||xlixeirq||

sanatsujAtIyam
(Translated by S.N.Sastri)
(Based on the bhAshya of SrI Sankara bhagavatpAda)

Chapter 1
sanatsujAtIyam is one of the three gems in the mahAbhArata on
which SrI Sankara has given commentaries, the other two being the
bhagavadgItA and vishNu sahasranAma. This forms chapters 41 to 46 of
udyogaparva. It consists of four chapters with a total of 146 verses.
(samskRt names and words have been transliterated using ITrans).
The jIva (the individual), though he is in his true nature identical with
the non-dual brahman which is Consciousness-Existence-Bliss, has
fallen from his natural state because of avidyA (nescience) which causes
him to identify himself with the non-Self in the form of the body, mind,
and senses. As a result he has become subject to all miseries. He strives
to attain what is pleasant and to avoid what is unpleasant through the
performance of various actions. Failing to attain the highest goal of life,
namely, liberation, even after performing various acts, both secular and
religious, dragged about here and there by attachment, aversion, etc, as
if by a crocodile, the jIva takes birth in various wombs as god, man,
animal, and so on and, overcome by delusion, continues in the cycle of
birth and death. Then, because of some merit (puNya) acquired, he
becomes free from attachment and other defects by the performance of
all actions as an offering to God, develops detachment towards all
pleasures both in this world and in other (higher) worlds, and desires to
realize his identity with brahman as laid down in vedAnta. He cultivates
the means to liberation such as control of the mind, control of the
senses, etc, and approaches an AcArya who has realized brahman. By
the study of vedAnta in accordance with the instructions of the AcArya
he attains the realization of the truth about brahman and the jIva in the
form 'I am brahman' and, becoming free from ignorance and its effects,
he remains as brahman. bhagavAn sanatsujAta expounds all this
gradually to dhRtarAshTra in this work.
dhRtarAshTra, tormented by grief and delusion, and realizing, on
hearing the vedAntic statement that the knower of brahman becomes
free from sorrow, that eradication of sorrow is impossible without
brahmavidyA, asks vidura, "You have told me most wonderful things. If
there is any thing not yet said by you, please tell me that, since I am
eager to hear". vidura, though learned in the scriptures, very
compassionate, and omniscient, knowing brahmavidyA to be the
province of persons competent to impart it, does not consider himself
competent to do it because of his birth from the womb of a SUdra
woman. Pondering over the means by which he could establish

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dhRtarAshTra in the supreme brahman which is bliss itself, he
remembers the famous story in the chAndogya upanishad and decides
that none other than bhagavAn sanatsujAta would be able to lead him to
the infinite supreme Self beyond the darkness of ignorance. He therefore
invokes bhagavAn sanatsujAta by his yogic power, and after worshipping
him with prostrations, tells him, "O bhagavAn, there is some doubt in
dhRtarAshTras mind, which cannot be cleared by me. I therefore request
you to answer his doubt, on hearing which this king will go beyond all
sorrow, and will be able to look with equanimity upon gain and loss, the
desired and the hated, old age and death, joy and sorrow, hunger and
thirst, fear and fearlessness, revulsion and inactivity, desire and anger,
as well as decline and rise and, becoming free from all merits and sins
which are the cause of transmigration, attain liberation and go beyond
pleasure and pain.

uzqmrl Euc-ii Ue kiU qlw

xmer uYr uSUUi ii|
xlixei UWi qWiq
mmcN o mUq opwl||1
vaiSampAyana (who is the narrator of the story) said:-tato rAjA dhrtarAshtro manIshI
sampUjya vAkyam vidureritam tat|
sanatsujAtam rahite mahAtmA
papraccha buddhim paramAm bubhUshan||1
1.Honouring the words of vidura and desiring to attain to the state of
supreme bliss which is the state of liberation, the wise and great king
dhRtarAshTra requested sanatsujAta, the mind-born son of brahmA (the
four-faced God), also known as sanatkumAra, to impart to him the
knowledge about the supreme Realty.

kiU Euc-xlixei rSS zhq

qirW lxii iumSzq|
SuxU AcUl ocrqqiru iiMiU xirq||2
dhRtarAshtra asked:-sanasatsujAta yadidam SRNomi
mRtyurhi nAstIti tavopadeSam|

