LEAP Bridge Precast E1 TRN015400-1-0001

LEAPBridgePrecast
V8i
FirstEdition
BentleyInstituteCourseGuide
TRN015400-1/0001
Trademarks
AccuDraw,Bentley,theBBentleylogo,MDL,MicroStationandSmartLineareregistered
trademarks;PopSetandRasterManageraretrademarks;BentleySELECTisaservicemarkof
BentleySystems,IncorporatedorBentleySoftware,Inc.
AutoCADisaregisteredtrademarkofAutodesk,Inc.
Allotherbrandsandproductnamesarethetrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.
Patents
UnitedStatesPatentNos.5,8.15,415and5,784,068and6,199,125.
Copyrights
20002010BentleySystems,Incorporated.
MicroStation1998BentleySystems,Incorporated.
Allrightsreserved.
Apr2010
Copyright2010BentleySystems,Incorporated
TableofContents
GeometryReviewandCreateLandXML
Overview________________________________________ 1
Objectives _______________________________________ 1
OpenGEOPAKCoordinateGeometry _________________ 1
CreateaLandXMLfile______________________________ 4
LEAPBridgeABCWizardOverview
Overview________________________________________ 7
Objectives _______________________________________ 7
CreateBridgewithABCWizard ______________________ 7
Import3DModeloftheExistingTerrain _______________ 14
CONSPAN
LessonOverview__________________________________ 17
LessonObjectives _________________________________ 17
ModifyGeometryandMaterialsData _________________ 18
ApplyLRFDLoadstotheStructure____________________ 19
AnalyzetheSuperstructure _________________________ 20
BeamDesign _____________________________________ 22
LoadRateaBeam _________________________________ 24
ExportDrawingstoMicroStation _____________________ 25
AppendixA:ProgramCapabilities ____________________ 27
AppendixB:ProgramBoundaries ____________________ 32
RCPIER
Overview________________________________________ 33
Objectives _______________________________________ 33
ModifythePierGeometry __________________________ 33
ApplyLRFDLoadstotheStructure ___________________ 35
Analysis _________________________________________ 41
CapDesign ______________________________________ 41
ColumnDesign ___________________________________ 42
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iii
TableofContents
FootingDesign ___________________________________ 44
AbutmentDesign _________________________________ 46
GEOMATH
Overview________________________________________ 53
Objectives _______________________________________ 53
ImportaNewRoadwayandMeasureClearances ________ 54
ModifyaProfile __________________________________ 57
GEOMATHReports ________________________________ 58
SiteModelerforAbutmentGrading
Overview________________________________________ 61
Objectives _______________________________________ 61
SiteModelerProjectComponents ____________________ 61
CreateaSiteModelerProject _______________________ 65
ModelMenu _____________________________________ 67
ObjectsMenu ____________________________________ 70
ElementsMenu___________________________________ 73
SelectionSets ____________________________________ 75
New/EditSiteElements ____________________________ 76
CreateanAbutmentObject _________________________ 79
Apr2010
iv
GeometryReviewandCreate
LandXML
Overview
Thistrainingguideisanintroductiontothedesignofprestressedconcrete
bridgesandsubstructureswithLEAPBridge.Asthistypeofbridgeisawidely
acceptedalternativetolongspanbridges,thesolutionstobepresentedare
widelyusedthroughouttheUnitedStates.Learnmoreabouttheflexibilityofthe
layoutanddesignusingthelatestLRFDcodespecifications.
Objectives
Aftercompletingthischapter,youwillbeableto:
Reviewalignmentandprofileinformationinthenativeroaddesign
application
Printreportsonthegeometry
ExportthealignmentsandprofilestoaLandXMLfilethatcanbeimportedto
LEAPBridge
OpenGEOPAKCoordinateGeometry
ThesestepswillwalkyouthroughopeningGEOPAKCOGOtoreviewalignments
andprofilesstoredinaGPKfile.
Exercise:UseCOGONavigatortodisplayalignments
1 StartMicroStation.
2 OpenfileC:\data\BrIM\LBPrecast\Cogo.dgn.
3 OpenGEOPAKCoordinateGeometry.(Applications>GEOPAK>Road>
Geometry>CoordinateGeometry).
Apr2010
4 SelectJob839andclickOK.
5 FromtheCoordinateGeometrydialogenableTemporaryVisualization.
6 OpentheCOGONavigatordialog.
7 SelectTools>NavigatorfromtheCoordinateGeometrydialog.
8 FromNavigator,selectTools>VisualizeAll>Chains.
9 FityourMicroStationviewtoseetheresultingchainsdrawn.
10 Selecttheidicon,thenidentifyanalignmentfromthedrawingthen
accept.
11 SelectchainSC219Rfromthelist.
12 SelectthePrint/Describeelementicon.
Apr2010
13 ReviewthedescriptionofthechainintheCoordinateGeometryoutput
window.
14 FromtheNavigatordialog,changetheElementtoProfile.
15 SelectProfileSC219RFPandthenselectthePrint/DescribeElementicon
toseeadescriptionoftheprofile.
16 FromtheCoordinateGeometrydialog,selectElement>Profile>
Elevation.
17 PopulateasshownandselectComputeElevation.
Apr2010
CreateaLandXMLfile
18 Tocreateaprintedversionofallresultsintheoutputwindowandifyou
haveaprinteravailable
Rightclickintheoutputwindow.ChoosetheSelectAlloption.Right
clickagainandselectPrinttosendtheoutputtoanetworkedprinter.
CreateaLandXMLfile
ThesestepswillwalkyouthroughgeneratingaLandXMLfileoftheproposed
alignmentsandprofilesstoredinaGPKfile.
Exercise:CreateaLandXMLfile
1 Continuinginthecogo.dgnfile,fromtheCoordinateGeometrydialog,
selectFile>Export>LandXMLGeometry.
2 Populatethedialogasshown.
Apr2010
CreateaLandXMLfile
3 SelectExporttocreatetheLandXMLfile.
4 ReviewtheresultingLandXMLfilebyopeningWindowsFileExplorerand
doubleclickingonthefile.
ThisfilecannowbeimportedintoLEAPBridgeanusedasthebasisforthe
bridgeproject.
5 ClosetheCoordinateGeometrydialog.
6 Whenpromptedtosaveyoursession,selectNo.
Apr2010
CreateaLandXMLfile
Apr2010
Overview
Thistrainingguideisanintroductiontothedesignofprestressedconcrete
bridgesandsubstructureswithLEAPBridge.Asthistypeofbridgeisawidely
acceptedalternativetolongspanbridges,thesolutionstobepresentedare
widelyusedthroughouttheUnitedStates.Learnmoreabouttheflexibilityofthe
layoutanddesignusingthelatestLRFDcodespecifications.
Objectives
UsetheABCwizardinLEAPBridgetoquicklylayouta3Dmodelofthe
superstructureandsubstructureofabridge.
Importdataforthehorizontalandverticalalignments,superelevationand/or
3DDTM.
CreateMicroStationdrawingsof2Dand3Dviews.
CreateBridgewithABCWizard
ThesestepswillwalkyouthroughusingtheABCWizardinLEAPBridgetocreatea
3Dmodelofabridgeincludingthesuperandsubstructurecomponents.
Exercise:UseABCWizardtocreatea2spanstructure
1 StartLEAPBridge.
2 StarttheABCWizard.
Apr2010
3 SelectLandXML.
4 SelectC:\data\BrIM\LBPrecast\SC219andI26.xmlfromtheBrowse
button.
5 SelecttheConnectbuttontocontinue.
6 ExpandtheAlignmentsandProfilescheckboxestoselectthealignment
andprofileasshownbelow..
7 SelectOKtoimportthegeometry.
8 Thebridgebeginsatstation118+25.SelectAlignmentandsettheBegin
BridgeStationto118+25.
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9 SelectOKtoacceptthisvalue.
10 TheCrossslopeofthestructureis2.0%.SelectCrossSectionfromthe
ABC:Step1of3dialog.
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11 PopulatetheBridgeCrossSectiondialogasshownandselectOKwhen
completed.
10
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12 PopulatetheABC:Step1of3dialogasshownbelow.
13 SelectNextwhencomplete.
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11
14 ForPier1,completethedialogasshown.
15 SelectAbutment1tomodify.
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16 Populatethedialogasshownbelow.
17 SettheCopyto:fieldto2.
Thiswillcopytheabutmentpropertiestotheendabutment.
18 SelectNext.
19 SelectFinishtocompletethewizard.
20 SelecttheGeometrytabtoviewa3Dmodelofstructure.
21 Rightclickintheviewtoexportadrawingthatcanbeviewedwith
MicroStation.
22 SavethecurrentLEAPBridgefile.SelectFile>SaveAstosaveafile
calledBridge01.xml.
