TLIC507D - Drive Heavy Combination Vehicle - Learner Guide

TLIC507D Drive
heavy combination
vehicle
Assessment
Contents
What this Learner’s Guide is about ........................................ 3
Planning your learning ........................................................... 4
How you will be assessed ...................................................... 7
Section 1............................................................................................. 9
How are articulated vehicles correctly driven under license
testing conditions? ................................................................. 9
Section 2........................................................................................... 45
How are prime movers coupled and uncoupled to trailers, under
license testing conditions? ................................................... 45
Additional resources ....................................................................... 55
Feedback on activities .................................................................... 57

TLIC507D Drive heavy combination vehicle
Page 2 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

ADELG1024 Customised and Developed by Armstrong’s Driver Education P/L May 2008
What this Learner’s Guide is about
This Learner’s Guide is about the skills and knowledge required to drive
a heavy combination vehicle safely including systematic and efficient
control of all vehicle functions, monitoring of traffic and road
conditions, management of vehicle condition and performance,
coupling and uncoupling of trailer, and effective management of
hazardous situations. Assessment of this unit will usually be
undertaken within a licensing examination conducted, by or under the
authority of, the relevant state/territory Road Traffic Authority.
The Elements of Competency from the unit TLIC507D Drive heavy
combination vehicle covered in this Learner’s Guide are listed below.
Drive the heavy combination vehicle
Monitor traffic and road conditions
Monitor and maintain vehicle performance
This unit of competency is from the Transport and Logistics
Training Package (TLI07).

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 3

Customised and Developed by Armstrong’s Driver Education P/L May 2008 ADELG1024
Planning your learning
It is important to plan your learning before you start because you may
already have some of the knowledge and skills that are covered in this
Learner’s Guide. This might be because:
• you have been working in the industry for some time,
and/or
• you have already completed training in this area.
Together with your supervisor or trainer use the checklists on the
following pages to help you plan your study program. Your answers to
the questions in the checklist will help you work out which sections of
this Learner’s Guide you need to complete.
This Learner’s Guide is written with the idea that learning is made more
relevant when you, the learner, are actually working in the industry.
This means that you will have people within the enterprise who can
show you things, discuss how things are done and answer any
questions you have. Also you can practise what you learn and see how
what you learn is applied in the enterprise.
If you are working through this Learner’s Guide and have not yet found
a job in the industry, you will need to talk to your trainer about doing
work experience or working and learning in some sort of simulated
workplace.

Section 1: How are articulated vehicles correctly

driven under licence testing
conditions?
Are you able to: Yes No

1. complete a pre-‐departure vehicle check?
2. start the engine and undertake post-‐
startup checks?
3. secure or confirm the security of the load
being transported on an articulated
vehicle?
4. steer, manoeuvre and position the vehicle
in accordance with traffic regulations,
vehicle limitations and road dimensions?
5. drive the vehicle in reverse, maintaining
visibility and achieving accurate
positioning, especially of the trailer?
6. manage engine power to ensure efficiency
in performance and minimise engine and
gear damage?
7. monitor the vehicle for malfunctions and to
ensure maximum efficiency of operation?
8. monitor and anticipate traffic and road
conditions to avoid injury to people or
damage to property, equipment and loads?
9. stop the vehicle without injury to personnel
or damage to the vehicle, property or land?
10. park, shutdown and secure the vehicle in
accordance with manufacturer’s
specifications, traffic regulations
and company procedures?

Section 2: How are prime movers coupled and

uncoupled to trailers, under licence
testing conditions?
Are you able to: Yes No

1. safely and completely couple a prime
mover to a trailer in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications?
2. safely and completely uncouple a trailer
from a prime mover in accordance with
manufacturer’s specifications?

How you will be assessed
Assessment of this Unit of Competency will include observation of real
or simulated work processes using workplace procedures and
questioning on underpinning knowledge and skills. It must be
demonstrated in an actual or simulated work situation under
supervision.
You will be required to safely:

• undertake required pre-‐departure checks
• couple and uncouple trailers
• secure loads
• drive articulated vehicles in a variety of road, weather and
road conditions
• park and secure articulated vehicles.


Section 1
How are articulated vehicles

correctly driven under license
testing conditions?

Section outline
Areas covered in this section
Pre-‐departure checks
Securing loads
Selecting and changing gears
Driving an articulated vehicle, in various road, weather and task
conditions
Manoeuvring trailers, using reverse gears
Parking and securing articulated vehicles

Pre-‐Departure Checks
This sub-‐section may also be a simple revision exercise. However, it is
no less important than previously, even if you have become an
experienced rigid vehicle driver.
You may have already completed this activity for rigid vehicles.
However, it is vital and should be undertaken for articulated vehicles.
Drivers of articulated vehicles must complete full pre-‐departure checks
before moving off in those vehicles. Your company will have a policy
on the checks you must undertake before you drive a vehicle. These
tasks will vary from company to company, according to how much
responsibility your company gives you to check the serviceability of
their articulated vehicles.

