Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Electric Power Systems Research

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/epsr

Modeling and control of DFIG-based variable-speed wind-turbine

Hee-Sang Ko a, , Gi-Gab Yoon b , Nam-Ho Kyung a , Won-Pyo Hong c
a

Wind Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Yuseong-gu Jang-Dong 71-2, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea
Power Distribution Laboratory, Korean Electric Power Research Institute, Republic of Korea
c
Hanbat National University , Building Services Engineering, Republic of Korea
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 13 April 2007
Received in revised form 22 February 2008
Accepted 27 February 2008
Available online 16 July 2008
Keywords:
Doubly fed induction-generator
Variable-speed wind-turbine
Voltage control
Voltage-source converter

a b s t r a c t
This paper presents a modeling and a control of doubly fed induction-generator (DFIG)-based variablespeed wind-turbine. A detail dynamic model of a DFIG-based wind-turbine grid-connected system is
presented in the dq-synchronous reference frame. Along with conventional control schemes for wind
turbine, an innovative voltage control scheme is proposed that manipulates dynamically the reactive
power from the voltage-source converter (VSC) with taking into account its operating state and limits.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Increased wind power generation has inuenced the overall
power system operation and planning in terms of power quality, security, stability, and voltage control [16]. The local power
ow pattern and the systems dynamic characteristics change when
large wind turbines (WTs) are connected to the utility grid [7].
Both xed-speed and variable-speed WTs are presently used in
Europe and North America. To achieve the required voltage regulation, xed-speed WTs are often complemented by additional
equipment and/or compensating devices that may be installed in
close proximity or at a remote location [811]. Doubly fed induction
generators (DFIGs) are also becoming popular for variable-speed
WTs, particularly in North America, with the modern units often
exceeding the 3 MW level [12]. Variable-speed WTs utilize power
electronic converter technology that in addition to accommodating variable-speed operation also enables rapid control of real and
reactive power [13].
In many WT applications, variable-speed operation is achieved
by appropriately controlling the back-to-back voltage-source converters (VSC). There have been a great number of publications
proposing various control solutions to achieve desirable dynamic
performance and decoupled control of active and reactive power.
Although different in implementation, most commonly used converters enable the WTs to maintain the required power factor

Corresponding author.
E-mail address: hee-sang@kier.re.kr (H.-S. Ko).
0378-7796/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.epsr.2008.02.018

(power factor control, PFC) or voltage (local voltage control, LVC)

at the terminals [1417]. The rotor-side converter provides the
active and the reactive power necessary to attain the control
objectives for either the PFC or the LVC modes. The grid-side
converter is connected to electric utility through a lter. Its
main objective is to maintain the DC-link capacitor voltage by
exchanging the active power with the grid. Consequently, PFCmode is often used for maximum active power exchange with the
grid.
Mostly, undesirable interferences with the protection circuitry
and/or the trip of WTs are caused when DC-voltage in DC-link
reaches its limit. From this point of view, it is desirable to minimize and/or suppress the voltage swings at the terminal of WT.
To achieve this objective, an innovative reactive power control
methodology is presented in the rotor-side converter and the gridside converter.
Without loss of generality, in this paper, a dynamic model of
wind power system composed of typical industrial DFIG-based WT
is developed to demonstrate and validate the proposed control
methodology. Since the focus of this paper is on the windenergy-system, the detailed PWM switching of converters is not
represented, and instead the converters are modeled using controllable voltage sources assuming linear modulation region as it is
commonly done in literature [1318]. However, the transient studies are conducted using full-order models of machines and other
relevant components of the system. The performance of various
controllers is evaluated in the presence of noise. Overall, computer
studies demonstrate potential improvements that can be achieved
with the proposed supervisory control scheme.

1842

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

the mechanical components are as follows:

2.1. Double-fed induction generator
The DFIG was represented by the following equations

Fig. 1. Grid-connected wind-turbine system.