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13
Import3DModeloftheExistingTerrain
Thefollowingstepswillguideyouthroughimportingadisplayinga3DDTM.
Exercise:ImportanddisplaygroundDTM
1 FromtheGeometrytabinLEAPBridge,selecttheLoadGroundfrom
LandXMLFileicon.
2 SelectBrowseandselecttheC:\data\brim\LBPrecast\sc219tin.xmlfile.
3 SelectConnecttoopentheLandXMLfile.
4 SelectthecheckboxnexttoTrianglesandselectOKtoimportthe3D
DTM.
5 SelecttheShowGroundin3DViewericontoseethetriangles.
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6 RightclickintheviewandselectExport.
7 TypeinafilenameofBridge01.
8 SelectSave.
9 OpentheresultingfilewithMicroStationtoreviewthebridgemodel.
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15
16
Apr2010
CONSPAN
LessonOverview
This chapter is an introduction to the design of prestressed concrete bridge girders with
LEAP Bridge. As this type of bridge is a widely accepted alternative to long-span bridges,
the solutions to be presented are widely used throughout the United States. Learn more
about the flexibility of the layout and design with LRFD code specifications.
LessonObjectives
Modifythesuperstructuregeometry.
Specifymaterialproperties.
Inputdeadloadsandliveloads.
Runandreviewanalysisofbeams
Designstrandsandrebarforbeams.
Loadrateadesignedgirder.
Apr2010
CONSPAN
17
ModifyGeometryandMaterialsData
ModifyGeometryandMaterialsData
ThesestepswillwalkyouthroughtheGeometryandMaterialstabsmaking
changesasneededfortheclassstructure.
Exercise:OpenCONSPANandmodifyGeometryand
Materialsproperties
1 FromtheSuperStructuretabinLEAPBridge,selectCONSPAN.
2 FromCONSPAN,selecttheGeometrytab.
3 SelectElevandSectbuttonstoreviewelevationandsectionviews.
4 SelectCrossSection....
5 ChangetheDeckThick(sacrificial)to1.
6 SelectOKtoacceptthenewvalue.
7 SelecttheMaterialstab.
8 SettheConcretepropertiesasshownbelow.
9 Selectthe1/2270KLLPrestressingTendonasthedefaulttendon.
CONSPAN
18
Apr2010
ApplyLRFDLoadstotheStructure
ApplyLRFDLoadstotheStructure
Thefollowingstepswillguideyouthroughtheprocessofapplyingdeadloadsand
liveloadstothestructure.
Exercise:Applydeadandliveloadstothestructure
1 SelecttheLoadstab.
2 SelecttheWizardbuttonattheupperright.
3 FilloutthePermanentLoadWizardusingthefollowingvalues.
LoadType
Magnitude
LeftandRightBarrier
0.3klfeach
FutureWearingSurface
0.035ksf
4 EnabletheKeepValuestoggle.
5 SelectOKwhencompleted.
ThiswillpopulatethePermanentLoadssectionofthedialog.
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CONSPAN
19
AnalyzetheSuperstructure
6 SelecttheWizardbuttoninthediaphragmarea.
7 Inserttworowsandpopulateasshown.
8 SelectOKtoaccept.
Thefollowingstepswillguideyouthroughtheprocessofanalyzingthe
superstructurebasedontheloadssuppliedintheprevioussection.
Exercise:Analyzethegirders.
1 SelecttheAnalysistab.
CONSPAN
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Apr2010
2 SelectAnalysisFactorstoreviewthecurrentvaluesforload
distribution,loadfactorsandmodifiers.
3 ClickOKtheAnalysisFactorsdialog.
4 SelectRunAnalysis....
5 Reviewtheanalysisvaluesforthevariousspans,beamsandlimitstates.
6 SelecttheDiagramicontoviewtheresultsgraphically.
Apr2010
CONSPAN
21
BeamDesign
7 Closethediagramwindowbeforecontinuingtothenextexercise.
BeamDesign
Thisexercisewillwalkthroughtheprocessofdesigningthereinforcingstrands
andrebarwithinabeam.
Exercise:Designabeamanduseasthetemplatefor
theremainingbeams.
1 SelecttheBeamtab.
2 SelectAutoDesigntoperformaninitialdesign.
3 SelectYeswhenpromptedtoAutoDebondthestrands.
CONSPAN
22
Apr2010
BeamDesign
L Note:TheautodebondingparameterscanbemodifiedontheMaterials
tabinthePrestressingtendonarea.
4 Reviewtheresultingdesignstatus.
5 Copythispatterntoallotherbeamsinallspans.
6 ClickOKthestrandpatterndialog.
7 SelectBeam2andverifytheDesignStatususingBeam1sstrandpattern.
Modifythestrandpatternifnecessary.ReselectBeam1.
8 SelectRebarPattern.
9 IntheAutoDesignsectionofthedialog,settheSizetoUS#5[M16]and
theLegsvalueto2.
10 SelectAutoDesign
11 ModifytheStartandEnddistancestoroundvaluesoffeet.
12 ReviewtheGraph.
13 Copytheresultingreinforcingtoallbeamsinallspans.
14 SelecttheNeg.MomentContinuitySteeltab.
Apr2010
CONSPAN
23
LoadRateaBeam
15 Inserttworowsandpopulate.
16 SelectOKtoaccept.
17 SelecttheResultsbutton.
19 SelectPrint/View.
20 Reviewtheresultingreports
21 ClosethereportviewerandthePrintdialog.
LoadRateaBeam
Next,welltakealookatusingtheratingfunctionalityinsideCONSPAN.
CONSPAN
24
Apr2010
ExportDrawingstoMicroStation
Exercise:Specifyratingparametersandgeneraterating
resultsforabeam
1 SelectParametersfromtheRatingareaoftheBeamtab.
2 EnableHL93astheDesignLoadRatingvehicle.
3 SelectRatingResultsfromtheRatingarea.
4 Reviewthereportthatisgenerated.
ExportDrawingstoMicroStation
Lastly,welltakealookatexportingvariousviewsintheLEAPproductsto
MicroStation.
Exercise:ExportviewstoMicroStationdrawings
1 FromCONSPAN,selecttheGeometrytab.
2 SelectSect.
3 RightclickthegraphicalviewofthesectionandselectExportView.
4 SettheSaveastypetoMicroStationDGN.
5 NamethefileSection1.dgn.
6 ClickSave.
Apr2010
CONSPAN
25
AppendixA:ProgramCapabilities
7 CloseCONSPAN.
8 WhenaskedtoupdatetheLEAPBridgemodel,selectYes.
9 Whenpromptedtogeneratereports,selectNo.
10 SelecttheGeometrytabinLEAPBridge.
11 Rotatethemodeltovariousangles.
12 ClicktheDisplay3Dmodelastransparenticonatthelowerleftofthe
graphicswindowtoviewthemodelinatransparentstate.Thetendons
andrebarwillbevisiblethroughthebeams.
13 OpenMicroStationandreviewthedrawingsthathavebeencreated.
BentleySystems,Inc.LEAPCONSPANisthefirstintegratedAASHTOLRFDand
Standard(LFD)programfortheanalysis,designandloadratingofsinglespanand
multiplespanbridges,constructedwithsimplespanprestressedgirdersmade
continuousbyreinforcingthecastinplacetopdeckwithmildsteelinregionsof
negativemoment.ThefollowinghighlightssomeofCONSPANsmainfeatures:
DesignCodeandUnits
Dualdesigncodes,AASHTOStandardandLRFD.Youcanswitch
betweenthetwospecificationsatanytimeduringprogramexecution.
LoadRatingaccordingtotheManualofConditionEvaluationof
Bridges.
LoadRatingaccordingtotheManualforConditionEvaluationand
LoadandResistanceFactorRatingLRFRofHighwayBridges.
Dualunits,U.S.andMetric.Youcanswitchbetweenthetwounitsat
anytimeduringprogramexecution.
StateSpecificationdropdown:SelectfromFloridaorCaliforiatoapply
statespecificcriteria.
Libraries
CONSPAN
26
Reduceinputtimeusingpredefinedlibraryofprestressingtendon
types,rebars,andbeamsectiontypesormodify/addcustomlibraries.
Specifypredefinedstrandpatternsanduseasmanualinputorduring
autogeneration.
Apr2010
SelectAASHTOStandard(LFD)designtrucksfromapredefinedlibrary
(HS20Truck,HS20Lane,H20Truck,H20Lane,Military,etc.)ordefine
unlimitednewloadsmanually.
SelectLRFDdesignmovingloadsfromapredefinedlibrary(Design
Truck,DesignTandem,DesignLane,DoubleTruck,DoubleTandem,
etc.)ordefineunlimitednewloadsmanually.