Activity 1: What procedures are required to complete a

pre-departure check?
You are required to identify and check the serviceability of an

articulated vehicle.
Before you start this activity, look at the following checklist and
discuss any details you are unsure of with your trainer. Then use
the checklist to tick off the successfully completed tasks when you
have finished the activity.
Sub-tasks Steps Completed
1. Complete Confirm that the engine is switched off

engine ‘off’
checks Check that all fluid levels (oils, coolants, fuel,
brake and clutch fluids, and windscreen
washer) are appropriate
Confirm that Air Wet Tank was drained at

conclusion of previous shift
Investigate any possible fluid leaks
Check that ancillary drive belts are in good

working order.
2. Complete Confirm that brakes are fully applied

engine
‘warming Start the engine safely, ensuring gearbox is
up’ checks first disengaged
Check that oil, air and alternator warning lights

are working
Check all tyre inflation pressures
Check all tyres for wall condition, tread depth

and even wear
Check that the spare wheel is in good condition

and secured in position
Check that all wheel nuts are tight and have no

signs of movement
Check that parking, head, hazard, auxiliary and

clearance lights are working satisfactorily
Check that rear parking, indicator, brake and

reversing lights are working satisfactorily
Confirm that all plates and signs are visible,

readable and in correct quantities

Check exhaust for visible emissions and noise

leaks
Check vehicle posture to ensure the chassis

is ‘even’ with the wheels
Check lockers, stowage compartments and

doors, ensuring serviceability of latches
Check serviceability and security of external

fittings, including mirrors, lights, mudflaps, etc.
Confirm vehicle tool kit, including wheel

change tools, is complete
Check the location and suitability of safety

equipment, including First Aid kit.
3. Complete Check that oil, air and alternator warning

cabin checks lights are working
Ensure that the oil pressure is on a correct

reading and that the alternator is charging
Check for correct air pressure
Check that windscreen wipers and washers

are working satisfactorily
Check that the horn is working
Check that the park brake is working

satisfactorily
Confirm opening and closing functions of all

windows
Check seat adjustments for security and

personal preferences
Adjust mirrors to confirm correct operation

and use from driver’s chosen sitting position
Confirm the currency of the vehicle’s

registration
Complete the Pre-departure Check

documentation according to company policy.
4. Complete Check that air hoses are free from damage

Prime Mover and connected securely to Prime Mover
towing
checks

Check that electrical cables are free from

damage and connected securely to the Prime
Mover
Confirm the turntable jaws are open
Ensure the turntable moves freely or is locked,

depending on trailer configuration in the
forthcoming task.
The following steps relating to trailer

coupling checks must be completed as part
of the activities you undertake in Section 3
of this Learner’s Guide.
5. Complete Before coupling:

trailer
checks Confirm trailer legs are in place and secure
Confirm that the skid plate is not worn, bent or

cracked
Confirm that the King Pin is not worn, bent or

cracked, and that it shows no excessive
movement
Check the skid plate to determine if turntable

needs locking, when ball race and quick
release are fitted together.
After coupling:
Release the Tractor Protection Valve
Check that air hoses are free from damage,

connected securely and without leaks, and
remote from potential damage
Check that electrical cables are free from

damage, connected securely and remote from
potential damage
Confirm that the turntable jaws are locked
Confirm correct operation of trailer lights
Inspect twist locks for serviceability.
6. Observe Observe and implement Occupational Health

OHS and Safety practices, during all steps in the
practices pre-departure check.

Tilt and lower the cab
Many vehicles provide access to engine bays and other systems by a
tilt mechanism for the cab. In these vehicles, there are specific tasks
that must be performed to achieve this access, especially to make sure
of the safety of the driver and other workers.

Activity 2: Which procedures are followed to tilt and lower the

cabin of an articulated vehicle?
Your trainer will provide you with a Prime Mover Vehicle with cabin
tilt functions. You are required to perform the tasks listed in the
following table, then check with your trainer to make sure that the
tasks have been completed correctly.
Sub-tasks Steps: Completed
1. Park the Park the vehicle on level ground

vehicle
Apply the park brake
Park the vehicle in neutral, if maxi brakes

are fitted, or in a gear contrary to the
prevailing slope
Switch off the ignition
Install wheel chocks if available.
2. Complete Check adequate clearance around cab, so

location safety tilting will be safe
check
Confirm there are no loose objects in the
cab
Shut the cab doors
Open the lower grille, if applicable
Lower bull bar, if applicable
Confirm vehicle is in the correct gear as

defined by the manufacturer.
3. Tilt cab in Tilt the cab hydraulically using the hand-

accordance operated pump, where applicable
with
manufacturer’s Turn the valve fully against spring pressure
directions until it locks into position
Insert jack rod into the pump actuating lever
Release the cab locking mechanism
Operate pump / electrical hydraulic system /

spring-assisted tilt mechanism to fully tilt
cab safely

Engage the locking device, then confirm

that the cab is safely secured in tilted
position.
4. Lower the cab Move hydraulic valve back to its original

position
Release the locks holding cab in tilted

position
Safely lower the cab by operating the

manual / electric / spring-assisted
mechanisms, as applicable
Confirm that the catch is re-engaged to lock

the cab in position
Check the valve has remained in its original

position
Close grille once the cab is back to its

original position, if applicable
Raise and secure the bull bar.
5. Observe OHS Observe and implement Occupational

practices Health and Safety practices, during all
steps in the cab tilting and lowering
process.

Securing a load
However, it is vital and should be undertake for articulated vehicles. It
must be completed if you have not worked as the driver of heavy rigid
vehicles transporting loads other than passengers during the previous
twelve months.
The driver and the person loading an articulated vehicle are
responsible to make sure the load is properly restrained by the vehicle
and trailer structures, their attachments and the load securing
equipment. The driver, the vehicle owner and the person loading an
articulated vehicle are responsible to make sure each of these is
serviceable and working properly.
These three people must also make sure that the vehicle and trailer
structures, their attachments and the load securing equipment are
strong enough to hold and secure the load.
In all loading activities, you should refer to the ‘Load Restraint Guide’.
That document shows all methods and requirements of load securing,
so you should keep a copy of it with you at all times to ensure that you
load in accordance with relevant regulations.

