OBJECTIVES

Upon completion of the Additional Mathematic project work, I am able to gain valuable
experiences based on the objectives:

Apply and adapt a variety of problem solving strategies to solve routine and nonroutine problems.
Experiences classroom environment which are challenging, interesting and
meaningful and hence, improve thinking skills.
Experiences classroom environments where knowledge and skills are applied in
meaningful ways in solving real-life problems.
Experiences classroom environments where expressing ones mathematical
thinking, reasoning and communication are highly encouraged and expected.
Experiences classroom environments that stimulates and enhances effective
learning.
Acquire effective mathematical communication through oral and writing and to
use the language of mathematics to express mathematical ideas of correctly and
precisely.
Enhance exquisite mathematical knowledge and skills through problem solving in
ways that increase interest and confidence.
Prepare ourselves for the demand of our future understandings and our work
place.
Train ourselves to be independent learners but also to collaborate, to cooperate
and to share knowledge in an engaging a healthy environment.
Use technology especially the ICT appropriately and effectively.
Realize the importance and the beauty of mathematics.

We are expected to submit the project work within two weeks from the first day the task
is being administered to us. Failure to submit the written report will result us not to
receive the certificate.

INTRODUCTION
By the 18th century, the term "statistics" designated the systematic collection
of demographic and economic data by states. In the early 19th century, the meaning of
"statistics" is broadened, then including the discipline concerned with the collection,
summary, and analysis of data. Today statistics is widely employed in government,
business, and all the sciences. Electronic computers have expedited statistical
computation and have allowed statisticians to develop "computer-intensive" methods.
The term "mathematical statistics" designates the mathematical theories of probability
and statistical inference, which are used in statistical practice. The relation between
statistics and probability theory developed rather late, however.
In the 19th century, statistics increasingly used probability theory, whose initial
results were found in the 17th and 18th centuries, particularly in the analysis of games
of chance (gambling). By 1800, astronomy used probability models and statistical
theories, particularly the method of least squares, which was invented by Legendre
and Gauss.
Early probability theory and statistics was systematized and extended by
Laplace; following Laplace, probability and statistics have been in continual
development. In the 19th century, social scientists used statistical reasoning and
probability models to advance the new sciences of experimental psychology and
sociology; physical scientists used statistical reasoning and probability models to
advance the new sciences of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. The
development of statistical reasoning was closely associated with the development of
inductive logic and the scientific method statistics is not a field of mathematics but an
autonomous mathematical science, like computer science or operations research.
Unlike mathematics, statistics had its origins in public administration and maintains a
special concern with demography and economics. Being concerned with the scientific
method and inductive logic, statistical theory has close association with the philosophy
of science; with its emphasis on learning from data and making best predictions,
statistics has great overlap with the decision science and microeconomics. With its
concerns with data, statistics has overlap with information science and computer
science.

DEFINITION OF STATISTICS
Statistics is the study of the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation and
presentation of data. It deals with all aspects of data, including the planning of data
collection in terms of the design of surveys and experiments.

BRIEF HISTORY OF STATISTICS

Statistical methods date back at least to the 5th century BC. The earliest known writing
on statistics appears in a 9th-century book entitled Manuscript on Deciphering
Cryptographic Messages, written by Al-Kindi. In this book, Al-Kindi provides a detailed
description of how to use statistics and frequency analysis to decipher encrypted
messages. This was the birth of both statistics and cryptanalysis, according to the Saudi
engineer Ibrahim Al-Kadi.
The Nuova Cronica, a 14th-century history of Florence by the Florentine banker and
official Giovanni Villani, includes much statistical information on population, ordinances,
commerce, education, and religious facilities, and has been described as the first
introduction of statistics as a positive element in history.
Some scholars pinpoint the origin of statistics to 1663, with the publication of Natural
and Political Observations upon the Bills of Mortality by John Graunt. Early applications
of statistical thinking revolved around the needs of states to base policy on demographic
and economic data, hence its stat- etymology. The scope of the discipline of statistics
broadened in the early 19th century to include the collection and analysis of data in
general. Today, statistics is widely employed in government, business, and natural and
social sciences.
Its mathematical foundations were laid in the 17th century with the development of
the probability theory by Blaise Pascal and Pierre de Fermat (left). Probability theory
arose from the study of games of chance. The method of least squares was first
described by Carl Friedrich Gauss around 1794. The use of modern computers has
expedited large-scale statistical computation, and has also made possible new methods
that are impractical to perform manually.
History of statistics can be said to start around 1749 although, over time, there
have been changes to the interpretation of the word statistics. In early times, the
meaning was restricted to information about states. This was later extended to include
all collections of information of all types, and later still it was extended to include the
analysis and interpretation of such data. In modern terms, "statistics" means both sets
of collected information, as in national accounts and temperature records, and analytical
work which require statistical inference.
Statistical activities are often associated with models expressed using
probabilities, and require probability theory for them to be put on a firm theoretical basis.

A number of statistical concepts have had an important impact on a wide range

of sciences. These include the design of experiments and approaches to statistical
inference such as Bayesian inference, each of which can be considered to have their
own sequence in the development of the ideas underlying modern statistics.

STATISTICS TODAY
During the 20th century, the creation of precise instruments for agricultural
research, public health concerns (epidemiology, biostatistics, etc.), industrial quality
control, and economic and social purposes (unemployment rate, econometry, etc.)
necessitated substantial advances in statistical practices. Today the used of statistic has
broadened far beyond its origin. Individuals and organizations use statistics to
understand data and make informed decisions throughout the natural and social
sciences, medicines, business, and other area. Statistics are generally regarded not as
the subfield of mathematics but rather as a distinct, allied, field. Many universities
maintain separate mathematics and statistic departments. Statistic is also taught in
department as diverse as psychology, education and public health.