SpanType
IncreasedinputefficiencybyselectingeithertheSimpleSpanorMulti
Spanoptiontoenablecustomprograminputandoutputoptions.
Optiontoanalyzeamultispanstructureasaseriesofsimplespans
(i.e.superimposeddeadandliveloadsareappliedonsimplebeam
modelratherthancontinuousbeammodel).
Quicklyspecifyprojectandjobdescriptions.
FlaredGirderGeometry
Specifyflared(splayed)girdergeometry.Programconsidersvarying
beamlengthsinthesamespanduetoskewangledifferences,ordue
tononparallelarrangementofgirders.
Specifyadvancedgeometricinformationincludingalignment
information,abutment,pieranddeckinformation.
AdvancedGraphicsshowlayout,crosssectionofbridge.
AnalysisandDesign
DeadLoadWizard:makesinputofcommonloadsverysimple
SpecifyNegativeMomentContinuitysteelindeckslab.Compare
requiredvs.providedcapacities.
Copybeamstrandpatternstootherbeamsinsamespanorother
spans.
Specifyvariablespanlengths,precastbeamlengths,bearingto
bearinglengths,andskewanglesforbridge.
Specifydifferentbeamsizesinthesamespananddifferentbeam
typesineachspan.
Retainspreviouslydesignedstrandpatternswhenchangesaremade
togeometry,materials,orloadsinformation.
Apr2010
CONSPAN
27
CONSPAN
28
InputloadsforDCandDWonprecast,composite,orsupplemental.
Loadscanbespecifiedasconcentrated,area,orlineloads.
Specifysupplementaltopping/deckthicknessandinclude
superimposeddeadloadsonsupplemental.
Automaticallycomputedeadloadsduetoselfweightofgirders,deck,
haunches,andsupplemental.
Havethecapabilitytoallowinputofdeadloadsoncompositeaslinear
loads,e.g.,tosimulatebarrierloads.
Specifyanunlimitednumberofdiaphragmloads.Usethecopyfeature
tocopydiaphragmloadstoallbeamsand/orallspans.
Analyzeselfweightanddeadloadsassumedtoactontheprecast
sectionbeingdesignedusingsimplebeamanalysis.
Analyzedeadloadsoncompositesectionsusingcontinuousanalysis.
Specifypedestrianloads.
ChoosewhetherornottoincludeLRFDliveloaddeflectioncriteria.
Performautomaticmovingloadanalysisonsimplespanorcontinuous
multispanbridges.
SelectspecificStandard(LFD)groupsforanalysisanddesign(1,1/1A,
and1B).
SelectspecificLRFDlimitstatesforanalysisanddesign(ServiceI,
ServiceIII,StrengthI,andStrengthII).
Userefinedmethodsofanalysis(grillagemodels)tocomputeliveload
distributionfactors.
Displaydistributionfactorsascontourgraphs.
CustomizeLRFDfactors,includingdynamicloadallowance,
distribution,gamma,andhfactors.
Customizeorselectlimitingstressesforconcreteatreleaseandfinal
conditions.
Customizeorselectlengthmultipliersfortransferanddevelopment
lengths.
Easilycustomizevariablesthatareautomaticallycalculatedbythe
program,suchasliveloadanddeadloaddistributionfactorsand
dynamicloadallowanceimpact/factors.
Automaticallygeneratestraightanddrapedstrandpatternsor
manuallyinputthepatternforanalysis.
Specifytransformedsectionproperties.
Apr2010
Customizethemaximumnumberofstrandsthatcanbedebonded,as
themaximumpercentageofeachrow,orthetotalnumberofstrands
ineachsection.
Specifyendandmidspandebonding(shielding)manuallyorhavethe
programcomputeitautomatically.Whileusingadraped/straight
pattern,onlythestraightstrandscanbedebonded.
Customizevaryingpercentagesofstrandpullforvariousstrand
groups.
Specifyorhavetheprogramcomputereleaseandfinalprestress
lossesaccordingtotheAASHTOLRFDandLFDSpecifications.
Automaticallydesigntopflangetensionreinforcementatrelease.
Checkdesignstatusatcriticalpointsforreleaseandfinalstressesas
wellasforultimateloadsandcrackingloadcriteria.
Performvertical,anchoragezone,andhorizontalshearreinforcement
design.
Autodesignrequiredverticalshearreinforcement.
Reportcamberanddeflectioncomputationsattenthpointlocations
alongthebeam,includingliveloaddeflections.
Automaticallycomputedeckreinforcementrequiredforcontinuity.
Selectamongthreemethodswhethertoincluderestraintmoments,
includingthePCAMethod,Ref.7.
Displayandprintmoment,shear,andstressdiagramsforeither
specificloadcasesand/orloadcombinations.
OptionallycomputeMomentCapacitybyStrainCompatibility.
ProgramprovidesoptiontoconsidercompositeloadsinHorizontal
Shearcomputations.
ConvertloadingfromLFDtoLRFDontheflyandalsoapplydifferent
DFfordifferentdeadloads.
ConsiderthespanlengthsspecifiedinTableC4.6.2.2.11inthe
computationofLRFDloaddistributionfactors.
Optiontodistributedeadloadequallytoallbeamsorbasedon
tributaryfraction.
Optionally,inputStirrupreinforcementschedulesmanuallyoruse
autodesignalgorithms.
Storecommonlyusedstirrupschedulesinthelibraryfile,andreuse
acrossprojects.
Apr2010
CONSPAN
29
General
Usethesavesettingfeaturetominimizefutureinput.
Designstandardorcustombeamtypesusingconvenientsection
propertyeditorandvisualstrandpatterntemplates.
Usewizardstoquicklyspecifybeamlayouts.
Saveinputdataand/orresultsatanytime.Savedesignsandcheck
themfornewloadingconditions.Strandpatternisautomatically
savedunlessthebeamitselfischanged.
Specifyfontforviewing/printingoutput.
Senddatafileinanemailmessagefromwithintheprogram.
Optionstospecifythedefaultworkingfolder.
Optiontokeepanalysisfactorsinputmanually.
Usewizardsforgeneratingstrandtemplates.
TogglebetweenLFD(Standard)andLRFDmodeswithoutlosingthe
strandpatternordeadloadinformation.
SectionLibraryTransferUtility,allowsforbulktransferofsectionfrom
oldlibrariesintonew,orfromdifferentfiles,intoaconsolidatedfile.
Link from within the program, from the Help menu, to the User manual
in PDF format.
AutomaticallycheckforupdatesfromWebsite.
Detailedandseparatereportsofallinputandoutputeitherintext
formorinenhancedreportformat.
Optiontoinclude2Dviews(crosssection,elevation)andanalysis/
designgraphsintheenhancedreport(HTML)outputs.
StrandpatternWizardnowallowsdefinitionofstraight/draped
strandsinaneasytouse,pointandclickgraphicaluserinterface.Get
productionqualityprintoutshowingstrandpatternsgraphically.
LoadRating
CONSPAN
30
LoadRatingaccordingtotheManualofConditionEvaluationof
Bridges,instandardspecificationsmode.
OperatingandInventoryRating
LoadRatingsummaryanddetailsatalltenthpointsforMoments
(Flexure,positiveandnegative),ShearsandStresses(concreteand
prestressingsteel).
Apr2010
AppendixB:ProgramBoundaries
Selectmultipletrucksfrompredefinedtrucklibraryordefineyourown
ratingvehicle.
LoadRatingaccordingtotheManualforConditionEvaluationand
LoadandResistanceFactorRatingLRFRofHighwayBridgesforDesign,
LegalandPermitLoadRating.
Completelycustomizableinputparametersincludingfactorsand
allowablestresses.
Runrefinedanalysistouseliveloaddistributionfactorstomodel
trucksnonstandardgagewidth(differentthan6feet).
ThefollowingisalistofCONSPANsboundariesandconventions.
Widthofbridgemustbeconstantinallspanswhenflaredgirder
optionisnotused.
FlaredgirderoptionisonlyavailableforIgirders,boxbeamsandU
beams.
Beammomentofinertiamustbeconstantwithinaspan,e.g.,no
changeinbeampropertiesalongthespan.
Topping(slab)thicknessmustbethesameforallspansandwithina
span.
Allbeamsmustbethesametypebutmaybedifferentsizes(e.g.,you
cannotuseAASHTOIbeamsandboxbeamsinthesamespanbutyou
canusevarioussizesofAASHTOIbeamsinthesamespan).
Maximumnumberofaxlesthatcanbedefinedforatruckis20.
PedestrianLoadnotconsideredinLoadRatingAnalysis.
