SINHA IIT CHEMISTRY 1

BOND ENERGY Bond type &Length D

BOND Kcal/mol kJ/mol
Bond type Length D
O-H 110-111 460-464
C-H 96-99 400-415 C-CSp3-sp3 1.53
N-H 93 390 Sp3-sp2 1.51
S-H 82 340 Sp3-sp 1.47
C-F 2 2
Sp -sp 1.48
C-H 96-99 400-415 2
Sp -sp 1.43
C-O 85-91 355-380 Sp-sp 1.38
C-C 83-85 345-355 2
C=CSp -sp
2
1.32
C-Cl 79 330 2
Sp -sp 1.31
C-N85 69-75 290-315 Sp-sp
63
1.28
C-Br 66 275 C ≡CSp-sp
Inductive effect of groups relative to hydrogen 1.18
+I -I C-HSp3-H 1.09
Sp2-H 1.08
O- NR3+ COOH OR Sp-H66 1.08
COO- SR2+ F COR C-OSp3-O 1.43
CR3 NH3+ Cl SH Sp2-O 1.34
CHR2 NO2 Br SR C=OSp2-O 1.21
CH3 SO2R I OH Sp-O57 1.16
D CN OAr C ≡Cr C-NSp3-N 1.47
SO2Ar COOR Ar 2
Sp -N 1.38
CH=CR2 C=NSp2-N
1.28
C ≡N Sp-N
31 EM IT A
1.14
C-Ssp3-S
0 9 H I NH

1.82

50 Y
2
sp -S 1.75

55
-0 TR sp-S
C=Ssp-S
1.68
1.67
SI

49 IS
C

Carbanion stability
Vinyl > phenyl > Cyclopropyl > ethyl > n-propyl > isobutyl > neopentyl >cyclobutyl > cyclopentyl
Reducing Agent
Reagent Preferred Solvents
Sodium Borohydride ethanol; aqueous ethanol
NaBH4 15% NaOH; diglyme
avoid strong acids
Lithium Aluminum ether; THF
Hydride (LAH) avoid alcohols and amines
LiAlH4 avoid halogenated
compounds
avoid strong acids
Lithium tri t- ether; THF
Butoxyaluminohydride avoid alcohols and
LiAlH(Ot-C4H9)3 amines,avoid halogenated
Functions Reduced
aldehydes to 1°-alcohols
ketones to 2°-alcohols
1,2-reduction of enones is favored by
CeCl3inert to most other functions
aldehydes to 1°-alcohols,ketones to 2°-
alcohols.carboxylic acids to 1°-alcohols
esters to alcohols,epoxides to alcohols
nitriles & amides to amines
halides & tosylates to alkanes
most functions react
fast:-acid chlorides to aldehydes
(at -78° C),3°-amides to aldehydes (at -78°
C),nitriles to aldehydes (at -78° C)

1-D-10 Talwandi & B-7 JAWAHAR NAGAR,KOTA. 93149-05055

 SINHA IIT CHEMISTRY
compounds
avoid strong acids
Diisobutylaluminum THF; toluene
Hydride avoid alcohols and amines
AlH[CH2CH(CH3)2]2 avoid halogenated
compounds
avoid strong acids
Diborane ether; THF
B2H6 = 2 BH3 sulfide complex in
CH2Cl2,complexes with
amines,avoid alkenes &
alkynes
Hydrogen & Catalyst alcohols, ethers,
H2 & Pt, or Pd, or Ru, or hydrocarbons
Ni or carboxylic acids
Modified (poisoned)
Catalyst
Reactive Metals liq. ammonia & ether
Na, or Li, or K cosolvents
or alcohols or amines
31 EM IT A
0 9 H I NH
2
slower:,aldehydes to 1°-alcohols
ketones to 2°-alcohols
fast:-acid chlorides to aldehydes
(at -78° C),3°-amides to aldehydes (at -78°
C),nitriles to aldehydes (at -78° C)
slower:,aldehydes to 1°-alcohols
ketones to 2°-alcohols
carboxylic acids to 1°-alcohols, aldehydes
to 1°-alcohols,ketones to 2°-
alcohols,nitriles to amines,esters &
epoxides slowly reduced
alkenes & alkynes to alkanes (fast)
nitro groups to amines (fast)
imines to amines (fast)
aldehydes & ketones to alcohols (slow)
nitriles to amines (slow)
may remove benzylic groups
alkynes to alkenes
acyl chlorides to aldehydes
ketones to 2°-alcohols
alkynes to alkenes
conjugated π-systems
(e.g. aromatic rings, dienes & enones)
cleaves C-X and benzylic groups

50 Y
Mg or Al or Zn or Fe cleaves activated substituents
water, alcohols, acetic acid nitro groups to amines

55
-0 TR
or aqueous mineral acid C=O (aldehyde/ketone) to CH2
SI

Oxidising Agent
49 IS
Reagent Preferred Solvents Functions Oxidized
Jones Reagent aqueous sulfuric acid & acetone 1°-alcohols to carboxylic acids
H2CrO4 (avoid acid sensitive systems) aldehydes to carboxylic acids
2°-alcohols to ketones
avoid amines and sufides
Collins Reagent methylene chloride 1°-alcohols to aldehydes
CrO3 • 2 C5H5N (CH2Cl2) 2°-alcohols to ketones
C

Pyridinium Chlorochromate methylene chloride 1°-alcohols to aldehydes

ClCrO3 • C5H5NH (CH2Cl2) 2°-alcohols to ketones
Dimethyl Sulfoxide CH2Cl2 or ethers or DMSO A Mild Procedure
(CH3)2S=O & 1°-alcohols to aldehydes
DCC or Ac2O or (CF3CO)2O 2°-alcohols to ketones
or SO3 or (COCl)2
Potassium Permanganate water and aldehydes to carboxylic acids
KMnO4 aqueous solvent mixtures 2°-alcohols to ketones
pyridine alkenes to vicinal-diols (vic.-glycols)
often used catalytically alkynes to carboxylic acids
Osmium Tetroxide avoid amines and sufides
OsO4 alkenes to vicinal-diols (vic.-glycols)
Periodic Acid water or aqueous mixtures vic.-glycols to carbonyl compounds
HIO4
Lead Tetraacetate vic.-glycols to carbonyl compounds
Pb(OCOCH3)4 benzene or acetic acid
Peracids CH3CO3H CH2Cl2 or ethers alkenes to epoxides,ketones to esters
C6H5CO3H, etc. avoid amines and sufides
Ozone CH2Cl2 or CHCl3 cleaves alkenes & alkynes
O3 (sometimes alcohol) avoid benzene derivatives
amines and sufides

1-D-10 Talwandi & B-7 JAWAHAR NAGAR,KOTA. 93149-05055