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devAsurA Acaran brahmacaryam
amRtyave tat katarannu satyam||2
2. O, sanatsujAta, I hear that you are instructing people that there is no
such thing as death. On the contrary, it is said in the chAndogya
upanishad that indra, the king of the gods and virocana, the king of the
asuras, went to prajApati, to attain the knowledge that would make them
immortal and practised celibacy as instructed by prajApati. So which is
the truth? Is there death or is there no death?
Note: In chAndogya upanishad, VIII.7 this story is narrated. indra and
virocana went to prajApati and prayed for the knowledge that would
make them free from old age, death, hunger, thirst, and all other causes
of sorrow. As instructed by prajApati they lived there the disciplined life
of celibate students for thirty-two years. At the end of that period
prajApati instructed them about the AtmA. Both of them misunderstood
prajApatis instruction and left with the impression that the body itself
was the AtmA. virocana went back to the asuras and instructed them
accordingly. So, the upanishad says, the asuras adorn the body of a dead
person with clothes and ornaments, considering it to be the AtmA. But
indra felt, after going a little distance, that his understanding could not
be correct because the body undergoes change all the time, whereas the
AtmA is said to be changeless. So he went back to prajApati. The latter
instructed him to observe celibacy for another thirty-two years. Again
indra misunderstood prajApatis instruction at the end of that period, as
meaning that the indidual (jIva) in the dream state was the Atman. But
he went back to prajApati on realizing his mistake. After he had stayed
for another thirty-two years indra again misunderstood prajApati as
saying that the jIva in the state of deep sleep was the AtmA. Again he
realized his mistake and went back. Then prajApati asked him to stay for
another five years. At the end of that period indra understood that the
AtmA is beyond the states of waking, dream and deep sleep and beyond
the body and mind. Thus indra spent a total of one hundred and one
years as a celibate student to attain the knowledge that would make him
immortal. dhRtarAshtras question is, if there is no death at all, why
should indra have taken so much trouble to become free from death?

xlixei Euc-Aqir Mqh Mci qirlxii cmU |

h q oui Uel rjilq uzj ||3
sanatsujAta replied:-amRtyuh karmaNA kecit mRtyurnAstIti cApare|
SRNu me bruvato rAjan yathaitat mA viSankithAh||3
3. Some say that immortality is attained through the performance of
Vedic rituals. Others hold that there is no death at all. O King, hear my
explanation in this matter. Do not have any doubt.
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Some people, being absolutely unenlightened, think that death is real
and that it can be conquered by the performance of vedic rituals and
therefore perform such rituals for attaining immortality. Some others,
who are engrossed in sensual pleasures, think that a state of liberation
in which there are no objects of enjoyment is not worth attaining. They
quote a verse which says, Even being a jackal in deserted vRndAvana is
preferable to a liberation devoid of objects of enjoyment. Therefore they
strive to become gods in heaven by the performance of vedic rites. Yet
others, who do not see a second entity different from paramAtmA, say
that immortality is attained through a combination of rituals and
knowledge. Still others, who hold that other than the non-dual AtmA
there is nothing, say that there is no death at all, because the AtmA has
neither birth nor death. I shall explain to you how these apparently
contradictory views can be reconciled.

Ep xir rmu
qW qir xqi r Mulq |
mqS u qirqW ouq
xSmqSqqiiu ouq ||4
ubhe satye kshatriya AdyapravRtte
moho mRtyuh sammato yah kavInAm|
pramAdam vai mRtyumaham bravImi
sadaa apramAdam amRtatvam bravImi||4
4. Both the views, namely that there is death and there is no death, are
true and have been prevalent since the beginning of creation. There
would be contradiction between these two views if death were real, but
that is not so. Some seers are of the view that delusion, which means
looking upon the not-self as the self, is death. But I do not say so. I say
that pramAda, which means fall from the state of being brahman, which
is the natural state of all beings, is death. This pramAda is the cause of
even false knowledge, the ignorance of the self and the seed of all
calamities such as birth, death etc. So also, I say that being ever vigilant,
and remaining established in ones natural state as brahman, is
immortality.
The Sruti says that being established in ones real nature is liberation.
The results of action (karma) fall into four categories:--production,
attainment, modification and purification. Liberation, which is eternal, is
not something produced. brahman, being the self of all, is ever present
and does not need to be attained. brahman is changeless and so it
cannot be the result of modification or purification of any other object. If
liberation be the result of action, it will be impermanent, like the result of
any action. Even action combined with knowledge (jnAna) cannot be the
cause of liberation. Action, if performed without desire for the fruit,

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purifies the mind and makes it fit for knowledge of brahman. The Sruti
says that liberation can be attained through knowledge alone.
How is it known that pramAda is death and apramAda, ever being
vigilant, is immortality? This is answered:--