Apr2010
CONSPAN
31
CONSPAN
32
Apr2010
RCPIER
Overview
ThischapterfocusesontheLEAPBridgeapplication,RCPIER,forthedesignof
reinforcedconcretebridgesubstructuresandfoundations.Learnhowtousethe
optionstodesignamulticolumnpieraswellasthefootingtypesthatare
supportedwiththisproduct.
Objectives
Manipulatethegeometryofapierorabutment
Generatevariousloadsforthepiersandabutments
Designthecap,columnandfootings
Designabutments
ModifythePierGeometry
Thefollowingstepswillguideyouthroughmakingchangestothecolumn
geometryaswellasaddingastruttothepier.
Exercise:ChangetheColumnGeometryandaddaStrut
1 SelecttheGeometrytabinRCPier.
2 SelectthePierConfigicon.
3 ChangetheColumnShapetoRect.TaperedinXdir.
4 SelectOKtoacceptthechange.
5 SelecttheColumniconandpopulateasshownbelow.
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RCPIER
33
ModifythePierGeometry
6 SelectOKtoacceptchanges.
7 Theresultingmodelshouldnowlooklikethis.
RCPIER
34
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ApplyLRFDLoadstotheStructureandGenerateLoadCombinations
8 SelecttheStruticonandpopulatethedialogasshown.
9 SelectOKtosavethestruttothemodel
10 The3Dmodelwillbeupdatedagain.Footingswillbeaddedbackwhen
theFootingdesignisperformed.
ThefollowingstepswillguideyouthroughtheprocessofapplyingLRFDdead
loadsandliveloadstothestructure.
Exercise:Applyloadstothestructureandgenerateload
combinations
1 SelecttheLoadstabinRCPier.
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RCPIER
35
2 Oneatatime,addthefollowingloadtypestotheSelectedLoadswindow:
DC,DW,LL,WS.
3 SelectDC1fromtheSelectedLoadswindow.
4 ClickEdit.
5 ClickGenerateontheLoaddatawindow.
RCPIER
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6 PopulateasshownandselectGenerate.
7 SelectOKtoacceptthesedeadloads.
8 Select DW1 from the Selected Loads window and click Edit.
9 ClickGenerate.
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RCPIER
37
11 SelectOKtoacceptthesedeadloads
12 SelectLL1fromtheSelectedLoadswindow.
13 ClickEdit.
14 ClickGenerate.
RCPIER
38
Apr2010
17 HighlightLL1andselectLLDetails.
18 ReviewLL1.
19 SelectotherLLcasestoreview.
20 SelectWS1fromtheSelectedLoadswindow
21 ClickEdit.
22 ClickGenerate.
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RCPIER
39
24 SelectOKtoacceptthesedeadloads
25 Addtheloadgroups/limitstatestotheSelectedGroupswindow:
StrengthGroupI,ServiceGroupIandServiceGroupIII.
26 SelecteachgrouponeatatimefromtheAvailableGroupswindowthen
selectthebuttontoaddtotherightpane.
27 SelectCombinationstogeneratethedefaultloadcombinations.
28 SelectDefaultCombtogeneratealloftheloadcombinations.
29 SelectClosetoclosetheLoadCombinationswindow.
RCPIER
40
Apr2010
Analysis
Analysis
TheAnalysistaballowsyoutoperformananalysisandalsospecifyvariousfactors
relatingtotheanalysisanddesign.
Exercise:PerformAnalysis
1 FromtheAnalysistabinRCPIERselectA/DParameters.
2 ReviewtheLRFDDesignandAnalysisparameters.
3 SelectOKtoacceptanychanges.
4 SelectRunAnalysis.
5 SelecttheDiagramstooltoreviewshearandmomentdiagramsofthecap
andcolumns.
CapDesign
TheCaptaballowsyoutoautomaticallydesignthecapbyclickingtheAuto
Designbuttonormanuallyenterthecapdesign.Thefollowingillustratestheauto
designfeatureandthemanualchanges.
Apr2010
RCPIER
41
ColumnDesign
Exercise:DesigntheCapusingAutoDesignTool
1 FromtheCaptabinRCPIERselectAutoDesign.
2 PopulatetheRCPierDesignCapdialogasshown.
3 SelectOK.
4 ReviewtheDesignStatusoutput.
5 SelectDiagramsicontoreviewthecapdesignenvelopes.
ColumnDesign
TheColumntaballowsyoutochoosetomanuallyenterthecolumn
reinforcementortoallowtheprogramtoautomaticallydesignit.Wewillusethe
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Apr2010
ColumnDesign
UnbracedmomentmagnificationwithspecifiedvaluesofKandAutoDesign
featureforthisexample.
Exercise:DesigntheColumnusingAutoDesignTool
1 SelecttheColumntabinRCPIER.
2 EnabletheAutoDesignAllcheckbox.
3 SelectAutoDesign.
4 PopulatetheRCPierDesignColumndialogasshown.
5 SelectOK.
6 ReviewtheDesignResultsforthecolumns.
Afterdesigningthecolumn,RCPIERallowsyoutoviewthecolumn
interactiondiagram.
SelecttheDiagramscommandfromtheShowmenu,oritsrespective
icononthetoolbar.Then,selectthecolumnyouwanttoviewfrom
theObjectsdropdownlistandselecttheDesignoption.Thecolumn
interactiondiagramwillappearonthescreenasshowninthe
followingfigure.
Youcanviewdifferentloadcombinationsbymakingselectionsfrom
theLoadCombinationdropdownlist.Closethediagramswindow
whendonereviewingthediagram.
Apr2010
RCPIER
43
FootingDesign
FootingDesign
Thisisthefinalscreeninthetabseriesandisauniquefeatureavailableonlyin
RCPIER.Here,youcandesignandanalyzemultiplefootingsorfootingtypesfor
eachcolumn,toincludesinglespreadfootingunderallcolumns,isolatedspread
footingsundereachcolumn,singlepile/shaftcapunderallcolumns,andisolated
pile/shaftcapundereachcolumn.Youcanalsocheckoverturningfromthistab.
Exercise:DesigntheFootingsusingAutoDesignTool
1 SelecttheFootingtabinRCPIER.
2 Selectthe4columnslistedintheColumnswindow.
3 KeyinanameofSpread1intheNamefield.
4 SelecttheAddbutton.
5 HighlightSpread1andselectDesign.
7 SelectFootingReinforcementtab.
8 SelectAutoDesignfromtheFootingReinforcementtabtodesignthe
reinforcementinthefooting.
RCPIER
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Apr2010
FootingDesign
9 SelectClosewhenyouarefinishedreviewingtheresultingreinforcement
design.
10 ReturntotheGeometrytabtoseetheresulting3Dmodelincludingthe
spreadfooting.
11 CloseRCPier.
12 SelectYeswhenpromptedtoupdatetheLEAPBridgemodel.
13 SelectNowhenpromptedtoGenerateReports.
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RCPIER
45
AbutmentDesign
AbutmentDesign
AbutmentLoadGeneration
Theprogramdifferentiatesabutmentdesignaspilecapandstemwalldesign.
Dependingonwhichoptionisselected,ananalyticalmodelselectionwillbe
different.Programallowstoswitchbetweenabutmenttypeanytimeduringthe
projecttohavethecomparativeanalyticalanddesignresults.
Exercise:GenerateLoadsandLoadCombinationsfor
theAbutment
1 SelecttheSubstructuretabinLEAPBridge.
2 SettheAbut/PierListtoAB01.
3 SelecttheRCPIERbutton.
4 SelecttheLoadstabinRCPier.
5 Oneatatime,addthefollowingloadtypestotheSelectedLoadswindow:
DC,DW,LL.
6 SelectDC1fromtheSelectedLoadswindow
7 ClickEdit.
8 ClickGenerateontheLoaddatawindow.
11 SelectDW1fromtheSelectedLoadswindow.\
12 ClickEdit.
13 ClickGenerate.
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Apr2010
AbutmentDesign
16 SelectLL1fromtheSelectedLoadswindow.
17 ClickEdit.
18 ClickGenerate.
21 HighlightLL1andselectLLDetails.
22 ReviewLL1.
23 SelectotherLLcasestoreview.
24 Addtheloadgroups/limitstatestotheSelectedGroupswindow:
StrengthGroupI,ServiceGroupIandServiceGroupIII.
25 SelecteachgrouponeatatimefromtheAvailableGroupswindowthen
selectthebuttontoaddtotherightpane.
26 SelectCombinationstogeneratethedefaultloadcombinations.
27 SelectDefaultCombtogeneratealloftheloadcombinations.
28 SelectClosetoclosetheLoadCombinationswindow.
AbutmentAnalysis
TheAnalysistaballowsyoutoperformananalysisandalsospecifyvariousfactors
relatingtotheanalysisanddesign.
