KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

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Reference

Calculation
1.0ABBREVIATIONS&UNITS
Ac
Area of concrete
Acc
Area of concrete in compression
As
Area of tension reinforcement
As min
Minimum area of tension reinforcement
av
Length of that part of member traversed by shear failure plane
b
With (breath) or effective width of section
c
Cover to outer diameter
d
Effective depth of section
Fc
Basic force used in defining compressive forces
Ft
Basic force used in defining tie forces
fcu
Characteristic strength of concrete
fs
Estimated design service stress in the tension reinforcement
fy
Characteristic strength of reinforcement
G
Shear modulus
H
Maximum horizontal force
Hx
Horizontal force in x direction
Hy
Horizontal force in y direction
h
Section Overall depth
KEL
Knife edge load
L
Critical perimeter
lx
Dimension of element on x direction
ly
Dimension of element on y direction
lz
Dimension of element on z direction
M
Design ultimate resistance moment
Mx
Moment on x axis
My
Moment on y axis
Mz
Moment on z axis
q
Surcharge load
r
Internal radius of bend
SLS
Serviceability limit state
T
Traction force
t
Thickness of the element
ULS
Ultimate limit state
V
Shear force due to design ultimate loads or design ultimate value of a
concentrated load

Design shear stress

c
Design shear stress in concrete
x
Neutral axis depth
x'
Distance from Y axis to the centroid of an element
y'
Distance from X axis to the centroid of an element
z
Lever arm
z'
Distance from X - Y plane to point where the considered resultant
force acting
Coefficient, variously defined, as appropriate
Strain in tension reinforcement
s
Nominal range of movement

Soil friction angle, or diameter

fLfL
f 3

id

Active earth pressure

Unit weight of soil
Partial load fac 1.00
Partial load fac 1.20
Partial load factor

or
or
or

1.15
1.75
1.15

f 3

KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

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Reference

Calculation
1.1
BRIDGE GEOMETRY
Number of Girders
Distance between girders
Cantilever Distance
Width of Carriage Way
Bridge kerb Width
Kerb Thickness
Kerb Chamfer
Camber height at Mid-Width
Bridge Slab Thickness
Girder Thickness
Thickness of surfacing layer ,hf

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

Girders depth below deck soffit

Width of Bridge = Width of 2 Nos.kerb + Carriage Width

4
2000
900
7000
400
200
50
50
200
280
80
500
7800

1.2
MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Unit Weight of Steel
Strength of Steel ,fy
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel ,Es
Unit Weight of Concrete,c
Strength of Concrete ,fcu
Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete ,Ec

=
=
=
=
=
=

78.5
460
200
24
25
27

18
20
9.81
2
30

Unit Weight of Soil unsaturated ,s

Unit Weight of Soil saturated ,su
Unit Weight of Water w

Height of water table(m) , hw

Internal Friction angle, =

Unit Weight of Submerged Soil=

= 10.19

Pressure due to water =

Unit Weight of surfacing layer, f

= 19.62
=
20

Cover to main steel ,C

Preferred bar diameter ,

=
=

25
16

Wheel Load

100

KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

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Reference

Calculation

1000
500
0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

DECK SLAB GEOMETRY

1.3

LOADING
Aburtments and Wing Walls
Surcharge due to vehicular Traffic (k N/m2)=
Coefficient of active pressure, ka=
Lateral Pressure at top of wall (kN/m2)=
Lateral Pressure at bottom of wall (kN/m2)=
1.0 Dead Loads
(i) Nominal Loads
Slab:
Kerb:
Surfacing:
BS 5400
part 4
5.2.2.1
and
Part 2
4.4

0.2 x 24 ,
0.5 x ( 0.35+0.4 ) x 0.2 x 24 ,
0.08 x 20 ,

(ii) Dead Loads at ULS

Slab:
4.8.
.
4.8 x 1.15 x 1.15 ,
f3
fL
Kerb:
1.8.
id .
1.8 x 1.75 x 1.15 ,
f 3 deck
NB: The
kerbfLand
Surfacin
1.6.
. the 1.6
x 1.75 x 1.15 ,
surfacing arefLregarded
as
f3
superimposed dead loads
because they are placed after
the deck has been cast

(iii) Dead Loads at ULS

Slab:
4.8.
.
4.8 x 1 x 1 ,
f3
fL
Kerb:
4.8.
id .
1.8 x 1.2 x 1 ,
f3
fL
Surfacin 4.8.
.
1.6 x 1.2 x 1 ,

fL f 3

BS 5400
part 2
3.2.9.3.1

10
0.333

= 4.80
= 1.80
= 1.60

= 6.35
= 3.62
= 3.22

= 4.80
= 2.16
= 1.92

2.0 Live Loads

For a carriage width of 7000 mm number of notional lanes = 2 Bs 5400 part 2
Therefore width of Notional Lane =7000 / 2 =
= 3500
(i) Nominal UDL
Notional UDL = 30 KN / linear
metre of notional lane for a
loaded length less than 30 M.
designing for 2/3 HA Loading ,

UDL = 2/3 X 30 / Linear Metre

UDL therefore Udl / Notional lane =

= 20.00
= 5.71

20 / 3.5

KENYA URBAN ROADS AUTHORITY- KURA

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Reference

Calculation
(ii) KEL
BS 5400 part 2 defines Nominal Knife Edge Load, KEL, as 120 Kn per
Notional Lane
Fro this bridge, specified load
KEL = 2/3 X 120 / Notional Lane
UDL therefore KEL / Notional lane =
80 / 3.5

= 80.00
= 22.86

(iii)Live Loads at ULS

UDL:
5.71.
.
x 1.5 x 1.15 ,
f3
fL
KEL:
22.86.
. x 1.5 x 1.15 ,

= 9.86
= 39.43

(iv)Live Loads at SLS

UDL:
5.71.
.
x 1.2 x 1 ,
f3
fL
KEL:
22.86.
.
x 1.2 x 1 ,

= 6.86
= 27.43

fL f 3

fL f 3

(v) Cracks
UDL:
5.71.
fL
KEL:
22.86.