mqS AxU mUpul

AmqSSopi xU |
l u qirurb Cu elil
lmrxr mqmspri W ||5
pramAdAd vA asurAh parAbhavan
apramAdAd brahmabhUtAh surASca|
na vai mRtyurvyAghra iva atti jantUn
nApyasya rUpamupalabhyate hi||5
5. The asuras failed (to realize the self) because of pramAda, while the
devas realized their identity with brahman by apramAda. Death does not
eat living beings like a tiger. Nor does it have any form.
Because of fall from their real nature as brahman and consequently
looking upon the body as the self, the asuras, led by virocana, failed in
their attempt to know brahman, as described in the chandogya
upanishad. On the other hand, the devas, led by indra, attained
realization of their identity with brahman, by remaining established in
the knowledge that they were the non-dual Self which is Existence,
Consciousness and Bliss. asuras are those who revel in sense-pleasures
and are ignorant of the Self. They take birth as animals, etc. The gods
are those who revel in the Self alone. By ever remaining vigilant in the
knowledge that they are in reality brahman, they become free from
nescience and its effects.
In the story of satyavAn and sAvitri in the mahAbhArata it is said that
yama pulled out the thumb-sized soul of satyavAn from his body by tying
it with a rope. So how can it be said that death has no form? This is
answered:--

rq iuM qirqilrqW
Aiquxqqi ocrq |
misM Uerqlzxi Su
zu zulqzuzulq ||6
yamam tveke mRtyum atonyamAhuh
AtmAvAsam amRtam brahmacaryam |
pitRloke rAjyam anuSAsti devah
Sivah SivAnAm aSivoSivAnAm||6

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6. Some say that yama is Death. He resides in the hearts of all beings.
He is immortal and is established in brahman. He is the god who rules
over the world of the manes. He bestows happiness on the virtuous and
is ill-disposed towards evil-doers.
No doubt, yama, who is described as Death by some, has a form. But
he is not the real death. Ignorance, which has been referred to as
pramAda or absence of constant awareness of ones real nature, is the
real death, because it is the cause of spiritual destruction. The Kena
upanishad says (II.5):-- There is great loss if brahman is not realized
here (in this life itself). In bRhadAraNyakopanishad ignorance, which is
called pramAda, is shown to be the real death (Br.up.1.3.28):-Darkness is death and light is immortality. Since pramAda or lack of
constant awareness of ones real nature is the actual seed of all suffering,
one should never be devoid of such awareness. One should ever remain
established in the awareness that one is the non-dual brahman who is
Existence, Consciousness and Bliss. The Lord also has stated that
ignorance is the cause of bondage and knowledge is the cause of
liberation in the bhagavadgItA, 5.15:--Knowledge is covered by
ignorance and so all beings are deluded.
For the very reason that lack of awareness of ones real nature is death
and awareness is immortality, and for the reason that liberation is ever
present and ever attained, it cannot be produced or attained by action
(karma). The br. up. says (4.4.23):- This is the eternal glory of a knower
of brahman; it neither increases nor decreases because of any action.
Hence one should know the nature of that glory. Knowing it, one is not
affected even by evil action. The SvetASvatara upanishad says (3.8):-Knowing That alone, one goes beyond death. There is no other way to
reach the goal. The statement in the br. up (4.4.21), The intelligent
seeker of Brahman, knowing about this alone, should attain intuitive
knowledge, emphasizes that knowledge alone is the means to liberation.
The muNDakopanishad says (3.1.8):-- It is not perceived by the eye, nor
expressed by speech, nor known through the other senses; nor is it
attained through austerity or karma. It can be attained only through
meditation by an intellect which has become absolutely pure. It will be
said in this text itself (chapter 3, verse 18):- O King! Those who are
devoted to karma alone attain to worlds which are impermanent as the
fruit of their karma. But by knowledge one attains to the eternal light.
There is no other means to attain that. And also in 1.16:--Knowing that
death which is known as pramAda appears in the form of anger etc., one
gets rid of these defects and, cultivating freedom from anger, etc, remains
established as the non-dual Existence-Consciousness-Bliss and does not
fear death at all. So also in moksha dharma One becomes bound by
karma and is liberated by knowledge. Therefore aspirants for liberation
who are farsighted do not perform karma (motivated by desire). And
also:- Knowledge is superior, and not vedic sacrifice. Obstruction to

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liberation is crossed over by knowledge and not by sacrifices. So also,
bhagavAn manu who considers knowledge to be the sole means of
liberation prescribes renunciation of all action thus: The wise man,
giving up all the aforesaid actions, devotes himself to self-knowledge,
quietude and study of the vedas (12.92).
In that case does it mean that the actions prescribed in the vedas
need not be performed at all? Not so. They are to be performed, but not
by those who have already realized the Self. So Lord kRshNa says in
bhagavadgItA (3.17): For the man who ever revels in the Self and is
contented with the Self alone (not dependent on sense objects for
happiness), there is no duty to be performed.
The rituals prescribed in the Vedas are to be performed only by those
who have not yet realized Brahman and who aspire for liberation. Lord
Krishna has said in chapter 3 of the bhagavadgItA that two paths have
been laid down by Him from ancient times, the path of action for
spiritual aspirants and the path of renunciation and pursuit of Selfknowledge for those who have attained total detachment towards all
worldly actions. The spiritual aspirant should perform all actions without
desire for the fruit and as an offering to God, in order that the actions
may not cause bondage. It is said in the bhagavadgItA (3.9): One
becomes bound by actions other than those dedicated to God; therefore
actions should be performed without attachment and as an offering to
God. Such actions lead to purity of the mind. Only when the mind has
been cleansed of all taint can realization of the Self arise. In
ISAvAsyopanishad in the first mantra it is said that the world perceived
by the senses should be covered by God, i.e. everything in this world
should be looked upon as the manifestation of God. For attaining this
goal renunciation of all worldly pursuits is laid down as a necessary
condition. In the second mantra it is said that those who are unable to
renounce action should perform them for attaining purity of mind. These
statements establish that action is only the means to purity of mind and
not to liberation. Liberation is attained only through Self-knowledge, but
knowledge does not arise unless the mind has become pure, i.e. free from
desire and the concomittant emotions such as anger, greed, etc.