Activity 3: How are loads secured on articulated vehicles?
Answer the following questions on securing loads by ticking

“Correct” or “Incorrect” and giving a reason for your answer.
Study the 4 diagrams below and indicate whether they are

correctly or incorrectly loaded:
Correct 
Incorrect 
Why _____________________
Correct 
Incorrect 
Why _____________________
Correct 
Incorrect 
Why _____________________
Correct 
Incorrect 
Why _____________________

List the 3 areas of driver responsibility for loading a vehicle.
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
List the 3 factors necessary to secure a load.
1. _________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________
Write down the meaning of the following International Cargo

Symbols.
Symbol Meaning
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________

Symbol Meaning
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________

Symbol Meaning
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
There is feedback on this activity at the back of this Learner’s

Guide.

Loading DO s and DON’Ts
This sub-‐section should be completed unless you have:
• worked as a driver of heavy rigid vehicles transporting cargo/goods

(other than passengers) OR
• completed a relevant unit of competency such as TDT D4 97A Load
and unload goods/cargo in the last 3 months.
In either case your supervisor or workplace trainer may permit you to
use this sub-‐section as a revision exercise.
There are a number of methods to properly secure loads, just as there
are some practices which must never be used. You will properly secure
loads if you always follow this list of “DOs” and “DON’Ts”:
DO:
• make sure you have enough lashings that are in good condition and
strong enough to secure the load
• make sure that tie-‐down lashings are as near to vertical as possible
• make sure that direct lashings attached to loads on wheels are not
near vertical
• attach lashings at tie rail support points
• check and re-‐tighten the lashings and other restraining devices as
required
• use lashing protectors on sharp edges
• use wedges and chocks to block your load
• make sure that loose bulk loads cannot fall or be blown off the
vehicle
• use a vehicle that is built strongly enough for the job
• take extreme care when releasing any fixed lever load-‐binder.
DON’T:
• use faulty equipment
• attach chains or webbing between tie rail support points
• tie down loads onto greasy or dirty steel decks
• stand over and push down on load-‐binders.

Activity 4: Which loading and unloading methods are used

when securing articulated vehicle loads?
Your trainer will provide you with an articulated vehicle to load and
unload in this activity. If you are unsure of what you are required to
do, you must seek assistance and/or use the ‘Load Restraint
Guide’.
Read all of the steps in the following table that you are required to
do before you start this activity.
After loading is completed, ask your trainer to check your work to

make sure that all items have been correctly loaded, and are safe
to be unloaded.
1. Identify load Check that the tray area is suitable for the
characteristics load, with adequate space and capacity
Assess the load for its transportability by

checking load markings and documentation
Check the load for Dangerous Goods

contents
Check the load components to ensure their

compatibility for transportation.
2. Identify load Calculate the appropriate loading sequence

limits and for the journey, to facilitate unloading
safety
requirements Choose appropriate and adequate restraints
for the task
Check that appropriate and adequate safety

equipment is securely stowed in the correct
locations on the vehicle
Confirm that the loaded vehicle will not

exceed legal axle load limits, (both GVM and
GCM)
Confirm that Road Transport Reform

Regulations will not be exceeded
Check that the dimensions of the loaded

vehicle will not exceed road safety limits for
the journey (length, width and height)
Obtain permit for the load, if required.

3. Plan loading of Assess whether the load can be handled

the vehicle manually and locate appropriate mechanical
lifting aids if required
Ensure the stability of the vehicle by

checking that the vehicle can be loaded with
the centre of gravity of the load as low as
possible and along the centre ‘line’ of the
vehicle
Ensure that the tyres will not be overloaded
Check that the vehicle can be loaded so that

the load’s centre of mass is forward of the
rear axle group
Check that tie rails and anchor points are

undamaged, and the restraining equipment
will not cause damage by chafing, crushing
and over-tensioning as the load is secured
Check that pallets are of sufficient strength

for the load
Check for damaged or leaking containers
Confirm the serviceability of load-covering

equipment, for protection in adverse weather
conditions.
4. Load the Ensure that no apparent danger is present to

vehicle in other personnel (including all members of the
accordance public)
with the “Load
Restraint Apply the park brake, then ensure the engine
Guide” is switched off if not required during the
loading process
Safely position the load on the vehicle’s

carrying surface *
Ensure chafing and crushing of load items is

avoided
Ensure sufficient friction between the load

and the vehicle’s carrying surface
Load pallets along the length of the vehicle
Install baulking / packing to pallets that are

not loaded close together to optimise correct
load placement
Ensure all necessary signs and flags are

suitably placed for overhanging or over-
dimensional loads

Operate mechanical loading securing

equipment (where appropriate) by:
• checking unit load device placements
• confirming covering / restraining process

is complete.
* (Use of other mechanical lifting aids is

prescribed in other Learner’s Guides specific
to that equipment.)
5. Secure the Ensure that lashings are tied at angles of at

load least 30° to the vehicle loading surface (as
defined in the “Load Restraint Guide”)
Ensure that vertical movement and tipping of

the load is not possible, by placing restraints
across the top of the load
Ensure against forward and rearward

movement of the load, by restraining (with
baulking and lashing equipment) in
accordance with the “Load Restraint Guide”
Ensure against forward and rearward

movement of the load, by passing restraints
through the base of the pallets (where
possible)
Ensure that the top of each separate section

of the load has at least one cross-lashing
Ensure that any part of the load which is

above the general height of the load has at
least two cross-lashings
Restrain the load horizontally using chocks or

vertical restraints where necessary
Confirm that all ties (ropes, chains, straps,

buckles, etc), are correctly tied, installed and
secured, as applicable
Ensure all gates and/or doors are correctly

mounted and secured as appropriate
Fully engage all twist locks.
6. Cover the load Use appropriate materials to cover the load,

ensuring load movement does not occur
Adequately secure the covering materials,

ensuring protection against adverse weather
conditions or spillages in the container

