Chapter 34 -

Protection, Support
and Locomotion
34.1 - Skin: The Body’s Protection
Structure and Function of the skin
Structure and Function of the skin

4 tissue types in the body:

Structure and Function of the skin

4 tissue types in the body:

Epithelial - covers the surface of the body
Structure and Function of the skin

4 tissue types in the body:

Epithelial - covers the surface of the body
Connective - tough and flexible protein fibers, acts like
an organic glue
Structure and Function of the skin

4 tissue types in the body:

Epithelial - covers the surface of the body
Connective - tough and flexible protein fibers, acts like
an organic glue
Muscle - Interacts with hairs to respond to stimuli such
as cold and fright
Structure and Function of the skin

4 tissue types in the body:

Epithelial - covers the surface of the body
Connective - tough and flexible protein fibers, acts like
an organic glue
Muscle - Interacts with hairs to respond to stimuli such
as cold and fright
Nervous - Allows us to detect external stimuli (pain,
pressure etc)
Structure and Function of the skin
Structure and Function of the skin

2 layers:
Structure and Function of the skin

2 layers:
Epidermis
Structure and Function of the skin

2 layers:
Epidermis
Dermis
Epidermis: Outer layer
Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cells
Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cells
Contains keratin: protects and
gives elasticity
Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cells
Contains keratin: protects and
gives elasticity

Interior portion
Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cells
Contains keratin: protects and
gives elasticity

Interior portion
Living cells that replace
the dead cells
Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cells
Contains keratin: protects and
gives elasticity

Interior portion
Living cells that replace
the dead cells
Some contain melanin - colors
the skin. Protects cells from
damage
Epidermis: Outer layer

Exterior portion
25 - 30 layers of dead
flattened cells
Contains keratin: protects and
gives elasticity

Interior portion
Living cells that replace
the dead cells
Some contain melanin - colors
the skin. Protects cells from
damage
Takes about 28 days
Dermis: Inner layer
Dermis: Inner layer

Thicker than the

Epidermis
Dermis: Inner layer

Thicker than the

Epidermis
Thickness varied in different parts
of the body
Dermis: Inner layer

Thicker than the

Epidermis
Thickness varied in different parts
of the body
Contains blood vessels,
nerves, nerve endings,
hair follicles, sweat
glands and oil glands.
Dermis: Inner layer

Thicker than the

Epidermis
Thickness varied in different parts
of the body
Contains blood vessels,
nerves, nerve endings,
hair follicles, sweat
glands and oil glands.
Oil glands
Dermis: Inner layer

Thicker than the

Epidermis
Thickness varied in different parts
of the body
Contains blood vessels,
nerves, nerve endings,
hair follicles, sweat
glands and oil glands.
Oil glands
Prevents hair from drying out.
Keeps skin soft. Inhibits bacteria
growth
Dermis: Inner layer
Dermis: Inner layer

Hair follicles
Dermis: Inner layer

Hair follicles
Narrow cavities out of which
hair grows
Dermis: Inner layer

Hair follicles
Narrow cavities out of which
hair grows
Sweat Glands
Dermis: Inner layer

Hair follicles
Narrow cavities out of which
hair grows
Sweat Glands
Average human looses 900mL
of sweat/day
Skin Functions
Skin Functions

Regulates internal body

temperature
Skin Functions

Regulates internal body

temperature
Sweat is released in response to
elevated body temperature
Skin Functions

Regulates internal body

temperature
Sweat is released in response to
elevated body temperature
As sweat evaporates, the body
cools
Skin Functions

Regulates internal body

temperature
Sweat is released in response to
elevated body temperature
As sweat evaporates, the body
cools
Functions as a sense
organ
Skin Functions

Regulates internal body

temperature
Sweat is released in response to
elevated body temperature
As sweat evaporates, the body
cools
Functions as a sense
organ
Nerve cells receive stimuli from
outside and relays information
on the inside
Skin Functions
Skin Functions