AxrSw lxUi lUh

k mqS qWm qir |
AWailu cUl uqal
l ciql raqmi Mci ||7
AsyAdesha nissarate narANAm
krodhah pramAdo moharUpaSca mRtyuh|
ahamgatenaiva caranvimArgAn
na cAtmano yogam upaiti kincit||7

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7. Death in the form of ignorance of ones real nature, which has been
called pramAda, manifests at first as the ego. (In this verse the word
Asya has been given the meaning ego by SrI Sankara). Then it becomes
desire. When desire is thwarted it turns into anger, pramAda (fall from
ones natural state of identity with Brahman), and delusion. Because of
this ego he identifies himself as a brAhmaNa, kshatriya, stout, lean, son
of so and so, etc. As a result he becomes affected by attachment and
aversion and goes into wrong paths. He then loses all chances of
realizing his identity with brahman.
Ignorance of ones real nature is the cause of desire. A person who has
realized that he is brahman sees nothing other than himself, because
brahman is all. Desire is always for something other than oneself. When
one realizes that everything is brahman there can be no desire. Desire
leads to action for its fulfillment. This is the cause of the continuous
chain of births and deaths.

i qWixiz uiql
Ci mixi ml mili |
iixi Su Al mUmsuli
Ai qir qUhSprmi ||8
te mohitAstadvaSe vartamAnA
itah pretAstatra punah patanti |
tatastam devA anu pariplavante
ato mRtyum maraNAdabhyupaiti ||8
8. Being deluded by ignorance which has become transformed as the ego,
etc., they look upon the body, etc., as the self and remain under the
control of death in the form of pramAda (fall from their real nature).
When they die their souls depart by the path of smoke, etc., and after
sojourn in other worlds according to their merit they return to this earth.
Then they act according to the dictates of their sense-organs for sensual
pleasures alone. Then again they die and are born again. Thus they
continue in this endless chain of births and deaths and never attain
release. This continues as long as they do not realize their real nature as
the supreme brahman.
It has been shown that ignorance and desire are the causes of
bondage. Now it is explained how actions lead to bondage:

MqSr MqTslUa
ilrli l iUli qirq |
xSjraluaqixqlii
muii paral SW ||9

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karmodaye karmaphalAnurAgAh
tatrAnuyAnti na taranti mRtyum |
sadarthayogAnavagamAtsamantAt
pravartate bhogayogena dehI ||9
9. The person who performs an action becomes attached to its result.
This leads to another birth to enjoy the results. Thus he can never get
release from the chain of births and deaths. Because of not realizing his
identity with brahman he pursues sense-pleasures alone.
In this verse the view of the pUrvamImAmsakas that immortality can
be attained through action is refuted.

i qWqWlqlSrh
qjrjraxr aiW lir |
qjrjrapWiliUiq
xqUmxi uwrl xqlii ||10
tadvai mahAmohanamindriyANAm
mithyArthayogasya gatirhi nityA |
mithyArthayogAbhihatAntarAtmA
smarannupAste vishayAn samantAt ||10
10. Attachment to sense-objects which are all unreal (mithyA) is what
causes the greatest delusion to the sense-organs. This attachment is
permanent. One who is overcome by attachment to sense objects always
thinks only of them (and never of the means to liberation).

Apkr u mjq Wli cl

Mqk a cl i mi |
Li osl qiru mmrli
kUxi krh iUli qirq ||11
abhidhyA vai prathamam hanti cainam
kAmakrodhau gRhya cainam tu paScAt |
ete bAlAn mRtyave prApayanti
dhIrAstu dhairyeNa taranti mRtyum ||11
11. Constant thinking of sense-objects first destroys him, i.e. makes him
fall from his real state. Then desire and anger take hold of him and bring
about his downfall. These three make the unwise who lack
discrimination subject to death (repeated transmigration). Those,
however, who with determination conquer the desire for sense-objects,
cross over death.