Avoid damage to covering materials caused

by chafing
Ensure any loose surfaces (packaging, ties,

tarpaulin and curtain flaps, etc), are secured
against movement during transit.
7. Unload the Park and secure the vehicle in a suitable

vehicle in position for unloading, ensuring protection for
accordance all personnel, materials and equipment
with the “Load
Restraint Guide Apply the park brake and switch off the
engine
Remove load covers (where necessary) and

stow safely
Safely release load restraints and stow safely
Calculate the unloading sequence and the

‘set-down’ points for each item
Unload the vehicle in the pre-determined

sequence, transferring each item to its safe
location. *
* (Use of mechanical lifting aids is prescribed in

other Learner’s Guides specific to that equipment.)
8. Observe OHS Observe and implement Occupational Health

practices and Safety practices, during all tasks in the
loading and unloading processes, especially
considering other workers, and bulk grain,
livestock and liquid loads.
When you have marked all the steps as complete, discuss with
your trainer any areas of your work that require improvement to
make sure loads are secure and safe.

Selecting and changing gears
Drivers of articulated vehicles must select an appropriate gear,

according to the engine speed required to complete the demands
placed on the vehicle. Considerable importance must be placed on this
activity, especially when semi-‐trailer articulated vehicles are
concerned. This is emphasised when selecting gears to descend slopes,
where the different braking requirements of the vehicle (because of
the trailer and its brakes) must be taken into account.
In all other driving circumstances, selecting and changing gears will

have the same principles as for medium and heavy rigid vehicles. The
proper use of engine power, the achievement of fuel efficiency and
the absolute avoidance of coasting will measure your performance in
driving articulated vehicles.

Activity 5: How are gears used efficiently to drive articulated

vehicles?
Answer the following questions on selecting and changing gears by

ticking “Correct” or “Incorrect”.
Correct Incorrect
The purpose of gears in a vehicle is to:
• increase the engine energy capacity  
• spread the friction over more components  
• match road speed to best engine speed.  
When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:
• the lowest gear ratio the vehicle has  
• the highest gear the vehicle that is  
possible.
• the highest gear that maintains specified  
engine torque.
For descending long or steep hills, a driver should:
• engage a high gear to minimise RPM and  
wear
• engage a lower gear during the descent  
• engage the required gear before descent  
commences.
When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:
• include all intermediate ratios available  
• engage only the gear that will be next  
needed.
Negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:
• before entering the corner  
• at the sharpest point of the corner  
• during the exit from the corner  
• immediately after leaving the corner.  

The term “Progressive Shifting” means:

• using maximum RPM in each gear before  
shifting
• attaining only enough RPM to reach the  
next gear
• changing gear at the same RPM for every  
shift.
The gear changing difference between petrol and diesel engines is:
• diesel engines have higher torque at  
lower RPM
• petrol engines pull better at low RPM.  
The term “Skip Shifting” means that the driver:
• avoids de-clutching during gear shifts  
• engages the most suitable gear  
regardless of sequence.
To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:
• decrease speed to well below that of the  
lowest gear
• retain vehicle speed / gently decrease  
RPM.

Guide.

Braking
However, it is vital and should be undertaken for articulated vehicles.
Heavy vehicles will be more difficult to stop under braking, depending
on their size and their load. Road and weather conditions affect
braking performance. The speed of vehicles will also affect braking
performance, as will the time taken by drivers to react to the need for
braking. You must consider all these factors when driving, especially as
the loss of vehicle control (skidding) is both dangerous and frequent.
For example, the heavier the vehicle, the wetter the road, the faster
the speed, the more tired the driver and the harder the braking, the
more likely it is that skidding will occur.
As a professional driver of an articulated vehicle, you should be aware
of the danger posed by your vehicle should you lose control of its
speed or direction. The following braking rules must be applied at all
times:
• brake early and gradually
• brake in a straight line
• allow for the trailer and its own braking system
• allow for the load
• match your braking to the road surface
• ease off as the vehicle slows
• test your brakes after driving through water.
Downhill speed should be controlled by use of engine speed and
correct gear selection. If braking is necessary during a descent, a driver
should, if possible, try to brake only when the vehicle is travelling in a
straight line. Braking on a bend increases the risk of skidding and
should usually only be used in an emergency. If braking must be
applied on a bend, it should be done as gently as possible.

Activity 6: How are brakes efficiently used to control

articulated vehicles?

Correct Incorrect
Hydraulic brake systems:
• force fluid pressure to cylinder pistons on  
each wheel
• can suffer from water contamination,  
lowering the boiling point of the brake
fluid.
On steep downhill slopes, brakes should be used:
• very few times during the descent  
• only for emergencies and unexpected  
conditions
• by applying and releasing quickly and  
frequently.
Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:
• water on the friction surfaces  
• overheating and brake fade through  
overuse
• using gears which are too low for some  
sections of the hill
• the nature of the road surface.  
To use brakes safely and efficiently, you should:
• avoid braking in curves or corners if  
possible
• use less braking for lighter loads  
• test brakes after driving through water.  

Guide.