The

. f 3 x 1.2 x 0.83 ,
fL . f 3 80 x 1.2 x 0.83

= 5.69
= 22.77

f 3value at SLS are all Unity except for the following:-

A value of 0.83 is applied to the effects of HaA loading and 0.91 to

the effects of HB Loading ( or HA combined with HB) when checking
the cracking limit state under load combination 1.

3.0 Wheel Load

An alternative to UDL and KEL described in BS 5400 part 2
clause 6.2.5 as one 100KN wheel load placed on carriageway and uniformly
distributed over the surface to produce 1.1 m/mm2
100 x 103
A
Therefore A = 90909 mm2

pressure =

Assuming a circular contact area of diameter d, then diameter of load area A

340 mm2
Assuming a square contact area of length l, then length of load area A
= 301.5 mm2

say

300

mm

Therefore for the same load , a square contact area of 300 mm or a circular

contact area of diameter 340 can be assumed

The dispersal of load is assumed to be:(i) Spread to depth ratio of 1(Hor): 2(Vert) through Asphalt and
(ii) Spread to depth ratio of 1(Hor): 1(Vert) through Concrete upto
the neutral axis
diagram here
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

At the neutral axis the area of influence of the wheel pressure is

a square of length = 580 mm

Bending moment due to wheel load ( x- Direction)

Adolf
Pucher
chart 17

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 17, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined
x= 220.8 / 32
1.1 1.8
3.5
7.0
13.4
=
6.9
2.5 4.0
5.7
7.8
20.0
Wheel Load, P =
100
4.2 5.5
7.0
8.4
25.1
5.4 6.5
7.6
8.1
27.6
=2/3 x 100 x
fL f 3
6.4 7.3
8.2
8.6
30.5
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1
7.2 8.0
8.6
9.0
32.8
=
110
M
=
px
7.7 8.5
9.1
9.4
34.7
6.9 x 110
7.9 9.6
9.5
9.7
36.7
8x
220.8
= 30.215

Moment on cantilever part of slab AB

Due to Dead Loads
Kerb, 1 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.75 x1.15 x 0.725
Kerb, 2 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.75x1.15 x 0.533
Slab, 3 0.90 x 24 x 0.2 x1.75x1.15 x 0.45
Surfacing
0.50 x 20 x 0.08 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 0.273

=
=
=
=

2.868
0.129
3.912
0.429
7.34

Due to Live Loads at ULS

UDL:
5.712 x 1.5 x 1.15 x 0.2025
KEL:
22.86 x 1.5 x 1.15 x 0.2025

=
=

1.00
3.992
5.0

Critical moment is on the cantilever part of slab,

37.6

KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm

KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm
37.6

Bending moment due to wheel load ( y- Direction)

Adolf
Pucher
chart 20

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 20, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined
y= 44.2 / 32
0.12 0.13
0.16
0.17
0.58
= 1.3813
0.22 0.30
0.35
0.40
1.27
Wheel Load, P =
100
0.45 0.60
0.70
0.80
2.55
0.55 0.80
1.00
1.10
3.45
=2/3 x 100 x
fL f 3
1.00 1.40
1.50
1.60
5.50
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1
1.40 1.90
2.10
2.30
7.70
=
110
Mpy= 1.38125 x 110
1.70 2.40
2.90
3.20
10.20
2.10 2.95
3.80
4.10
12.95
8x
44.20
= 6.0485

DETERMINATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS, MIDSPAN OF POINTS A & B

Moment due to Dead Load
Slab:
Surfacing:
Total
1000
500
0

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

=
=
=

6.35
3.22
9.57

Moment due to Dead Load, Md =wd x L2

11.0
Where wd = Uniformly distributed load in KN/m
L= Span between supporting Beams(c/c in M)
Therefore, Md = 9.57 x 2
11

3.48

KNm

Moment due to Live Load

UDL:
KEL:
Total

=
=
=

9.86
39.43
49.29

1000
800
600
400
200
0

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Moment due to Dead Load, ML =wL x L2

11.0
Where wd = Uniformly distributed load in KN/m
L= Span between supporting Beams(c/c in M)
Therefore, Md = 49.29 x 2
11

17.92 KNm

Bending moment due to wheel load

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 5, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined

Adolf
Pucher
chart 5

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS
MEASURE
Y -DIRECTION
6.00
9.50
15.00

X- DIRECTION
2.00
4.00
6.50

A'

A
x.y
12.0
38.0
97.5

12.0
26.0
59.5

A
7.5
6.5
5.5

90.0
169.0
327.3

24.50
29.00
29.00

10.00
19.00
10.00

245.0
551.0
290.0

x=

A
=
A
Wheel Load, P =
=2/3 x 100 x x

147.5
306.0
290.0
841.0

4.5
3.5
2.5

663.8
1071.0
725.0
3046.0

3.62
KN

100

fL f 3

=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 3.62

8x
=
15.86

KNm

Bending moment due to wheel load

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 6, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined

Adolf
Pucher
chart 6

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS
MEASURE
Y -DIRECTION
2.00
3.50
5.50
8.50
14.00
26.00
3.00

A'
x.y
9.0
24.5
74.3
170.0
406.0
754.0
87.0

X- DIRECTION
4.50
7.00
13.50
20.00
29.00
29.00
29.00

y=

A
=
A
Wheel Load, P =

9.0
15.5
49.8
95.8
236.0
348.0
87.0
841.0

A
6.5
5.5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
1.0

58.5
85.3
223.9
335.1
590.0
522.0
87.0
1901.8

2.261
100

KN

=2/3 x 100 x x
f3
fL
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 2.26
8x
=
9.90
KNm
In the direction of the main reinforcement
Mx= Md + Mpx OR Md + ML whichever is graeter

Mpy

The greater of either

Mx= Md + Mpx =
3.48+15.86
Mx= Md + ML=

9.90

19.34
OR
= 21.40

3.48+17.92

The greater value of Mx is adopted

Mx

= 21.401

My

9.90

DETERMINATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS, SUPPORT B

Moment due to imposed and superimposed dead loads

1000

500

500

1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500

Moment due to imposed &

Dead Load, Md =

w d x L2

where wd=9.57KN/m
Therefore, Md = 9.57 x 2
9

4.25

KNm

Live load Moment due to applied UDL and KEL

Moment due to live Load, ML =

w L x L2

where wL=49.29KN/m
Therefore, ML = 49.29 x 2
9

21.90 KNm

Bending moment due to wheel load

By making use of Adolf Pucher Chart 16, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this Moment to be determined

Adolf
Pucher
chart 16

x=

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS
MEASURE
Y -DIRECTION
0.80
3.50
5.00
5.60

X- DIRECTION
3.00
7.30
7.20
6.60

39.0

= 4.875
8
Wheel Load, P =
100
3.8
10.8
12.2
12.2
39.0

=2/3 x 100 x
fL f 3
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1
=
110
Mpx= 4.875 x 110
8x
= 21.348

In the direction of the main reinforcement

Mx= Md + Mpx OR Md + ML whichever is graeter
The greater of either
Mx= Md + Mpx =
4.25+21.35
Mx= Md + ML=

4.25+21.90

25.60
OR
= 26.16

The greater value of Mx is adopted

Mx

26.16

DETERMINATION OF DESIGN MOMENTS, MIDSPAN OF SPAN B-C

Moment due to imposed and superimposed dead loads
1000
800
600
400
200
0

1000

2000

3000

Moment due to imposed &

Dead Load, Md =

4000

5000

6000

7000

w d x L2
14

where wd=9.57KN/m
Therefore, Md = 9.57 x 2
14

2.73

KNm

Live load Moment due to applied UDL and KEL

Moment due to live Load, ML =

w L x L2
14

where wL=0.00KN/m
Therefore, ML = 49.29 x 2
14

14.08 KNm

Bending
duePucher
to wheel
load
By makingmoment
use of Adolf
Chart
12, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this wheel load Moment to be determined in the Y-Direction
Mpx

Adolf
Pucher
chart 12

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS
MEASURE
Y -DIRECTION
7.0
11.5
20.0

X- DIRECTION
2.0
4.0
8.5

A'
x.y
14.0
46.0
170.0

A
14.0
32.0
124.0

A
6.5
5.5
4.5

91.0
176.0
558.0

29.0
29.0
29.0

13.0
22.0
7.5

377.0
638.0
217.5

x=

A
=
A
Wheel Load, P =

207.0
261.5
217.5
856.0

3.5
2.5
1.5

724.5
653.8
326.3
2529.5

2.955
KN

100

=2/3 x 100 x x
f3
fL
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 2.96
8x
Mpx
=
12.94

KNm

Mpx

12.94

Bending
duePucher
to wheel
load
By
makingmoment
use of Adolf
Chart
13, the following dimensionless values are
read out to enable this wheel load Moment to be determined in the Y-Direction
Mpy

Adolf
Pucher
chart 13

ARBITRARY DIMENSIONLESS
MEASURE
Y -DIRECTION
1.5
3.0
5.0
7.5
11.5
21.5
7.5

A'
x.y
6.0
21.0
36.5
135.0
333.5
623.5
217.5

X- DIRECTION
4.0
7.0
11.5
18.0
29.0
29.0
29.0

x=

A
=
A
Wheel Load, P =

A
6.0
15.0
36.5
77.5
198.5
290.0
217.5
841.0

A
6.5
5.5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
1.0

39.0
82.5
164.3
271.3
496.3
435.0
217.5
1705.75

2.028
100

KN

=2/3 x 100 x x
f3
fL
=2/3 x 100 x 1.5 x 1.1 x 2.03
8x
=
8.88

KNm

Mpy

8.88

In the direction of the main reinforcement

Mx= Md + Mpx OR Md + ML whichever is graeter
The greater of either
Mx= Md + Mpx =
2.73+12.94
Mx= Md + ML=

15.67
OR
= 16.82

2.73+14.08

The greater value of Mx is adopted

Mx

16.82

My

8.88

SUMMARY OF SLAB MOMENTS

1000
500
0
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

9000

assuming 16 bars and a cover of 25mm,

then d = 200 -cover + 1/2 dia + tolerance ~ 5 mm,
d= 200 -( 25- 8+ 5 ),
d= 162 mm

