHANISM OF EM INDUCTION
Moving A Wire Across A Magnetic Field

In the direction shown, the wire is

moving perpendicularly across the
magnetic field lines.
Magnetic lines are cut by the wire.

Direction of motion
of wire

Whenever magnetic field lines

are cut by a conductor (wire/
coil), e.m.f is induced in the
conductor.

If the conductor is part of a

closed circuit, induced current
will flow in the circuit.

DIRECTION OF INDUCED E.M.F & INDUCED CURRENT

Moving A Wire Across A Magnetic Field

The direction of induced current flowing in the circuit will depends on

the direction of motion of wire.

Direction of
motion
of wire

Wire Not
Moving

Direction of
motion
of wire

The pointer needle will deflect to one side (then back to centre) if
wire move down and the needle will deflect to the opposite side
(then back to centre) if wire moves up.

DIRECTION OF INDUCED E.M.F & INDUCED CURRENT

Moving A Wire Across A Magnetic Field

The direction of induced current flowing in the circuit will also depends
on the direction of the magnetic field.

Direction of
motion

Direction of
motion

of wire

of wire

The pointer needle will deflect to one side (then back to centre)
and if the magnetic field is reversed, the needle will deflect to the
opposite side (then back to centre).

PREDICTING THE DIRECTION OF

INDUCED E.M.F & INDUCED CURRENT
Moving A Wire Across A Magnetic Field

For a straight wire, the direction of induced current flowing in the circuit
can be predicted using Flemings Right Hand Rule.
Motion

Magnetic
Field

Induced
Current
FLEMINGS RIGHT HAND RULE

MECHANISM OF EM INDUCTION
Moving A Magnet In/Out of A Solenoid (Coil)

In the direction shown,

the magnet is moving
perpendicularly through the coil.
Its magnetic lines are cut by
the coil .

Whenever magnetic field lines

are cut by a conductor (wire/
coil), e.m.f is induced in the
conductor.

If the conductor is part of a

closed circuit, induced current
will flow in the circuit.

DIRECTION OF INDUCED E.M.F & INDUCED CURRENT

Moving A Magnet In/Out of A Solenoid (Coil)

The direction of induced e.m.f/current flowing in the coil will depends on

the direction of motion of magnet.

The pointer needle will deflect to one side (then back to centre) if
magnet approach the coil and the needle will deflect to the opposite
side (then back to centre) if magnet moves away from coil.
The change in needle deflection shows the change in direction of induced e.m.f/current.

DIRECTION OF INDUCED E.M.F & INDUCED CURRENT

Moving A Magnet In/Out of A Solenoid (Coil)

The direction of induced e.m.f/current flowing in the coil will also

depends on the incoming magnetic pole.

The pointer needle will deflect to one side (then back to centre) if
N-pole approach the coil and the needle will deflect to the
opposite side (then back to centre) if S-pole approach the coil.
The change in needle deflection shows the change in direction of induced e.m.f/current.

PREDICTING THE DIRECTION OF

INDUCED E.M.F & INDUCED CURRENT
Moving A Magnet In/Out of A Solenoid (Coil)

When a coil is cutting the magnetic field lines of an incoming/outgoing

magnet, the coil will behave to oppose the magnet.
INCOMING MAGNET

The coil behaves to repel the

incoming magnet.
The end of the coil near the magnet
will have the same pole as the
approaching magnet.
The induced current in the coil will flow
in a certain direction
(Use Right-Hand Grip Rule).

In this example the direction of induced e.m.f and induced current

is upwards (shown)

PREDICTING THE DIRECTION OF

INDUCED E.M.F & INDUCED CURRENT
Moving A Magnet In/Out of A Solenoid (Coil)

When a coil is cutting the magnetic field lines of an incoming/outgoing

magnet, the coil will behave to oppose the magnet.
OUTGOING MAGNET

The coil behaves to attract the

outgoing magnet.
The end of the coil near the magnet
will have the opposite pole as the
outgoing magnet.
The induced current in the coil will flow
in the opposite direction.
(Use Right-Hand Grip Rule).

In this example the direction of induced e.m.f and induced current

is downwards (shown)

APPLICATION OF EM INDUCTION
A.C GENERATOR

A simple A.C generator consists of a rotating coil between the poles of a

C-shaped magnet. The ends of the coil are connected to two slip rings
and two carbon brushes.
Cut the magnetic
MAGNET
COIL
field lines and
Provides the
conduct induced
magnetic field lines
current.

SLIP RINGS
Ensure alternating
current flows out
from coil to
external circuit

CARBON
BRUSHES
Act as contacts
to the external
circuit

An A.C generator creates electricity (a.c).

APPLICATION OF EM INDUCTION
A.C GENERATOR

The coil will cut the most

magnetic field lines when it is
moving 90o to the magnetic
field.

