Professional Documents
Culture Documents
COMPANION
A foresight to the bar exam
By: Dean Gemy Lito L. Festin
PUP COLLEGE OF LAW
Professor of Law, SSC-R
in
the
Revised
Penal
Code
for
graduating penalties by degrees or
determining the proper period should
be applied.
3. MALA IN SE and
PROHIBITA.
MALA
Sandiganbayan,
G.R.
No.
148560
November
19,
2001.
Hence,
the
application
of
mitigating
and
extenuating
circumstances
in
the
Revised Penal Code to prosecute under
the Anti-Plunder Law indicates quite
clearly that mens rea is an element of
plunder
since
the
degree
of
responsibility
of
the
offender
is
determined by his criminal intent. x x x
RPC
Maximu
m term
-shall not
exceed
the max.
fixed by
law
Minimum
term
-shall not
be less
than
minimum
fixed by
law
-That, in
view of the
attending
circumstanc
es, could be
properly
imposed
under the
rules of the
said Code
with the
range of the
penalty next
lower to
that
prescribed
by the Code.
*NOTE:
-Rules of offsetting are not applicable
in crimes punished under a special law.
The presence of any generic
aggravating and ordinary mitigating
circumstances will not affect the proper
imposition of the penalty.
-If the maximum term arrived and it
does not exceed 1 year, ISLAW will not
apply.
-If the sentence is imprisonment of 12
years and I day in violation of
Comprehensive Drugs Act, the same is
not correct as ISLAW mandates the
Court to set the minimum and
maximum term of the indeterminate
sentence.
May the privileged mitigating
circumstance
of
minority
be
appreciated in fixing the penalty
that should be imposed even if the
penalty imposed is originally an
indivisible penalty?
Yes. The ISLAW is applicable
because the penalty which has been
originally an indivisible penalty
(reclusion perpetua to death), where
ISLAW is inapplicable, became a
divisible penalty (reclusion temporal)
by virtue of the presence of the
privileged mitigating circumstance of
minority. (People vs. Allen Udtojan
Mantalaba, G.R. No. 186227: July 20,
2011)
_____________________________________________
PROBATION LAW
[BAR Q. 2012, 2010, 2009, 2005, 2004,
2003, 2002, 2001, 1997, 1995, 1994,
1993, 1992, 1990, 1986]
_____________________________________________
[BAR Q.1986,1989] The purposes of
probation are as follows:
negligence.
Sec. 3(g). Entering, on behalf of the
government, into any contract or
transaction manifestly and grossly
disadvantageous to the same, whether
or not the public officer profited or will
profit thereby.
Elements under Sec. 3(g) of R.A. 3019:
To be indicted of the offense under
Sec. 3(g) of R.A. No. 3019, the following
elements must be present:
a. that the accused is a public officer;
b. that he entered into a contract or
transaction on behalf of the
government; and
c. that such contract or transaction is
grossly and manifestly
disadvantageous to the government
(Guy v. People, 582 SCRA 108, March
20. 2009)
(a)
the
accused
was
in
possession of the regulated
drugs;
(b) the accused was fully and
consciously aware of being
in
possession
of
the
regulated drug; and
(c) the accused had no legal
authority to possess the
regulated drug. Possession
may actual or constructive.
(People vs. Eliza Buan, G.R.
No. 168773, OCT. 27, 2006)
b.
What
is
POSSESSION?
the
concept
of
CHAIN
OF
CUSTODY
the
Strict
compliance
with
the
prescribed procedure is required. The
Court recognized the following links
that must be established in the chain of
custody in a buy-bust situation:
fourth,
the
turnover
and
submission of the marked illegal drug
seized from the forensic chemist to the
court. People vs. Kamad, G.R. No.
174198, January 19, 2010
person
convicted
of
either
drug
of the crime of
women
through
2.