Now

M
bd2fcu

0.0572

Therefore compression steelNot required

Area of main steel ( Top)
M
=
0.057
bd2fcu
Now
Therefore compression steelNot required
From Bs 8110
Z = 150.9
As= (
BS 5400
part 4
6.8.4.1

mm
Mu
o.87fyZ

622

mm2

Check for minimum and maximum areas of main( Top and Bottom) reinforcement
Min area of steel should not be less than 0.15% bd
Therefore Ast(min)

=
BS 5400
part 4

0.15 x 1000 x162

100
243

mm2/m

Maximum area of steel should not exceed 4% bh

6.8.5
Therefore Ast(max)

4% x 1000 x200
100

8000 mm2/m

Area of distribution steel

Check for minimum areas of main( Top and Bottom) reinforcement
Min area of steel should not be less than 0.12% bh
Therefore Ast(min)

=
Provide, Y

12

150

0.1 x 1000 x200

100
240

mm2/m

753.6 mm2/m

According to BS 5400 part 4 clause 6.8.8.2.2 spacing should not exceed 150 mm for
Longitudinal bars and 300 mm for transverse bars in order to satisfy the requirements
of BS 5400 part4 clause 5.1.1.1
Check Deflection
From BS 8110 part 1 clause 3.4.6.3 span/effective depth ratios are given as follows:Cantilever =

Modification factor for tension reinforcement

v)Deflection check
M/bd2= 9.272
N/mm2
Service stress,fs =(5fyAsreq/8As prov)=
5
Modification factor,mf =0.55+(477-fs)/(120(0.9+M/bd2))=
0.866
Basic span/effective ratio (L/d) ratio
7
Limiting span/effective ratio (L/d) ratio=
29
Actual span/effective ratio, (L/d), ratio for the deck sla
Therefore,

Deflection requirements met

(Cantilever)
5.56
O.K.

Therefore an effective depth of 162 is adequate for the continous part of the slab

B ANALYSIS FOR SHEAR IN SLAB

Analytical determination of shears

drg here

drg here

Total load on cantilever part of slab AB

Kerb, 1 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x1.75x1.15
Kerb, 2 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.75x1.
Slab, 3 0.20 x 24 x 0.9 x1.15x1.15 =
Surfacing
0.08 x20 x1.75x1.15
Nominal UDL
5.69 x 0.5 x1.5x1.15
Nominal KEL 22.77 x 0.5 x1.5x1.15

=
=
=
=
=
=

3.38
0.24
5.71
3.22
4.91
19.6
33.5

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

=
=
=
=

12.70
6.44
19.64
78.54
117.3

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

27.76

Total load on end spans of slab BC

Slab, 3 0.20 x24 x 2 x1.75x1.15
Surfacin 0.08 x 20 x 2 x 1.75 x 1.15
Nominal UDL
5.69 x 2 x1.5x1.15
Nominal KEL 22.77 x 2 x1.5x1.15

Considering part ABCD of the slab

Case 1- Shears due to kerb 1
KN
3.38

0.785
0.785

RB =4.71KN
2000

RA + RC = 3.38 KN
MB= 0 ;

-3.38 x 0.785+ 2RC = 0

Therefore, Rc= ( -3.38 x 0.785)/2

RC =-1.33KN
1000

104.6
52.309

RC = -1.33

KN

Now, , RB= ( 3.38 + 1.33)

4.71

RB =

KN

Case 2- Shears due to kerb 2

KN
0.24

0.5333

RB =0.30KN

0.533333
333

RC =-0.06KN
1000

2000

RA + RC = 0.24 KN
MB= 0 ;

-0.24 x 0.533+ 2RC = 0

Therefore, Rc= ( -0.24 x 0.533)/2

-0.06

RC =

Now, , RB= ( 0.24 + 0.0636)

0.30

RB =

KN

Case 3- Shears due to Slab 3

KN
12.70
5.71

0.9

6.35

RB =13.10KN

RC =11.66KN
1000
0.9
2000
Uniformly distributed load due to slab = 6.35 KN
RA + RC = 5.71 +12.70+6.35 KN =
MB= 0 ;

24.76

-5.71 x 0.450- 12.70 x 1) + 2RC - (6.35x2.5) = 0

RC=

11.66

KN

RB =

13.10

KN

Case 4- Shear forces due to superimposed asphalt surfacing a, the UDL and KEL live loads
KN
52.3
104.6
26.2

A'

400
400

500

RB =69KN

500

2000

1000

2000 RC =114KN
1000

NB: the asphalt surfacing, the UDL and KEL live loads act on the carriageway
away from the raised kerbs
UDL load, w =3.22+9.82+39.27
=
52.31 KN/m
Total load due to slab A'-B =
26.2
KN
Total load due to slabB-C =
104.6
KN
Total load due to slab C-D =
52.3
KN
RB + RC = 26.15 +104.62+52.31 KN =
MB= 0 ;

183.1

KN

26.15 x 0.25- 104.62 x 1 + 2RC - (52.31x2.5) = 0

RC= 114

KN

RB = 69

KN

Taking x1 as some distance from A

Taking x2 as some distance from B
Taking x3 as some distance from C
then shear forces
VAB'

52.31X1

VAB'
VAB'
VAB'
VAB'

VAB'

Sketch of the shear force envelop

Adopting the highest shear force V,
Shear stress =

V
bd

0.392

From table 8 , BS 5400 part 4, the value of s for a slab 200 mm thick by interpolation

BS 5400
Part 4
table 8

s
s = 1.25 - 25 / 35 x (1.25-1.2)

1.25

1.2

= 1.214
175

210

200

From table 5 , BS 5400 part 4, the ultimate shear stress vc is also obtained by interpolation
100. As
bd