Exercise:PerformAnalysis
1 FromtheAnalysistabinRCPIERselectA/DParameters.
2 ReviewtheLRFDDesignandAnalysisparameters.
3 SelectOKtoacceptanychanges.
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RCPIER
47
AbutmentDesign
4 SelectRunAnalysis.
5 SelecttheDiagramstooltoreviewshearandmomentdiagramsofthecap
andpile.
AbutmentCapDesign
TheCaptaballowsyoutoautomaticallydesignthecapbyclickingtheAuto
Designbuttonormanuallyenterthecapdesign.Thefollowingillustratestheauto
designfeatureandthemanualchanges.
Exercise:DesigntheCapusingAutoDesignTool
1 FromtheCaptabinRCPIERselectAutoDesign.
2 PopulatetheRCPierDesignCapdialogasshown.
3 SelectOK.
4 ReviewtheDesignStatusoutput.
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Apr2010
AbutmentDesign
5 SelectDiagramsicontoreviewthecapdesignenvelopes.
AbutmentPileDesign
ThePiletaballowsyoutochoosetomanuallyenterthepilereinforcementorto
allowtheprogramtoautomaticallydesignit.
Exercise:DesignthePileusingAutoDesignTool
1 SelectthePiletabinRCPIER.
2 EnabletheAutoDesignAllcheckbox.
3 SelectAutoDesign.
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RCPIER
49
AbutmentDesign
4 PopulatetheRCPierDesignColumndialogasshown.
5 SelectOK.
6 ReviewtheDesignResultsforthepiles.
7 Afterdesigningthepile,RCPIERallowsyoutoviewtheinteraction
diagram.SelecttheDiagramscommandfromtheShowmenu,orits
respectiveicononthetoolbar.
8 Then,settheObjectsdropdownlisttoPileandselecttheDesignoption.
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Apr2010
AbutmentDesign
Theinteractiondiagramwillappearonthescreenasshowninthe
followingfigure.
9 Youcanviewdifferentloadcombinationsbymakingselectionsfromthe
LoadCombinationdropdownlist.
10 Closethediagramswindowwhendonereviewingthediagram.
11 CloseRCPIERandupdatetheLEAPBridgemodel.
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RCPIER
51
AbutmentDesign
RCPIER
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Apr2010
GEOMATH
Overview
ThischapterfocusesontheLEAPBridgeapplication,GEOMATH,usedforthe
parametriclayoutofabridgestructureanditscomponentelements.Any
changesmadetothegeometryarereverberatedthroughtheentiremodel.
GEOMATHisalsousedtocreateamultitudeofreportsincludingquantities,span
clearances,deckelevationsandmore.
Objectives
Importanewroadway.
Measureclearancesbetweenthebridgeandnewroadway.
Modifygeometryelementsintheproject.
ReviewreportingcapabilitiesofGEOMATH.
Apr2010
GEOMATH
53
ImportaNewRoadwayandMeasureClearances
Thefollowingstepswillguideyouthroughtheprocessofcreatingasecond
roadwayandmeasuringtheclearancesfromthestructuretotheroadwaybelow.
Exercise:ImportasecondroadwayviaLandXML
1 SelecttheGeometrytabinLEAPBridge.
2 SelecttheGEOMATHbuttontostartthesoftware.
3 ClicktheBEGbuttonatthebottomofthescreentobeginusingthe
advancedinterface.
4 SelectLEAPBridge>SelectComponents.Thiswillopenthepreviously
usedLandXMLfilethatcontainedtheSC219alignmentandprofile.
5 SelectthealignmentandprofileshownbelowthenclickOK.
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Apr2010
6 Theresultingprojectwindowshowsthenewlyimportedalignments.
7 SelecttheSectionicon.
8 ThenfromtheSectionSetdropdown,selectNew.
9 SelectthePropertiesiconandpopulateasshown.
10 SelectOKtoaccept.
L Note:Becausethisisadividedroadway,thePGOffsetisusedtotellthe
softwarethedistancefromthealignmenttotheprofileonthesection.
11 PopulatethePlaneDataasshown.
12 Selectthegreencheckmarkwhencompletetoacceptthesection.
13 SelecttheRoadsicontocreateanewroadway.
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GEOMATH
55
14 PopulatetheLayoutsectionasshown.
15 Selectthegreencheckmarktoaccept.
Thiswillcreateanewroadway.
16 Zoomtothebridge.
L Hint:SelecttheBridgeBR01fromtheProjectlist,thenpressCTRL+Hon
thekeyboard.
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Apr2010
ModifyaProfile
17 SelecttheMeasureClearancetool.
18 Usingthecursor,selectGR06forObject1andRDWY02asObject2.
Asyoumovethecursoralonggirder6withinthelimitsoftheroadway
surfaceyouwillseetheclearancevaluechangeaccordingly.Trywith
othergirdersaswell.
ModifyaProfile
Inthisexercisetheprofilewillbeloweredatthestructure.
Exercise:LowerProfile
1 SelectProfileSC219RFPfromtheProjectlist.
2 ScrolldowntoVPI6atStation119+00.
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GEOMATH
57
GEOMATHReports
3 ChangetheelevationoftheVPIto418.90.
4 Rechecktheclearancesonthestructure.
GEOMATHReports
GEOMATHcancreateamultitudeofreportsusefulforbothdesignand
constructionpersonnel.Belowareexamplesofjustacoupleofthereports
available.
Exercise:DesignCreateandreviewasimplereport.
1 SelectFile>PrintfromtheGEOMATHpulldownmenu.
GEOMATH
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Apr2010
GEOMATHReports
2 Selectthereportslistedbelow.
3 ClickCreateReports.
4 Reviewtheresultingreportincludingdeckelevationalongthegirdersand
atoffsets.
5 ClosetheReportViewerandthePrintReportManagerdialog.
6 SelectSpecial>DeckContoursfromtheGEOMATHpulldownmenu.
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GEOMATH
59
GEOMATHReports
7 Populatethedialogasshownbelow.
8 SelectOK.
9 Reviewtheresultingcontoursinthedrawing.Ifyouwanttoturnoffthe
contours,turnoffdisplayoflevel5byselectingitfromtheLevelBar.
10 CloseGEOMATHandsavethechangestotheLEAPBridgemodel.
GEOMATH
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Apr2010
SiteModelerforAbutment
Grading
Overview
ThisworkshopisanintroductiontotheSiteModelergradingcapabiltiesfor
abutmentdesignanditsinteractionwithroadwayandtopographydata.
SiteModelerintegratesdigitalterrainmodelingwithinteractive3Dsitedesign.
Thesoftwareallowsyoutoincorporatedesignfeaturesinthemodelwhile
maintainingexistingground.TheSiteModelerautomaticallyregeneratesthe
DTM,yetretainsfullintegrityofthemodelsandtheoriginalDTM.Thereisno
needformergingorextractinggraphicsintotheterrainmodel.Easy,onthefly
functionsletyouchangeelevationsandsideslopesandbalancecutandfill.You
canaddfeaturessuchascontourstothemodelasneededtodefineyourdesign.
Toolsaresupportedforevaluatingthesitedesignandproducingdrawingsand
sitemodels.
Objectives
Manipulatedifferent3DviewsofabridgecreatedinLeapBridge
Setuptheabutmentbaseintoa3Ddgnfile.
CreateaSiteProjectandincorporateallpertinentdataintoagradingproject.
Setupdifferentslopesforgradingtheabutmentconnectiontotheground.
Analyzeandreviewtheresults.
SiteModelerProjectComponents
ASiteProjectiscomprisedofthreecomponents:Models,ObjectsandElements.
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SiteModels
ASiteModeliscomprisedofanunlimitednumberofobjectsarrangedbasedon
theFirstInFirstOut(FIFO)listwhichdictatesthemergingorderandabase
object(i.e.,existingground).
L Thedesignerdoesnothavetomerge,asit'sdoneautomatically"onthefly."
Asanewobjectisaddedtothemodel,itsresultantslopes,contours,etc.,can
bedisplayedonthescreen.
Modelscanbemodifiedatanytimeduringthesitedesignprocess.Thiscanbe
accomplishedinthreemethods:
Addorremoveobjectsfromthemodel
Changethebaseobject,i.e.,update/changeexistinggroundterrain
data
ChangingtheorderofObjectsintheFIFOlist
TheworkflowinvolvedinusingtheSiteModelerisdesignedtoexpeditethe
creationofdigitalterrainmodelswhileprovidingenoughflexibilitytoeasily
accommodatedesignchanges.Thefollowinglistoutlinestheprocessonhowto
getstartedwithSiteModeler.
Establishbasedesignplanimetricsin2Dor3DMicroStationdesignfile.