RULING:
More graphically, the battered
woman syndrome is characterized by
the so-called cycle of violence, which
has three phases: (1) the tensionbuilding phase; (2) the acute battering
incident; and (3) the tranquil, loving
(or, at least, nonviolent) phase.
During
the
tension-building
phase, minor battering occurs -- it
could be verbal or slight physical abuse
or another form of hostile behavior.
The woman usually tries to pacify the
batterer through a show of kind,
nurturing behavior; or by simply
staying out of his way. What actually
happens is that she allows herself to be
OR
PROPER
personality
enough.
from
its
officer,
is
not
is,
therefore, understood
that:
stores,
unlicensed
firearm
(a)
transacts
said
monetary instrument or
property;
(b) converts, transfers,
disposes
of,
moves,
acquires, possesses or
uses
said
monetary
instrument or property;
(c)
conceals
or
disguises
the
true
nature,
source,
location,
disposition,
movement
or
ownership of or rights
with respect to said
monetary instrument or
property;
(d)
attempts
or
conspires to commit
money
laundering
offenses referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) or
(c);
(e) aids, abets, assists
in
or
counsels
the
commission
of
the
money
laundering
offenses referred to in
paragraphs (a), (b) or
(c) above; and
(f) performs or fails to
perform any act as a
result
of
which
he
facilitates the offense
of money laundering
referred
to
in
paragraphs (a), (b) or
(c) above.
IS MONEY LAUNDERING COMMITTED
WHEN THERE IS FAILURE TO REPORT A
COVERED
OR
SUSPICIOUS
TRANSACTION?
Yes, money laundering is also
committed by any covered person who,
knowing that a covered or suspicious
transaction is required under this Act
to be reported to the Anti-Money
Laundering Council (AMLC), fails to do
so.
MAY A PERSON BE CHARGED OF BOTH
THE OFFENSE OF MONEY LAUNDERING
AND THE UNLAWFUL ACTIVITY?
Yes. As amended by RA 10365,
Section 6(a) provides that any person
may be charged with and convicted of
both the offense of money laundering
and the unlawful activity as herein
defined. In fact, under par (b), it is
stated that the prosecution of any
offense or violation under this Act shall
proceed
independently
of
any
proceeding
activity.
relating
to
the
unlawful
SECTION
10
FROM
Although
oriented
towards
different purposes, the freeze order
under Section 10 and the bank inquiry
order under Section 11 are similar in
that they are extraordinary provisional
reliefs which the AMLC may avail of to
effectively combat and prosecute
money laundering offenses. Crucially,
Section 10 uses specific language to
authorize an ex parte application for
the
provisional
relief
therein,
a
NEW PROVISIONS
UNDER
THE
shall
comply
with
the
requirements of Article III,
Sections 2 and 3 of the 1987
Constitution,
which
are
hereby
incorporated
by
reference.
Likewise,
the
constitutional
injunction
against ex post facto laws
and bills of attainder shall be
respected
in
the
implementation of this Act.
2.
3.
(Rebellion
or
(2)
to
individual
persons
who,
although
physically
outside
the
territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit, conspire or plot to commit
any of the crimes defined and
punished in this Act inside the
territorial limits of the Philippines;
(3)
to
individual
persons
who,
although
physically
outside
the
territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit any of the said crimes on
board Philippine
airship;
ship
or
Philippine
(5)
to
individual
persons
who,
although
physically
outside
the
territorial limits of the Philippines,
commit said crimes against Philippine
citizens or persons of Philippines
descent, where their citizenship or
ethnicity
was
a
factor
in
the
commission of the crime; and
(6) to individual persons who,
although physically outside the
territorial
limits
of
the
Philippines, commit said crimes
directly against the Philippine
government.
WHAT
ARE
THE
ELEMENTS
PARAGRAPH 5 (a) of R.Aa 7610?