100 x 754
1000 x 162

vc

0.5

0.465

0.5

0.465
0.35
0.25

vc=

0.35 + 0.15 / 0.25 x (0.47-0.25)

0.48 N/mm2

Now, s vc=1.214 x 0.479=

but v=0.392

0.582

N/mm2

Shear reinforcement Not required

Determination of punching shear (Concentrated loads including wheel loads)

Punching shear,
=

vp

N
Critical perimeter x d1

where a and b are dimensions of contact of load

For wheel load a=b=300 to maintain pressure
of 1.1 N/mm2

BS 5400
part 4
clause
6.4.4.2

Critical perimeter = 2( a + b) + 2r
= 2( a + b) + 2 x 3/2 d
= 2( a + b) + 3d

Therefore, Vp =

N
[ 2( a + b) + 3d]d1

where
d= slab depth,
d1 = effective depth

Then maximum allowable load ( punching)

Nmax, =s vc [ 2( a + b) + 3d]d1
=

0.582 x [ 2( 300 + 300) x 3 x 200 ] x 162

291

KN

slab able to resist punching shear effects due to wheel load

C
i

SERVICEABILITY CHECK
Flexural stress at the serviceability limit state; (SLS) Elastic Modular Ratio method theory

Cantilever part of slab selected for the flexural stress check

Moment due to dead and superimposed dead loads at SLS (stress)
Kerb, 1 0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 0.725=
Kerb, 2 0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x 0.533 =
Slab, 3 0.20 x 24 x 0.9 x1.0x1.0 x 0.45 =
Surfacing
0.08 x20 x1.2x1.0 x 0.52 x 0.25=
Therefore total due to dead loads ( SLS)
=

1.46
0.11
1.94
0.97
4.37

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

Moment due to wheel loads at SLS (stress)

using Adolf Pucher chart 17
Wheel Load, P =
Mpx

100

KN

fL f 3

=2 x 100 x

=2/3 x 100 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 220.80

32 x 8 x
=
21.97
But Mx = Md + mpx
26.35

KNm

Determination of the depth to neutral Axis

Ecc
Fcc

2x
3

d1

d1-x
Fst

st

Strain

Stress

Static modulus of elasticity for concrete,

Ecc =

fcc

cc

or

fcc =

cc . Ecc

-------1

Similarly for steel,

fst =

st . Est

-------2

(stess)
(strain)

Now, for equilibrium, fst = fcc

therefore 1 bx Fcc
2

=Ast . Fst

From Eqn 1 and 2 above

1 bx. Ecc.=
ccAst(d1-x). cc . Est
x
2

Est
Ecc

Rearranging,

1 bx. cc = Ast(d1-x). cc . Est

Ecc
x
2

Modular Ratio

Then the Eqn becomes,1 bx. cc = Ast(d1-x). cc . Est

Ecc
x
2
1 bx
2

= Ast(d1-x). Est
Ecc
x

= Ast(d1-x). M
x

Rearranging , bx2+Ast m x-2Ast dm = 0

But b = 1000 ,Ast = 753.6 mm2

1000 bx2 +
x +
2

Solving,

162.0

mm
15

m = 200/27 =
2 (753.6).(15 ) x 2.(162).(15) = 0

a=
1
b 22.608
c= 3662.5

22.608 x -3,662.50 = 0
x=

but x = nd1, or

and k = (d-d1)
(1-n)d1

d1=

50.261 = the depth of the neutral axis

x
d1

=n

0.31

200 - 162
(1 - 0.31)162

0.34

For the adopted spacing of 15 mm2

BS5400
chart 47

fst =
Q=

213

N/mm2
26.35 x 102
1000(162)(162)

M
db2

A
bd

754
1000 x 162

H=

Q
p

0.005
1.00

For H= 216 and from chart 46 fst =

and
fcu =

1.00

0.0047

216

160.0 N/mm2
6.2
N/mm2

N/mm2

Limiting stress for steel at SLS = 0.8fy

368 N/mm2

and
Limiting stress for concrete at SLS = 0.5fcu

12.5 N/mm2

ii Flexural crack width check at SLS

Mpx

fL f 3

=2 x x

=2/3 x x 1.2 x 0.83 x 220.80

32 x 8 x
=
18.24
But Mx = Md + mpx
22.61
The neutral axis as earlier determined

50.26

KNm

mm

diagram

From the above figure, the average strain at the level where cracking is considered is
by the eqn:-

Now, since Est

fst
st

y
. st
d1-x
where d1 = effective depth, st is steel strain and y is the distance from the neutral
Axis to position of crack and x= depth of N_A
st =

fst
Est

hence

Then, fst=

y
d1-x

206.6 N/mm2

and 1 =

y
(162 -50)

207
x

. fst
Est

but fst =

and Z=d1- x/3

M
Ast.Z

CRACK WIDTH CALCULATIONS - FLEXUR-

INPUT
fcu=
25 N/mm2
fy=
460 N/mm2
Area of reinforcement " As " =
754 mm2
b = 1000 mm
h=
200 mm
d=
162 mm
Minimum cover to tension reinforcement " CO " =
25 mm
Maxmum bar spacing " S " =
150 mm
Bar dia " DIA " =
12 mm
" acr " =(((S/2)^2+(CO+DIA/2)^2)^(1/2)-DIA/2) as
mm or enter other value =
75default
"acr " is distance from the point considered to the surface of the
nearest longitudinal bar