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rpkrrimiwhWlrSlcUhmiokrql |
x u qir qirUu piu
u ulrpWliW Mql ||12
yobhidhyAyannutpatishNUn nihanyAt
anAcAreNApratibudhyamAnaH |
sa vai mRtyum mRtyurivAtti bhUtvA
hyevam vidvAn yobhihantIha kAmAn ||12
12. He who summarily rejects sense-objects which come up, realizing
that they are ephemeral, impure, and leading only to sorrow, and never
even thinks of them becomes the death of death itself. He who knows
this overcomes all desires.

MqlxU mw Mqll ulzri |

Mql urSxr kli riMcimw Ue ||13
kAmAnusArI purushaH kAmAnanu vinaSyati |
kAmAn vyudasya dhunute yatkimcit purusho rajah ||13
13. One who is intent only on the fulfillment of his desires perishes along
with the objects of his desire. By renouncing desires with right
discrimination he becomes free from all his accumulated merit and
demerit (puNya and pApa). (puNya is also an obstacle to liberation
because it gives rise to another birth. So one has to become free from
both puNya and pApa).

SWmMz pil lUMr mSzri |

akrli Lu kuli acNli pqlqZ ||14
dehoprakASo bhUtAnAm narakoyam pradRSyate |
gRdhyanta eva dhAvanti gacchantah SvabhramunmukhAH ||14
14. The body is insentient. It is seen to be hell itself because it is
constituted of impure ingredients such as skin, bone, blood, etc., and
contains phlegm, urine, excreta, etc., within. Those who are attached to
the body and are ever running after sense pleasures go only to hell.

Aqlrql r MSlr
lkri ih Cuxr urb |
kssplqWprliUiq
x u qirxiucNUU r Lw ||15

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amanyamAnah kshatriya kaScidanyam
nAdhIyate tArNa ivAsya vyAghrah |
krodhAllobhAnmohabhayAntarAtmA
sa vai mRtyustvaccharIre ya eshah ||15
15. He who is blinded by desires for sense-objects does not know about
his own Self which is different from them. He does not study the
scriptures which impart knowledge of the Self. Even if such a person has
studied all the vedas with their six limbs, he is worthless like a tiger
made of straw. Sage vasishTha has said: A brAhmaNa, who, though he
has studied all the four vedas, has not realized the subtle brahman, is
like a donkey struggling under the load of the vedas. Not only is his
body worthless, but he is his own death. Because of anger and greed his
mind is full of delusion and fear. Such a mind in his own body is his own
death.
bhagavadgItA says, One is ones own friend and one is ones own
enemy (Ch. 6.5).

Lu qir erql uSiu

ll i opi qir |
ulvri uwr rxr qir
qirrj uwr mmr qir ||16
evam mRtyum jAyamAnam viditvA
jnAnena tishThan na bibheti mRtyoh |
vinaSyate vishaye yasya mRtyuh
mRtyoryathA vishayam prApya martyah ||16
16. Thus, knowing that death which is called pramAda and manifests
itself as anger, etc., is the seed of all evils such as birth, death, etc., one
should give up anger, etc which consume one. By cultivating freedom
from anger etc., one realizes the non-dual Bliss-Consciousness and has
no more any fear of death. Such a person conquers death in the form of
ignorance, while one who indulges only in sense pleasures is overcome
by death.
It has thus been shown that actions lead to bondage and Selfknowledge alone is the means to liberation.

kiU Euc -rluWUerr xksMl

eil mhriql xlill |
iw mUj MjrliW uS
Lii Mj l Mq ||17

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dhRtarAshtra said:
yAnevAhurijyayA sAdhulokAn
dvijAtInAm puNyatamAn sanAtanAn |
teshAm parArtham kathayantIha vedA
etadvidvAn naiti katham nu karma ||17
17. How can action cause bondage? It has been said in the vedas that by
performing sacrifices the eternal higher worlds meant for meritorious
souls are attained. These are described as the highest human goals.
Knowing this, why would persons not perform such sacrifices?

xlixei Euc-Lu ul mUri i

ijjei c uSli uS |
x lWri mU mUiq
mri qah lWlirqal ||18
sanatsujAta replied:
evam hyavidvAn pariyAti tatra
tathArthajAtam ca vadanti vedAh |
sa nehAyAti param parAtmA
prayAti mArgeNa nihantyamArgAn ||18
18. It is only the ignorant man who performs karma for attaining such
worlds. The vedas prescribe karma only for such ignorant persons. But
the person who realizes that his self is identical with the supreme Self
does not take to the path of karma. By taking the right path of knowledge
he rejects all wrong paths.
The higher worlds attained by the performance of vedic karma all fall
within the sphere of transmigratory existence. The happiness attained
there is transient. Such persons will be born again on this earth on the
exhaustion of the merit acquired by them. Only the realization of ones
identity with brahman leads to infinite and eternal happiness.

