Nitrates (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Adverse effects of statins

Niacin (mechanism,
use,colesevelam
toxicity)
Cholestyramine,
colestipol,
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ezetimibe
Fibrates (gemfibrozil
+ -fibrates) (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Digoxin and digitoxin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Class 1A antiarrhythmics
Class 1B antiarrhythmics
Class 1C antiarrhythmics
Class 1 antiarrhythmics
(general mechanism
and toxicity)
Class 2 antiarrhythmics
Class 3 antiarrhythmics
Toxicity of amiodarone
Class 4 antiarrhythmics
Adeosine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Magnseium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Treatment for prolactinoma
Treatment of secondary hyperaldosteronism
Treatment of carcinoid syndrome
Rapid-acting insulins (3)
Short-acting insulin (1)
Intermediate-acting insulin (1)
Long-acting insulins (2)
Metformin
(mechanism, use,
toxicity) use,
Tolbutamide,
chlorpropamide
(mechanism,
toxicity)
Glyburide, glimepiride,
glipizide (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Pioglitazone, rosiglitazone
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Acarbose, miglitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Pramlintide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Exenatide,
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Linagliptin,liraglutide
saxagliptin,
sitagliptin (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Propylthiouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Methimazoletriiodothyronine
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Levothyroxine,
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Oxytocin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Demeclocycline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Glucocorticoids
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Cimetidine
and ranitidine
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
-prazoles (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bismuth, sucralfate (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Misoprostol (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Octreotide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Toxicity of long-term antacid use
Infliximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Sulfasalazine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ondansetron (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Metoclopramide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Can be used to prevent mast cell degranulation
Treatment of lead poisoning
Heparin (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Enoxaparin,
dalteparin (mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Warfarin
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Alteplase,
reteplase,
tenecteplase
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Aspirin ticlodipine,
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Clopidogrel,
prasugrel,
ticagrelor
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Cilostazol, dipyridamole (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Abciximab, eptifibatide,
tirofiban (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Methotrexate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
5-fluorouracil (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cytarabine
(mechanism, use,6-thioguanine
toxicity)
Azathioprine,
6-mercaptopurine,
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Dactinomycin
(actinomycin
D) (mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), daunorubicin
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bleomycin (mechanism,
use,(mechanism,
toxicity)
Cyclophosphamide,
ifosfamide
use, toxicity)
Carmustine, lomustine,
semustine, streptozocin
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Busulfan vinblastine
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Vincristine,
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Paclitaxel (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Cisplatin,
carboplatin
(mechanism,
use, use,
toxicity)
Etoposide,
teniposide
(mechanism,
toxicity)
Hydroxyurea (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Prednisone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tamoxifen, raloxifene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Trastuzumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Imatinib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Rituximab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vemurafenib (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bevacizumab
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Ibuprofen,
naproxen,
indomethacin,
ketorolac,
diclofenac (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Celecoxib (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Acetominophen (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Alendronate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Allopurinol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Febuxostat (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Probenecid (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Colchine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Etanercept
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Infliximab,
adalimumab
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Latanoprost
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
meperidine,
dextromethorphan,
diphenoxylate
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Butorphanol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tramadol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
First-line therapy for simple partial seizures
First-line therapy for complex partial seizures
First-line therapies for tonic-clonic seizures (3)
First-line therapy for absence seizures
Phenytoin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Carbamazepine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Lamotrigine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Gabapentin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Topiramate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Phenobarbital (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Valproate (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ethosuximide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Benzodiazepines (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tiagabine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Vigabatrin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Levetriacetam
toxicity)
Phenobarbital,(mechanism,
pentobarbial,use,
thiopental,
secobarbital
(mechanism,
use,(mechanism,
toxicity)
Triazolam,
oxazepam,
midazolam
use, toxicity)
Barbituates
vs. benzodiazepines
(mechanism)
Zolpidem, zaleplon,
eszopiclone (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Ketamine
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Order
of sensory
loss when
using
local
anesthetics
Succinylcholine
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Tubocurarine,
-curium
drugs (mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Dantrolene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Levodopa/carbidopa (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Selegiline (mechanism,
toxicity)
Donepezil,
galantamine,use,
rivastigmine
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Sumatriptan (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Trifluoperzine, fluphenazine, haloperidol

(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Chlorpromazine,
thioridazine
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
aripripazole, ziprasidone (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Lithium (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Buspirone
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Fluoxetine,
paroxetine,
sertraline,
citalopram
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Venlafaxine, duloxetine (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
-iptyline, -ipramine,
doxepin, amoxapine
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Tranylcypromine,
phenelzine,
isocarboxazid,
selegiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bupropion (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Mirtazapine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Maprotiline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Trazodone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Mannitol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Acetazolamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Furosemide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ethacrynic acid (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Hydrochlorothiazide
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Spironolactone, eplerenone
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Triamterene, amiloride (mechanism, use,
Captopril, enalapril,toxicity)
lisinopril (mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Losartan, valsartan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Leuprolide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Finasteride (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Flutamide (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ketoconazole (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Clomiphene (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tamoxifen (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Raloxifeneexemestane
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Anastrozole,
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Mifepristone (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Terbutaline (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Tamsulosin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Sildenafil, vardenafil (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Danazol (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Treat methemoglobinemia
with
Diphenhydramine,
dimenhydrinate,
chlorpheniramine
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Loratadine, fexofenadine,
desloratadine,
cetrizine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Albuterol (mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Salmeterol,
formoterol (mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Theophylline (mechanism, use, toxicity)

Ipratropium (mechanism,
use, toxicity)use,
Beclomethasone,
fluticasone (mechanism,
toxicity)(mechanism, use,
Montelukast, zafirlukast
toxicity)
Zileuton (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Omalizumab (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Guaifenesin (mechanism, use, toxicity)
N-acetylcysteine (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Bosentan (mechanism, use, toxicity)
Dextromethorphanphenylephrine
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Pseudoephedrine,
(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Difference in competitive
vs noncompetitve
inhibitors?
What is Km?
What is Vmax?
What is bioavailability?
Time
to steady
state depends
What
is rate
of elimination
in zeroon?
order
kinetics?
Give
three
drugs
are zero order
eliminated.
What
is the
ratethat
of elimination
for first
order
kinetics?
doestreat
ionization
relate
to urine
pH?
HowHow
do you
overdose
of weak
acid?
Give
drug
examples.
How do you treat overdose of weak base? Give
examples.
What is phasedrug
I drug
metabolism? What pt.
population
loses this?
What is phase II metaboloism?
What population
depend on this?
What is efficacy?
What
potency?
What happends
toisefficacy
when a partial
agonist and full agonist are mixed?
What is therapetuic index?
What
is a types
therapeutic
window?
What are the two
of Nicotonic
receptors?
What
kind
of
messenger
do
they
use?
Alpha-1 sympathetic receptor (G-protein
class,
major
function)
Alpha-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class,
majorreceptor(G-protein
function)
Beta-1 sympathetic
class,
major
function)
Beta-2 sympathetic receptor(G-protein class,
major function)
M-1 Parasymp receptor(G-protein
class, major
function)
M-2 Parasymp(G-protein class, major function)
M-3
parasymp(G-protein
class, for
major
function)
What
receptor is responsible
miosis
and
accomadation?
What receptor
is responsbile for mydriasis?
Dopamine
D-1 receptor(G-protein
class, major
function)
Dopamine D-2 receptor(G-protein
class, major
function)
Histamine H-1 receptor(G-protein
class, major
function)

histamine H-2 receptor(G-protein class, major

vasopression V-1function)
receptor(G-protein class,
major
function)
vasopression V-2 receptor(G-protein
class,
major
function)
Which receptors work via Gq -> Phospholipase
C ->Pip2->DAG + IP3?
DAG causes activation of what?
IP3 causes
increase
in what? cyclase
Which receptors
work
via Gi->Adenyly
->cAMP ->Protein
A?
Which receptors
work via Kinase
Gs->adenylyate
cyclase ->cAMP->Protein Kinase A?
What does protein kinase A do?
What are the two classes of cholinomimetics?
Bethanechol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Carbachol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pilocarpine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
methacholine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Neostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
pyridostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
edrophonium(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Physostigmine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Donepezil(mechanism,use,toxicity)
signs
of cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning.
treatment.
Parathion(mechanism,
treatment)
Atropine,
homatropine, tropicamide
(mechanism, use, toxicity).
Benztropine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Scopolamine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Ipratropium,tiotropium
(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
Oxybutynin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Glycopyrrolate(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Jimson Weed(mechanism,
toxicity)
Epinephrine(Mechanism,
receptors
bound, use,
toxicity)
Norepinephine(Mechanism, receptors bound,
use, toxicity)
Isoproterenol(Mechanism,
receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
dopamine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
dobutamine(Mechanism,
receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
Phenylephrine(Mechanism, receptors bound,
use, terbutaline
toxicity)
Albuterol, salmetrol,
(Mechanism,
receptors
bound,
use,
toxicity)
Ritodrine(Mechanism, receptors bound, use,
toxicity)
Amphetamine (mechanism, use)
Epinephrine(Mechanism, use, toxicity)
(mechanims,
use).
Why mustCocaine
B-Blockers
be avoided
in suspected
cocaine
intoxication?
How does
norepinephrine
cause reflex
bradycardia?