Produces vitamins
Skin Functions

Produces vitamins
Vitamin D - when exposed to light.
Skin Functions

Produces vitamins
Vitamin D - when exposed to light.
Helps the blood absorb Calcium
Skin Functions

Produces vitamins
Vitamin D - when exposed to light.
Helps the blood absorb Calcium

Protects the underlying tissues

Skin Functions

Produces vitamins
Vitamin D - when exposed to light.
Helps the blood absorb Calcium

Protects the underlying tissues

Skin Injury and Healing
Skin Injury and Healing

Repair stages (in

response to injury):
Skin Injury and Healing

Repair stages (in

response to injury):
Blood flows to the wound until
a clot forms
Skin Injury and Healing

Repair stages (in

response to injury):
Blood flows to the wound until
a clot forms
Scab develops (barrier
between bacteria and
underlying tissues
Skin Injury and Healing

Repair stages (in

response to injury):
Blood flows to the wound until
a clot forms
Scab develops (barrier
between bacteria and
underlying tissues
New skin cells repair the
wound from beneath
 Chapter 34 -
Protection, Support
and Locomotion
34.2 - Bones: The Body’s Support
In This Section . . .

11
In This Section . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

11
In This Section . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

The Formation of the Skeletal System

11
In This Section . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

The Formation of the Skeletal System
The Function of the Skeletal System

11
In This Section . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

The Formation of the Skeletal System
The Function of the Skeletal System
Bone injury and disease

11
Skeletal System Structure
Skeletal System Structure

The adult human skeleton

contains approximately
206 bones
Skeletal System Structure

The adult human skeleton

contains approximately
206 bones
2 main parts:
Skeletal System Structure

The adult human skeleton

contains approximately
206 bones
2 main parts:
The Axial Skeleton:
Skeletal System Structure

The adult human skeleton

contains approximately
206 bones
2 main parts:
The Axial Skeleton:
The skull and the bones that
support it (vertebral column,
ribs, sternum)
Skeletal System Structure

The adult human skeleton

contains approximately
206 bones
2 main parts:
The Axial Skeleton:
The skull and the bones that
support it (vertebral column,
ribs, sternum)
The Appendicular Skeleton
Skeletal System Structure

The adult human skeleton

contains approximately
206 bones
2 main parts:
The Axial Skeleton:
The skull and the bones that
support it (vertebral column,
ribs, sternum)
The Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of the arms and legs and
structures associated with them
Joints
Joints

Where two or more bones

meet
Joints

Where two or more bones

meet
Usually facilitate movement
of bones in relation to one
another (not the joints of
the skull)
Joints

Where two or more bones

meet
Usually facilitate movement
of bones in relation to one
another (not the joints of
the skull)
Held together and enclosed
by ligaments
Joints

Where two or more bones

meet
Usually facilitate movement
of bones in relation to one
another (not the joints of
the skull)
Held together and enclosed
by ligaments
Tough band of connective tissue
Compact and Spongy Bone
Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every
bone
Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every
bone
Composed of osteon systems
Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every
bone
Composed of osteon systems
Osteocytes: living bone cells.
Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every
bone
Composed of osteon systems
Osteocytes: living bone cells.
Receive O2 and nutrients from small
blood vessels within osteon
system
Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every
bone
Composed of osteon systems
Osteocytes: living bone cells.
Receive O2 and nutrients from small
blood vessels within osteon
system
Nerves conduct impulses to and
from each cell
Compact and Spongy Bone

Two types of bone tissue

Compact bone: layer of hard
bone that surrounds every
bone
Composed of osteon systems
Osteocytes: living bone cells.
Receive O2 and nutrients from small
blood vessels within osteon
system
Nerves conduct impulses to and
from each cell
Spongy bone: less dense bone,
filled with holes and spaces
Formation of Bone
Formation of Bone

In embryo, the vertebrate

skeleton is made of
cartilage
Formation of Bone

In embryo, the vertebrate

skeleton is made of
cartilage
By week 9, bone begins
to replace the cartilage
Formation of Bone

