Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

Student Study Session
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus Solutions

WehaveintentionallyincludedmorematerialthancanbecoveredinmostStudentStudy
Sessionstoaccountforgroupsthatareabletoanswerthequestionsatafasterrate.Useyour
ownjudgment,basedonthegroupofstudents,todeterminetheorderandselectionofquestions
toworkinthesession.Besuretoincludeavarietyoftypesofquestions(multiplechoice,free
response,calculator,andnoncalculator)inthetimeallotted.
Multiple Choice Questions Solutions
1. A (1985AB22)
2
1
2
( x 1)( x 1)
dx ( x 1) dx
1
x 1
1 2
x x
2
x 2
x 1
1
0
2
2. C (1988AB10)
2kx 2 x 3

3
2
x k
18
x 0
k
3
k 18
3
2 3
k 18
3
k 3
3
3. C (1988AB36)
Thefirstquadrantintervalfor y 3x x is [0, 3] .
2
3x x dx
yavg
30
x 3
yavg
yavg
3 2 1 3
x x
3 x0
2
27
9 0
3
2
3
2
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Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

4. A (1988AB13)
UsingtheFundamentalTheoremofCalculus,
that
c
0
f ( x) dx f (c) f (0)
f ( x )dx f (b) f (a )
, it follows directly
5. D (2003AB22)
1
f (1) f (0) f ( x) dx 5 3 8
Alternatively,theequationforthederivativeshownis f ( x) 6 x 6 .
f ( x ) (6 x 6)dx
0
f ( x ) 3 x 2 6 x c
f (1) 3 1 6(1) 5 8
With f (0) 5 implies c 5 andtherefore
6. E (2003AB23)
d g ( x)
f (t )dt f ( g ( x)) g ( x)
ApplyingtheSecondFundamentalTheorem, dx a
d x2
sin(t 3 ) dt sin( x 2 )3 (2 x) 2 x sin( x 6 )
0
dx
7. C (1993BC41appropriateforAB)
2
2
d x 2 3 x t 2
f ( x )
e dt e ( x 3x ) (2 x 3)
dx 2
3
x
f ( x) 0 onlywhen
2.
3
3
3
,
,
x
f 0 for
2 and f 0 for 2 thus f ( x ) hasaminimumat
2.
8. D (1988AB14)
cos
02 1 sin d
Let u 1 sin
1
2
u du 2u
1 u 2
2
u 1
2 2 ( 2)
9. C (2003BC18appropriateforAB)
d 2x
g ( x)
f (t ) dt 2 f (2 x)
dx 0
g (3) 2 f (2 3) 2 f (6) 2( 1) 2
10. E (1993BC3appropriateforAB)
Q( x) p( x) ,sothedegreeofQis n 1 .


11. E (1973BC45appropriateforAB)
F ( x) xg ( x) with x 0 and g ( x ) 0 ,so F ( x) 0 ;therefore, F isdecreasing(not
increasing).
12. E (2003AB19)
d x3
2
0 ln t 1 dt
dx
2
3 2
(3x ) ln ( x ) 1
(3x 2 ) ln x 6 1
13. B (1988AB19)
u x2 1
du 2 xdx
x 2 u 22 1 5 and x 3 u 32 1 10 ,so
1 10 1
du
2 5 u
1
(ln10 ln 5)
2
1 10
ln
2 5
1
ln 2
2
14. D (2003AB92)
g ( x) isdecreasingwhen g ( x) 0 .
d x
sin(t 2 ) dt
0
dx
2
g ( x) sin( x )
g ( x)
Usingagraphingcalculator,determinewhere g ( x ) 0 .
1.772 x 2.507
15. B (1997BC82appropriateforAB)
x
x
1 3
1
x x2 x2 2
(t 2 2t ) dt t dt
2
2
Since 0
, 3
.Usingthecalculator,thegreatestxvalue
ontheinterval [0, 4] thatsatisfiesthisinequalityisfoundtooccurat x 1.3887 .
16. E (1997 AB88)
x
f ( x) h( x )dx
, so f (a) 0 ; therefore, only choices (A) and (E) are possible. But
f ( x) h( x) , so f is differentiable at x b . This is true for the graph in option (E), but not
for the graph in option (A), where there appears to be a sharp turn at x b . Also, since h is
a

increasing at first, the graph of f must start out concave up. This is also true in (E) but not
(A).