OF
_____________________________________________
THE ANTI-CHILD ABUSE LAW
Republic Act No. 7610
_____________________________________________
DEFINE CHILD ABUSE
Child abuse is defined
Section 3 (b) of R. A. 7610 as:
AND
under
of
_______________________________________
THE ANTI- TORTURE ACT
Republic Act 9745
_____________________________________________
WHO ARE THE PERSONS CRIMINALLY
LIABLE UNDER SECTION 13?
The
law
adopted
the
classification of persons criminally
liable under the Revised Penal Code, to
wit:
principals,
accomplices
and
accessories. BAR Q. [2011]
CAN TORTURE AS A CRIME ABSORB OR
BE ABSORBED BY ANY OTHER CRIME?
No. Torture should be treated as
a separate and independent crime
under the law. (Sec.15)
WHAT IS THE PENALTY IF ANY OF THE
CRIMES AGAINST PERSONS OR AGAINST
PERSONAL LIBERTY AND SECURITY IF
ATTENDED BY TORTURE AND SIMILAR
ACTS?
_______________________________________
THE ANTI-SEXUAL HARASSMENT ACT OF
1995
Republic Act No. 7877
WHO
MAY
HARASSMENT?
COMMIT
SEXUAL
It is committed by an employer,
employee, manager, supervisor, agent
of the employer, teacher, instructor,
professor, coach, trainor, or any other
person who, having authority, influence
or moral ascendancy over another in a
work
or
training
or
education
environment, demands, requests or
otherwise requires any sexual favor
from the other, regardless of whether
the demand, request or requirement for
submission is accepted by the object of
said act (Sec.3).
WHO ELSE MAY BE LIABLE?
Any person who directs or
induces another to commit any act of
sexual harassment as herein defined, or
who cooperates in the commission
thereof by another without which it
would not have been committed, shall
also be held liable under this Act
(Sec.3).
HOW
IS
SEXUAL
HARASSMENT
COMMITTED IN A WORK-RELATED OR
EMPLOYMENT ENVIRONMENT?
It is committed when:
(1) The sexual favor is made as a
condition in the hiring or in the
employment,
re-employment
or
continued
employment
of
said
individual, or in granting said individual
favorable
compensation,
terms
of
conditions, promotions, or privileges;
or the refusal to grant the sexual favor
results in limiting, segregating or
classifying the employee which in any
way
would
discriminate,
deprive
ordiminish employment opportunities
or otherwise adversely affect said
employee;
(2)
(3)
(4)
QUALIFIED
considered
as
acts
that
promote
trafficking in persons;
b. trafficking in persons;
c. qualified trafficking in
persons;
d. use of trafficked person.
(c) When the crime is committed by a
syndicate, or in large scale.
c.1 When is Trafficking deemed
committed
by a syndicate?
If it carried out by a group of
three (3) or more persons
conspiring or confederating with
one another.
c.2 When is Trafficking
committed in large scale?
deemed
Conspiracy
arson.
to
commit
b.
Conspiracy
terrorism.
to
commit
c.
Conspiracy
to
child pornography.
commit
d.
Conspiracy
to
commit
trafficking in persons.
_____________________________________________
ANTI-PLUNDER LAW
Republic Act No. 7080
_______________________________________
DEFINE THE CRIME OF PLUNDER.
(Section 2)
Section 12 of R.A. 7659
amended Section 2 of R.A. 7080 to read
as follows:
"Sec.2. Definition of the Crime of
Plunder - Any public officer who, by
himself
or
in
connivance
with
members of his family, relatives by
affinity or consanguinity, business
associates, subordinates or other
persons, amasses, accumulates or
acquires ill-gotten wealth through a
combination or series of overt criminal
(a)
To
hire,
employ,
use,
persuade, induce or coerce a
child to perform in the creation
or production of any form of
child pornography;
(b)
To
produce,
direct,
manufacture or create any form
of child pornography;
(c) To publish offer, transmit,
sell,
distribute,
broadcast,
advertise, promote, export or
import
any
form
of
child
pornography;
(d) To possess any form of child
pornography with the intent to
sell,
distribute,
publish,
or
broadcast:
Provided.