Driving in reverse
Driving articulated vehicles in reverse requires specific skills and may
be the only way to manoeuvre the vehicle into and out of loading bays
and delivery points in warehouses. Driving in reverse is often used in
built-‐up areas where access by turning is restricted and unavailable to
articulated vehicles. In these situations, the driver will need to
successfully position the vehicle using a combination of forward and
reverse gears in a tight space.
However, the majority of circumstances where articulated vehicles are

reversed relate to the coupling, uncoupling and positioning of trailers.
Reversing skills will probably only be attained after considerable
practice, with counter turns on steering wheels and trailers with
“minds of their own” often causing difficulty. The ability to avoid
trailer jack-‐knifing, especially in confined spaces in loading bays and
transport yards, will be the key to many of your driving tasks.

Activity 7: What actions are used to steer articulated vehicles

in reverse?
Look at the diagram below. Which one of the four steering positions
shows how the front wheel must be turned as the Prime Mover
begins to reverse?
Answer: (1, 2, 3 or 4) __________
1 2 3 4

Guide.

Professional Driving
Most road users will be non-‐professional drivers who have not
received as much training as drivers of articulated or other commercial
vehicles. Professional drivers are courteous and drive in a defensive
manner. Driving in such a manner will encourage a more tolerant
attitude towards the Road Transport Industry and people employed in
it. You will hopefully have helped to achieve some of this tolerance
during your previous driving experiences.
A defensive driver avoids causing accidents and also avoids becoming

involved in accidents caused by other road users. Defensive drivers
know and observe the laws and regulations relating to the road, the
vehicles they drive and the goods they transport. The defensive driver
is prepared to give way to avoid the possibility of an accident, even if
by law, the other road user is at fault.
Defensive driving requires superior observation and anticipation skills.

Drivers will need to know what is happening all around their vehicle.
The skills needed for defensive driving include:
• continuously observing all situations, including looking as far ahead
as possible
• maintaining safe ‘space cushions’
• frequently checking mirrors
• slowing down to negotiate all driving situations
• selecting the most appropriate gears for each driving task
• trying to anticipate possible dangers
• using appropriate speeds, turning and stopping techniques, and
warning devices to negotiate and leave hazardous situations.

Activity 8: How do drivers control trailer skids?
Answer the following questions on controlling skids by describing

the actions to be taken in each case:
What are the three steps to take when controlling a drive wheel
skid?
1. ________________________
________________________
2. ________________________
________________________
3. ________________________
________________________
What are the three actions you need to perform when controlling a
trailer wheel skid?
1. ________________________
________________________
2. ________________________
________________________
3. ________________________
________________________

Guide.

Activity 9: Which procedures are used to professionally drive

During this activity, any deliberate or accidental failure to observe

Road Rules will immediately cause the activity to be terminated.
In these circumstances, your trainer will not be able to assess you
as a ‘competent’ driver.
Where possible, the activity may be varied to cater for driving

during any working hours, weather and road conditions. For
Emergency situations that obviously cannot be created, your
trainer will check your performance by seeking descriptions of
required actions and/or simulation exercises.
1. Complete a Ensure that a comprehensive Pre-Departure

Pre- Check is completed
Departure
Check Ensure vehicle is fuelled sufficiently for the
forthcoming task
Correctly complete all documentation in

accordance with company policy
Report any defects, according to company

policy.
2. Prepare for Adjust driving position (seat) and mirrors

driving
Fit the seat belt securely
Start the engine
Build up adequate air pressure for take-off.
3. Drive the Select the lowest appropriate gear, after

vehicle vehicle is held stationary by service brakes
commencing
on an uphill Apply the park brake or trailer brakes
grade
Release service brakes and engage the
clutch to the friction point
Use indicator to signal intention to move
Check mirrors for other road users
Release the park brake or trailer brake

Fully engage the clutch, using minimal

throttle opening
Accelerate smoothly, ensuring the vehicle did

not roll back on clutch engagement
Monitor all vehicle systems, to ensure unsafe

operating conditions did not eventuate. *
* This step is an on-going function of all steps in

the driving process.
4. Drive the Select the appropriate gear for the degree

vehicle on and conditions of the descent, before
descending commencing the descent
grades
Use brakes smoothly, and for short periods
only
Use mirrors to monitor traffic flow, at the

beginning and during the descent
Use mirrors to monitor the vehicle’s position

when cornering
Engage the auxiliary brake (engine, exhaust

or tailshaft retarder) at commencement of
descent, where noise restrictions permit
Ensure all advisory and regulatory signs

were observed
Ensure the vehicle is driven on the left hand-

side of the road, whenever practicable.
5. Drive the Maintain the vehicle within the lane

vehicle on boundary, during driving and demonstrate
single lane safe and legal road positions during turns
roads
Observe all regulatory and advisory signs
Drive safely and smoothly, whilst maintaining

observation of other road users, vehicle
position and prevailing conditions, especially
through the use of mirrors
Co-operate with other drivers during

overtaking by maintaining appropriate speed
and providing safe adequate space
Maintain safe ‘space cushions’ when

following or being followed, appropriately
varied for changing road and weather
conditions