ThisincludesdesigngraphicalfeaturesthatdefinetheDTM(e.g.,
centerlines,curbs,berms,ponds,propertylineetc..).
Obtainexistinginformation,suchasoriginalgroundorsurvey
information,thatservesasthebasisoftheinitialdesign.
Reviewthegeometriclayoutofdesignfeaturesanddeterminea
preliminaryconceptforthetypeandconfigurationofSiteObjectsto
beusedinthedesign.
StartSiteModelerNewProjectWizard.
CreateanemptyModel.
ImportthebasedesigninformationintotheModel.
Selectalocationtobeginthedesign.
CreateanewSiteObjectthatdescribesthestartingfeature.
BegindefiningtheelevationsoftheSiteElementsandaddingthemto
theActiveObject.
ContinuetocreateSiteObjectsandSiteElementsasneeded.
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Apr2010
EvaluateandanalyzetheSiteModelandadjustSiteElements,Site
ObjectsandModel.
SiteObjects
SiteObjectsarecollectionsofSiteElementsthataregroupedtogetherforthe
purposesofsideslopedefinition,mergingintotheModel,volumequantity
calculationsoraslogicaldesignfeatures.
SiteObjectexamplesinclude:
Abutments
Buildings
Ponds
etc.
Eachobjectcancontainanunlimitednumberofelements.Objectscontaintheir
ownattributes.
Sideslopesdefinestheinterrelationshipbetweentheobjectandthe
model.Cutandfillsideslopesareautomaticallygeneratedaroundthe
extentorboundaryofeachObjectinthemodel.Theboundaryis
automaticallydeterminedfromtheextentoftheelementscontained
intheobject.SideSlopescanbeasbasicasasinglecutorfillslope
fromtheedgeofabuildingtoexistingground,orintersectingslopes
betweentwoobjects,i.e.,abuildingandaparkinglot.
QuantityDepthInordertodoexcavationquantities,anobjectmay
haveanassociatedquantitydepth.Forexample,abuildingmayhave
aquantitydepthoftwomasterunitswhichrepresentstheamountof
granularmaterialrequiredbeneaththebuilding.Thesequantitiescan
beeasilychangedandquicklycomputed.
DisplaySettingsAspecificsetofvisualizationsettingscanbeapplied
toeachobjecttocontrolthedisplaysymbologyofeach.
MaximumTriangleLengthDefinesthemaximumlengthforthe
Objectofanexternal(outside)triangle.Thetriangulationmustfollow
thisrulewhilestillincludingallelementdata.
OtherthingstoconsiderduringthecreationofObjects:
ASiteModeliscreatedbymergingeachofthetriangulatedObjects
specifiedintheModelFIFOlisttogetherintheordertheyarelisted
withinthelist.Thedesignerdetermineswhichslopescontrolthe
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mergingprocessbymeansofaFIFOlist.ThefirstObject,calledthe
BaseObject,isthestartingsurface.Eachobjectisthenmerged"on
thefly"intheorderlisted.Tochangethecontrollingslopesfor
intersecting,moveobjectsupanddownintheModelFIFOlist.
SiteObjectscanberaisedandloweredintheirentiretytoeasily
evaluatedesignalternatives.
ThefeaturetypesofelementsusedwithinanObjecthaveaneffecton
howthatObjectwillbetriangulated.FailuretouseBoundaryelements
astheoutermostelementsofanObjectmayleadtoundesired
triangulationresult.Similarly,usingBoundaryelementsinsidean
Objectmayalsocauseanundesiredtriangulationresult.Layout,
geometryandDTMfeaturetypeofthememberelementsshould
alwaysbeconsidered.TheboundaryoftheObjectisdeterminedfrom
theextentoftheelementsandtheirfeaturetype.
Objectscanbemodifiedatanytimeduringthesitedesignprocess.Thefollowing
aremethodsofmodification:
Add/removeelementsfromtheobject
ModifyObjectSlopes
Raiseorlowertheobject
SiteElements
ElementsareanyMicroStationgraphicalelementassignedanelevationandDTM
Feature(breakline,boundary,contour,etc.)withSitetools.Theycanbeplaced
intoa2Dor3DdesignfileutilizinganygenericMicroStationcommand,except
MakeorDropComplexChain.Oncetheelementsaredrawn,elevationsare
assignedwithSitetools.Atanytime,theycanbemoved,copiedorotherwise
manipulated.Onceagroupofelementsisdrawntothedesigner'ssatisfaction,
theycanbedefinedasanobject.
Elementscanbemodifiedatanytimeduringthesitedesignprocess.Tomove
thelocationofanelementintheXYplane,utilizeanyMicroStationcommand
exceptCreateComplexChain.
Let'sreviewseveraltypesofmodifications,theirimpactonelementelevation(s)
andtheirresultsonthesiteelement.IftheUsertakesadvantageoftheSite
ElementAssociationfeature,theelementelevationswillberecreatedpertheir
originaldefinition.Ifthisfeatureisdisabledornotused,thenthefollowingwill
applytotheelevationsofthesiteelements.
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Apr2010
CreateaSiteModelerProject
L Allmodificationssupportselectionsetsandfenceoperations.
Extend/Shorten
Line
InsertVertex
MoveElement
Scale
Rotate
Mirror
Delete
UsegenericMicroStationcommandstoshortenorlengthen.
TheSiteModelerholdstheelevationsoftheoriginalelement
andreproportionsthem.
Elevationofnewverticesisinterpolatedbetweenadjacent
vertices.
Maintainsallverticesattheoriginalelevations.
Maintainstheelevationsatallvertices.
Maintainstheelevationsatallvertices.
Maintainstheelevations.Ifthereareduplicateverticesdue
tothemirroring,thesecondelevationisutilized.
DeletestheelementfromtheSiteModelerobject.
ThesestepswillwalkyouthroughtheprocessofcreatingaSiteModelerProject.
Exercise:CreatingaProject
1 OpenthefileC:\Data\BrIM\Site\BridgeoverRiver_3D.dgn.
2 SelecttheSiteModelingTool(Applications>Site>SiteModeling).
3 EnableCreateNewProject.
4 ClickNext>
5 Acceptthenewprojectfilename:(..\BrIM\Site\BridgeoverRiver_3D.gsf).
6 ClickNext.
7 SelecttheCreateaNewModelcheckbox.
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65
8 KeyinAbutmentsastheModelName.
9 ReviewtheProjectPreferences
10 ClickNext.
11 EnabletheOpenObjectImportWizardcheckbox.
12 ClickOK.
13 SelecttheTINFilecheckbox.
14 ClickBrowsetoselectc:\data\BrIM\Site\bridge_crossing.tin.
15 ClickNext.
16 SetObjectTypetoExistingGround.
ByselectingtheGroundObjectType,theEnterNewObjectNamefieldis
automaticallypopulated.
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Apr2010
ModelMenu
17 ClickNext.
18 SelecttheUseasBaseObjectforcheckbox.
19 SelectAbutmentsfromtheModellist.
20 ClickOK.
ThisinitiatesthevisualizationoftheActiveModel(Abutments)andthe
ActiveObject(ExistingGround1)intoView1ofMicroStation.
21 Savethesiteproject.(SiteModeler:Project>Save).
ModelMenu
TheModelmenuselectionsprovidethemechanismtoadd,editanddeletethe
variouselementsthatcompriseaModel.Thisincludesdisplayparameters,
mergingorder(FIFO),andDisplayoptions.Eachofthesetoolsinvokesadialog
whereinthespecificModelinformationcanbeadded,editedortheentireModel
deleted.
EditModel
TheModeleditingoptionsprovidethemechanismtochangethelistofObjects
containedintheModelandtomodifythedisplaysettingoftheModelandits
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ModelMenu
Objects.AtthetopofthedialogtheactiveModelNameisdisplayed,however,
anyModelinthecurrentsiteprojectmaybeselected.
ThethreeEditModeloptionsare:
FIFOList"Firstin,firstout"list.Determinesthemergingorderofall
objectsintheactiveModel.Inaddition,toolsareprovidedto
manipulatethelist.
DisplayModelacompleterangeofelementsymbologyandtext
parametersutilizedforvisualizationfortheactivemodel.
DisplayObjectsAdditionalcontrolsfordisplayingtheObjectTypes
thatmakeuptheModelsimultaneouslyandprovidesclippingoptions
fortheModelandBaseObject.
FIFOFunctionality
TheFIFO(Firstin,Firstout)ListcontainsthelistofalltheSiteObjectscontainedin
theselectedModelandtheorderinwhichtheObjectsaretobemerged.This
Objectlistisprocessedfromthetoptobottom.StartingwiththeBaseObject,
eachObjectismergedintotheModelinthisordertoponefirst,thenthe
secondone,etc.AnytimeachangeismadetoaSiteObjectorSiteElement
containedintheModel,theModelisreprocessed.