17. A
(2008 BC88 appropriateforAB)

x
g ( x) f (t )dt
g (2) f (t ) dt 0
2
2
and f 0 and f 0 ; g ( x) f ( x) , so g ( x) f ( x) .
.
0,
g
0
f
(1)
g
(2)
g
(1)
2
f
0
g
0
g
Since
, so g is increasing, so
, so
.
, so
, so
g (3) g (2) g (2) g (1)
3 2
2 1
is decreasing; therefore,
, so the answer is choice A.
18. A
(2003AB82)
Thefunction r (t ) istherateofchangeinthealtitude,sothealtitudeisdecreasingwhen
r (t ) 0 .Thezerosof r (t ) are1.572and3.514,sothechangeinaltitudewhenthealtitudeis
3.514
r t dt
decreasingcanbefoundusing 1.572
.
19. A
(2003AB84)
5
T (5) T (0) (110e 0.4t ) dt 350 237.78 112oF

0
20. A
(2003BC80appropriateforAB)
0.1t
14 100e
T
dt 124.499 125 tons
7 2 e 3t

Free Response Questions

21. 2010 AB1/BC1acd
6
(a)
f t dt 142.274 or 142.275 cubic feet
(c)
h 0 0
For 0 t 6 ,
1:
t
h t h 0 g s ds 0 0 ds 0
For 6 t 7 ,
2 1: integral
1: answer
1:
1:
h t
h t
h t
for 0 t 6
for 6 t 7
for 7 t 9
h t h 6 g s ds 0 125 ds 125 t 6
For 7 t 9 ,
h t h 7 g s ds 125 108 ds 125 108 t 7
h t
Thus,
0t 6
6t 7
0;
125(t 6);
125 108 t 7 ; 7 t 9
(d)
f t dt h 9 26.334
Amount of snow is
or 26.335
0
cubic feet.
22.
1: integral
3 1: h 9
1: answer
2009 AB2/BC2acd
2 1: integral
1: answer
(a)
R t dt 980 people
(c)
w 2 w 1 w t dt 2 t R t dt 387.5
The total wait time for those who enter the auditorium
after time t 1 is 387.5 hours.
1
1 2
w 2
2 t R t dt 0.77551
980 0
(d) 980
On average, a person waits 0.775 or 0.776 hour.
1: integral
2 1: answer
1: integral
1: answer

23.
2009 AB5/BC5b
3 5 f x dx
13
(b)
13
3 dx 5 f x dx
3 13 2 5 f 13 f 2 8
24.
13
1: usesFundamental
TheoremofCalculus
2
1: answer
2010 AB5a
3
(a)
g 3 5 g x dx 5
0
22 3 13

4
2 2
g 0 5
1: uses
3
g 3
1:
g 2
1:
g 2 5 g x dx 5
0
25. 2008B AB4
(a)
f x 3 4 3x
g x f sin x cos x
3 4 3sin x
2:
cos x
(c) For 0 x , g ( x) 0 onlyat

g 0 g 0

g 4 t 2 dt 0
0
2
2:
2.
f x
g x
1: sets
g x 0
2
3 1: justifiesmaximumat
1: integralexpressionfor 2
g
0, is 0
Themaximumvalueofgon
4 t 2 dt

26. 2009B AB1ac
1: integral
1
3 sin x 2 dx
16
(a)
R (3) 6.610 or 6.611
R t 6
3 1: expressionfor R t
R 3
1:
(c)
A t dt A 3 A 0 24.200 or 24.201
0
Fromtime t 0 to t 3 years,thecrosssectional
areagrowsby24.201squarecentimeters.
1: usesFundamental
TheoremofCalculus
3
1:
A t dt
valueof
1: meaningof 0
A t dt
27. 2011B AB6
(a)
x
g x cos dx
2
2
f x dx
x
6 2 2sin
2
2
6
(c)
h x g 3x 3

h 3 g 3
3

x 4
x 2
1: antiderivative
2
1: answer
h x
2:
3
1: answer

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