In embryo, the vertebrate

skeleton is made of
cartilage
By week 9, bone begins
to replace the cartilage
Blood vessels penetrate
the cartilage and the
cells become
osteoblasts (potential
bone cells)
Formation of Bone
Formation of Bone

Osteoblasts secrete the

protein collagen
Deposits minerals (i.e. calcium) in
the bloodstream
Formation of Bone

Osteoblasts secrete the

protein collagen
Deposits minerals (i.e. calcium) in
the bloodstream
Calcium salts and other
ions cause the
osteoblasts to harden
and become osteocytes
Bone Growth
Bone Growth

Growth in Length:
Bone Growth

Growth in Length:
Occurs at the ends of bones in cartilage plates
Bone Growth

Growth in Length:
Occurs at the ends of bones in cartilage plates
Growth in Diameter (thickness)
Bone Growth

Growth in Length:
Occurs at the ends of bones in cartilage plates
Growth in Diameter (thickness)
Occurs at the outer surface of the bone
Bone Growth

Growth in Length:
Occurs at the ends of bones in cartilage plates
Growth in Diameter (thickness)
Occurs at the outer surface of the bone
Accelerated by Sex hormones during
teen years.
Skeletal System Functions
Skeletal System Functions

Provides framework for the tissues in our

bodies
Skeletal System Functions

Provides framework for the tissues in our

bodies
Protects internal organs
Skeletal System Functions

Provides framework for the tissues in our

bodies
Protects internal organs
Produce Blood cells
Skeletal System Functions

Provides framework for the tissues in our

bodies
Protects internal organs
Produce Blood cells
Red marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells
and cell fragments for clotting
Skeletal System Functions

Provides framework for the tissues in our

bodies
Protects internal organs
Produce Blood cells
Red marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells
and cell fragments for clotting
Yellow marrow: Stores fat
Skeletal System Functions

Provides framework for the tissues in our

bodies
Protects internal organs
Produce Blood cells
Red marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells
and cell fragments for clotting
Yellow marrow: Stores fat
Stores minerals, including calcium and
phosphates
Skeletal System Functions

Provides framework for the tissues in our

bodies
Protects internal organs
Produce Blood cells
Red marrow: produces red blood cells, white blood cells
and cell fragments for clotting
Yellow marrow: Stores fat
Stores minerals, including calcium and
phosphates
Needed to form strong, healthy bones.
Bone injury and disease
Bone injury and disease

Osteoporosis
Bone injury and disease

Osteoporosis
Loss of bone volume
Bone injury and disease

Osteoporosis
Loss of bone volume
Bones become more porous and
brittle
Bone injury and disease

Osteoporosis
Loss of bone volume
Bones become more porous and
brittle
Broken bones
Bone injury and disease

Osteoporosis
Loss of bone volume
Bones become more porous and
brittle
Broken bones
Shown by X-ray images
Bone injury and disease

Osteoporosis
Loss of bone volume
Bones become more porous and
brittle
Broken bones
Shown by X-ray images
Bones are moved back into
position and immobilized so
the bone can regrow
In Review . . .

21
In Review . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

21
In Review . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

The Formation of the Skeletal System

21
In Review . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

The Formation of the Skeletal System
The Function of the Skeletal System

21
In Review . . .

The Structure of the Skeletal System

The Formation of the Skeletal System
The Function of the Skeletal System
Bone injury and disease

