Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Salts
(Organic) Fertiliser
Water Reuse
Bio-Energy
Nutrients Organics
Vision
Wastewater treatment plants become resource
recovery plants
Future hub for key resources
Should be energy neutral or negative
2010
2011/2012
Processes
Uses
River/ Dam/
Sea Water
Domestic
Wastewater
Industrial
Wastewater
Stormwater/
Run-off
Drinking
Water
Non-potable
Domestic
Industrial
Uses
Irrigation/
Farming
Stage 1
Carbon Removal
Nutrient Recovery
Stage 2
Nitrogen
Removal
Stage 3
Water Polishing/
Disinfection
Agricultural irrigation
Low-quality industrial
Environmental flows
Industrial reuse
Restricted irrigation
Non-potable domestic
Industrial reuse
Unrestricted irrigation
Potable domestic
Stage 2
Nitrogen
Removal
Stage 3
Water Polishing/
Disinfection
Stage 2
Stage 3
Veolia/Biothane
200,000 EP
Nutrient Removal Plant
Effluent
0.5 2
800 850
8.5 8.7
Primary
Treatment
Secondary
Treatment
V
eFe3+, S0
Fe2+, S2-
Secondary
effluent
NaCl
e-
P
removal
RO
Treatment
Drinking
water
Na2S
FePO4
PO43- in
solution
HS-
FeSx
S0
NaHS
ANODE
CATHODE
Stage II:
Electrochemical
process
Stage I: FeS
precipitation
process
Elena Likosova, Stefano Freguia, AWMC
CEM
NH+
K+
CEM
AEM
Anion Exchange
Membrane (AEM)
K+
K+
NH+
NH+
NH+
K+
NH+
K+
NH+
Cathode (-)
Anode (+)
Cation Exchange
Membrane (CEM) AEM
Concentrate
K+
Wastewater
Chirag Mehta, Damien Batstone, AWMC
Stage 2
Nitrogen
Removal
Stage 3
Water Polishing/
Disinfection
What is Anammox?
Conventional
Nitritation/Anammox
Nitrification
NH4+
Partial
Nitritation
NH4+
0.84 O2
(42%)
2 O2 (100%)
NO3-
0.45 NH4+
0.55 NO2-
C-Source
(e.g. methanol:
2.2 kg/kgN;
COD: >5kg/kgN)
0.5 N2
Denitrification
A. Joss, EAWAG
Switzerland
Germany
Several plants
The Netherlands
ANAMMOX granules
The key for continuous & successful
operation:
Simple and compact one step process
Stable and robust operation
25
MLSS
Overflow
Underflow
Nitritation/anammox Combined in
Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR)
ANITATM-Mox
Two SBR tanks; 2800m3 total volume; 1800m3/d flow; 1200 kgN/d load
Still under development at lab-scale, very slow bacterial growth but could have
good potential in conjunction with anaerobic and anammox processes
Shihu Hu, Zhiguo Yuan, AWMC
Stage 1
Carbon Removal
Nutrient Recovery
Stage 2
Nitrogen
Removal
Stage 3
Water Polishing/
Disinfection
Agricultural irrigation
Low-quality industrial
Environmental flows
Industrial reuse
Restricted irrigation
Non-potable domestic
Industrial reuse
Unrestricted irrigation
Potable domestic
Concluding Thoughts
Water recycling justified by economics and supply security
but needs to improve environmental footprint
--Energy recovery valuable for WWTP operation, plus
economic in industrial situations and/or for (bio-)products
--Nutrient recovery needed for supply security (P) and
increasingly economics (N & K)