TheSitePreferencescontainanoptiontodisablethisautomaticupdatingshould
thisimmediatefeedbackbeunnecessaryorgrowtootimeconsumingasthe
modelgrows.SinceObjectscaneasilybeaddedandremovedfromtheFIFOlist,
certaintimesavingscanbeachievedbyremovingObjectsnotneededforthe
currentdesignprocessandcanbeaddedbackattheendoratsuchtimeastheir
impactisneeded.
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Apr2010
ModelMenu
TheprocessusedinthecreationofthefinaltriangulatedSiteModelisasfollows:
TheBaseObjectstartsastheinitialstateoftheModel.
ThefirstObjectintheFIFOlistisretrieved.
TheboundaryoftheSiteObjectisdeterminedfromtheextentofall
theSiteElementscontainedinit.
TheSideslopesassociatedwiththatObjectareappliedaroundthe
boundarydownoruptotheModeldependingonthecutfillsituation.
ThisObjectisthenmergedintotheModel.
ThisnewstateoftheModelwiththefirstObjectanditssideslopes
mergedintothebaseObjectbecomestheinitialsateofthemodelfor
thenextObjectintheFIFOlistandtheprocessisrepeatedforallthe
objectsinthelist.
DisplayModelTab
TheDisplayModelTabisutilizedtocontrolthevisualizationsettingsoftheactive
Model.Thedialogisdepictedbelowandcontainsspecificationsforfeatures
displayedwithintheModelincludingtriangles,boundariesandvertices.When
thetoggletotheleftofthefeatureisactivetheelementisdisplayed.When
inactivethefeatureisnotdisplayed.Totherightofeachfeatureistheleveland
elementsymbology.
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ObjectsMenu
DisplayObjectsTab
ObjectType
ClipObjectsfrom
Model
DisplayBaseObject
Apply
ListboxcontainingallObjectTypesinthecurrentmodel.Ifthe
UserclickstheboxtotheleftoftheObjectTypeinthelist,an
eyeiconisdisplayed.Allobjectsoftheactivatedtypeare
displayedwiththeirvisualizationsettings.
Whenactivated,thisclipseveryobjectoutofthemodelprior
todisplay.Itisgoodforshowingproposedvs.existing.
ThistoggleindicateswhethertheBaseObjectshouldbe
displayedwithitsvisualizationsettings.
Appliesanychangesthathavebeenmadetothistab.
ObjectsMenu
TheObjectmenuselectionsprovidetoolstoAdd,Edit,Copy,Move,Raise,Lower,
orDeleteanObject.AlsoallowstheUsertodrawProfilesandCrossSections
directlyfromtheSiteObjects.
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Apr2010
ObjectsMenu
EditObject
TheObjecteditingoptionsprovidethemechanismtomodifyanObject's
properties,sideslopes,displaysettingsandtodisplaySlopeIndicators.
ObjectProperties
UnderthePropertiesTabtheObjectNamefortheobjecttobeeditedisdisplayed
inthedialog.Adescriptioncanbeenteredifdesired.QuantityDepthisthe
verticaldepthbeneathanObjectwheretheearthworkvolumeisadjustedto
compensateinthetotalvolume.
NotethatthisdepthisappliedtothelimitsoftheObject'selementsandis
optionalwhenVolumesarecomputed.Threetoolsaresupportedwithinthe
Elementsgroupbox.Highlightand/orwindowcenterSiteelementswithinthe
ActiveSiteObject.AddpreviouslycreatedSiteElementstotheActiveSiteObject
andRemoveSiteElementsfromtheActiveSiteObject.
ObjectSlopesTab
TheSlopesoptionsdictatethetypeofsideslopesgeneratedfromtheouter
extentorboundaryedgeoftheObject.TheseslopesareappliedwhentheObject
isplacedintoaModelandcomputedfromtheObjecttowhateverthestateof
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ObjectsMenu
theModelwhenitismerged.WhentheDisplaywithObjecttoggleisactivated,
GEOPAKincludesthedisplayofslopesintheObjectsymbology.
Therearefourslopesoptionsavailable:NoSlopes,CutFillSlope,CutFillTable,
DynamicSlopes.CornerOptionscanbespecifiedtogenerateeitherRoundedor
StraightslopesaroundcornersofObjects.
DisplayOptionsTab
TheEditObjectDisplaytabisutilizedtocontrolthevisualizationsettingsofthe
Objectdisplayedinthedialog.Thedialogcontainsspecificationsforfeatures
displayedincludingtriangles,boundaries,andvertices.Whenthetoggletothe
leftofthefeatureisactive,theelementisdisplayed.Wheninactivethefeatureis
notdisplayed.Totherightofeachfeatureisthelevelandelementsymbology.
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Apr2010
ElementsMenu
SlopeIndicatorsTab
TheSlopeIndicatorsTabisusedtosetthedisplaypreferencesofObjectSlopes
Indicators.
L ThedialogdynamicallychangestoacopyObjectdialog.
DeleteObject
TheDeleteObjecttooldeletestheentireobjectfromtheprojectfileand(if
desired)alltheSiteelementsthatarepartoftheObject.
ElementsMenu
ThefundamentalcomponentsintheSiteModelerareSiteElements.Site
ElementsaresimplyMicroStationgraphics(2Dor3D)thathavebeenassigned
elevationsusingoneoftheseSiteElementtools.
Site Modeler supports a wide variety of tools that when combined with generic
MicroStation commands create and modify elements. These operations include:
Creating/editingelements
Changingelementfeaturetypes
ChangeElementAssociations
Raising/Loweringofelements
Copyparallelexistingelements
Modifyingelements
DeletingelementZ
3Delements
CompositeSections
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ElementsMenu
EditProfile
ElementInformation
L The3DElementisactiveonlywithinMicroStation3Ddesignfiles.
ElementFeatureTypes
AllSiteElementsrequireaFeatureTypetodescribethewayinwhichtoprocess
andinterprettheelementwithinthedigitalterrainmodel.
ABoundaryisusedtoconstraintheexternalboundaryoftheobjectormodel.
Forexample,anLshapedbuildingcanbedefinedasaboundarysothatno
trianglesarecreatedwithintheinternalcorner.Iftheelementsaredefinedas
breaklines,thelimitsoftheobjectwouldresultfromtheconvexareaofallthe
elementscontainedintheobject.
Featuretypescanbemodifiedatanypointinthedesigntocreatethedesired
results.Itisoftendesirabletoleavefeaturesasbreaklinesuntiltheobjectdesign
isnearcompletionandthentherequiredelementscanbespecifiedas
boundaries.
BreakLinesdesignatelinearfeaturessuchasedgesofbuildings,parkinglotsand
otherpavement.Thegeneratedtrianglesnevercrossabreakline;ratherthe
edgesofthetrianglesarecoincidentwithabreakline.
AContourisanelementofconstantelevation.Thegeneratedtrianglesnever
crossacontour;rathertheedgesofthetrianglesarecoincidentwithacontour.
AVoiddelineatesanareaofnodataorobscuredareaandisdefinedinaseriesof
pointsformingaclosedelement.
AHoleisextremelyusefulwhenthebaseobjectsurface(i.e.,existingground)is
desiredwithinanobject.Forexample,anareaofexistingwithinabuilding
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Apr2010
SelectionSets
footprintistobelandscapedandremainattheoriginalgroundelevation,while
surroundedbyabuildingpad.
SelectionSets
ManyoftheElementtoolsutilizeselectionsets,therefore,agenericdiscussionis
warrantedintotheoperationanduseofselectionsets.
Whenactive,theMicroStationPowerSelectorisutilized.Toinvoke,clickSelect
ElementsintheElementSelectiongroupbox.
SiteSelectionTools
SelectioncommandscanbeutilizedwithoutthePowerSelector.Theleftmost
buttonisSelectElements.Simplyclickandthenselectthedesiredelements.To
selectmultipleelements,depress<Control>onthekeyboardwhileselecting.
AfterutilizingnumerousMicroStationcommands,thehighlightedelementsmay
notbehighlighted.Todisplaypreviouslyselectedelements,clickReselect
Elements(centerofthethree)andthehighlightedelementsaredisplayedagain
inthespecifiedcolor.Toremoveallselectedelementsfromtheselectionset,
presstheResetSelectionSetbutton(rightmostofthethree).Thecolorofthe
selectedelementsissetwiththecolorpickeronthefarrightsideofthegroup
box.NotethatElementSelectionmustbeinvokedthroughtheseselectionicons.
WhiletheSiteModelerusesaselectionset,itmustbestartedthroughtheuseof
thesecommands,nottheMicroStationSelectionsetcommands.