21
 Chapter 34 -
Protection, Support
and Locomotion
34.3 - Muscles for Locomotion
In This Section . . .

23
In This Section . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

23
In This Section . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

How Muscles Work

23
In This Section . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

How Muscles Work
Muscles during Exercise

23
3 Types of Muscles
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
Cardiac muscle
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
Cardiac muscle
Found ONLY in the heart
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
Cardiac muscle
Found ONLY in the heart
Interconnected to form a network to help
muscle cells contract efficiently
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
Cardiac muscle
Found ONLY in the heart
Interconnected to form a network to help
muscle cells contract efficiently
Adapted to generate and conduct electrical
impulses
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
Cardiac muscle
Found ONLY in the heart
Interconnected to form a network to help
muscle cells contract efficiently
Adapted to generate and conduct electrical
impulses
Skeletal muscle
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
Cardiac muscle
Found ONLY in the heart
Interconnected to form a network to help
muscle cells contract efficiently
Adapted to generate and conduct electrical
impulses
Skeletal muscle
Attached to and moves bones
3 Types of Muscles

Smooth muscle
Found in the walls of internal organs (i.e.
organs of the digestive tract) and blood
vessels
Also called involuntary muscle (not under
conscious control)
Cardiac muscle
Found ONLY in the heart
Interconnected to form a network to help
muscle cells contract efficiently
Adapted to generate and conduct electrical
impulses
Skeletal muscle
Attached to and moves bones
Also called voluntary muscle (under
conscious control)
Skeletal Muscle

The majority of
skeletal
muscles work
in opposing
pairs
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue is made up of muscle

fibers (long fused muscle cells)
Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue is made up of muscle

fibers (long fused muscle cells)
Each fiber is made up of myofibrils (2 kinds):
Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue is made up of muscle

fibers (long fused muscle cells)
Each fiber is made up of myofibrils (2 kinds):
Thick filament (myosin)
Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue is made up of muscle

fibers (long fused muscle cells)
Each fiber is made up of myofibrils (2 kinds):
Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin)
Skeletal Muscle

Muscle tissue is made up of muscle

fibers (long fused muscle cells)
Each fiber is made up of myofibrils (2 kinds):
Thick filament (myosin)
Thin filament (actin)
Appears striated (striped)
Skeletal Muscle
Skeletal Muscle

Sarcomeres: functional unit of contraction

Skeletal Muscle

Sarcomeres: functional unit of contraction

Muscles contract according to the sliding
filament theory
Skeletal Muscle

Sarcomeres: functional unit of contraction

Muscles contract according to the sliding
filament theory
Myosin heads pull against the actin filaments and
actin filaments slide toward one another
Skeletal Muscle

Sarcomeres: functional unit of contraction

Muscles contract according to the sliding
filament theory
Myosin heads pull against the actin filaments and
actin filaments slide toward one another
Sarcomere shortens
Image by: David Richfield
Excercise
Excercise

The number of muscle cells are fixed at

time of birth
Excercise

The number of muscle cells are fixed at

time of birth
Working out makes you stronger, but you
donʼt get more muscle
Excercise

The number of muscle cells are fixed at

time of birth
Working out makes you stronger, but you
donʼt get more muscle
Muscle fibers increase in diameter in
response to regular exercise
Excercise

The number of muscle cells are fixed at

time of birth
Working out makes you stronger, but you
donʼt get more muscle
Muscle fibers increase in diameter in
response to regular exercise
Muscle contraction required ATP
Excercise
Excercise

During exercise, muscles use oxygen

(aerobic respiration)
Excercise

During exercise, muscles use oxygen

(aerobic respiration)
This eventually shifts to anaerobic
respiration and lactic acid is produced
Excercise

During exercise, muscles use oxygen

(aerobic respiration)
This eventually shifts to anaerobic
respiration and lactic acid is produced
Lactic acid builds up. As you catch your
breath, more oxygen is delivered and
lactic acid is broken down
Excercise

During exercise, muscles use oxygen

(aerobic respiration)
This eventually shifts to anaerobic
respiration and lactic acid is produced
Lactic acid builds up. As you catch your
breath, more oxygen is delivered and
lactic acid is broken down
Regular exercise results in improved
performance of muscles
In Review . . .

32
In Review . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

32
In Review . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

How Muscles Work

32
In Review . . .

The 3 Types of Muscles

How Muscles Work
Muscles during Exercise

32