How does isoproterenol cause reflex

tachycardia?
Clonidine, alpha-methyldopa(Mechanism,
receptors bound, use) receptors
Phenoxybenzamine(Mechanism,
bound, use, toxicity)
phentolamine(Mechanism,
receptors bound,
use,
toxicity)
Doxazosin,Tamsulosin(Mechanism, receptors
bound, use, toxicity)
Mirtazapine
(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
Describe
what occurs
when you
alpha-blockade
epi vs. phenylephrine.
Give 6 applications of Beta-blockers in general.
give
general
toxicites
of b-blockers
What are
the
B1 selective
b-blockers?
When are
they useful? ( b1 = b2) bWhat are the nonselective
blockers?
what are the nonselective a and b-antagonists?
What are the partial B-agonists?
Give treatment for acetaminophen overdose.
Give treatment for salicylates overdose.
give
treatment
for for
amphetamines
overdose
Give
treatment
antimuscarinic
and
anticholinergic overdose.
Give treatment for b-blocker overdose
Give treatment for digitalis overdose
give treatment for iron overdose.
treatment
for lead overdose
givegive
treatment
for mercury,
arsenix, gold
overdose
give treatment for copper, arsenic, gold
overdose
give treatment for cyanide
give methemoglobin treatment
Give Carbon
give treatment
for monocide
methanol, treatment
ethylene glycol
overdose
give treatment for opiods overdose
give treatment for benzodiazepine overdose
give treatment for TCA overdose
give treatment for heparin overdose
give treatment
forStreptokinase,
warfarin overdose
give treatment
for tPA,
urokinase
overdose
give
overdose
givetreatment
treatmentfor
fortheophylline
acetylcholinesterase
inhibitors
causes coronary vasospam
causes cutaneous flushing
causes dilated cardiomyopathy
causes torsades de pointes
causes agranulocytoisis
causes aplastic anemia

causes direct coombs positive hemolytic

anemia
causes gray baby syndomr
causes hemolysis in G6PD-defiect patients
causes megaloblastic anemia
Causes thrombotic complications
Causes cough
causes pulmonary fibrosis
causes acute cholestatic hepatits, jaundice
causes focal to massice hepatic necrosis
causes hepatits
can lead to pseudomembranous colitis
can lead to adrenocortical insufficiency
can causes gynecomastia
causes hot flashes
causes hypergylcemia
causes hypothyroidism
causes fat redistribution
causes gingival hyperplasia
causes gout
causes myopathies
causes osteoporosis
causes photosensitivty
causes rash/SJS
cause drug induced lupus
causes teeth
problems
causes tendonitis,
tendon
rupture, tooth
damage
causes diabetes insipidus
causes fanconi's syndome
causes hemorrhagic cystits
causes interstital nephritis
causes SIADH
causes cinchonism
causes parkinson-like syndome
causes seizures
causes tardive dyskinesia
acts like an anti-muscarinic
can cause a disulfiram like reaction
can cause nephro/ototoxicity
list p450 inducers
list p450 inhibitors
lists the sulfa drugs

Difference between peniciliin G and V.

Penicillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Oxacillin,Naficillin,Dicloxacillin(mechanism,use,t
oxicity)
Ampicillin,
Which has amoxicillin(mecanism,use,toxicity)
better bioavailibility; amoxicllin or
ampicillin?
What does clavulanic acid do?
Ticarcillin,piperacillin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
List the B-lactamse inhibitors
Cephalosporin(mechanism,use,toxiciity)
give use of cefazolin, cephalexin.
give use of cefoxitin, cefaclor,cefuroxime`
give use of ceftriaxone, cefotaxime,ceftazidime
give use of cefepime.
whatAztreonam(mechanism,use,toxicty)
transpeptidase inhibitor can be used in
penicillin allergy?
imipenem/cilastatin,meropenem,etrapenem,dor
ipenem(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Vancomycin(mechanism,use,toxicty)
How
is redman syndrome prevented in
vancomycin use?
How does vancomycin resistant occur?
List antibiotic protein synthesis inhibitors
amikacin,tobramycin,streptomycin(mechanism,
use,toxicity)
how does resistenace
to aminoglycosides
occur?
demecycline,minocycline(mechanism, use,
toxicity)
how does
resistance to
tetracyclines occur?
Azithromycin,
clarithromycin,
erythromycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
how does resitance to macrolides occur?
Chloramphenicol(mechanism,use,toxicity)
what causes grey baby syndrome?
How does resistance to chloramphenicol occur?
clindamycin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Sulfamethoxazole(SMX),
sulfisoxazole,
sulfadiazine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
how does resistance to sulfonamides occur?
Trimethoprim(mechanism,use,toxicity)
ciprofloxacin,
norfloxacin, levofloxacin, etc...
(mechanism, use, toxicity)
how
resistance
to fluroquinolones
occur?
Whatdoes
groups
are susceptible
to fluorquinolone
tendon rupture?
Metronidazole(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Isoniazid(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Rifampin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pyrazinamide(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Ethambutol(mechanism,use,toxicity)

Amphotericin B(mechanism, use, toxicity)

nystatin(mechanism,use,toxicty)
itraconazole,
voriconazole(mechanism,
use,toxicity)
Flucytosine(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Caspofungin,
micafungin(mechanism,
use,
toxicity)
terbinafine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Griseofulvin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Pyrimethamine use
suramin and melarsoprol use
nifurtimox use
sodium stibogluconate use
Chloroquine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
quinidine use
artemether/lumifantrine use
Zanamivir,oseltamivir(mechanism,use)
Ribavarin(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Acyclovir,valacyclovir(mechanism, use, toxicity)
Famciclovir use
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir
Ganciclovir,valgangciclovir(mechanism,use,toxi
city)
mechanism for resistance to acyclovir
Foscarnet(mechanism,use,toxicity)
mechanism for resistance to foscarnet
cidofovir(mechanism,use,toxicity)
HAART consist
of what?
give mechanism
and toxicity
of protease
inhibitors
Ritonavir
does whatdidansoine,
to be a "booster"
zidovudine,
stavudine(mechanism,use,toxicity
Nevirapine, Efavirenz,
Delavirdine(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Raltegravir(mechanism,use,toxicity)
Interferons(mechanism,use,toxicity)
What antibiotics must be avoided in pregnancy?
cause
direct toxicity
to nervescause
By what
mechanism
does isoniazid
B6(pyridoxine)
What medications
can beloss?
given before
Amphotercin
B
infusion
to
lessen
side effects?
which states increases patient susceptibility
to
digoxin toxicity?
list signs of ammonia overdose
cause
restrictive
Contrast
urine
Ca with lung
loop disease
diuretics and
thiazides
What is a sensitive indicator of alcohol abuse?
What is the treatment for delirium tremens?

Why is the naloxone-buprenorphine combo used

for heroin addiction
treatment?
What is neuroleptic
malignant
syndrome? What
is the treatment?
What
dyskinesa?
Is it
reversible?
What is
is tardive
serotonin
syndrome?
what
is the
treatment?
What
longteratogenic
term Phenactin
use
What can
are the
effects
ofcause?
ACE
inhibitors?
What are the teratogenic effects of alkylating
agents?
What are the teratogenic effects of
aminoglycosides?
What are the teratogenic effects of
carbamazepine?
What are the teratogenic effects of
diethylstilbestrol?
What are the teratogenic effects of folate
antagonists?
What are the teratogenic effects of lithium?
What are the teratogenic effects of phenytoin?
What are the teratogenic effects of tetracyclines
What are the teratogenic effects of thalidomide
What are the teratogenic effects of valproate?
What
aretime
the period
teratogenic
effects
of warfarin?
At what
is a fetus
most
susceptable
to teratogens?
What are the teratogenic effects of vitamin a?
What are the teratogenic effects of cocaine?
What
teratogenic
effectsofofbirth
smoking?
What are
drugthe
is the
leading cause
defects
and mental retardation?
What are the toxicities of Loop diuretics?
What
aremechanisms
the toxicitesdo
of thiazides
HCTZ? and loop
By
what
diutetics cause metabolic alkalosis?
What is
drugs
can stimulate
secretion?
What
a difference
in theprolactin
mechanism
of PTU
and methimazole?
Can
used
typetype
1 DM?
Whatsulfonylureas
drugs can bebe
used
to in
treat
1 AND 2
DM?
What drug is used to prevent tumor lysis urate
neuropathy?
List acute and chronic gout drugs.
probenacid(mechanism, use, tox)
febuxostat(use, mechanism)
Polymixin
B(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Methylphenidate,
destroamphetamine,
methamphetamine(mechanism, use)
Phytonadione(use)
Leucovorin(use,mechanism)
Protamine sulfate (use, mechanism)
What is tyramine
caused by?
phentolamine
for crisis
presurgery
pheochromocytoma
Why
is Lactulose fedsurgery?
to people with hepatic
encephalopathy?