kiU Euc-Mx lr iqe mUh

x cSS xuqlqh |
M uxr MrqjuxZ c
ilq ul oW xu rjui ||19
dhRtarAshtra said:
kosau niyungkte tamajam purANam
sa cedidam sarvamanukrameNa |

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kim vAsya kAryamathavAsukham ca
tanme vidvan brUhi sarvam yathAvat ||19
19. If it is the Supreme Being Himself who creates the entire universe
constituted of the five elements from ether to earth and, entering all the
jIvas, takes the form of the five sheaths, etc., and transmigrates, who is it
that makes him do so? If he does it on his own, what purpose does he
achieve by taking birth in various wombs? Or, since He is established in
his own glory, what adverse result can befall to Him by not doing so? O
learned one, be kind enough to explain all this to me exactly as it is.

xlixei Euc--Sw qWl upSra

lSral puli lir |
ijxr lkYrqmi Mci
AlSral puli mx ||20
sanatsujAta said:
dosho mahAnatra vibhedayoge
hyanAdiyogena bhavanti nityAh|
tathAsya nAdhikyamapaiti kincit
anAdiyogena bhavanti pumsah ||20
20. If multiplicity is accepted in brahman it will be a great defect,
because non-duality will be contradicted. Moreover, if brahman is
considered as having taken different forms, then brahman will be
impermanent. If difference between the jIva and brahman is accepted,
then also there are serious adverse consequences as seen from the
statements in the upanishads, One who sees even the slightest
difference between the two is beset by fear, and One who sees
multiplicity goes from death to death. The statements such as That
thou art, I am brahman, etc., will also be contradicted. But from the
empirical standpoint brahman and the jIva appear different because of
beginningless association with mAyA. brahman appears as the
innumerable jIvas because of mAyA. The jIvas, being in reality identical
with brahman, are eternal. The upanishads say: The jIva never dies
(ch.up. 6.11.3), That birthless Self is undecaying, immortal, undying,
fearless, and brahman itself (br.up. IV. iv. 25). But in spite of appearing
as jIvas brahmans immutability and infinitude are not affected at all.
The jIvas appear only because of mAyA which has no beginning.

rSiS paul x lir

uMUral MUi uq |

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ij c icNUi xq qlr
iSjra c puli uS ||21
yadetadaddhA bhagavAn sa nityam
vikArayogena karoti viSvam |
tathA ca tacchaktiriti sma manye
tadarthayoge ca bhavanti vedAh ||21
21. The creation of the universe is done by mAyA, the power of the
supreme Being, by the mere will of brahman. The pure non-dual
brahman who is Consciousness-Bliss is not by Himself the cause of
creation, but only because of association with mAyA. The vedas bear
testimony to this in innumerable statements such as, indra (the Lord)
through his power, mAyA, assumes many forms, From this mAyA He
creates the universe, etc.

kiU Euc-rxqqlcUliW Mci

ijkql McSWcUli |
kq mml miWlri u
EiW kq miWli mmq ||22
dhRtarAshtra said:
yasmAddharmAn AcarantIha kecit
tathA adharmAn kecidihAcaranti |
dharmah pApena pratihanyate vA
utAho dharmah pratihanti pApam ||22
22. In this world people perform righteous deeds as well as unrighteous
deeds. Is the merit acquired by righteous deeds destroyed by the sin
resulting from unrighteous deeds, or does the merit destroy the sins?
The idea is, do merit (puNya) and sin (pApa) cancel each other, or do
their fruits have to be experienced separately?

xlixei Euc-ixqlxji umrpr W lir

ll ulmiWli xq |
Ajlrj mhrqmi SW
ijai mmqmi xq ||23
sanatsujAta said:
tasmin sthito vApyubhayam hi nityam

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jnAnena vidvAn pratihanti siddham |
athAnyathA puNyamupaiti dehI
tathAgatham pApamupaiti siddham ||23
23. The enlightened person destroys both merit and sin by virtue of
having realized the Self. This is well known from the scriptures. The
unenlightened person who identifies himself with his body experiences
the fruits of both merit and sin separately. (They do not cancel each
other). This is also well known from the scriptures.

aiupr Mqh perixjU

zpxr mmxr x cm Mqh |
kqh mm mhSiW ul
kq osrli ixr u ||24
gatvobhayam karmaNA bhujyatesthiram
Subhasya pApasya sa caapi karmaNA |
dharmeNa pApam praNudatIha vidvAn
dharmo balIyAniti tasya viddhi ||24
24. The unenlightened person goes to other worlds taking the fruits of
his good and bad karma with him. These fruits, which are impermanent,
are experienced by him. The wise man who dedicates all his actions to
God destroys his sins with his merits. His merits are stronger than his
sins.