This paper is organized as follows: The study system is described

in Section 2; in Section 3, the VSC control design is presented; the
reactive power control scheme and the control design is proposed
in Section 4 and Section 5, respectively; the case studies are carried
out in Section 6; and conclusions are drawn in Section 7.
2. Study system of grid-connected DFIG-based
variable-speed wind-turbine
Fig. 1 shows a simplied diagram of system considered in this
paper. Here, the WT is equipped with a step-up 0.69 kV/34.5 kV
transformer (TR). The WT is connected to the point-of-common
coupling (PCC, bus 3) by 1 km cable. The WT and the utility grid are
connected through the 132 kV transmission line (TL, 30 km). Here,
the utility grid is represented by an innite-bus. The details of the
WT considered in the model are shown in Fig. 2. The data for a 2 MW
wind turbine considered in this analysis is given in Appendix A [19].
The WT consists of a three-bladed rotor with the corresponding
pitch controller, a mechanical gearbox, a DFIG with two converters,
a DC-link capacitor, and a grid lter.
Including the DFIG, the individual components of electrical subsystem including a transformer, a cable, and a transmission line are
modeled using the dq-synchronous reference frame [20]. Wherein,
d-axis is assumed to be aligned to stator ux, and the current coming out of the generator is considered positive. The DFIG controllers
utilize the concept of disconnection of the active and reactive power
controls by transformation of the machine parameters into the dqreference frame and by separating forming of the rotor voltages.
Then, the active power can be controlled by inuencing the d-axis
component of the rotor current while the reactive power can be
controlled by inuencing the q-axis components of the rotor current.
The system parameters, operating conditions, controller gains,
etc., are given in Appendix A and also more details can be found in
[21]. The mathematical models for the electrical components and

Fig. 2. Doubly fed induction-generator wind-turbine.

1
b
1
b
1
b
1
b

ds

dt
d

qs

dt
d

dr

= Rs ids + e

qs

+ vds

= vqs + Rs iqs e

ds

= vdr + Rr idr + s

qr

dt
d qr
= vqr + Rr iqr s
dt

(1)

dr

with
ds
dr

= (Ls + Lm )ids Lm idr ,

= (Lr + Lm )idr Lm ids ,

qs
qr

= (Ls + Lm )iqs Lm iqr

= (Lr + Lm )iqr Lm iqs

(2)

where v is the voltage, R is the resistance, i is the current, e and

s = e r are the stator and slip electrical angular speed, respectively, r is the rotor electrical angular speed, b is the base angular
speed in rad/s, Lm is the mutual inductance, Ls and Lr are the stator and rotor leakage inductance, respectively, and
is the ux
linkage. The subscripts d and q indicate the direct and quadrature
axis components, respectively. The subscripts s and r indicate stator
and rotor quantities, respectively. The electrical active and reactive
power delivered by the stator are given by
Ps = vds ids + vqs iqs ,

Qs = vds iqs vqs ids

(3)

2.2. Dynamic model of transmission line, transformer, cable, and

load
The mathematical model of a TL, a TR, a cable, and a load can
be found from the description of the R, L, C segment into the dqsynchronous reference frame [19]. The equations of the TL, the TR,
the cable, the RL-lter on the grid-side converter, and the load are
given in (4)(8). For the formulation of the TR and the load, for the
numerical purpose, small capacitors (Co = 1 e6 pu) are used to the
sending-end with removing two capacitors, and the sending-end
capacitors are only considered in the case of formulating the cable
since its capacitance contributes to the reactive power (Fig. 3).
Transmission line (TL)
LTL didl
= vd2 vd1 RTL idl + e LTL iql
b dt
LTL diql
= vq2 vq1 RTL iql e LTL idl
b dt
CTL dvq1
CTL dvd1
= idc1 + e CTL vq1 ,
= iqc1 e CTL vd1
b dt
b dt
CTL dvq2
CTL dvd2
= idc2 + e CTL vq2 ,
= iqc2 e CTL vd2
b dt
b dt

Fig. 3. Lumped TL description in the dq-domain.