Eculizumab(mechanism, use)
Cladribine(mechanism, use)
Trans-retinoic
Is an increase acid(use)
in serum creatinine normal after
starting ACE inhibitors?
Daptomycin(mechanism,
toxicity)
Ondansetron acts on 5HT3use,
receptors
in what
location,
in
order
to
decrease
nausea?
Why must mu agonists be avoided in suspected
pancreatic or biliary pain?
What drugs inhibit dihydrofolate reductase?
Varenicline(mechanism,
use)
What
class of drug can precipitate
mania in
those with bipolar disorder?
What
is thewhat
treatment
sleep
In
general,
is the for
best
drugenuresis?
to use for
edemadrug
of any
kind?
Which
used
for hyperthyroidism decreases
peripheral
T3->T3
conversion?
Can atropine be used
to block gastric
secretions? why or why not?
Fomepizole(mechanism, use)
Disulfiram(mechanism,
use)
hyperammonia caused by
a metabolic
derangement?
What is first dose effect, typically seen in A1
blockers?
Which
nitrate
bespecific
given PO?
Colchine
stopscan
what
cell to decrease
gout
symptoms?
What is the first line drug used to treat
hypertension
in pregnancy?
Why is MRSA resistant
to Naficillin but normal S.
Aureus is not?
Palizumab(mechanism, use)
Rhogam(mechanism, use)
Entacapone,
Tolcapone
(mechanism,
What
opioid effect
is most
resistant touse, tox)
tolerance?
Aldesleukin (mechanism, use)
Epoetin Alfa(mechanism, use)
Filgrastim, Sargramostim (mechanism, use)
alpha-inerferon(use)
B-Interferon(use)
gamma-interferon(use)
Oprelvekin(mechanism, use)
thromopoietin(use)
Muromonab-CD3 (mechanism, use)
Digoxin Immune Fab(mechanism, use)
Rasburicase (mechanism, use)
denosumab(mechanism,
What
keeps heparin fromuse)
crossing the placental
barrier?
cyclosporine(mechanism,
use, toxicity)
Isotretinoin,
tretinoin,
Acitretin(mechanism,use,toxicity

Calcipotrol(mechanism, use)
Orlistat(mechanism,
use)
giving what drug 30 minutes
before Niacin can
help
reduce
flushing?
Paclitaxil or sirolimus are commonly used in
cardiac
why?
What is stents.
the drug
used for Pre-eclampsi and
ecplamsia?
Bortezomib(mechanism,use,
toxicity)
What causes nitroprusside toxicity?
What is the
antidote?
Memantine(mechanism, use, toxicity)
What
is used
in alzheimer's
In
gasvitamin
anesthesias,
what
is the lipid treatment?
solubility
and the blood
solubility?tacalcitol (mechanism,
Calcitrol,
calcipotriene,
use)
Usetekinumab(mechanism,
Why
is it required to wait 14use)
days after stoping
a MAO-i before starting an SSRI?
Lepirudin, Bivalirudin (mechanism, use)
Ropinirole, Pramipexole (mechanism, use)
what
the usescan
of amantidine
for of
parkinsons?
What are
compound
cause sickling
sickle cell
trait
RBC's?
How do atypical antipsychotics avoid causing
parkinson's
symptoms and will
tardive
dyskinesia?
Which anti-inflammatories
not impair
platlet
aggregation? why?
Natalizumab(mechanism,
use,
toxicity) induced
What drugs are preferred in
medication
parkinson's
treatment?
What defines
induction why?
and potency in gas
anesthetics?

Cause NO release -> vasodilation (veins >>> arteries); used in angina; fast
tolerance, hypotension, flushing, headache
and
muscle breakdown
Inhibits lipolysis andHepatoxicity
reduces VLDL
secretion,
lowering LDL and raising HDL;
hyperlipidemia;
flushing
and
hyperuricemia
Inhibits reabsorption of bile acids -> lower LDL with slight increase in HDL;
unpigmented gallbladder stones and malabsorption
reabsorption
->HDL
lower
LDL
Upregulates LPLPrevents
-> lowercholesterol
triglycerides,
slightly inc.
and
slightly dec. LDL;
myositis
and
hepatoxicity
inc. contractility; stimulates the vagus; causes cholinergic symptoms and
hyperkalemia
cause torsades de pointes, cinchonism
(qunidine), procainamide (drug-induced
lupus) dec. AP duration especially in
Lidocaine, mexiletine, and tocainide;
depolarized/ischemia
tissue;
following tachycardias;
MI
Flecainide, propafenone;
no effect on AP,
used best
in ventricular
do not
use
post-MI due
risk for
arrhythmias
Blocks Na channels,
decreasing
theto
slope
of phase
0 depolarization; toxicity
bySA
hyperkalemia
Beta-blockers; reduces exacerbated
cAMP, slowing
and AV node activity, increases PR
interval; adverse
effects
include
impotence,
asthma
exacerbation,
sedationand
Amiodarone,
ibutilide,
dofetilide,
sotalol;
K channel
blockers;
inc. AP duration
QT interval
Pulmonary
fibrosis,
hepatotoxicity,
thyroid
dysfunction
Ca channel blockers;
verapamil
and
diltiazem; dec.
conduction
velocity and inc. PR
interval;
cause
constipation,
flushing,
and
edema
Inc. K efflux, hyperpolarizing the cell; used in supraventricular tachycardias; can
cause flushing, hypotension, and chest pain
Used in torsades de pointes and digoxin toxicity
Bromocriptine or cabergoline (dopamine agonists)
Spironolactone (or other AT2 antagonist)
Octreotide (somatostatin analogues)
Lispro, aspart, and glulisine
Regular
NPH
Glargine
detemir
decreases gluconeogenesis; can
causeand
lactic
acidosis (don't use in renal failure
First-generation sulfonylureas; closepatients)
beta-cell K channels, causing depolarization
and increased
insulin release;
causesKdisulfuram-like
effects
Second-generation
sulfonylureas;
close beta-cell
channels, causing
depolarization
and increased
insulin
release; causes
hypoglycemia
Thiazolidinediones;
activates
PPAR-gamma,
increasing
insulin sensitivity and
adiponectin
levels;
causes
weight
gain,
hepatotoxicity,
and heart failure
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; prevent sugar hydrolysis and absorption,
reducing
blood sugar levels
Amylin analog; reduces glucagon secretion; causes hypoglycemia
GLP-1
analogues;
increase
insulin,
decrease
glucagon
secretion;
causes
pancreatitis
DPP-4
inhibitors;
increase
insulin,
decrease
glucagon
secretion;
causes
mild
urinary/respiratory
infections
Blocks thyroid peroxidase and 5'-deiodinase; used to treat hyperthyroidism; causes
agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia, hepatotoxicity
Blocks thyroid peroxidase; used to treat hyperthyrodism; teratogenic
Thyroid hormone analogs; causes thyrotoxicosis
Used
to SIADH;
control can
uterine
hemhorrage
ADH antagonist used to
treat
cause
photosensitivty and bone/teeth
abnormalities
suppression; can cause Cushing's syndrome, adrenal insufficiency (if withdrawn
quickly)cimeditine is a P-450 inhibitor and has
H2 antagonists; used to treat hyperchloridia;
antiandrogenic
effects,
both
creatinine secretion
Irreversibly inhibit
the H/K pump;
used
to reduce
treat hyperchloridia;
increased risk of C.
difficile infection and hypomagnesemia
Coats ulcer base and protects underlying tissue