Applied service moment " Ms "=

22.6 KNm

CALCULATIONS
moduli of elasticity of concrete " Ec" = (1/2)*(20+0.2*fcu) = 12.5 KN/mm2
moduli of elasticity of steel " Es " = 200 KN/mm2
Modular ratio " a " = (Es/Ec) = 16.0
" r " = As/bd =
0.0047
52 mm
depth to neutral axis, "x" = (-a.r +((a.r)2 + 2.a.r)0.5.d =
" Z " = d-(x/3) = 145
Reinforcement stress " fs " = Ms/(As*Z) = 207 N/mm2
Concrete stress " fc " = (fs*As)/(0.5*b*x) = 6.05 N/mm2
Strain at soffit of concrete beam/slab " e1 " = (fs/Es)*(h-x)/(d-x) =
0.0014
Strain due to stiffening effect of concrete between cracks " e2 " =
e2 = b.(h-x)2/(3.Es.As.(d-x)) for crack widths of 0.2 mm Used Bs 5400 table 1
e2 = 1.5.b.(h-x)2/(3.Es.As.(d-x)) for crack widths of 0.1 mm
e2 =
0.00044
Average strain for calculation of crack width " em "= e1-e2 =
0.00095
Calculated crack width, " w " = 3.acr.em/(1+2.(acr-c)/(h-x))
CALCULATED CRACK WIDTH, 'w' = 0.13 mm

From table 1 of BS 5400 part 4 clause 5.1.1 Allowable crack width can be
taken as 0.2 mm
Serviceability requirements for Crack width Met

DESIGN OF BEAMS
DETERMINATION OF LOADS AND LOAD DISTRIBUTION USING THE
SIMPLIFIED INFLUENE LINE METHOD

1.45
1.363

1.0

1.0

Influence lines for dead loads on:

(i) Beams B1(B4) and
(ii) Beams B2( B3)

1.0

1.0
1.25

Influence lines for Live loads on:

(i) Beams B1(B4) and
(ii) Beams B2( B3)
Loading on Beams B1 (B4)
Influence factors ( coefficients)
(i) Kerb 1
(i) Kerb 2
(iii) Slab 3

1.0/2 = f1/2.725
1.0/2 = f2/2.533

f1=
f2 =
f3 =

1.363
1.267
2.103

Since load due to slab is UDL influence factor is the area of triangle btn beam
B2 and extreme end of slab
= 0.5 x 1.45 x 2.9=2.103
(iv) Surfacing
=
2.103
Since load due to surfacing is UDL influence factor is the area of triangle btn beam
B2 and beginning of carriage = 0.5 x 1.25 x 2.5= 1.563
(iv) cantilever 1.0/2 = f4/2.393
slab haunch

f4 =

1.563
1.197

Dead loads on Beams B1(B4) ULS

(i) Kerb 1 =
0.20
(i) Kerb 2 =
0.20
(iii) Slab 3 =
0.20
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08
(iv)Beam
0.28
(vi)Cantilever 0.76
haunch =

(i) Kerb 1 =
0.20
(i) Kerb 2 =
0.20
(iii) Slab 3 =
0.20
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08
(iv)Bea =
0.28
(vi)Cantilever 0.76
haunch =

x24 x 0.35 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 1.363

x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.75x1.15 x 1.273
x 24 x 2.103 x1.15x1.15
x20 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 1.563
x24 x 0.5 x1.15x1.15
x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.15x1.15 x 1.197

Dead loads on Beams B1(B4) SLS

x24 x 0.35 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.363
x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x 1.273
x 24 x 2.103 x1.0x1.0
x20 x 1.2 x 1.0 x 1.563
x24 x 0.5 x1.0x1.0
x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.0x1.0 x 1.197

=
=
=
=
=

4.61
0.31
13.35
5.03
4.44
0.72
28.46

=
=
=
=
=

2.75
0.18
10.09
3.00
3.36
0.00
19.39

Live Loads
Live loads on Beams B1(B4) ULS
(i) UDL =

5.714 x 1.563 x1.5x1.15

= 15.41

(ii) KEL =

22.86 x 1.563 x1.5x1.15

= 61.63

Live loads on Beams B1(B4) SLS

a) Stress/ Deflection
(i) UDL =
5.714 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 1.0

= 10.72

(ii) KEL =

22.86 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 1.0

= 42.87

b) Cracks
(i) UDL =

5.714 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 0.83

= 8.90

(ii) KEL =

22.86 x 1.563 x 1.2 x 0.83

= 35.58

Loading on Beams B2 (B3)

Referibg to Influence line diagram for Influence factors ( coefficients) for the above beams
(i) End of slab
(ii) Kerb 1
(iii) Kerb 2
(iv) Surfacing
(iv) Haunch
(iv) Slab 6

1.0/2
1.0/2
1.0/2
1.0/2
1.0/2
1.0/2

= f1/0.9
= f2/0.725
= f3/0.533
= f4/0.333
= 1/4*1-1/2*.25*0.5
= 1/4*1-1/2*.25*0.9

Dead loads on Beams B2(B3) ULS

(i) Kerb 1 =
0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.20x 1.0 x -0.363
(i) Kerb 2 =
0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x -0.273
(iv) Haunch
0.76 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.0x1.0 x -0.197
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08 x20 x 1.75 x 1.15 x 1.938
(iv) Slab 6
0.20 x 24 x 1.798 x1.15x1.15
(iv) Beam
0.28 x24 x 0.5 x1.15x1.15

f1=
f2 =
f3 =
f4 =
f5 =
f6 =

0.450 (-ve)
0.363 (-ve)
0.267 (-ve)
0.197 (-ve)
1.938 (+ve)
1.798 (+ve)