(4)

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

1843

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the VSC controller showing the input/output variables.

where subscript 1 and 2 corresponds to bus 3 and bus 4, respectively.

Transformer
Ltr
b
Ltr
b
Co
b

didl
= vd2 vd1 Rtr idl + e Ltr iql
dt
diql
= vq2 vq1 Rtr iql e Ltr idl
dt
Co dvq1
dvd1
= iql e Co vd1
= idl + e Co vq1 ,
b dt
dt

Fig. 5. WT maximum energy-harvesting curve.

(5)

where subscript 1 and 2 corresponds to bus 1 and bus 2, respectively.

Cable
Lca didl
= vd2 vd1 Rca idl + e Lca iql
b dt
di
Lca ql
= vq2 vq1 Rca iql e Lca idl
b dt
Cca dvd1
Cca dvq1
= idc1 + e Cca vq1 ,
= iqc1 e Cca vd1
b dt
b dt

4. Reactive power control

(6)

When controlling WT, it is important that the operating limit of

WT is not exceeded. The reactive power required from an individual
converter of back-to-back VSC can be computed as

where subscript 1 and 2 corresponds to bus 2 and bus 3, respectively.

RL-lter on the grid-side converter
Llt did,lt
= vd2 vd1 Rlt id,lt + e Llt iq,lt
b dt
Llt diq,lt
= vq2 vq1 Rlt iq,lt e Llt id,lt
b dt

Proportional-integral (PI) controllers for the rotor-side convert,

the DC-link, and the grid-side converter, are designed. In this paper,
these PI controllers are tuned using the Nyquist constraint technique to deal with uncertainties [22]. The design of the VSC control
can be found in [21] and is depicted in Fig. 6.

(7)

Qjset

= min

Qjmax ,

Qjmax
Qrmax + Qgmax

Qpcc

where, j = r, g (here, r and g stands for rotor-side and grid-side,

respectively.), Qjmax is the maximum reactive power (limit) that
the j controller can provide, and Qpcc is the total reactive power
required to support the voltage at the PCC.

where subscript lt stands for lter (see Fig. 2), and 1 and 2 indicate voltage output from the grid-side converter controller and the
voltage of bus 1, respectively.
RL load
Lload didL
= vd1 Rload idL + e Lload iqL
b dt
Lload diqL
= vq1 Rload iqL e Lload idL
b dt
Co dvd1
Co dvq1
= idL + e Co vq1 ,
= iqL e Co vd1
b dt
b dt

(8)

where subscript 1 corresponds to bus 3.

3. Design of voltage-source-converter controller
An important part of the WT is the VSC controller shown in Fig. 2.
A more detailed block diagram of the VSC controller depicting the
respective input and output variables is shown in Fig. 4. The VSC
controller module includes the rotor-side converter controller, the
grid-side converter controller, and the DC-link controller.
Here, Ptset is the set-value for the active power for the WT terminal (see Fig. 2). The value of Ptset is determined from the WT
energy-harvesting characteristic [19] as shown in Fig. 5, which is
represented here as a look-up table Ptset (r ) dened in terms of
generator rotor speed r .
When the PFC-mode is used, the reactive power set-points, Qrset
and Qgset , are set to zero. When the LVC mode is used, Qrset and/or
Qgset can be adjusted by the local controller to maintain the voltage
at the WT terminal (Table 1).

(9)

Fig. 6. The block diagram of VSC control.

1844

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

Table 1
Operating conditions in the operation of Mode 1
BUS

Load

3
(PCC)

WT
TR

1
2

a
b

V (pu)

0.9879

Grid
Cable
Total
Load

0.9927
0.9926

P (pu)

Q (pu)

0.5391
0.3408
0.8799
1.1a

0.03873
0.11870
0.07998
0.1b

0.3415
0.3415

0
0.001206

Resistance.
Reactance.

Fig. 7. VSC active- and reactive-power operating limits.

Fig. 10. Wind speed (m/s).