PGE1 analog that decreases acid production and increases bicarb production; used
to prevent NSAID ulcers; abortifacient
Somatostatin analog; used to treat VIPoma and carcinoid syndrome
Hypokalemia
Anti-TNF; used
treat IBD and
RA; can cause
activation
of latentacid
microbes
Combination
of to
sulfapyridine
(antibacterial)
and
5-aminosalicylic
(antiinflammatory); used to treat IBD; causes oligospermia
antagonist;
used activity
as an antiemetic
D2 antagonist; used 5-HT3
to increase
gut muscle
and as an antiemetic; causes
parkinson signs
Cromolyn sodium
Dimercaprol
andsome
EDTA,patients
succimer
in kidsantibodies to platelet
coagulation and in pregnant
women;
develop
4 half-life,
(HIT)
Same actions as heparin, but has afactor
longer
does not have to be monitored
as closely, andofhas
a reduced
of C,
HIT
Inactivated gamma-carboxylation
factors
II, VII, risk
IX, X,
and S; used for longterm and non-immediate anticoagulation; can cause tissue necrosis, teratogenic
Converts
plasminogen
to plasmin;
usedand
as aanti-inflammatory;
thrombolytic
Irreversibly inhibits
COX-1
and COX-2;
anti-platelet
gastric
ulcers,
tinnitus,
Reye's
syndrome
in
childhood
viral
infections
Irreversibly blocks ADP receptors on platelets, preventing degranulation; used for
acure coronary
syndrome;
ticlodipine
causes
neutropenia
Phosphodiesterase
inhibitor,
increases
cAMP and
decreases
ADP, preventing
platelet degranulation; nausea, headache, facial flushing, hypotension
GPIIb/IIIa
preventing
platelet
aggregation;
bleeding,
thrombocytopenia
Inhibits inhibitors,
dihydrofolate
reductase,
inhibiting
DNA synthesis;
myelosuppression,
fatty
change
in liver synthase, inhibiting
Pyrimidine analog thatmacrovesicular
is activated and
inhibits
thymidylate
DNAthat
synthesis;
photosensitivity
Pyrimidine analog
inhibitsmyelosuppression,
DNA polymerase; leukopenia,
thrombocytopenia,
megaloblastic
anemia
Purine analogs that are activated by HGPRT and inhibit purine synthesis; toxicity is
increased with allopurinol, causes bone marrow, GI, and liver toxicity
DNA intercalator; usedan
for
childhood
tumors;
myelosuppression
cardiomyopathy(Dexrazoxone,
iron
chelator,
prevents
this), myelosuppression,
alopecia
Generates free radicals that cause DNA
strand breaks; pulmonary fibrosis with
Crosslinks DNA (must be minimal
activatedmyelosuppression
by liver); myelosuppression, hemhorragic
cystitis (can be minimized with mesna)
Used to treat CNS tumors
Alkylates
DNA; pulmonary
fibrosis,causes
hyperpigmentation
Block microtubule
polymerization;
vincristine
neurotoxicity, vinblastine
causes bone marro suppression
Blocks
microtubule(minimize
breakdown;
Crosslinks DNA;
nephrotoxicity
withmyelosuppression
chloride diuresis, amifostine),
acoustic n. damage
Inhibits topoisomerase
II; and
myelosuppression,
GI upset,
alopecia
Inhibits ribonucleotide
reductase
increases HbF; used
in cancers
and HbSS
disease; bone marrow suppression
Unknown but
may trigger
apoptosis
in dividing
cells; Cushingoid
symptoms
osteoporosis;
tamoxifen
increases
the risk
of endometrial
cancer due
to agonist
effects. Raloxifene = no increase in endometrial cancer.
Antibody against HER-2 receptor; cardiotoxicity
Antibody
tyrosinelymphoma
kinase
Antibody against CD20;
used against
to treat bcr-abl
non-Hodgkin's
and rheumatoid
arthritis
B-raf kinase inhibitor (V600 mutation); used in metastatic melanoma
Antibody
against
Reversible COX inhibitor; gastric
ulcers,
renalVEGF
ischemia (due to constriction of
afferent arteriole)
Reversible COX-2 inhibitor; anti-inflammatory
without damage to gastric mucosa;
sulfa allergy, thrombosis

COX inhibitor inanalog

the CNS
(not
anti-inflammatory);
causes
hepatic
necrosis
Pyrophosphate
that
inhibits
osteoclasts; used
to treat
osteoporosis,
hypercalcemia, and Paget's disease; corrosive esophagitis
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor, reduces production of uric acid
Xanthine oxidase inhibitor
Inhibits reabsorption of uric acid in PCT
Inhibits microtubule polymerization, preventing neutrophil extravasation
TNF-alpha receptor that binds free TNF-alpha
Anti-TNF-alpha
antibody
PGF2 analog that increases the
outflow of aqueous
humor; can cause darkening of
theand
iris close Ca channels, inhibting synaptic
Mu opioid agonists that open K channels
transmission;
addiction,
depression,
constipation,
miosis
Mu opioid
partial agonist;
usedrespiratory
to treat severe
pain; causes
withdrawal
if being
treated
with full and
agonist
Weak opioid agonist that inhibits
serotonin
NE reuptake; increases risk for
seizures
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine
Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproate
Ethosuximideanemia, teratogenic, drug-induced
gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, megaloblastic
lupus,
P450 inducer aplastic anemia, P450 inducer,
seizures and trigeminal neuralgia;
agranulocytosis,
SIADH,complex,
liver toxicity
Blocks Na channels; used for simple,
and tonic-clonic seizures; StevenJohnson
syndrome
Inhibits Ca channels; used for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic seizures, migraine
prophylaxis,
peripheral
neuropathy,
bipolar
disorder;
tonic-clonic
seizures and
migraine
prevention;
mental
dulling, ataxia
kidney stones,
weight
loss
Increases GABA channel action; first-line for simple, complex, and tonic-clonic
incomplex,
children; tonic-clonic,
P450 inducerand myoclonic seizures;
clonic seizures, used forseizures
simplex,
hepatotoxicity,
neural
tubefor
defects,
weight
gain,GI
tremor
Blocks thalamic
Ca channels;
first-line
absence
seizures;
distress, Stevensyndrome
(diazepam, lorazepam), usedJohnson
for eclampsia
seizures (diazepam, lorazepam),
anxiety, alcohol withdrawl, sleep walking, night terrors; sedation
Inhibits
GABA
reuptake;
used for
simple and
complex
seizures used for
Irreversibly
inhibits
GABA
transaminase,
increasing
GABA
concentration;
simple and complex seizures
Unknown
mechanism;
used foropening;
simple, complex,
tonic-clonicsedative;
seizures CNS
Increase duration of GABA channel
inductionand
of anesthesia,
depression, P450 inducer, contraindicated in patients with porphyrias
Short-acting benzodiazepines; more addictive potential
Increase duration vs. increase frequency
subtype
GABA
channel
used
to treatcardiac
insomnia
BlocksBZ1
NMDA
receptor;
used
as anagonists;
anesthetic;
increases
activity,
hallucinations, bad dreams
Pain
-> temperature
touch -> pressure
ACh receptor agonist,
produces
sustained->
depolarization
and desensitization; used
as a paralytic; hypercalcemia, hyperkalemia, malignant hyperthermia
ACh antagonists;
as paralytics
Inhibits release of Ca from
sarcoplasmicused
reticulum
and skeletal muscle; used to
treat
malignant
hyperthermia
and
neuroleptic-malignant
syndrome
decarboxylase activity; used to treat parkinson symptoms; can cause
arrhythmias
"on/off" phenomenon
MAO-B (prefers dopamine forand
breakdown)
inhibitor, inhibits dopamine breakdown;
used to treat parkinson symptoms; enhances adverse effects of levodopa
ACh
esterase
inhibitors;
used
to treat Alzheimer's
disease;
cholinergicand
symptoms
Agonist
at 1B/1D
serotonin
receptors;
used to treat
acute migraines
cluster
headaches; coronary vasospasm