=
=
=
=
=

-0.61
-0.03
-0.09
6.24
11.41
4.44
21.37

=
=
=
=
=

-0.61
-0.03
-0.09
3.72
8.63
3.36
14.98

Dead loads on Beams B2(B3) SLS

(i) Kerb 1 =
0.20 x24 x 0.35 x 1.20x 1.0 x -0.363
(i) Kerb 2 =
0.20 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.2x1.0 x -0.273
(iv) Haunch
0.76 x24 x 0.05 x 1/2 x1.0x1.0 x -0.197
(iii) Surfacing = 0.08 x20 x 1.0 x 1.0 x 1.938
(iv) Slab 6
0.20 x 24 x 1.798 x1.0x1.0
(iv) Beam
0.28 x24 x 0.5 x 1.0x1.0
Live Loads
Live loads on Beams B2(B3) ULS
(i) UDL =

5.714 x 2 x1.5x1.15

= 19.71

(ii) KEL =

22.86 x 2 x1.5x1.15

= 78.86

Live loads on Beams B2(B3) SLS

a) Stress/ Deflection
(i) UDL =
5.714 x 2 x1.5x1.15

= 13.71

(ii) KEL =

22.86 x 2 x1.2x1.0

= 54.86

b) Cracks
(i) UDL =

5.714 x 2 x 1.2 x 0.83

= 11.38

(ii) KEL =

22.86 x 2 x 1.2 x 0.83

= 45.53

DETERMINATION OF BEAM MOMENTS, SHEAR FORCES AND REACTIONS

From the inspection of loads above, Beam B1(B3) are the critically loaded.
The load combinations for maximum span and support moments are indicated below
Moment distribution is carried out and the values used to plot the moment and shear
force envelops
Maximum moment on span BC and EF

LL

19.71

KN/m

LL + DL

41.08

KN/m

DL

21.37

KN/m

KEL

78.86

KN/m

DL + LL

DL + LL

DL

Case i

KEL

KEL

DL + LL

DL + LL
DL

Case ii

DL + LL

DL + LL
DL

Case iii

KEL
DL + LL
DL

Case iv
Maximum moment on span CD and DE

DL + LL

DL + LL

DL

Case i

KEL
DL + LL

AB
Case ii

DL + LL

DL

DL + LL

B
Case iii

KEL

Maximum moment on span AB

DL + LL

A
KEL

DL + LL

A
Case ii

DL + LL

DL

Case iv

Case i

KEL

DL + LL

DL + LL

DL

1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013

Output

UNITS
M2
M2
M2
KN/m
mm
mm
mm
mm
N
N
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/mm2
N/m
KN
KN
KN
mm
KN
mm
mm
mm
mm
KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm
KN/m
mm
KN
mm
KN
N
N
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm

mm
,

KN/m
KN/m

1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013

Output

mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
mm
m

KN/m
N/mm
N/mm
KN/m
N/mm
N/mm
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
m

KN/m
KN/m2
KN/m
mm
mm
KN

1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013

Output

KN/m2
KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2
KN/m2

mm
HA =
30

KN/ Linear
Metre
KN/m
1
20.08.2013
03.09.2013
13.09.2013

Output
KEL =
120

KN/ Linear
Metre
KN/m

KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2

KN/m2
KN/m2

KN

KN

KNm

KNm

KN

KN

KNm

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

Md =
3.48KNm

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

Md =
17.92KNm

KNm

KNm
KNm
KNm

KNm

Md =
4.25KNm

ML =
21.90KNm

KN

KN

KNm

KNm
KNm

KNm

Md =
2.73KNm

ML =
14.08KNm

KNm

KNm

KNm
KNm
KNm
KNm

Bottom) reinforcement

xceed 150 mm for

sfy the requirements

e given as follows:-

(Cantilever)

s part of the slab

1000

1.33

1000

0.0636

6.35
1000

13.10

e UDL and KEL live loads

69

obtained by interpolation

due to wheel load

ar Ratio method theory

bx2

ing is considered is

e from the neutral

riangle btn beam

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m

ts) for the above beams

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m
KN/m

KN/m

KN/m

KN/m
KN/m

KN/m
KN/m

are indicated below

moment and shear

LL

19.71

KN/m

LL + DL

41.08

DL

21.37

KN/m

KEL

78.86

Maximum moment on span BC and EF

CASE I
UDL

41.08

21.37

21.37

PNT LOAD1

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

0.125

0.125

0.167

SPAN

KN/M

(M)

DF
K

FEM

0.429

-123.228

0.571

0.429

123.228 -64.09786

0.571

0.571

64.097856 -64.09786

64.0979

123.2279
CO

61.6139

BAL

-51.747 -68.99653

68.9965

-34.49827 34.49827

CO
BAL

CO

133.1

-133.1

29.6

-29.6

133.1

BAL
CO
BAL

CO
BAL
CO

BAL
CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

CASE II
UDL

KN/M

41.08

21.37

21.37

PNT LOAD1

78.86

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

0.125

0.125

0.167

SPAN

(M)

DF
K

FEM

0.429

-182.373

0.571

0.429

182.373 -64.09786

0.571

0.571

64.097856 -64.09786

64.0979

182.3729
CO

91.1864

BAL

-89.769 -119.6922

119.692

-59.84612 59.84612

CO
BAL

CO

183.8

-183.8

4.3

-4.3

183.8

BAL
CO
BAL

CO
BAL
CO

BAL
CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

CASE III
UDL

41.08

41.08

21.37

PNT LOAD1

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

SPAN

KN/M

(M)