rw kqw uxmk
os osuiqu |
i oh Ci mir
xua rli mMziq ||25
rw kq l c xmk
iw ielxklq |
i oh Ci q
xua rli umq ||26
yeshAm dharmeshu vispardhA
bale balavatAmiva |
te brAhmaNA itah pretya
svarge yAnti prakASatAm ||25
yeshAm na ca spardhA
teshAm tajjnAnasAdhanam |
te brAhmaNA ito muktAh

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svargam yAnti trivishTapam ||26
25 & 26. Those persons who are entitled to perform sacrifices and
perform them in a spirit of competition with the aim of excelling all
others and thus become eligible to enjoy all the pleasures of heaven, just
as a strong king tries to become stronger than other kings and wants to
vanquish them all, go after death through the southern path ( the path of
smoke, night, etc.,) and shine in heaven like stars, etc. (They are born
again on this earth on the exhaustion of their merit). But, for those who
are not attracted by the pleasures of heaven, the sacrifices performed by
them without desire for the fruit and as an offering to God become the
means of attaining realization by purifying the mind. They are liberated
and realize their identity with brahman who is supreme bliss.
Note. The word brAhmaNa has been interpreted by SrI Sankara as
those who are eligible to perform sacrifices. The words svargam
trivishTapam mean brahman.

ixr xqrYxqcUqWuSuS el|

ll qlri pr oqprliU elq ||27
tasya samyaksamAcAramAhurvedavido janAH |
nainam manyeta bhUyishTham bAhyamAbhyantaram janam ||27
27. Knowers of the vedas say that the conduct of such a person (as the
one mentioned in the previous verse) should be such that neither those
who are close to him (wife, son, friends) nor outsiders think highly about
him. (He is so humble that even those very close to him do not know his
greatness).

r qlri pr muwu ihSMq |

Aml c ohxiulxeuUi ||28
yatra manyeta bhUyishTham prAvRshIva tRNodakam |
annapAnaM ca brAhmaNastajjIvennAnusamjvaret ||28
28. He should live in a place where there is abundance of food and water,
just as grass and water are abundant during the rainy season. He should
not worry about getting food and water. Such worry is an obstacle to
meditation.

rMjrqlxr mrcNirzu prq |

AiUquMul riU el ||29
yatrAkathayamAnasya prayacchatyaSivam bhayam |
atiriktamivAkurvan sa SreyAnnetaro janah ||29
29. The place should be one where the people around, seeing that he
never speaks, never reveals his knowledge, and behaves like an inert
being, a dumb man or an idiot, ridicule and humiliate him, being

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unaware of his greatness. He should not stay where the people are
different, i.e., where the people prostrate before him and honour him.
Manu says that an enlightened person should shun honour like poison.
He should welcome humiliation like nectar.

r uMjrqlxr iql llxeuUi |

oxu lmWlr iS xqi xiq ||30
yo vAkathayamAnasya hyAtmAnam nAnusamjvaret |
brahmasvam nopahanyAdvA tadannam sammatam satAm ||30
30. The food fit to be taken by such a person is what is offered by a
person who does not trouble him and who does not cause any damage to
the articles that he needs for meditation such as bark garment, deer
skin, books, etc.

lirqicr q Ci qlri oh |
il i uxlqkr lu ulSi Mcl ||31
nityamajnAtacaryA ma iti manyeta brAhmaNah |
jnAtInAm tu vasan madhye naiva vindeta kincana ||31
31. The knower of Brahman should take care to see that his actions and
movements always remain unknown to others. He will not gain anything
by remaining in the midst of his relations. He should not consider
himself as the son of so and so, etc., but should always have his mind
fixed on Brahman. Or another meaning is: he should consider himself as
a mere witness to whatever is experienced by his sense-organs and
should not become involved in them. (Here brAhmaNah means knower of
Brahman. The word jnAti can also be taken to mean sense-organs
according to SrI Sankara).

M uqliUiql oh qliqWi |
lsqcs z xuluueiq||32
ko hyevamantarAtmAnam brAhmaNo mantumarhati |
nirlingamacalam Suddham sarvadvandvavivarjitam ||32
32. Which enlightened person can know the indwelling Self (as an object)
the Self that has no indicatory marks such as quality, action, etc., is
immovable, pure, and beyond all duality? The idea is that the Self is not
an object of knowledge.

rlrj xliqiqlqlrj mimi |

M il l Mi mm cUhiqmWUh ||33
yonyathA santamAtmAnam anyathA pratipadyate |
kim tena na kRtam pApam coreNAtmApahAriNa ||33
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33. He who understands the Self that is pure consciousness, devoid of
indicatory marks, pure, beyond all duality, non-dual existenceconsciousness-bliss, differently, as having the qualities of the gross and
subtle bodies, as a doer, enjoyer, happy, unhappy, stout, or lean, etc.,
what a great sin does he not commit? By understanding the Self wrongly
in this manner he steals the Self, as it were.