cholinergic symptoms (dry mouth, constipation), extrapyramidal effects

(dyskinesia),
neurolepticmania,
malignany
syndrome,corneal
tardive deposits
dyskinesia
(haloperidol)
schizophrenia, psychosis,
and Tourette's;
(chlorpromazine),
retinal
desporits
(thioridazine)
disorder, OCD, and others;
weight
gain (olanzapine,
clozapine), agranulocytosis
(clozapine),
seizures
(clozapine),
prolonged
QT (ziprasidone)
Unknown mechanism; used for bipolar disorder and SIADH;
tremor, sedation,
edema,
hypothyroidism,
polyuria
Agonizes 1A serotonin receptors; used for generalized anxiety disorder; no side
effects,
but takes
1-2 weeks formyoclonus,
improvement
dysfunction, sertonin
syndrome
(hyperthermia,
flushing, diarrhea,
seizures)
Block reuptake of NE and serotonin from synaptic cleft; depression, diabetic
neuropathy
(duloxetine);
hypertension
(clomipramine); convulsions,
coma,
arrhythmias,
sedation, hypotension, anticholinergic effects
anxiety, and hypochondriasis; hypertensive
crisis (tyramine in wine/cheese), don't
use with other serotonin agonists
Increases
NE and dopamine;
for serotonin
smoking sensation,
depression;
Alpha-2
antagonist,
increasesused
NE and
release, and
serotonin seizures
receptor
agonist; used for depression; sedation, increased appetite with weight gain;
Blocks NE reuptake; used for depression; sedation, hypotension
Inhibits
serotonin
uptake;
usedand
for increased
insomnia; ICP;
pripism
Osmotic diuretic;
used to
treat drug
overdose
pulmonary edema,
CHF
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; used for glaucoma, metabolic alklalosis;
hyperchloremic
metabolic
acidosis, ammonia
toxicity,
sulfa allergy
hypercalcemia;
ototoxicity,
hypokalemia,
hypocalcemia,
nephritis,
gout, sulfa
allergy
Inhibits NKCC channel; used in patients with furosemide (sulfa) allergy;
hyperuricemia hyperuricemia, hypercalcemia,
hypercalcinuria; hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia,
sulfa
allergy
Aldosterone receptor antagonists;
hyperaldosteronism,
CHF, hypokalemia;
hyperkalemia (arrhythmias), antiandrogen effects with spironolactone
Block
sodium channels
in cortical
collecting
duct; hyperaldosteronism,
CHF
heart
remodeling,
hypertension,
CHF;
cough, angioedema,
transient creatinine
increase,similar
hyperkalemia
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists;
to ACE inhibitors, but do not cause
cough
due
to
normal
metabolism
bradykinin
continuous doses; used as an agonist for infertility of
and
an antagonist for prostate
cancer, fibroids, and precocious puberty; antiandrogenic
5-alpha reductase inhibitor; used for BPH and male-pattern baldness
Testosterone receptor
in prostate
Inhibits 17,20-desmolase,
stoppingantagonist;
sex steroidused
synthesis;
used cancer
to treat polycystic
syndrome
Partial estrogen agonist in the ovarian
hypothalamus,
increases release of LH and FSH,
stimulating
ovulation;
used for
infertility
andcancer;
PCOS partial agonist
Estrogen receptor
antagonist
at the breast;
used
for breast
at
the
uterus,
can
cause
endometrial
hyperplasia
Estrogen receptor agonist at bone, inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates
osteoblast activity; used to treat osteoporosis
inhibitors;given
used with
in breast
cancer for abortion;
Progesterone Aromatase
receptor antagonist,
misoprostol
abortifacient; bleeding, abdominal pain
Beta-2 agonist, inhibits uterine contractions
Alpha-1
antagonist;
used impaired
to treat BPH
relaxation; used
in erectile
dysfunction;
blue-green vision,
contradindicated
with
nitrates
Partial androgen receptor agonist; used to treat endometriosis and hereditary
angioedema; weight gain, acne, hirsutism, low HDL, hepatoxicity
Methyleneand
blueantimuscarinic effects due to CNS
sedation, antiadrenergic, antiserotonergic,
penetration
H1 antagonists, 2nd gen; used in allergies;
less fatigue than 1st gen antihistamines
due to decreased CNS penetration
Short-acting beta-2 agonist; asthma
Long-acting
beta-2
agonist;cAMP
asthma;
arrhythmias
Phosphodiesterase
inhibitor,
increases
and tremor,
causes bronchodilation;
asthma;
cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity

Muscarinic
antagonist,
and
Inhibit
cytokine
synthesis,prevents
reducingbronchoconstriction;
inflammation due toasthma
asthma;
1stCOPD
line for
chronic asthma
Leukotriene
receptor
antagonists; especially
in aspirin-induced
asthma
Inhibits activity
of 5-lipoxygenase,
inhibiting useful
leukotriene
production; reduces
inflammation
Anti-IgE antibody; used in refractory allergic asthma
Thins
secretions
Loosens mucus plugs; used
in CFrespiratory
patients and
as an antidote to acetominaphen
posioning
Antagonizes endothelin-1 receptors, reducing vascular resistance in the pulmonary
vessels; used
in pulmonary
hypertension
Antagonizes NMDA receptors,
inhibiting
coughing;
produces opioid effects in large
and
carries
mild
abuse
potentialrhinitis; hypertension,
Alpha-1 agonists thatdoses
reduce
edema
and
nasal
congestion;
quick tolerance (recurrence of symptoms despite continued treatment)
competitive = decrease potency, noncompetitive = decrease efficacy.
Inverse relation of affinity of enzyme for its substrate.
Direct proportion to enzyme concentration
Fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation unchanged.
depends on half-life. Does not depend on frequency or size of dose.
constant amount eliminated per time.
PEA - phenytoin, Ethanol, Aspirin.
A constant FRACTION is eliminted, variable by concentration!
Ionzied species are trapped in urine and not resorbed. Neutral can be resorbed.
Treat with Bicarb to make neutral. Exp: phenobarbital, methotrexate, aspirin.
Treat with ammonium
chloride.
exp:Often
amphetamines.
Reduction, Oxidation,
hydrolysis with
CYP450.
gives neutral products.
Geriatrics
lose
this
phase.
Conjugation (Glucuronidation, Acetylation, and Sulfation.) Gives charged products.
Geriatrics depend on this, old people have GAS.
maximal effect a drug can produce.
amount of drug needed for the same effect.
DECREASEDMedian
efficacy.
fightdose
for same
binding
site, full
agonistdose.
cantSafer
exert drugs
full effect.
LD50/ED50.
lethal
divded
by median
effective
have
a higher TI.
Minimum
effective
dose
to
minimum
toxic Two
dose.
Think oftypes:
it as range
of use.
1. Nicotinic - Ligang gated Na/K channels.
nicotinic
Nm(NMJ)
and
Nn(autonomic
ganglia.
2.
Muscarinic
G-proteins.
5
types,
M1-M5.
q, increase: vasc. smooth muscle contraction, pupillary dilator muscle contraction,
intestinal outflow,
and bladder
sphincter
i, decrease: sympathetic
insulin
release,contaction.
lipolysis. increase: platlet
aggregation.
s, increase:
heart rate,
contractilty,
renincontractility,
release, lipolysis
s, vasodilation,
brochodilation,
increase:
heart rate,
lipolysis, insulin
release, aqueous humor production. decrease: uterine tone, ciliary muscle tone.
q, CNS, enteric nervouse system.
i, decease: heart
rate, contractility
of atria
contraction, bronchoconstriction,
pupillary
spinchter contraction,
cilliary muscle
contraction.
Parasympathetic M-3.
Sympathetic Alpha-1.
s, relaxes renal vascular smooth muscle
i, modulates transmitter release especially in brain.
q, increase: mucus production, contraction of bronchioles, pruritus, pain.