DF
K
FEM

10

10

10

0.075

0.075

0.100

0.429
-342.3

342.2996

0.571

342.3 -342.2996

0.571

0.571

342.2996 -178.0496

0.429

178.05

CO

171.15

BAL

-73.35 -97.79989

-70.39286 -93.85714

50.8713

CO
BAL
CO

-35.19643

-48.89994 25.43566

-46.9286

15.0842 20.11224

10.056122 13.40816

26.8163

5.028061

10.056122 13.40816

6.70408

-2.1549 -2.873178

-10.05612 -13.40816

-3.8309

BAL
CO
BAL
CO
BAL
CO

-5.028061

-1.436589 -1.915452

-6.70408

2.15488 2.873178

1.4365889 1.915452

3.8309

0.718294

1.4365889 1.915452

0.95773

-0.3078 -0.820908

-1.436589 -1.915452

-0.54727

BAL
CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

454.9

-455.3

233.1

-233.1

209.2

CASE IV
UDL

KN/M

41.08

41.08

21.37

78.86

78.86

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

10

10

10

PNT LOAD1

SPAN

(M)

DF
K
FEM

0.075
1
-458.224

0.075
0.429

0.571

391.981 -458.2238

0.100
0.429

0.571

0.571

391.9814 -178.0496

178.05

-91.68506 -122.2467

50.8713

458.2238
CO

229.112

BAL

-69.801 -93.06829

CO
BAL
CO

-45.84253

-46.53414 25.43566

-61.1234

19.6468 26.19573

9.0422082 12.05628

34.9276

4.521104

13.097865 17.46382

6.02814

-1.9376 -2.583488

-13.09787 -17.46382

-3.44465

-6.548933

-1.291744 -1.722325

-8.73191

2.80669 3.742247

1.291744 1.722325

4.98966

BAL
CO
BAL
CO
BAL
CO
BAL

CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

0.645872

1.8711236 2.494831

0.86116

-0.2768 -0.738139

-1.871124 -2.494831

-0.49209

571.5

-571.9

262.8

-262.8

201.9

Maximum moment on span CD and DE

CASE I
UDL

41.06

41.06

41.06

PNT LOAD1

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

10

10

10

SPAN

KN/M

(M)

DF
K
FEM

0.075
1

0.075
0.429

-342.167

0.571

342.167 -342.1667

0.100
0.429

0.571

0.571

342.16667 -342.1667

342.167

342.1667
CO

171.083

BAL

-73.321

-97.7619

97.7619

-48.88095 48.88095

CO
BAL

CO

BAL
CO
BAL

CO
BAL
CO

BAL
CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

439.9

-439.9

293.3

-293.3

439.9

CASE II
UDL

41.06

41.06

41.06

PNT LOAD1

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

SPAN

KN/M

(M)

DF
K

10

10

10

0.075

0.075

0.100

FEM

0.429

-342.167

0.571

0.429

342.167 -342.1667

0.571

0.571

342.16667 -342.1667

342.167

342.1667
CO

171.083

BAL

-73.321

-97.7619

97.7619

-48.88095 48.88095

CO
BAL

CO

BAL
CO
BAL

CO
BAL
CO

BAL
CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

439.9

-439.9

293.3

-293.3

439.9

CASE III
UDL

41.06

41.06

41.06

PNT LOAD1

KN/M

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

10

10

10

SPAN

(M)

DF

0.075

FEM

0.075
0.429

-342.167

0.100

0.571

0.429

342.167 -342.1667

0.571

0.571

342.16667 -342.1667

342.167

342.1667
CO

171.083

BAL

-73.321

-97.7619

97.7619

-48.88095 48.88095

CO
BAL

CO

BAL
CO
BAL

CO
BAL
CO

BAL
CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

439.9

-439.9

293.3

-293.3

439.9

CASE IV
UDL

41.06

41.06

41.06

PNT LOAD1

L1

PNT LOAD2

L2

PNT LOAD3

L3

10

10

10

0.075

0.075

0.100

SPAN

KN/M

(M)

DF
K
FEM

1
-342.167

0.429

0.571

342.167 -342.1667

0.571

0.571

342.16667 -342.1667

0.429

342.167

342.1667
CO

171.083

BAL

-73.321

-97.7619

97.7619

CO
BAL

CO

-48.88095 48.88095

BAL
CO
BAL

CO
BAL
CO

BAL
CO
BAL

SUP. MMTS

0.0

439.9

-439.9

293.3

-293.3

439.9

41.08

KN/m

78.86

KN/m

41.08
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0.125
0.429

-123.2279

123.228
-123.23

-61.61393
51.7474

-133.1

0.0

41.08

78.86
3
0
0
0
0
6
0.125
0.429

-182.3729

182.373
-182.37

-91.18643
89.76918

-183.8

0.0

21.37
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429
-178.0496

1
178.05
-178.05

-89.0248
38.15349

20.11224

-2.873178

2.873178

-0.410454

-209.2

0.0

21.37
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429
-178.0496

1
178.05
-178.05

-89.0248
38.15349

26.19573

-2.583488

3.742247

-0.36907

-201.9

0.0

41.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429
-342.1667

1
342.167
-342.17

-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9

0.0

41.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429

-342.1667

342.167
-342.17

-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9

0.0

41.06
0
0

0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429

-342.1667

342.167
-342.17

-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9

0.0

41.06
0
0
0
0
0
0
10
0.075
0.429
-342.1667

1
342.167
-342.17

-171.0833
73.32143

-439.9

0.0