That
possession of three (3) or more
articles of child pornography of
the same form shall be prima
facie evidence of the intent to
sell,
distribute,
publish
or
broadcast;
(e) To knowingly, willfully and
intentionally provide a venue for
the commission of prohibited
acts as, but not limited to, dens,
private rooms, cubicles, cinemas,
houses or in establishments
purporting to be a legitimate
business;
(f) For film distributors, theaters
and
telecommunication
companies, by themselves or in
cooperation with other entities,
to distribute any form of child
pornography;
(g) For a parent, legal guardian
or person having custody or
control of a child to knowingly
permit the child to engage,
participate or assist in any form
of child pornography;
(h) To engage in the luring or
grooming of a child;
(i) To engage in pandering of any
form of child pornography;
(j) To willfully access any form of
child pornography;
(k) To conspire to commit any of
the prohibited acts stated in this
declared
(d)
To
publish
or
broadcast, or cause to be
published or broadcast, whether
in print or broadcast media, or
show or exhibit the photo or
video coverage or recordings of
such sexual act or any similar
activity
through
VCD/DVD,
internet, cellular phones and
other similar means or device.
IS CONSENT TO RECORD OR TAKE
PHOTO
OR
VIDEO
COVERAGE
CONSTITUTES AS AN EXCEPTION TO THE
PROHIBITION UNDER PARAGRAPHS (B),
(C) AND (D)?
No. The prohibition shall apply
notwithstanding that consent to record
or take photo or video coverage of the
same was given by such person/s. Any
person who violates this provision shall
be liable (Sec.4).
BAR Q. [2010] SUGGESTED ANSWER:
No, the acts committed by Canuto do
not fall under the definition of
voyeurism nor under the prohibited
acts enumerated under Section 4 of the
Anti- Photo and Video Voyeurism Act of
2009. There was no taking photo or
video coverage of a person performing
sexual act or any similar activity or of
capturing an image of the private area
of a person under circumstances in
which such person has a reasonable
expectation of privacy, nor there was
an act of selling, copying, reproducing,
broadcasting, sharing, showing or
exhibiting the photo or video coverage
or recordings of sexual act or similar
activity through
internet, cellular
phones and similar means or device. If
at
all,
he
committed
acts
of
lasciviousness,
as
obviously,
the
element of lewdness is present in this
case.
_____________________________________________
THE ANTI-DEATH PENALTY LAW
Republic Act No. 9346
_____________________________________________
The imposition of the penalty of death
is prohibited.
IN LIEU OF THE DEATH PENALTY, WHAT
SHOULD BE IMPOSED?
The following shall be imposed
in lieu of the death penalty(a)
the
penalty
of
reclusion perpetua, when the law
violated makes use of the
THE
the
court
shall
determine
and
ascertain any civil liability which may
have resulted from the offense
committed.
appropriate
Section
However,
instead
of
pronouncing
the
judgment
of
conviction, the court shall place the
child in conflict with the law under
suspended sentence, without need of
application.
provides
provides
that
suspension
of
for
RA
No.
the
9344,
which
confinement
of
SEC.51.Confinement
of
Convicted
Children
in
Agricultural Camps and other
Training Facilities.A child in
conflict with the law may, after
conviction and upon order of
the court, be made to serve
his/her sentence, in lieu of
confinement in a regular penal
institution, in an agricultural
camp
and
other
training
facilities
that
may
be
established,
maintained,
supervised and controlled by
the BUCOR, in coordination with
the DSWD.
of
under
51
disposition
EXEMPTING PROVISIONS
time
of
the
pronouncement
of
SENTENCE
CAMPS
law
limits
the
said
suspension
of
AND
IN
AGRICULTURAL
OTHER
TRAINING
the
subjected
to
child
an
shall
be
intervention
subjected
to
program,
unless
age
shall
from
likewise
criminal
be
exempt
liability and be
an
intervention
he/she
has
such
subjected
child
to
shall
the
be
appropriate
of
child
may
be
or
any
other
pertinent
of
the
child
and
b) mendicancy
under
Presidential Decree No. 1563;
and
c) sniffing
of
rugby
under
Presidential Decree No. 1619,
such
prosecution
being
inconsistent with the United
Nations Convention on the
Rights of the Child:
Provided, that said persons shall
undergo appropriate counseling and
treatment program.