a, increase gastric acid secretion

q, increase: vascular smooth muscle contraction
s, increase water permeability and reabsorption in kidneys. (V2 found in 2 kidneys).
H1,Alpha1,V1,M1,M3. (remember HAVe 1 M&M)
Protein Kinase C.
Calcium -> smouth muscle contraction
M2, Alpha2, D2. (remember MAD 2's.)
Beta1, Beta2, D1, H2,V2.
increase calcium release in heart and blocks myosin light chain kinase.
1. direct agonsts
agonists
Direct cholinomimetic.
Postop2.
orindirect
neurogenic
ileus,(anticholinesterases).
urinary retention. COPD+asthma
exacerbation,
peptic ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic. Identical
to Ach. Glaucoma,
pupillary contraction, relief of
IOP. COPD+asthma
exacerbation,
pepticOpen
ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic.
Stimulates tears,
salvia, sweat.
and closed-angle
glaucoma.COPD+asthma
exacerbation,
peptic
ulcers.
Direct Cholinomimetic. challenge test of asthma diagnosis. COPD+asthma
exacerbation,
peptic
ulcers.
myasthenia gravis, reversal
of NMJ block.
COPD+asthma
exacerbation, peptic
ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Long acting myasthenia gravis treatment.
COPD+asthma
exacerbation,
peptic
ulcers. gravis diagnosis.
indirect cholinomimetic
agonist. Short
acting, for
myasthenia
COPD+asthma
peptic overdose,
ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic
agonist.exacerbation,
for anti-cholinergic
crosses BBB.
COPD+asthma
exacerbation,
peptic
ulcers.
indirect cholinomimetic agonist. Alzheimers disease. COPD+asthma exacerbation,
peptic ulcers.
DUMBBELSS (diarrhea, urination, miosis,
bronchospasm, bradycardia, excitation of
skeletal muscle +CNS, lacrimation, sweating, salvia.) tx: atropine + pralidoxime.
Irreversible cholinesterase
overdose.
Tx:
atropine
bradycardia).
Causes hot as ainhibitor,
hare, dryACH
as bone,
red as
beet,
blind+aspralidoxime.
bat, mad as a
hatter.
haloperiodal O.D, whihc causes torticolliosis. Causes hot as a hare, dry as bone, red
as Motion
a beet, sickness.
blind as acauses
bat, mad
Muscarinic antagonist.
hotas
asaahatter.
hare, dry as a cone, red as
beet, Asthma.
blind as aCauses
bat, mad
Muscarinic antagonist. aCOPD,
hot as
as aa hatter.
hare, dry as a bone, red as a
as aa bone,
bat, mad
spasms. causes hot as abeet,
hare,blind
dry as
red as
as aa hatter.
beet, blind as a bat, mad as a
hatter.
drooling, peptic ulcer. Can cause hot as
a hare, dry as a bone red as a beet, blind
as a bat, mad as a hatter.
muscarinic
antagonist,
causes gardner's
pupilopen
(mydriasis).
Direct Sympathomemetic. A1,A2,B1,B2.
Anaphylaxis,
angle glaucoma,
asthma,
hypotension.
direct sympathomemetic. A1,A2, some B1. used in hypotension but it decrease
renal
perfusion.
Direct sympathomemetic. B1, B2.
Used
in Torsade de pointe and bradyarryhmia.
Can
cause
tachycardia
and
worsen
cardiac
ischemia.
high = A1,A2,B1,B2,D1. Used in shock
and heart
failure
(ionotropic and
chronotropic).
Direct sympathomimetic. Mostly B1, little a1,a2,b2. Used in heart failure and
cardiac stresstest
(ionotrpic
and chronotropic)
Direct sympathomimetic.
A1, A2. Used
in hypotension,
to cause mydriasis, and
rhinitis
(decongestant).
Albuterol for short term asthma. Terbutaline for to reduce premture uterine
contractions.
Direct
sympathomimetic.
B2Releases
only. Used
to reduce
premature Used
uterine
indirect
sympathomimetic.
stored
catecholamines.
forcontractions.
narcolepsy,
obesity,
ADD.
indirect sympathomimetic. Releases stored catecholamines. Used for nasal
decongestion,
urinary
incontience,
hypotension.
direct sympathomimetic.
Reuptake
inhibitor.
Causes
vasoconstriction and local
anesthesia.
mixing them
canCauses
lead to increased
unopposed
A1 activation and
extreme hypertenion.
stimulates
A1>B2.
vasoconstrciton
-> increased
BP. This causes
reflex bradycardia and slowing of HR.

Stimulates B2>A1. This cause vasodilation and dropping of BP. B1 is stimulated and
causes tachycardia.
release.Used in hypertension, especially
renal disease due to no increase in renal
blood
flow!
IRREVERSIBLE nonslective alpha blocker.
Used in pheochromosytoma BEFORE
surgery!
toxic:
orhtostatic
hypotension,
reflec tachycardia.
REVERSBILE nonselective alpha blocker. give to patients
on MAOI who each
tyramine
contraining
foods.
Alpha-1 blocker. Used in hypertension, urinary rentention in BPH. tox:orthostatic
dizziness,
headache.
Alpha-2 blocker. Used in hypotension,
depression. tox:
sedation,
hypercholesterolemia, increased
apetite.
Before blockade: Both epi and phen RAISES BP. After alpha blockade: only epi
raises, CHF
no change
phenyl. Why:
Epi has B- decrease
binding, phenyl
does
secretion.
- slowsinprogression.
Glaucoma
secretion
of NOT.
aqueous
humor.
impotence, asthma exacerbation,
bradycardia, seizures, sedation, hides
hypoglycemia.
A BEAM. acebutolol, betaxolol, Esmolol,
Atenolol, Metoprolol. Useful in comorbid
pum. disease.
Please Try Not Being Picky. Propranolol, Timolol, Nadolol, Pindolol. B = B-blocker.
Carvedilol, labetalol.
Pindolol, Acebutolol.
N-Acetylcysteine (replenishes glutathione).
NaHCO3 (alkalinize urine)
NH4Cl (acidify urine)
Phygostigmine and control the hyperhermia.
Glucagon
(KLAM) normalize K, Lidocaine, Anti-dig fab fragments, Mg2
deFEroxamine, deFErasirox.
CaEDTA, dimercaprol, succimer, penicillamine
Dimercaprol, succiner
penillamine
nitrite + thiosulfate, hydroxocobalamin
Methylene blue, vitamin c
100% oxygen or hyperbaric oxygen
Fomepizole>Ethanol, dialysis
naloxone/naltrexone
flumazenil
NaHCO3 (alkalinize plasma)
protamine
Vitamin K, fresh frozen plasma
aminocaproic acid
B-Blockers
atropine + pralidoxime
cocaine, sumatriptan, ergots
(VANC) Vancomycin, Adenosine, Niacin, Ca blocker
doxorubicin, daunorubicin
class III (sotalol) and class Ia (quinidine)
Clozapine, Carbamazepine, Colchine, Propylthiouracil, Methimazole, Dapsone
chloramphenicol, benzene, NSAIDs, propylthiouracil, methimazole

methyldopa, penicillin
(hemolysis IS PAIN)isoniazid, chloramphenicol
sulfonamides, primaquine, aspirin, ibuprofen,
nitrofurantoin
(females with PMS are on full BLAST mode) Phenytoin, Methotrexate, Sulfa drugs
OCPs like estrogen
ACE inhibitors
Bleomycin, amiodarone, Busulfan
erthryomycin
Halothane, Amanita Phalloides, Valrpoic acid, Acetaminophen
isoniazid
clindamycin, ampicillin
glucocorticoid
HPA suppression
`(Some drugs create
awkward withdrawl
knockers) via
spironolactone,
digitalis, cimetidine,
chronic alcohol use, ketoconazole
estrogen, clomophene
niacin, tacrolimus, protease inhibitor, HCTZ, corticosteriods
lithium, amiodarone, suldonamides
glucocoricoids, protease inhibitors
phenytoin, verpamil
furosemide,
thiazides, niacin,interferon-alpha,
cyclosporine
fibrates, niacin, colchine,
hydroxychloroquine,
penicillamine,
statins, glucocorticoids
corticosteroids, heparin
for a PHOTO)
Sulfonamides,
amiodarone,
tetracycline
penicillin, (SAT
ethosuximide,
carbamazepine,
sulfa
drugs, lamotrigine,
allopurinol,
phenytoin, phenobarbital
Hydralazine, isonizid, procainamine, phenytoin
tetracyclines
fluoroquinolones
lithium, demeclocycline
expired tetracycline
Cyclophosamide, ifosfamide
methicllin, NSAID, furosemide
carbamazepine, cyclophosamide
Quinidine, qunine
antipsychotics,
(with seizures, I BITE
My tongue)resperine,
isoniazid, metoclopramide
Buproprion, imipenem, Tramadol,
Enflurane, Metoclopramide
antipsychotics
Atropine, TCA, H1-blocker, neuoleptics
metronidazole, some cephalosporins, procarbazine, 1st gen sulphonoureas
aminoglycosides,
vancomycin,
loop dieuetics,
cisplatin
Barbiturates,
St. John wart, phenytoin,
rifampin,
griseofulvin,
carbamazepine,
chronic
use. ketoconazole, sulfonamides,
cimetidine, ritonavir actue alcohol
use,alcohol
ciprofloxacin,
gemfibrozil,
quinidine.
(Popular FACTSSS) probenacid,
furosemide,
acetazolamide, celecoxib, thiazide,
sulfonamide antibiotics, sulfaasalazine, sulfonylureas