Fig. 7 shows the active- and the reactive-power operating limits,

wherein it is assumed that a converter (rotor-side or the gridside) should not exceed its apparent power limit depicted by the
half-circle. Suppose that at a given time each converter is delivering active power denoted herein by Pj . Then, in addition to the
active power, the converter can supply or absorb a maximum of
Qjmax of reactive power. So, the reactive power available from a
single converter lies within the limits [Qjmax ; +Qjmax ], which are
operating-condition dependent.
Thus, the maximum available reactive power from the each converter can be expressed as
Qjmax =

Fig. 8. Comparison between the full-order (42nd) and the reduced-order (6th)
transfer function from the injected reactive power to the voltage at PCC.

Fig. 9. Implementation of PI controller with the distributed anti-windup.

(Scmax )2 Pj2

(10)

where it is assumed that the nominal apparent power of the each

converter is Scmax , dened here as 1/3 of the WT rating [22], and Qp is
the reactive power, which has been produced from each converter.
Based on Fig. 7, it also follows that Scmax Pj Scmax . Thus, the
maximum reactive power set-point of Qrset and Qgset (see Fig. 3) can
be determined by (9).

Fig. 11. Voltage observed at the PCC due to the wind speed variation.

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

1845

Fig. 12. Voltage observed at the PCC due to the 40% (left) and 50% (right) impedance decrease.

5. Proportional-plus-integral controller design

To enable a systematic selection of controller gains, it is necessary to nd a plant model that represents the relationship between
the input and the output with regard to the control objective. Thus,
a transfer function from the reactive power injected by the WT to
the change in voltage observed at the PCC is needed.
Although differential and algebraic equations describing all
components of the system of Fig. 1 are known and available,
straightforward analytical derivation of the required transfer function is not practical due to the very large size and complexity of
the overall system. Instead, the full 42nd-order transfer function
was extracted from the overall model using numerical linearization

available in Simulink [23]. The resulting transfer function magnitude and phase for a considered operating point of interest are
shown in Fig. 8.
Since the order of the linearized model is very high, a modelorder reduction technique [24] is used to nd a lower order approximate transfer function that is more suitable for the purpose of tuning the controller gains. In this paper, a balanced realization modelorder reduction technique was considered as it preserves the dominant states of the system in terms of the input/output behaviour.
The reduced-order model is then obtained by neglecting modes
with the smallest Hankel singular values. The model reduction is
carried out using the Control System Toolbox [25]. Fig. 8 shows the
reduced 6th-order transfer function for the same operating point.

Fig. 13. Active and reactive power observed at the PCC due to 40% (left) and 50% (right) impedance decrease.

1846

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

Fig. 14. Voltage observed at the PCC due to voltage drop at innite-bus (left) and fault at the bus 3 (right).

In wind power generation systems, operating conditions are

continually changing due to wind speed uctuations and load variations. Thus, to ensure that the proposed PI controller can robustly
operate under the changing conditions, a design technique based
on the Nyquist constraint is used here to tune the controller gains
[22]. The PI gain and its tuning parameters including the transfer
function of the reduced-order model are summarized in Appendix
A. Since limiting control action should be implemented together
with the integrator-anti-windup scheme that would stop integrating the error when the limit is being reached, a PI controller with
the proposed distributed anti-windup is implemented in Simulink
[23] as shown in Fig. 9 for case studies.

speed variations, the local-load variations, and large-signal disturbances such as the three-phase symmetrical fault and voltage sag
were conducted to compare the dynamic responses of the system
with different controls. In comparison, Mode 1 indicates the conventional PFC-mode operation of WT, which Qrset and Qgset are set to
zero. As another conventional operation, Mode 2 implies that the
conventional local voltage control at the terminal of WT where Qrset
is actively utilized while Qgset is set to zero. Mode 3 is the proposed
scheme when both converters are used for voltage control at the
PCC; thus, both Qrset and Qgset can be instantly utilized.

6. Case studies

In this study, the wind speeds shown in Fig. 10 was considered

for the WT. Fig. 11 shows the voltage at the PCC, predicted by the
model with different controls. As seen in Fig. 11, the wind speed
variations did not represent a problem.