Overtake safely, by indicating correctly and

with sufficient warning time, assessing
adequate clear road distance and checking
other possible overtaking vehicles.
6. Drive the Maintain the vehicle within the lane

vehicle on boundary, during driving and demonstrate
multiple lane safe and legal road positions during turns
roads
Drive safely and smoothly, whilst maintaining

observation of other road users, vehicle
position and prevailing conditions, especially
through the use of mirrors
Co-operate with other drivers during

overtaking by maintaining appropriate speed
and providing safe adequate space
Maintain safe ‘space cushions’ when

following or being followed, appropriately
varied for changing road and weather
conditions
Overtake safely, by indicating correctly and

with sufficient warning time, assessing
adequate clear road distance and checking
other possible overtaking vehicles
Select the outside lane (to assist with cut-in)

when turning.
7. Drive the Control and position the vehicle appropriately

vehicle in when approaching turns
various
turning Position the vehicle to ensure safe actions of
situations other road users with respect to overtaking
Observe all other road users, in preparation

for the turn, including by the use of mirrors
Provide sufficient warning to other road users

by indicating in time and accurately
Apply brakes smoothly, to achieve speed

below the advisory sign limit before turning
commences
Smoothly select the appropriate gear for the

turn, prior to commencing the turning process

Apply and maintain power throughout the

turning process, especially to counteract
trailer shunting
Steer smoothly (using both hands),

maintaining vehicle control through the turn
(a cross-over of hands is acceptable in slow
turns within confined spaces)
Steer the vehicle, taking due care of the

effects of roundabouts and other road
cambers
Adjust body position to remove vision

blockouts
Negotiate turns, in safe and legal road

positions, whilst observing other road users
and prevailing conditions, especially through
the use of mirrors
Maintain the vehicle on the formed road /

designated surface, (no kerb mounting)
ensuring the safety of all users during the
turning process.
8. Drive the Check for hazards and obstructions in front,

vehicle in behind and above the vehicle
reverse gear
Check that mirrors are clean and adjusted to
facilitate maximum views
Use mirrors to maintain visibility behind and

beside the vehicle
Use horn or warning device to indicate

vehicle is about to reverse
Choose the maximum available space to

complete the reversing task
Avoid accidents by reviewing the reverse

path before proceeding, especially when
entering warehouse, loading bay and related
enclosures
Initiate trailer path direction correctly, then

adjust the Prime Mover to achieve its correct
path, avoiding tyre ‘sledging’ if possible
Reverse into a loading bay, stopping when

contact is made with the bay for rear loading
or when safely adjacent to it for side loading
Park the vehicle in various kerbside / yard

locations using reverse gears

Take correct actions on time and with safety.

practices and Safety practices, including posture and
cabin distractions, during all steps in the
driving process.

Parking and securing
Drivers of articulated vehicles are required to safely park and secure
their vehicle according to road laws and company policy. Tasks include:
• appropriate site selection
• trailer stability
• vehicle lock-‐up
• load placement and security.

Activity 10: How are articulated vehicles parked and secured?
You are now required to park and secure the vehicle that you have
just driven. At the conclusion of this activity, your trainer will advise
you of areas of your work that may require improvement.
1. Park and Park the vehicle in a location approved by

secure the company policy or Road Law, and apply all
vehicle park brakes
Confirm that the engine has had an adequate

period to cool down, especially for the turbo-
charger, then switch off the engine
Lower the trailer landing legs, if appropriate,

and uncouple the trailer if required
Chock the vehicle and trailer wheels as

appropriate for the selected location, and
check vehicle and load status according to
company policy
Check the vehicle and load status according

to company policy.

practices and Safety practices, especially during
checks and chocking, during all steps in the
parking and securing processes.


Section 2
How are prime movers coupled

and uncoupled to trailers, under
license testing conditions?

Section outline
Areas covered in this section
Coupling trailers
Uncoupling trailers

Coupling a trailer
The safety and security of coupling trailers to prime movers or other
rigid vehicles is critical. think how dangerous it would be for a trailer to
break away from its towing vehicle, whether loaded or not. Therefore,
the serviceability of coupling parts and the checking of the coupling
function cannot be stressed too much.
Tasks you will be required to undertake when coupling include:
• positioning towing vehicle
• inspecting and preparing coupling parts / equipment
• stabilising the position of the trailer in preparation for coupling
• adjusting the trailer height and aligning the coupling parts
• coupling the trailer
• applying trailer brakes, then testing connections
• securing coupling equipment and related tools.

Activity 11: What procedures are used to couple trailers?
Your trainer will provide you with a prime mover suitable for
coupling to a given trailer. You are required to complete the
coupling, then discuss this activity with your trainer.
1. Position the Use mirrors while reversing prime mover

prime mover straight in front of the trailer
Stop prime mover just in front of trailer and

apply park brake
Confirm that the Prime Mover and trailer

are aligned
Park the vehicle in neutral, if maxi brakes

are fitted, or in a gear contrary to the
prevailing slope.
2. Inspect and Confirm currency of vehicle registration and

prepare the accuracy of details
couplings
Check for damage to trailer skid plate, King
Pin, and turntable and jaws
Check the skid plate to determine if

turntable needs locking, when ball race and
quick release are fitted together
Check turntable jaws are open
Make sure the turntable is turning if

unlocked
Lock the turntable in position for trailers

without the block
Check top of turntable is well greased,

where required (in locked position).
3. Immobilise the Place chocks and secure at least one wheel

trailer (preferably on the leading axle), on non-
maxi brake trailer
Check park brake is on, (trailer equipped

with spring brakes, maxi-brakes, etc).