Ali xrSlSi
xqi lmSu |
z l zuix xrSoh ouiMu ||34
aSrAntah syAdanAdAtA
sammato nirupadravah |
SishTo na SishTavatsa syAd
brAhmaNo brahmavit kavih ||34
34. He who does not identify the not-Self with the Self is not affected by
the sorrows of the world. He is not tainted by anger, greed, desire,
delusion, etc. He is accepted by the enlightened . But he himself behaves
like an inert being and does not display his knowledge. Such a person is
a knower of Brahman and a sage.

r rj uliqzlli os lirqpir |
Lu i uliqzlli xuurxrmpeli ||35
ye yathA vAntamaSnanti bAlA nityamabhUtaye |
evam te vAntamaSnanti svavIryasyopabhojanAt ||35
35. Dogs eat their own vomit and children may also do the same
sometimes. For an enlightened person, proclaiming his own glory to the
world is tantamount to eating vomit. It is disastrous for him. He should
always behave in such a way that people do not know his greatness.

Al qlw u A uSw r e |
i Skw SwmMqmr ul ohxilq ||36
anADhyA mAnushe vitte AdhyA vedeshu ye dvijAh |
te durdharshA dushprakampyA vidyAt tAn brahmaNastanum ||36
36. Those who are not attached to worldly possessions or to wife, son,
etc., but only to the virtues laid down in the vedas such as non-injury,
truth, non-stealing, non-acceptance of gifts, celibacy, contemplation,
etc., should be looked upon as brahman itself.

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xul xuMi Sul u CW Ml |

l xql ohxr rxqlmrii xurq ||37
sarvAn svishTakRto devAn vidyAdya iha kaScana |
na samAno brAhmaNasya yasmin prayatate svayam ||37
37. One who knows how to invoke the deities such as agni who confer
benefits, and performs sacrifices to them is not by any means equal to a
knower of brahman. Even the deity to whom sacrifice is performed is not
equal to a knower of brahman. bhagavAn manu has said, There is none
superior to the knower of brahman.

rqmriql i qlrli x qli |

l qlrql qlri luql uxeuUi ||38
yamaprayatamAnam tu mAnayanti sa mAnitah |
Na mAnyamAno manyeta nAvamAne visamjvaret ||38
38. If people who know his greatness honour a realized soul, even though
he does not indulge in any activity, he should not feel that it is he who is
being honoured and should not be elated by such honour. On the other
hand, if people, not knowing his greatness, treat him with contempt and
ridicule him, he should not be affected in the least.

sMxupuuW lqwlqwuixS |
ux qlrliW Ci qlri qli ||39
AkquSw qR sMzxuuei |
l qlr qlrwrli Ci qlrSqli||40
lokasvabhAvavRttirhi nimeshonmeshavat sadA |
vidvAmso mAnayantIha iti manyeta mAnitah ||39
adharmavidusho mUDhA lokaSAstravivarjitAh |
na mAnyam mAnayishyanti iti manyed amAnitah ||40
39 & 40. If wise people honour a realized soul, he should consider it to
be as natural to them as winking of the eye. Similarly, if people who are
ignorant of the scriptures and who are devoid of discriminating capacity
despise him, he should consider it as their nature not to honour those
who deserve to be honoured.

l u ql ql c xWi uxi xS |
Ar qlxr uwr x qlxr iS ||41
na vai mAnaSca maunam ca sahitau vasatah sadA |
ayam mAnasya vishayo hyasau maunasya tadviduh ||41

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41. Honour and contemplation cannot co-exist. Honour has as its sphere
this world, while contemplation has as its object brahman. (The idea is
that those who aspire for honour have their sights fixed on worldly
activities, while the contemplatives are rooted in brahman).

W qljxuxix cm mUmljl |
o xSsp W
mWll r || 42
SrIrhi mAnArthasamvAsAt
sA cApi paripanthinI |
brAhmI sudurlabhA SrIrhi
prajnAhInena kshatriya ||42
42. One acquires worldly prosperity if one is engaged in the sphere
relating to honour (worldly activities). But this is an obstacle (to
liberation). The wealth that is brahman is impossible to get for such a
person who is devoid of wisdom.

Uh xqrYmuSli xli
oWmMUh SUcUh |
xireu Sqzcu
whqlqWmiolkMl ||43
dvArANi samyak pravadanti santo
bahuprakArANi durAcarANi |
satyArjave hrIrdamaSaucavidyAh
shaNmAnamohapratibandhakAni ||43
43. The wise speak of many ways for the attainment of brahman, which
are difficult to practise. These are six: truth, rectitude, humility, control
of the senses, purity of mind, and knowledge. These help to keep out
pride and delusion.

Ci qixlixeir mjqkrr||
End of chapter 1

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