The system depicted in Fig. 1 was implemented in detail using

the Matlab/Simulink [23]. Computer studies considering the wind

6.1. Wind-speed variation

Fig. 15. Active and reactive power observed at the stator (Ps , Qs ), the rotor (Pr , Qr ), and the grid-side converter (Pg , Qg ) in Mode 1 (left), Mode 2 (middle), and Mode 3 (right).

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

1847

Fig. 16. DC-voltage observed at the DC-link and the AC-current observed at the grid-side converter in Mode 1 (left), Mode 2 (middle), and Mode 3 (right).

6.2. Local-load variation

Two cases were conducted: the local-load impedance by 40%
decrease and by 50% decrease. For the case when the local-load
impedance is decreased by 40% and 50%, the comparison of the
voltage transients observed at the PCC was showed in Fig. 12. As can
be noticed, in the case of 40% decrease, the performance has been
signicantly improved at the PCC from Mode 1 operation. Also, the

voltage has been recovered to its predened value. In the case of 50%
decrease of the local-load impedance, when in the Mode 1, the load
impedance changes resulted in noticeable drop of the bus voltage
(by 8%). When the WT operated in Mode 2 and 3, the voltage drop
was signicantly reduced (to 2%). However, the proposed control
scheme, Mode 3, performed faster in the bus-voltage recovery at the
PCC. Since the maximally available instantaneous reactive-power
from both converters was fully utilized, the steady-state errors from

Fig. 17. AC-voltage observed at the stator and the rotor windings in Mode 1 (left), Mode 2 (middle), and Mode 3 (right).

1848

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

Fig. 18. AC-current observed at the stator and the rotor windings in Mode 1 (left), Mode 2 (middle), and Mode 3 (right).

Mode 2 and Mode 3 were noticed. Fig. 13 showed the active and
reactive power observed at the PCC in the case of the 40% and 50%
impedance decrease, respectively.
6.3. Fault ride-through study
To consider a large-signal disturbance, voltage sag was assumed
at the innite-bus whose voltage was assumed by 20% decrease
from its initial value. As shown in the left-hand side in Fig. 14, the
voltage deviation by 20% has been noticed in Mode 1 while Mode
2 and 3 resulted in the voltage deviation by 12%. However, Mode 3
showed faster voltage recovery than others.
To implement another large-signal disturbance, a three-phase
symmetrical fault was assumed in the middle of TL. To emulate
this fault scenario, the fault was assumed at t = 0.2 s and was subsequently cleared at t = 0.7 s by restoring the initial TL impedance.
As can be noted in the right-hand side in Fig. 14, the fault resulted
in signicant voltage swings that can undesirably interfere with
the protection circuitry and possibly trip the WT. From this point of
view, it is desirable to minimize and/or suppress the voltage swings.
During the fault, the voltage drop has been slightly improved in
Mode 2 and 3. After the fault was cleared, faster voltage recovery to
reach to its predened voltage at the PCC was noticed in Mode 3.
In the case of the fault at the bus 3, Figs. 1518 showed more
system responses according to different mode operations such that
the active and the reactive power observed at the stator (Ps , Qs ), the
rotor (Pr , Qr ), and the grid-side converter (Pg , Qg ), the DC-voltage
observed at the DC-link and the AC-current observed at the gridside converter, the AC-voltage observed at the stator and the rotor
windings, and AC-current observed at the stator and the rotor windings.
7. Conclusion
This paper presented the modeling of DFIG-based variablespeed wind-turbine and demonstrated an advanced voltage control
scheme. The goal of investigation was to make use of available

wind-turbine technology, namely the variable-speed doubly fed

induction generator with power electronic converters, to take an
active part in improving the voltage control at a remote location
where the wind turbines are connected to a grid. To ensure reliable
operation of the proposed control scheme, the operating-pointdependent reactive power limit of each wind turbine was taken
into account.
Appendix A
Base values
Sb = 2 MVA, Vb = 690 V, b = 2f (rad/s),
f = 60 Hz, Zdc = Vdc /idc ,

ib = 1900 A, Vdc = 1200 V, Zb = (Vb / 3)/ib , Lb = Zb /b , Ldc = Zdc /b ,

Cb = 1/(Zb b ), Tb = Sb /b , jb = Sb /(b2 ), idc = Sb /Ydc , Cdc = 1/(Zdc b )