4. Check / adjust Check that the turntable and King Pin are
trailer height aligned
Check the height of trailer skid plate, and

make any necessary adjustments
Check that air hoses / cables do not

obstruct prime mover when reversed
Confirm that no personnel or other

obstructions that would interfere with
coupling are present.
5. Couple the Slowly reverse prime mover under the

trailer trailer to lock turntable jaws around king pin
Listen to or feel for jaws locking into place
Visually check the completed coupling to

ensure the jaws are locked on the king pin
and release lever is in the ‘locked’ position
Correctly connect all hoses and cables
Tug test the trailer, with the landing gear

raised slightly, to confirm proper coupling,
then re-apply prime mover park brake
Lock the turntable linkage if required.
6. Activate trailer Activate the tractor protection valve, if fitted

brakes
Apply, then release trailer brakes
Listen for air release confirming operation

of linkages
Re-fit coupling and re-test brakes if

required, by releasing and re-applying
valves and brakes
Check hoses are supported in positions that

avoid damage.
7. Test vehicle Raise the landing gear completely, and

preparatory to secure the handle
task
Check to ensure there is no space between
the skidplate and turntable, and advise
company personnel if space is found
Check all lights and indicators, tyres,

mirrors, axles, springs, etc, for serviceability

Confirm that sufficient clearance exists for

normal movement between prime mover
and trailer frame
Tug-test the trailer is locked on
Run engine until maximum air pressure is

recorded in air tanks, then test brakes by
moving off slowly in first gear, with brakes
released, then apply trailer brakes to
maximum effort
Secure the vehicle by switching the engine

off and applying prime mover park brakes.
8. Secure Confirm equipment, including spare wheel,

equipment twist locks, wheel chocks, tool box, trailer
gates, tarpaulins, chains, etc, is stowed and
secured safely.
9. Observe OHS Observe and implement OHS practices,

practices during all steps in the coupling process.
make sure trailers are coupled safely.

Uncoupling a trailer
During uncoupling of trailers, the safety and security of the process
remains as critical as in coupling. Therefore, the suitability of the
uncoupling area, the stability of landing gear and their ability to hold
the load, and checking during the uncoupling function also cannot be
stressed too much.
Tasks you will be required to perform when uncoupling include:
• selecting a suitable uncoupling site
• positioning the articulated vehicle
• lowering trailer landing gear
• disconnecting hoses and cables
• releasing turntable jaws
• uncoupling the trailer
• applying trailer park brake, if applicable, and install wheel chocks
• securing coupling equipment and related tools.

Activity 12: What procedures are used to uncouple trailers?
1. Park articulated Park the vehicle in a straight line, on level

vehicle ground, firm enough to support trailer
landing gear and its load
Apply prime mover park and trailer brakes
De-activate tractor protection valve, if fitted
Place chocks on trailer front axle group if

vehicle is parked on sloping ground.
2. Lower landing Place strong timber or other flat supports

gear beneath landing gear if required for soft
ground
Lower landing gear until supports are firmly

in contact with ground / base plates
Secure the landing gear handle
Check that a gap had become visible

between the trailer skid plate and turntable.
3. Disconnect Safely disconnect air hoses and electrical

hoses and cables
cables
Stow hoses and cables securely on the
prime mover (or other designated location)
Confirm connectors were kept free of dust

and water, and are kept clear of the
tailshaft.
4. Release the Engage the release handle of turntable

turntable jaws jaws
Take pressure off the release handle, by

gently rocking prime mover forward and
backwards if the handle cannot be
engaged.

5. Separate the Release prime mover parking brake, then

trailer slowly drive forward in a straight line
Stop with rear of prime mover still

underneath front of trailer, then confirm
trailer is secure on its landing gear
Take remedial action if trailer fails to

separate properly, by reversing to coupled
position, then checking components for
damage, probable causes and continued
safety practices
Advise relevant company personnel if

uncoupling is not achieved
Park prime mover clear of the trailer, and

apply the park brake.
6. Observe OHS Observe and implement OHS practices,

practices during all steps in the uncoupling process.
make sure trailers are uncoupled safely.


Additional
resources

Web sites:
• National Transport Commission
http://www.ntc.gov.au/
• Australian Transport Safety Bureau
http://www.atsb.gov.au
• Road and Traffic Authority (NSW)
http://www.rta.nsw.gov.au
• VicRoads (Vic)

http://www.vicroads.vic.gov.au
• Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development &
Local Government
http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/
• NSW Workcover
http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au
• Queensland Rural Fire Service
http://www.ruralfire.qld.gov.au
• WorkSafe Victoria (including publications section)
http://www.worksafe.vic.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/WorkSafe/Hom
e/Forms+and+Publications/
• Attorney General’s Department (relevant legislation)

http://www.ag.gov.au/www/agd/agd.nsf/Page/Legislation
Organisations:
• National Transport Commission
Level 15, 628 Bourke Street, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia 3000)
Telephone: 03 9236 5000 Facsimile: 03 9642 8922
• Commonwealth Bookshop
109 Queens St
Melbourne, Victoria
Telephone (03) 9670 4224
• Standards Australia
19 – 25 Raglan St
South Melbourne, Victoria
Telephone (03) 9693 3555

Feedback on
activities
The responses provided in this section are suggested responses.
Because every workplace is different, your responses may vary
according to your specific workplace procedures, the equipment
available and the nature of the business.

Activity 3: How are loads secured on articulated vehicles?
Study the 4 diagrams below and indicate whether they are

correctly or incorrectly loaded:
Correct 
Incorrect X
Why Good Load Spread
Correct X
Incorrect 
Why Load too far rearward
Correct X
Incorrect 
Why Load too far forward
Correct 
Incorrect X
Why Load correctly positioned

List the 3 areas of driver responsibility for loading a vehicle

1. Loading
2. Distribution
3. Arranging the load
List the 3 factors necessary to secure a load

1. Lashing secured to the vehicle chassis
2. Baulking arrangements
3. Friction between the load and the vehicle platform
Write down the meaning of the following International Cargo

Symbols
Symbol Meaning
Sling here
Keep dry

Symbol Meaning
Heavy weight this end
Use no hooks
Keep away from heat
This way up

Symbol Meaning
Fragile - handle with care
Activity 5: How are gears used efficiently to drive articulated

vehicles?