SUMMARY OF SALIENT FEATURES:
it
shall
be
resolved
in
his/her favor
d. Reduction of the criminal liability
by virtue of RA 9344 does not
extend to the civil liability. The
civil liability is not affected by
the same.
e. If
the
court
finds
objective
of
the
measures
imposed
that
the
disposition
upon
the
rehabilitation
program, the
f.
execution of judgment.
(21) years.
the
offense
committed.
-The
reckoning
point
in
considering
of
conflict
with
suspended
need of
the
law
sentence,
under
without
application. Provided,
however,
That
suspension
of
the
crime.
(Valcesar
Estioca
vs.
_____________________________________________
THE ANTI-PIRACY AND ANTI-HIGHWAY
ROBBERY LAW PD No. 532
_____________________________________________
at
the
time
of
the
in
an
agricultural
may
be
maintained,
controlled
established,
supervised
by
the
Corrections
Bureau
(BUCOR),
coordination
Department
and
of
of
in
with
the
Social
Welfare
of
age
while
under
determine
discharge
accordance
the
with
whether
to
child
in
this
Act,
to
extend
the
suspended
the
are
any
for
WHAT
ARE
THE
QUALIFYING
CIRCUMSTANCES OF HIJACKING?
A higher penalty is imposed if
hijacking is committed under any of the
following circumstances:
1. Whenever he has fired upon
the pilot, member of the crew or
passenger of the aircraft; 2.
Whenever he has exploded or
attempted to explode any bomb
DOES
THE
THIRD
ELEMENT
REQUIRE THE PERSON DIVESTED OF
THE MOTOR VEHICLE BE THE OWBER
THEREOF?
No. What is simply required is
that the property taken does not
belong
to
the
offender.
Actual
possession of the property by the
person dispossessed suffices. (People
Vs. Artemio Garcia Y Cruz, Jr., et al.
G.R. No. 138470, April 1, 2003).
BAR QUESTION [2012] What should be
the proper charge against an offender
who unlawfully took and carried away a
motor vehicle belonging to another
without the latter's consent, killing the
driver in the process?
a. The proper charge against
the
offender
should
be
murder with the use of motor
vehicle.
b. The proper charge against
the
offender
should
be
qualified
carnapping
or
carnapping in an aggravated
form. (*The driver was killed
during the commission of
carnapping..A higher penalty
is thus to be imposed).
c. The proper charge against
the
offender
should
be
carnapping and homicide.
d.
WHAT IS ARSON?
It is a crime committed by any
person who burns or sets fire to the
property of another or when a person
sets fire to his own property under
circumstances which expose to danger
the life or property of another. (Sec.1)
The following are the special
aggravating circumstances in Arson:
(Sec.4)
1. If committed with intent to gain; 2. If
committed for the benefit of another; 3.
If the offender is motivated by spite or
hatred towards the owner or occupant
of the property burned; 4. If committed
by a syndicate.
_____________________________________________
OBSTRUCTION OF JUSTICE
Presidential Decree No. 1829 [BAR
2010, 2005]
_____________________________________________
WHO MAY BE LIABLE FOR OBSTRUCTION
OF JUSTICE?
( SEC.1)
Any person who knowingly or
willfully obstructs, impedes, frustrates
or delays the apprehension of suspects
and the investigation and prosecution
of criminal cases.