L Toturnoffandonhandledisplay,usetheDisableEditHandlessettingonthe
Preferencesdialogbox,Operationcategory(Workspace>Preferences).If
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New/EditSiteElements
handlesaredisabled,whenyouselectanelementitishighlightedwitha
specifiedcolor.
OneoftheprimarytoolswithinElementsistheNew/EditElementstool.When
invoked,thedialogdepictedbelowisdisplayed.
Thedialogcontainsfivemainoptions:Element,Point,Section,SideSlopeand
Display.Whenatabisselected,thedialogdynamicallychangestoreflectthe
selection.Thefieldsbelowaredisplayedregardlessofwhichtabisselected.
AddtoActive
Object
CurrentObject
Apply
76
WhentoggledON,createdand/oreditedelementsare
automaticallyaddedtotheactiveobject.TheActiveObject
isdisplayedontheNew/Editdialog.
LocatedbetweentheAddtoActiveObjectandApply,the
activeObjectcanbeselected.
Commencestheprocessing.Thisincludesredrawingofthe
elements,inclusionintotheactiveobjectand,iftheactive
objectispartofamodel,reprocessingofthemodel.
Apr2010
ElementTabOptions
Theelementoptionsprovidefortheprimarymechanismforthecreationand
redefinitionofSiteElements.WhentheElementtabisselected,thedialog
depictedbelowisdisplayed.
Sixtoolstoassignormodifyelevationsareprovided.Aseachoptionisselected,
thetitlebaraswellastheleftsideofthedialogdynamicallychangestoreflect
theselection.
Slope/OffsetfromSite
Elements
RadialFromExisting
Points
TheSlope/OffsetfromSiteElementoptionisused
forassigningelevationstoSiteElementsbyplacing
theelementsatanoptionalslopeandoffsetheight
fromexistingSiteElements.Incalculatingthe
elevationfromtheexistingSiteElement,a
projectionisperformedfromthenewSiteElements
tothereferencebasedontheminimumdistance
fromtheelementtotheexistingreference
element.
TheRadialFromExistingPointoptionisusefulfor
establishingtheelevationofelementsrelativetoa
specificpointwithinanotherObjectorModel.The
toolusesareferencedatapointelevationandan
optionalslopeandoffsetheighttocomputethe
elevationforthenewelementvertices.
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AlongElementFrom
ExistingPoint
DrapeonModel/Object
ConstantElevation
Alignment
TheAlongElementfromExistingPointtoolassigns
theelevationsalonganelementataconstantslope
and/oroffsetheightfromadatapoint.Thedata
pointwillbeprojectedtotheelementandthe
distancealongtheelementfromthispointtothe
verticeswillbeusedinconjunctionwiththeslope
andoffsetheighttocomputetheelevationofthe
newelementvertices.
TheDrapeonModel/Objecttoolisusedtoestablish
theelevationofSiteElementsrelativetothe
elevationscontainedinamodelorobject.Itcanbe
usefultosettheelevationofelementsrelativeto
existinggroundoranotherobject.
PlacingelementsataConstantElevationmaybe
utilizedwhenthedesiredelevationofanelementis
known.Itcanbeusedtosettheelevationofa
buildingorevenplaceacontourintoanobject.If
thecomputedcontourswithinanObjectdonot
exactlymatchthedesiredresults,simplydrawthe
contourwantedandthenplaceintheObjectasa
ContourFeatureataconstantelevation.
TheAlignmenttoolisusedtocreateSiteElements
fromaGEOPAKhorizontalandverticalalignment.
Thealignmentsmusthavepreviouslybeencreated
usingoneoftheGEOPAKCoordinateGeometry
featuresortheHorizontalandVerticalAlignment
Generators.OnceaSiteElementiscreatedfroman
alignment,thecurbs,edgesofpavement,etc.,can
becreatedusingoneoftheotherSiteElement
Creationtoolsbasedonthisalignment.Typically
thiswouldbetheSlope/OffsetfromSiteElement.
SiteElementInformation
TheInformationToolcanbeusedtodisplaycoordinateinformation,Feature
type,strokinginformation,MemberObjectsandSiteElementAssociation
information.Mostimportantlyhowever,theInformationToolscanbeusedto
quicklychangeelementinformationwhenneeded.Thedialogshowsonetabof
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Apr2010
CreateanAbutmentObject
theInformationTooldialog.AnyverticesoftheSiteelementcanbemodifiedand
returnedtotheSiteElementtoachievethedesiredresult.
Wearenowgoingtocreateanabutmentobjectandaddtheabutmentfootprint
toourSiteModel.Wewillassignanelevationtothiselementbasedonthe
currentelevationoftheexported3Dmodelofourbridge.
CreatinganAbutmentObject
1 Attachthe3DmodelofthebridgeasaMicrostationreferencefile(MS
Menu:File>Reference).
2 UsingMicrostationlinecommands,tracethebottomoftheabutment.
3 SelecttheCreateNewObjecttool(SiteModelermenu:Object>New).
4 EntertheNewObjectinformation.
ObjectType:
TemporaryGrading
ObjectName:
Abutment_1
AddtoActiveModel:
ToggleOn
2. Click OK.
5 SelecttheNew/EditElementtool(SiteModelermenu:Element>New/
Edit).
Apr2010
79
6 ClicktheConstantElevationiconintheElementstab.
7 EntertheElementinformation.
FeatureType
BreakLine
Elevation
8.06.Thisistheelevationofthe3dmodelat
thefootprintoftheabutment.
8 ClickSelectElementsintheDefineElementsgroupbox.
9 SelecttheabutmentfootprintinMicroStation.
Theelementhighlightswhenselected.Ensureitisthesamecolorasyour
highlightcolor.
10 ClickApply.
11 Oncetheabutmentfootprintissuccessfullyaddedtothemodelthe
contoursaredrawn.
CheckingGroundElevations
1 SelecttheHeight/Slopetool.(SiteModelermenu:Analysis>Height/
Slope).
80
Apr2010
2 Setupthedialogboxasshownbelow.
3 ClickStartandmovethecursortoverifytheelevationofthegroundwe
wantourabutmentslopetotarget.Elevation2shouldbeok.
4 ClosetheHeight/Slopedialogbox.
DefiningtheAbutmentSlopes
1 SelecttheDefineSideSlopeElementtool.(SiteModelermenu:Element>
SideSlope).
Apr2010
81
2 Setupthedialogboxasshownbelow.
3 ClickSelectElementsintheDefineElementsgroupbox.
4 Selecttheabutmentsideswewanttoprojecttotheground.
L Theelementhighlightswhenselected.Ensureitisthesamecolorasyour
highlightcolor.
5 ClickSetSide.Setadatapointontheexteriorsideoftheabutment.
6 ClickApply.
Sideslopeswillbedrawnandmergedwiththeexistingground.
7 SavetheProject.(Modeler:Project>Save).
8 Repeatthesamestepsasoutlineabovetoanewobjectforthesecond
abutment.
AdjustingtheModelDisplayinMicrostation
1 UsingtheModel>EditandObject>EditcommandsinSiteModelerthere
aredifferentwaystoadjustthefinaldisplayofyourmodel.Thesteps
outlinebelowisjustoneofthemanywaysyoucanpresentthedeveloped
informationforyourfinalplans.
2 SelecttheSlopestabintheEditObjectdialog.(Modeler:Object>Edit).
82
Apr2010
3 ActivatetheoptiontoDisplaywithObject.
4 ClickApply.
5 SelecttheDisplaytabintheEditObjectdialog.(Modeler:Object>Edit).
6 AdjustthedisplayofthemajorandminorcontoursfortheAbutmentand
ExistingGroundobject.
7 ClickApplyandclosethedialogbox.
8 SelecttheDisplayModeltabintheEditModeldialog.(Modeler:Model>
Edit).
9 Deactivateallthedisplayoptionsforthemodel
10 ClickApply.
11 SelecttheDisplayObjectstabandactivateallobjects.
12 ActivatetheDisplayBaseObjectwiththeoptionofViewWithout
Objects.
13 ClickApplyandcloseandclosethedialogbox.
14 ReviewthegeneratedcontoursintheMicrostationfile.
WritingtheVisualizedContoursinMicrostation
1 SetuptheExportVisualizationdialogasshownbelow.(SiteModeler:
Project>Export>VisualizationtoDGN).
2 ClickApply.
ThiswillwritetheAbut1objectcontoursinthedgnfile.
3 RepeatthesamestepsasabovetowritethecontoursfortheExisting
GroundObject.
4 ExittheSiteproject.(SiteModeler:Project>Exit).
Apr2010
83
5 ClickYestosavethecurrentproject.
6 ClickNototheLockElementsalert.
7 ExitMicrostation.
84
Apr2010

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