Correct Incorrect
The purpose of gears in a vehicle is to:

a) Increase the engine energy capacity
b) Spread the friction over more components
c) Match road speed to best engine speed 
When driving up a steep hill, the best gear to engage is:

a) the lowest gear ratio the vehicle has
b) the highest gear the vehicle that is possible
c) the highest gear that maintains specified
engine torque 
For descending long or steep hills, a driver should:

a) engage a high gear to minimise RPM and wear
b) engage a lower gear during the descent
c) engage the required gear before descent
commences 

Correct Incorrect
When slowing or stopping, gear changing should:

a) include all intermediate ratios available
b) engage only the gear that will be next
needed 
Negotiating a sharp corner, the required gear is engaged:

a) before entering the corner 
b) at the sharpest point of the corner
c) during the exit from the corner
d) immediately after leaving the corner
The term “Progressive Shifting” means:

a) using maximum RPM in each gear before shifting
b) attaining only enough RPM to reach
the next gear 
c) changing gear at the same RPM for every shift
The gear changing difference between petrol and diesel engines

is:
a) diesel engines have higher torque at
lower RPM 
b) petrol engines pull better at low RPM
The term “Skip Shifting” means that the driver:

a) avoids de-clutching during gear shifts
b) engages the most suitable gear regardless of
sequence 
To engage a lower gear while moving on a slight downgrade:

a) decrease speed to well below that of the
lowest gear 
b) retain vehicle speed / gently decrease RPM

Activity 6: How are brakes efficiently used to control


Correct Incorrect
Hydraulic brake systems:

a) force fluid pressure to cylinder pistons on
each wheel 
b) can suffer from water contamination,
lowering the boiling point of the brake fluid 
On steep downhills, brakes should be used:

a) very few times during the descent 
b) only for emergencies and unexpected conditions 
c) by applying and releasing quickly and frequently
Brake performance can be dangerously affected by:

a) water on the friction surfaces 
b) overheating and brake fade through overuse 
c) using gears which are too low for some sections
of the hill
d) the nature of the road surface 
To use brakes safely and efficiently you should:

a) avoid braking in curves or corners if possible 
b) use less braking for lighter loads 
c) test brakes after driving through water 

Activity 7: What actions are used to steer articulated vehicles

in reverse?
Look at the diagram on the next page. Which one of the four
steering positions shows how the front wheel must be turned as the
Prime Mover begins to reverse?
Answer: 1
1 2 3 4

Activity 15: How do drivers control trailer skids?
Answer the following questions on controlling skids by describing

the actions to be taken in each case:
1. What are the three steps to take when controlling a drive wheel
skid?
1. Ease off accelerator or brakes
2. Steer front wheel towards

direction of skid
3. When skidding has stopped,

gently re-apply the accelerator
or brakes.
2. What are the two actions you need to perform when controlling
a trailer wheel skid?
1. Release brakes to regain

trailer wheel traction
2. Lightly tap accelerator if safe to

do so
3. Check the setting of the trailer

brake proportioning valve, if
fitted.


TLIC507D - Drive Heavy Combination Vehicle - Learner Guide

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

TLIC507D - Drive Heavy Combination Vehicle - Learner Guide

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TLIC507D Drive

Additional resources ....................................................................... 55

Feedback on activities .................................................................... 57

Page 2 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

What this Learner’s Guide is about

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 3

Planning your learning

Page 4 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

Section 1: How are articulated vehicles correctly

Are you able to: Yes No

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 5

Section 2: How are prime movers coupled and

Are you able to: Yes No

Page 6 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

How you will be assessed

You will be required to safely:

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 7

Page 8 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

How are articulated vehicles

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 9

Areas covered in this section

Selecting and changing gears

Manoeuvring trailers, using reverse gears

Parking and securing articulated vehicles

Page 10 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 11

Activity 1: What procedures are required to complete a

You are required to identify and check the serviceability of an

Sub-tasks Steps Completed

1. Complete Confirm that the engine is switched off

Confirm that Air Wet Tank was drained at

Investigate any possible fluid leaks

Check that ancillary drive belts are in good

2. Complete Confirm that brakes are fully applied

Check that oil, air and alternator warning lights

Check all tyre inflation pressures

Check all tyres for wall condition, tread depth

Check that the spare wheel is in good condition

Check that all wheel nuts are tight and have no

Check that parking, head, hazard, auxiliary and

Check that rear parking, indicator, brake and

Confirm that all plates and signs are visible,

Page 12 © Australian National Training Authority 2003

Check exhaust for visible emissions and noise

Check vehicle posture to ensure the chassis

Check lockers, stowage compartments and

Check serviceability and security of external

Confirm vehicle tool kit, including wheel

Check the location and suitability of safety

3. Complete Check that oil, air and alternator warning

Ensure that the oil pressure is on a correct

Check for correct air pressure

Check that windscreen wipers and washers

Check that the horn is working

Check that the park brake is working

Confirm opening and closing functions of all

Check seat adjustments for security and

Adjust mirrors to confirm correct operation

Confirm the currency of the vehicle’s

Complete the Pre-departure Check

4. Complete Check that air hoses are free from damage

© Australian National Training Authority 2003 Page 13

Check that electrical cables are free from

Confirm the turntable jaws are open

This sub-‐section should be completed unless you have: