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2 AUTHORS:
Wen-xin Huai
Yu-hong Zeng
Wuhan University
Wuhan University
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Abstract The turbulent ow of vertical plane wall plume with concentration variation
was studied with the nite analytical method. The k-epsilon model with the eect of
buoyancy on turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate was adopted. There were
similarity solutions in the uniform environment for the system of equations including the
equation of continuity, the equation of momentum along the ow direction and concentration, and equations of k, epsilon. The nite analytic method was applied to obtain the
similarity solution. The calculated data of velocity, relative density dierence, the kinetic
energy of turbulence and its dissipation rate distribution for vertical plane plumes are in
good agreement with the experimental data at the turbulent Schmidt number equal to
1.0. The variations of their maximum value along the direction of main ow were also
given. It shows that the present model is good, i.e., the eect of buoyancy on turbulent
kinetic energy and its dissipation rate should be taken into account, and the nite analytic
method is eective.
Key words
eect
Introduction
Wall plume in quiescent water is one of the typical ow phenomena and has many applications in practical engineering. Many researchers have studied this problem experimentally
or numerically. Ellison and Turner[1] (1959) studied variety angles of inclined wall plume experimentally. Japanese researcher Fukuoka, et al.[2] (1980), Yoshida[3] (1982) also did some
experimental investigations with the wall plume. Grella and Faeth[4] (1975) studied vertical
wall plume and gave detailed experimental investigation for velocity and density dierence
distributions, which proered excellent contrastive foundation to numerical studies. At numerical analysis aspect, Ljuboja and Rodi[5] (1981) calculated vertical wall plume with the algebra
stress model, and the result contrasted with Grella and Faeths test data is very satisfying. The
similarity solutions for the plane jets and radial jets were presented by Paully, et al.[6] (1985).
Fukushima[7] (1989) gave the similarity solutions for the plane jets and plumes, but when solving the plane plumes they did not consider the eects of buoyancy on the turbulent kinetic
energy and its dissipation rate. Huai and Li[8,9] (1992,1993) gave the similarity solutions with
Received May 19, 2006; Revised Jan.25, 2007
Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.50479038 and 50679061)
Corresponding author HUAI Wen-xin, Professor, Doctor, E-mail: wxhuai@whu.edu.cn
448
the eects of buoyancy on the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. For the wall
plume, Fukushima (1988) used k- turbulent model combined with consideration of buoyancy
ux conservation in the main ow direction, and provided the similarity solutions with the
eects of buoyancy on the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate for inclined wall
plume. But when their numerical calculations contrast with the experimental data, we can discover the dierence is evident[10] . For the numerical simulations of plumes, most researches only
consider the eects of buoyancy on the momentum equations without considering the eects
of buoyancy on the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, which is very important
to the plume. This study takes account of the eect of buoyancy on turbulent kinetic energy
and its dissipation rate in k- turbulent model, and the nite analytic method is adopted to
obtain the more exhaustive similarity solutions for vertical wall plumes and give the formula of
physical parameters.
Numerical model
Q,
O
z
=0
u
+w
= g+
t
,
x
z
0
z
z
c
t c
c
+w
=
,
u
x
z
z t z
Fig.1
(1)
(2)
(3)
2
u
t c
t k
+ Rg
+ t
,
k z
z
t z
2
u
t
2
2
t c
+w
=
t
C2 ,
+ (1 C3 )Rg
u
+ C1
x
z
z z
k
z
t z
k
k
+w
=
x
z
z
(4)
(5)
C2 = 1.92,
C3 = 0.08,
C = 0.09,
k = 1.0,
= 1.3,
t = 0.8 1.2.
Similarity analysis
For the plane ow, the stream function is adopted here, and its denition is
u=
,
z
w=
.
x
Similarity solutions of vertical plane wall plume based on nite analytic method
449
c = c xn G(),
k = dxp K(),
= exq E().
l d
d
= ,
= xl ,
= ,
= xl ,
x
x
z
x
x d
z
d
u=
= abxm1 F , w =
= bxm1 (lF mF )
z
x
and
a2 b2 x2m2l1 {(m l)F 2 mF F }
K 2E
a3 bd2 2p+mq3l
K 2
n
2KK
x
F
= Rgc x G + C
)+
F (
,
(6)
e
E
E2
E
C a2 c d2 2pq+n2l 2KK K 2 E K 2
x
G
abc xm+nl1 (nF G mF G ) =
)G
+
(
,
t
e
E
E2
E
(7)
abdxm+pl1 (pF K mF K )
K 2 E
C a2 d3 3pq2l
K 2
2KK
x
K
=
K(
)+
k e
E
E2
E
a4 b2 d2 2pq+2m4l K 2 2
C ac d2 2pq+nl K 2
x
F + Rg
x
G exq E,
+ C
e
E
t e
E
abexm+ql1 (qF E mF E )
2KK K 2 E
C 2 2 2p2l
K 2
E
=
a d x
E
+
+ C1 C a4 b2 dxp+2m4l KF 2
E
E2
E
C
K2
e2
E2
+ C1 (1 C3 )Rg
ac dxnl G
C2 x2qp
.
t
E
d
K
(8)
(9)
thus
Qc =
ml
abx
0
z
F c x G d = bc xm+n
F Gd.
(10)
In order to get the similarity solution, the following equalities should be satised:
2m 2l 1 = n = n + l 1 = 2p + m q 3l,
(11)
m + n l 1 = 2p + n q 2l,
m + p l 1 = 3p q 2l = 2p q + 2m 4l = q = 2p q + n l,
(12)
(13)
m + q l 1 = 2p 2l = p + 2m 4l = 2q p = n l,
m + n = 0.
(14)
(15)
450
m = 1,
n = 1,
p = 0,
q = 1.
(16)
(17)
b = (RgQc /I)1/3 ,
d = (RgQc /I)2/3 ,
where I =
e = RgQc /I,
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
2/3
c=
(Qc /I)
G(),
x(Rg)1/3
(22)
(23)
(24)
The similarity function derived from functions (6)(9) should satisfy the ordinary dierential
equation group:
F F + (t F ) + G = 0,
1
F G + F G + (t G ) = 0,
t
1
1
FK +
(t K ) + t F 2 + t G E = 0,
k
t
E
E2
1
1
= 0,
F E + F E + (t E ) + C1 t [F 2 + (1 C3 ) ] C2
K
t
K
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
where t = C KE .
Boundary condition
The wall function is adopted in the region near the wall, i.e., when z = z0 ,
if z0+ < 10,
u
= z +;
u
u
1
= ln(E0 z + ),
u
c
= 0,
z
u2
k =
,
C
u = k = = c = 0.
u3
.
z0
(29)
The above boundary conditions can be easily translated into similarity functional form, so
it is omitted here.
Similarity solutions of vertical plane wall plume based on nite analytic method
451
(30)
(31)
The superscripts n + 1 and n denote the n + 1th and nth calculated values, respectively, and
for convenience, they will be omitted in the following.
Finite analytic method is used to solve Eq.(31)[11] , and the calculated domain is taken as
0 (which is set by the numerical test, and when = 500 the full development of the
plume is satised). In the subdomian |h|, where h is the dimensionless space step-length,
the solution of function (31) is
f
.
(32)
2B
into the above function to solve a1 and b1 ,
= a1 (e2B 1) + b1
Substituting = h, = i+1 and = h, = i1
then
i = 2, ,
,
h
(33)
where
Ci1 =
eBh
,
eBh + eBh
Ci+1 =
eBh
,
eBh + eBh
Cf = (Ci+1 Ci1 )
h
.
2B
In the full calculation region, the matrix of coecients is a triple diagonal one, so it will be
solved by using the stepwise method.
Run
R = (/)0
Distance x/m
90.0
11.06
0.082 3
0.61
90.0
4.26
0.020 0
1.22
90.0
10.11
0.033 3
1.22
90.0
24.93
0.059 9
1.22
3.00
t
1.00
1.20
0.80
Grellas data
u/(RgQc)1/3
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
10.0
8.0
c(x3RgQc)1/3/Qc
452
2.50
u/(RgQc)1/3
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
z/x
(b) Relation density difference for Run 1
0.04
2.00
1.50
1.00
10.0
8.0
c(x3RgQc)1/3/Qc
0.02
3.00
u/(RgQc)1/3
3.00
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
10.0
8.0
2.50
2.00
1.50
1.00
10.0
8.0
c(x3RgQc)1/3/Qc
t
1.00
1.20
0.80
Grellas data
Fukushima
3.00
u/(RgQc)1/3
4.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
z/x
(f) Relation density difference for Run 3
3.50
6.0
t
1.00
1.20
0.80
Grellas data
4.0
2.0
0.50
Fig.2
6.0
t
1.00
1.20
0.80
Grellas data
2.0
0.50
0.00
0.00
4.0
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
z/x
(d) Relation density difference for Run 2
0.04
c(x3RgQc)1/3/Qc
0.02
3.50
0.00
0.00
6.0
t
1.00
1.20
0.80
Grellas data
2.0
0.50
0.00
0.00
4.0
2.0
0.50
0.00
0.00
6.0
t
1.00
1.20
0.80
Grellas data
0.02
0.14
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
z/x
(h) Relation density difference for Run 4
Comparison of calculated velocity and relative density dierence distribution with the tested
data
Similarity solutions of vertical plane wall plume based on nite analytic method
453
From Fig.2 we can also nd that the velocity distribution is not sensitive to the change of
t , which is dierent from the distribution of relative dierence of density. At t = 1.0, the
calculated results are mostly close to the tested data.
The distributions of turbulent kinetic energy, dissipation rate, and the coecient of turbulent
viscosity of the wall plume are shown in Figs.3 and 4 under Run 4 and t = 0, which shows
that the changing law conforms with the physical mechanics.
0.5
0.040
0.3
x/(20RgQc)
0.2
0.032
t /(x3RgQc)1/3
k/(RgQc)2/3
0.4
0.024
0.016
0.1
0.008
0.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
z/x
0.000
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 0.16
z/x
Fig.3
Fig.4
km = 0.47(RgQc)2/3 ,
m = 5.3RgQc/x,
tm = 0.035x(RgQc)1/3 .
5.3 Thickness of boundary layer and width of plume
The thickness of the boundary layer is dened as the distance from the rigid surface to the
point at which the maximum velocity appears. From Fig.2 we can get that /x = 0.01, and
will increase with the distance from the nozzle (x direction). The overall width of the plume is
characterized by the distance b from the rigid surface to the point at which the axial velocity
falls to one half of its maximum value, and it is easy to get b 0.07x from Fig.2. The value of
b will also increase with the distance from the nozzle (x direction), and b/7.
Conclusions
The similarity solutions of vertical wall plume for 4 dierent runs are calculated by adopting
the k- model combined with the eects of buoyancy on turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate. Compared with Fukushimas[10] calculated results, the calculated data of velocity,
relative density dierence, the turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate in this paper
are in better agreement with the experimental data of Grella and Faeths. It shows that the
present model combined with the nite analytical method is eective in analyzing the solutions
of vertical wall plumes, i.e., the eect of buoyancy on turbulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate should be taken into account. Furthermore the owing characteristic of vertical wall
plume is analyzed, and the formulas of their distribution along the main ow are suggested.
454
References
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