G = effective
IV and IM.on
V G+,
= oral.
peptidoglycans;most
also N. Meningitidis,
Treponema;hypersensitivy
reaction,
anema.blocking Bbind transpeptidases, penicillanse resistant duehemolytic
to bukly r-group
Lactamse;
S. Aureus, except MRSA; hypersensitivity and interstitial nephritis.
E.coli,Listera,Proteus,Salmonella,Shigella,enterococci;hypersensitivity
reaction,rash,pseudomemrane colitis.
amOxicllin has better Oral bioavilability.
B-lactamse
inhibitor
transpeptidase inhibitor but extended
spectrum;pseduomonas
and g- rods, use with
claculanic acid due to B-lactamse suspectibilty; hypersensitivity reaction.
(CAST) Clavulanic
Acid, Sulbactam,Tazobactem.
bactericidal;use depends
on generation,
there are four;hypersensitivty reactions,
vitamin
K defiency, increased
nephrotoxicity
of aminoglycosides.
1st generation
cephalosporins.
PEcK. Proteus,
E.coli,Klebsiella.
Cefazolin used preop
to prevent
infections.
2nd generation cephalosporins.
HENA.aureus
PEcKs. H.ib,
Enterbacter, Neisseria, Proteus,
E.coli,Klebsiella,
Serratia.
3rd gen. cephalosporins. Serious
gram - infections.
Ceftriaxone = meningitis and
gonorrhea. Ceftazidime = pseudomonas.
increased
activity
against pseudomonas
G+ bugs.
a monobactem resistant
to B-lactamases,
preventsand
binding
to PBP3 and is
synergistic with aminoglycosides;gram - rods only;very nontoxic, some GI upset.
aztreonam.do not;G+ cocci,G- rods, anerobes.
renal dehydropeptidase. later carbepenems
used only in life
events;skin
rash, CNS
toxicity,onces;NOT
seizures. bacterialcidal;
G+ threating
only, especially
for multidrug
resistant
nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, thrombophlebitis, red man syndrome.
slow infusion and rate and antihistamines.
amino
acid
change of D-alaTetracyclines.
D-ala to D-ala50S
D-lac.
AT 30, CCEL at 50.
30S =
Aminoglycosides,
= Chloramphenicol,
Clindamycin,
Erythromycin,
Linezolid.
uptake;ineffective in anaerobes,use in gram - rod infections and before bowel
ototoxicity,
teratogen.
transferase surgery;
enzymesnephrotoxicty,
that inactivateNMJ
theblock,
drug by
acetylation,
phosphorylation, or
adenylation.
Chlamysia; can't take with milk, antacids, iron because ions bind it, GI distress,
discoloration of teeth, inhibition of bone growth, contraindication in pregnancy.
uptake into cells
or increased
effluxchlamydia,
by pumps.gram + cocci;
bacteriostatic,decrease
blocks translocation;
atypical
pneumonias,
MACRO: increased Motility, arrhythmia, Cholestatic hepatitis, Rash, eOsinophilia.
23s rRNAanemia,
binding site.
countries due to being methylation
cheap; dose of
dependent
dose independent aplastic
anemia, gray baby syndrome.
use of chloramphenicol in premature infants, they lack UDO-glucuronyl-transferase.
plasmid-encoded
acetyltransferase.
Bacteriostatic. Blocks peptide
transfer; anaerobic
infections in lung infections and
oral
anerobes;
C.
Diff
infection,
fever,
Nocardia, Chlamydia, UTI; hypersensitivty, hemolysisdiarrhea.
in G6PD, nephrotoxic,
kernicterus, displaces other drugs from albumin.
altered
bacterial dihydropteroate
or increased
PABA synthesis.
used in UTI,
PCP (prophylacis
and treatment),
shigella, salmonella;
megaloblastic
anemia,
leukopenia,
granulocytopenia.
Neisseria, some G+;( lones hurt the bones) tenonitis and tendon rupture,
superinfections, don't give to kids or pregnant women due to cartilage damage.
mutation in DNA gyrase or efflux pumps.
older than
60 or taking
prednisone
damage; (GET GAP) Giardia,
Entamoeba,
trichomonas,
Gardnerella, Anaerobes,
Pylori;
causes
disulfiram
like
reaction,
headache,
metallic
taste.
activate INH; TB drug, only one used as prophylaxis and in
latent TB;
peripheral
neuropathy,
hepatoxic, lupis
like
drug interaction,
pyridoxine
antagonist.
inhibits DNA-dependent
RNA
polymerase;
TB, Leprosy,
prophylaxis
in
meningococcus and Hib type B; hepatotox, p450 inducer, orange body fluids.
TB; hyperuricemia,
decreasedunknown;
carbohydrate
polymerizationhepatotoxic.
of TB cell wall, blocks
arabinosyltransferase; TB; optic neuropathy(red-green color blindness_

mycoses infections; fever/chills, hypotension, arrythmias, nephrotoxic, IV phlebitis,

mustonly
supplement
K and
MG. used for oral thrush and
binds fungal ergosterol;topical
due to high
toxicity,
topical
diaper rash
or vaginal
candidiasis. for suppression of
inhibits fungal ergosterol
synthesis
by binding
p450;Fluconazole
cryptococcus
in AIDs
patients,
itraconazle
for blasto,
coccio,
inhibits
fungal DNA and
RNA
synthesis
by conversion
to 5FU;
used histo.
in systemic
fungal
infections,
especially
cryptococcus;
bone
marrow
suppression.
inhibits fungal cell wall synthesis by inhibiting B-glucan synthesis; invasive
aspergillosis,
candida; flushing
via histamine releae.
inhibits fungal
squalene epoxidase;
treat dermatophytes
- toe nail infection
especially;abnormal
LFT,
visual
disturbances.
superficial infections, stops dermatophytes; teratogenic, carcinogenic, confusion,
p450 inducer.
toxoplasmosis
trypanosoma brucei
trypanosoma cruzi
leshmaniasis
blocks formation of heme into hemozoin.
Heme accumulates and is toxic to
plasmodia;used on all species but falciparum(too much resitance); retinopathy
lifethreatening malaria
p. falciparum
killing
inihibits influenza neuraminidase,
stops progeny
release; treamt of influenze a and
b
inhibits sythesis of guanine nucleotides by competitvely inhibiting IMP
dehydrogenase;
RSV,
chronicso
hep
C; hemolytic
severe teratogen
thymidine kinase in
HSV/VZV
active
in lesionsanemia,
and encephalitis,
good for
prophylaxis,
used in herpes zoster active infections
mutated viral thymidine kinase
DNA polymerase;CMV infections;leukopenia,neutopenia,thrombocytopenia,renal
toxicity
mutated CMV retinitis
DNA polymerase
or lack of
viral
kinase
viral kinase activation;CMV
when ganciclovir
fails
and
acyclovir restitant
HSV; nephrotoxic
mutated DNA polymerase
acyclovir resistant HSV; nephrotoxic(coadminister
with probenacid and IV saline to
reduce toxicity).
[2-NAVIR!
NRTI] +[1
NNRTI
1 protease
inhibitor
OR 1 integrase
inhibitor]
all end in
stops
HIV OR
mRNA
cleavage
into functional
parts; hyperglycemia,
GI
upset, lipodystrophy.
cytochromebone
p-450,
boosting
concentration
other drugs.
reduceinhibits
fetal transmision;
marrow
suppression,
lacticofacidosis,
peripheral
neuropathy.
compete with nucleotides; bonow marrow suppression, peripheral neuropathy,
lacticstops
acidosis,
inhibits integrase, which
HIV integration into host
cells;HIV;hypercholesterolemia
replication; INFa- chronic hep b and c, Kaposi sarcoma, IFN-b -MS, INF-gamma
-NADPH oxidase defiency; neutropenia, myopathy.
damage),Ribavarin(teratogenic),Griseofulvin(teratogenic),Chloramphenicol(grey
baby)
vincristine
and paclitaxil
isoniazid structurally similar
to B6, which
causes renal excretion of B6 and
competes for B6 binding sites.
antihistamines
anda antipyretics.
digoxin causes hyperkalemia.
HOWEVER,
HYPOkalemic state increses patient
susceptibility to digoxin toxicity.
ataxia, slurred speech, somnolence, vomiting
bleomycin,
busulfan,
amiodarone,
methotrexate
loop diuretics: increased
urine
Ca via decreased
reabsorption.
thiazides: decreased
urine Ca.
Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase.
benzodiazepenes