The induced e.m.f/

current will be
maximum.

The coil will cut the least

magnetic field lines when it is
moving parallel to the
magnetic field.

The induced e.m.f/

current will be zero.

APPLICATION OF EM INDUCTION

A.C GENERATOR
The A.C generator produces induced e.m.f that changes direction
every 180o turn of the coil.
The induced current produced in the external circuit is called the
alternating current.
Graph of Induced E.M.F against Time

Start
Position

1st 180o
turn

1st 360o
turn

2nd 180o
turn

2nd 360o
turn

STRENGTH OF INDUCED EMF

The size of induced e.m.f and induced current
depends on the following factors:
STRENGTH OF
MAGNET

Stronger Magnet,
Larger induced E.M.F &
induced Current

SPEED OF MOTION OF
MAGNET OR COIL

Faster Movement,
Larger induced E.M.F &
induced Current

NUMBER OF TURNS
IN THE COIL

More number of turns

in coil,
Larger induced E.M.F &
induced Current

MUTUAL INDUCTION
A changing magnetic field in a primary coil induces
an e.m.f and current in a nearby secondary coil.

A changing magnetic field - growing/shrinking magnetic field

or the magnetic field changes direction

The size of induced e.m.f & current can be increased by increasing the no. of
turns in the secondary coil and by wounding the coils around a soft iron ring.

APPLICATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

THE TRANSFORMER
A transformer consists of a primary coil and secondary coil wound on a
complete soft iron core.

A transformer changes an alternating voltage from one value to

another of greater or smaller value.

APPLICATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

THE TRANSFORMER
STEP UP TRANSFORMER

Has more no. of turns

in secondary coil.
NS > NP
Secondary voltage larger
than primary voltage
V S > VP

STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

Has more no. of turns

in primary coil.
NP > NS
Secondary voltage smaller
than primary voltage
V P > VS

A transformer is 100% efficient.

Power Input in Primary Coil = Power Output in Secondary Coil
IP V P = IS V S

APPLICATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

THE TRANSFORMER

INITIAL CYCLE

ONE CYCLE LATER

An alternating current (a.c) changes direction every cycle.

The alternating current supply in the primary coil creates a continually
changing magnetic field inside the soft iron core.
This changing magnetic field lines are cut by the secondary coil,
inducing e.m.f and current continuously in the output circuit.

APPLICATION OF MUTUAL INDUCTION

THE TRANSFORMER

INITIAL

LATER

A direct current (d.c) supply provides current that flows in one direction only.
The d.c supply in the primary coil creates a stable magnetic field inside the
soft iron core.
At the initial switch on, the growing magnetic field lines are cut by the
secondary coil, inducing e.m.f and current in the output circuit.
When the magnetic field is stable, no magnetic field lines are cut,
no e.m.f and current is induced in the secondary coil.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 1
5129/22/O/N/11 Q16

Fig. 16.1 shows a bar magnet being pushed into a coil of wire.
The ammeter shows that there is a small current in the coil.

(a) Name this electrical effect.

(b) State two factors affecting the size of the current when a
magnet is pushed into a coil.
(c) The current in the coil produces a magnetic field.
What effect does this magnetic field have on the bar magnet.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 2
5129/22/M/J/13 Q17

Fig. 17.1 shows a magnet being pushed towards a coil to induce

an e.m.f.
A current is induced in the coil.

Explain how the induced current produces effects that oppose

the motion of the magnet.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 3
5129/02/O/N/09 Q9

A wire is moved downwards between the North and South poles of

two magnets, as shown in Fig.9.1

The variation of induced e.m.f with time is shown in Fig.9.2

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 3
5129/02/O/N/09 Q9

(a) Use Fig.9.2 to state at which time:

(i) the induced e.m.f is at maximum
(ii) the wire is not moving
(b) Name two factors affecting the magnitude of the induced e.m.f.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 4
5129/02/M/J/12 Q19

Fig. 19.1 shows a basic transformer.

(a) Complete the labels on
Fig.19.1
(b) The output of a transformer is
connected to a lamp.
Explain why the lamp does
not light when the input to
the transformer is a direct
current.

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 5
5129/12/O/N/11 Q13

The transformer in the diagram has an input coil with Ni turns and an
output coil with No turns.

The output voltage needs to be lower than the input voltage.

What is needed for the transformer to work correctly?
input supply

relative values of Ni and No

a.c

Ni > No

a.c

Ni < No

d.c

Ni > No

d.c

Ni < No

EXAMPLE EXERCISE 6
5129/12/O/N/13 Q38

Which transformer arrangement produces an output voltage

that is larger than the input voltage?

PRACTISE QUESTION
Complete the following questions in pairs.
5129/22/O/N/14 Q17

Remember to raise your hands if you need help with

the question.