Innite-bus voltage (pu)

vdq,inf = [ 0.989

0.15 ]

Line parameter (pu)

RTL = 0.012, LTL = 0.12, Rca = 0.0049, Lca = 0.0251, Cca = 0.2502
Rlt = 0.0012, Llt = 0.0209, Rtr = 0.000366, Ltr = 0.0103
DFIG (pu)
Rs = 0.0092, Rr = 0.0076, Ls = 0.19, Lr = 0.0792, Lm = 4.5926
Maximum operating limit of VSC (pu) and cut-in and cut-out wind
speed
Smax = 0.3, cut-in wind speed: 4 m/s, cut-out wind speed: 22 m/s
Controller gains (pu)
- Rotor-side converter:
Controllers PI1 and PI3: kp = 0.0252, kl = 10.4832
Controllers PI2 and PI4: kp = 0.9995, kl = 20

H.-S. Ko et al. / Electric Power Systems Research 78 (2008) 18411849

- Grid-side converter: controllers PI5 and PI6: kp = 0.7147,

ki = 7.1515
ref = 1, C = 12.7227, k = 0.9544, k = 3.8175
- DC-link module: vdc
p
dc
i
- Reactive power controllers
Transfer function of the 6th-order reduced model:
G(s) =

1849

SMES, in: IEEE 35th Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference, vol. 6,
2004, pp. 42784284.
[17] Y. Kubota, T. Genji, K. Miyazato, N. Hayashi, H. Tokuda, Y. Fukuyama, Verication
of cooperative control methods for voltage control equipment on distribution
network simulator considering interconnection of wind power generators, in:
IEEE Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exhibition, vol. 2, 2002, pp.
11511156.

0.000324s6 1.75s5 2366s4 + 7.9e6 s3 + 7.5e9 s2 + 5e12 s + 2.18e14

s6 + 2340s5 + 8.67e6 s4 + 4.79e9 s3 + 2.7e12 s2 + 1.27e14 s + 9.6e14

Tuning parameter: Ms = 1.75, phase margin m = 70

Rotor-side converter: kp = 1.5525, ki = 68.0599
Grid-side converter: kp = 0.0868, ki = 50.9005
References
[1] R. Doherty, E. Denny, M. OMalley, System operation with a signicant wind
power penetration, IEEE Proc. PES Conf. 1 (2004) 10021007.
[2] K.S. Salman, A.L.J. Teo, Windmill modeling consideration and factors inuencing the stability of a grid-connected wind power-based embedded generator,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 18 (2003) 793802.
[3] Z. Litipu, K. Nagasaka, Improve the reliability and environment of power system
based on optimal allocation of WPG, IEEE Proc. Power Syst.Conf. Expos. 1 (2004)
524532.
[4] N. Dizdarevic, M. Majstrovic, S. Zutobradic, Power quality in a distribution network after wind power plant connection, IEEE Proc. Power Syst. Conf. Expos. 2
(2004) 913918.
[5] E. ON Netz, Wind Power Report, Germany, 2004.
[6] Elsam Engineering, BC Wind Integration System Expansion Study, 2004.
[7] T. Gjengedal, Large scale wind power farms as power plants, Nordic Wind Power
Conf. (2004).
[8] Z. Saad-Saoud, M.L. Lisboa, J.B. Ekanayake, N. Jenkins, G. Strbac, Application of
STATCOMs to wind farms, in: IEE Proceedings on Generation, Transmission, and
Distribution Conference, vol. 145, 1998, pp. 511516.
[9] A. Papantoniou, A. Coonick, Simulation of FACTS for wind farm applications,
in: IEE Proceedings on Colloquium on Power Electronics for Renewable Energy,
1997, pp. 15.
[10] L.T. Ha, T.K. Saha, Investigation of power loss and voltage stability limits for large
wind farm connections to a subtransmission network, IEEE Proc. PES Conf. 2
(2004) 22512256.
[11] M.P. Palsson, T. Toftevaag, K. Uhlen, J.O.G. Tande, Large-scale wind power integration and voltage stability limits in regional networks, IEEE Proc. PES Conf. 2
(2002) 762769.
[12] ENERCON GmbH, Wind Turbine E-112. Available: http://www.enercon.de/
en/ home.htm (2006).
[13] F. Blaabjerg, Z. Chen, S.B. Kjaer, Power electronics as efcient interface in dispersed power generation systems, IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 19 (5) (2004)
11841194.
[14] T. Senjyu, N. Sueyoshi, R. Kuninaka, K. Uezato, H. Fujita, T. Funabashi, Study
on terminal voltage and power factor control of induction generator for
wind power generation system, Int. Conf. Power Syst. Technol. 1 (2004)
753758.
[15] T. Sun, Z. Chen, F. Blaabjerg, Transient analysis of grid-connected wind turbines
with DFIG after an external short-circuit fault, Nordic Wind Power Conf. (2004).
[16] T. Senjyu, T. Kinjo, H. Fujita, Aichi, Analysis of terminal voltage and output power
control of wind turbine generator by series and parallel compensation using