Themyoglobinuria,
naloxone is only
active if inected,
making
it hard
to abuse theoverdose.
combo.
rigidity,
autonomic
instability.
seen with
antipsychotics
treatment:
bromocriptine
(d2 agonist)
sterotypicaldantrolene
oral-facial and
movements,
from long
term antipsychotic use. often NOT
reversible.
hyperthermia, confusion, myoclonus, cardio collapse, flushing. tx: cyproheptadine
(5ht antagonist)
Translitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
renal damage
absence of digits, toes
CV VIII toxicity
neural tube defects, craniofacial defects
vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma, congenital mullerian anomalies
neural tube defects
ebstein's anomaly -> atrialized right ventricle
fetal hydantoin syndrome->microcephaly,dysmorphic face
discolored teeth
limb defects like flipper arms
inhibitor of maternal folate absorption ->neural tube defects
bone deformities, fetal hemorrhage, abortion
3rd -8th week.
extremely high risk for spontaneous abortion
placental abruption, developmental abnormalities
preterm labor, placental problems, ADHD
alcohol
(OH DANG) Ototox, hypokalemia, dehydration, allergy(sulfa), Nephritis, Gout
(hyperGLUC)
hyperglycemia,
leads
to K leaving
all cells andhyperlipidemia,
thus H enteringhyperuricemia,
all cells. 3. in ahypercalcemia.
low K state, H is
exchanged instead of K for Na in the CCT leading to paradoxical aciduria.
OCP and dopemaine antagonists (antipsychotics)
PTU disables peroxidase AND 5'-deiodinase. Methimazole only inhibits peroxidase.
NO, they require some islet function to release insulin. type 1 - those cells are dead.
Insulins, amylin analongs(pramlintide).
allopurinol stops urate crystal collection -> no gout.
acute:
allopurinol,
probenacid,
colchicine
used inNSAID,
chronicindomethicin.
gout; inhibitsChronic:
reabsorption
of uric febuxostat,
acid in the proximal
tubule;
inhibits secretion of penicillin; do NOT use in renal dysfunction.
used
gout, inhibits
xanthine oxidase.
bindsin
tochronic
G- cell membrane
phospoholipids,
disrupting them; only works in g-;
peripheral
neuropathy,
dizziness,
nsytagmus,
nephrotoxicity.
increase catecholamines at synaptic cleft, especially
NE + dopamine; ADHD,
nacrolepsy, appetite control
this
is vitamin
in warfarin
overdose
folinic
acid, it isK,aused
metabolite
of folic
acid; given with methotrexate to replish the
body's
folate
stores.
antidote to heparin overdose. Protamine is a postive ion that binds to negative
heparin,
inactivating
it.MAO inhibitors eats hard cheeses and drinks wine, causing a
When
someone
taking
crisis.
it has
a MUCH
longer
plusrid
it is
while phentolamine
is reversible
out
some
ascites)
andhalf
alsolife,
it gets
ofirrversible
excess ammonia,
which is causing
the
encephalopathy.

Complement inhibitor, used in Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria.

adenosine analog, used in treatment of hairy cell leukemia
Used
in treating
theand
M3, should
promyelocytic
AML.
increase
up to 30%
peak bysubtype
1 weak. of
This
can be BAD in renal artery
stenosis,
where
ACE
II
is
what
is
keeping
the
kidney
alive.
causes depolarization of cellular membrane; used in invasive MRSA; myopathy,
raised
CPK, inactivated
by pulmonary
surfactant
chemoreceptor
trigger zone
(area postrema),
the solitary nucleus, and in the
presynpatic
vagus
nerve.
They cause constriction of the spinchter of oddi -> increased billiary pressures ->
billiary colic.
trimethoprim,
methotrexate,
pyrimethamine.
channel.
reduces
nicotine withdrawl
cravings while attenuating the rewarding
effects.
antidepressants
Desmopression
enuresis
= bed
furosemide.
TAL(sleep
of Henlee
absorbs
thewetting)
most NA here compared to where over
diuretics work. will reduce edema quickly.
PTU
does.
doesinfluence
NOT.
NO. G
cellsMethimazole
are under vagal
but they do not use ACh as a
neurotransmitter.
Instead,
they
use
GRP.
Inhibits alcohol dehydrogenase; used as an antidote to methanol or ethylene glycol
poisoning.
Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, makes acetaldehyde accumulate leading to
hanger; used in alcohol abuse.
Benzoate
or Phenylbutyrate
will bind
amino acids
and lead
On first dose,
patient gets severe
hypotension.
Correct
this to
byexcretion.
starting with a small
dose.
Isosorbide mononitrate can be swallowed. It has an almost 100% biavailability that
way. Others cannot due to first pass metabolism.
Stops chemotaxis of neutrophils
methlydopa
All S. Aureus has Beta-lactamases. Naficillin fights this. But MRSA has this AND
altered penicillin binding proteins, which prevents Naficillin from working in MRSA.
antibody
against
F protein,
prevents
from
IgG
anti-RH
antibodies.
given
to mompneumonia
at 28 weeks
andRSV
alsoinatinfants
birth, it sticks to the
RH antigens
in the
MOM's
blood,DOPA
keeping
herBoth
fromstop
developing
antibodies.
COMT
blockers,
which
increase
levels;
peripheral
methylation and
only Tolcapone stops central methylation; tolcapone causes hepatotoxicity
Constipation
IL 2; used in RCC, metastaic melanoma
erythropoietin; anemias, especially in renal failure
Fil = GC-SF, Sar = GM-CSF; both used in recovery of bone marrow, aplastic anemia
hepatitis B and C, Kaposi sarcoma, Leukemias, Malignany Melanoma
Multiple sclerosis
Chronic Granulamatous disease
IL-11; thrombocytopenia
thrombocytopenia
antibody to CD3; used in acute transplant rejection
antibody
to digoxin;
used
as antidote
digoxin
Recombinat
version of
Urate
oxidase, to
breaks
uricintoxication
acid down into allantoin; use in
tumor
lysis
syndrome
and
gout
monoclonal anitbody that binds to RANKL and prevents its interaction with RANK,
inhibiting
osteoclasts;
decreases
bone loss
bone
metssolubility(conjugated
tend
to cross
the placenta
while things
withinhigh
water
bilirubin)
tend toon
not.
bindsstopping
albumin IL2
= probably
lipidexpressed,
soluble lowering T cell
binds
calineurin
T cells,
from being
response;
nephtrotox
and lymphomma effects,
risk
a
retinoid that
has immunomodulatory
binds nuclear receptors; psorisias
and acne; severe teratogen

vitamin D analog; used in topical psoariasis treatment

Inhibits
lipase, prostaglandin
decreasing fatD2.
absorption;
used toblocks
treat obesity
aspirin. intestinal
Niacin increases
release. asprin
this release =
lower flushing
Prevent growth of intima by inhibiting cellular growth = no restenosis
IV
magnesium
sulfate
for seizures
Protease
inhibitor,
proteases
are overactive in some cancers and can destroy proapototic proteins; used in multiple myeloma; peripheral neuropathy
Nitroprusside degrades into cyanide. Give thiosulfide to inactivate.
blocks NMDA-type glutamate receptors; used in alzheimers; confusion
Vitamin E (generic name is alpha-tocopherol)
Lipid solubility
Blood
solubility
= speed
induction.
topical
vitamin =
D potency
analogs,(MAC).
activate
nuclear
receptors
that of
inhibit
keratinocyte
proliferationantibody
and enhance
keratinocyte
differentiation;
psoriasis
monoclocal
that binds
IL-12 and
IL-12 thus inhibiting
activation of Th1
cd4+
cells; used in psoriasis
to
gettre-synthesized.
If both SSRI and MAO-I are active at the same time, serotonin
syndrome could occur
from
leeches,
inhibit
thrombin;
used
as activated
an alternative
to heparin
HIT. in
are D2
agonists
that DON'T
need
to be
like l-dopa
does;inused
parkinsons
restless
leg syndrome
indirect andand
direct
D agonist,
also some anticholingergic functions which reduces
tremors
sodium
found
asreceptors
a food additive
andof
sanitizer
They actmetabisulite,
on D4 instead
of D2
-> no risk
tardive dyskinesia or
parkinson's like symptoms
Celecoxib.
It only
impairs
COX2.
COX1
is predominate
ininto
platlets.
binds alpha-4
integrin,
which
blocks
movement
of WBC
orgrans;used in crohns
and
MS;
can
cause
PML
and
hepatotoxicity.
Anti-muscarinics (Benzotropine). Giving dopamine agonists would exacerbate
psychosis.
induction = lower solubility in blood, quicker induction. potency = higher with
higher lipid solubility =1/MAC.

Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology

Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Cardio
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
Endocrine
GI
GI
GI

Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology

GI
GI
GI
GI
GI
GI
GI
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Heme/Onc
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal

Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology

Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Musculoskeletal
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology
Neurology

Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology

Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Psychiatry
Renal
Renal
Renal
Renal
Renal
Renal
Renal
Renal
Renal
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Reproductive
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory

Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
Respiratory
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
General
general
general
general
general
general
general
general
general
general
general
general
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
autonomics
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
overdose
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
micro
reactions
micro
micro
cardio
overdose
reactions
renal
psych
psych

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

psych
psych
psych
psych
renal
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
reactions
endocrine
endocrine
endocrine
endocrine
MSK
MSK
MSK
MSK
micro
psych
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
reactions
autonomics
GI

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
Pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
renal
micro
GI
neuro
general
neuro
psych
renal
renal
endocrine
GI
neuro
neuro
general
cardio
cardio
GI
repro
micro
micro
repro
neuro
Neuro
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
heme/onc
endocrine
heme/onc
general
heme/onc
heme/onc

pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology
pharmacology

heme/onc
GI
GI
cardio
repro
heme/onc
reactions
neuro
neuro
neuro
msK
msK
neuro
heme/onc
neuro
neuro
reactions
neuro
heme/onc
msk
psych
neuro