Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The following checklist may be helpful to those who have finished the book and are reviewing. Students
who are comfortable with theses are terms and categories will find this knowledge to be a major asset in
understanding explanations of passages in commentaries or in oral teaching, as well as in the mental
process of considering all possibilities when struggling with a clause or sentence that seems initially
opaque. Use the books Index for more information about these terms.
Parts of Speech
Noun
Pronoun
Adjective
Article
Verb
Adverb
Preposition
Conjunction
Note: in Greek grammar certain adverbs and conjunctions are called Particles.
Categories for Nouns, Adjective, and Pronouns
Gender
Masculine
Feminine,
Neuter
Note: some forms are common to more than one gender, hence terms like
Masculine/Feminine, Masculine/Neuter, Masculine/Feminine/Neuter
Number
Singular
Plural
Dual
Case
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Vocative
Note: some instances of case usage, and some morphological forms, are to be
understood by reference to the additional Indo-European cases Ablative, Locative,
Instrumental.
Note: personal pronouns and reflexive pronouns also have Person (see under Verbs).
Ancient Greek Tutorials (atticgreek.org) created by Donald Mastronarde as complementary content for use with
Introduction to Attic Greek, Second Edition (University of California Press 2013)
Ancient Greek Tutorials (atticgreek.org) created by Donald Mastronarde as complementary content for use with
Introduction to Attic Greek, Second Edition (University of California Press 2013)
Pronouns
Ancient Greek Tutorials (atticgreek.org) created by Donald Mastronarde as complementary content for use with
Introduction to Attic Greek, Second Edition (University of California Press 2013)
Non-finite forms
Infinitive
Participle
Verbal Adjectives in - and -
Conjugational types
-verbs, or theme-vowel verbs
uncontracted -verbs
epsilon-contract verbs, or verbs in -
alpha-contract verbs, or verbs in -
omicron-contract verbs, or verbs in -
-verbs, or athematic verbs
Primary and Secondary
Primary Tenses of Indicative
Present, future, perfect, future perfect, gnomic aorist
Secondary Tenses of Indicative
Imperfect, aorist, pluperfect, historical present
Primary personal endings
used in primary tenses of Indicative, and in Subjunctive
Secondary personal endings
used in secondary tenses of Indicative and in Optative
Uses of the Cases
Nominative
subject
predicate nominative noun
Note: the nominative is occasionally used in exclamations, almost like a vocative
Genitive
possessive
in attributive use (usually in attributive position)
predicative
subjective
objective
partitive
object of some prepositions (frequently ablatival in sense)
time within which
of distinction or comparison
of cause
of material
of measure
of quality or description
of price or value
with certain compound verbs
ablatival with verbs
Ancient Greek Tutorials (atticgreek.org) created by Donald Mastronarde as complementary content for use with
Introduction to Attic Greek, Second Edition (University of California Press 2013)
Dative
indirect object
of reference
of possession
of interest or advantage (and disinterest or disadvantage)
of means or instrument
object of some prepositions (often locative in sense)
of time when
of manner
of degree of difference
comitative
of military accompaniment
with compound verbs
with verbs and adjectives meaning help, please, meet, obey, trust, be similar or equal
of agent (especially with perfect passive and verbals in -)
Accusative
object of verbs
direct (external) object
object of the thing effected
internal object (acc. of the content)
subject of an infinitive
adverbial accusative
duration of time and extent of space
respect or specification
object of some prepositions (often with directional meaning or expressing extension)
predicate accusative (with verbs meaning make, render, appoint, and the like)
Vocative
address
exclamation
Note: all cases can also be used in apposition to a noun or pronoun in one of the above uses.
Uses of Infinitive
complementary
subject of impersonal verbs and impersonal expressions
articular
indirect discourse (especially with verbs of belief, expectation, )
natural result with , or
Ancient Greek Tutorials (atticgreek.org) created by Donald Mastronarde as complementary content for use with
Introduction to Attic Greek, Second Edition (University of California Press 2013)
Uses of Participle
attributive
circumstantial
temporal
causal
concessive
conditional
of purpose (future participle)
supplementary
with , ,
with verbs meaning begin, continue, cease
with verbs of emotion
with verbs meaning do well, do ill, surpass, be inferior, and the like
with verbs meaning permit, endure
with verbs of perception
expressing indirect discourse (especially with verbs of knowledge, remembering, proving,
announcing, perception)
Uses of Subjunctives
Independent uses
hortatory (first person)
of prohition (second and third persons)
deliberative questions
doubtful assertion denial (with or )
emphatic denial (with )
Dependent uses
purpose clause
object clause with verb of fearing
present general conditional protasis
future more vivid conditional protasis
temporal clauses with words meaning before, until
Ancient Greek Tutorials (atticgreek.org) created by Donald Mastronarde as complementary content for use with
Introduction to Attic Greek, Second Edition (University of California Press 2013)
Types of Conditions
Neutral
Future
future most vivid (rare)
future more vivid
future less vivid
General
present general
past general
contrary-to-fact
present contrary-to-fact
past contrary-to-face
Ancient Greek Tutorials (atticgreek.org) created by Donald Mastronarde as complementary content for use with
Introduction to Attic Greek, Second Edition (University of California Press 2013)