[18] J.G. Slootweg, S.W.H. de Haan, H. Polinder, W.L. Kling, General model for representing variable speed-wind turbines in power system dynamics simulations,
IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 18 (1) (2003) 144151.
[19] T. Ackermann, Wind Power in Power Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., UK, 2005.
[20] P.C. Krause, O. Wasynczuk, S.D. Sudhoff, Analysis of Electric Machinery and
Drive Systems, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Jersey, 2002.
[21] H.S. Ko, Supervisory voltage control scheme for grid-connected wind farms,
Ph.D. Dissertation, Dept. Elect. and Comp. Eng., Univ. of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, 2006.
[22] K. strm, T. Hgglung, PID Controllers, Lund Institute of Technology, 2004.
[23] Matlab and Simulink, Math Works, 2000.
[24] K. Zhou, J.C. Doyle, Essentials of Robust Control, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1998.
[25] Control System Toolbox for use with Matlab , MathWorks, 2000.
Hee-Sang Ko received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Cheju National
University, Jeju, Korea, in 1996, his M.Sc. degree in electrical engineering from Pennsylvania State University, University Park, USA, in 2000, and his Ph.D. in electrical and
computer engineering from the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada,
in 2006. He is a researcher in Wind Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Energy
Research. His research interests include wind power generation, power systems
voltage and transient stability, data processing for power systems security analysis,
electricity market analysis, and system identication.
Gi-Gab Yoon received his B.S., M.Sc., and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from
Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea, in 1983, 1988, and 1999. He has over 20 years of
research experience in the eld of power systems. He has published a number of
papers and provided the technical advices and consultations for industrial organizations and consulting rms. He is presently a senior researcher in power system
laboratory and advanced distribution system group at Korea Electric Power Research
Institute (Kepri). He manages and executes a number of key projects including wind
power generation system, distribution power system, intelligent power network
architecture, and modeling and control of power system.
Nam-Ho Kyung received his B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Seoul National
University, Seoul, Korea, in 1978, his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering
from Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Korea, in 1980 and 1987,
respectively. From 2006, he is the header of Wind Energy Research Group.
Won-Pyo Hong received his B.S degree in Electrical Engineering from Sungsil University, Seoul, Korea, in 1978, his M.Sc. and Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering
from Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea, in 1980 and 1989 respectively. He
is a professor of the Department of Building Services Engineering at the Hanbat National University. His research activities are in the areas of the building
and industrial application of eld-bus, energy management, building automation
and control, intelligent networked control, and control and planning of distributed
energy resource.