The word 'that' is a common word in English that is used in many different manners.

Did you notice the use of 'that' in the first sentence? In this case, 'that' was used as a
relative pronoun as a compliment. Often 'that' can be used or left out of a sentence
entirely. For example, many students know (that) you can leave out 'that'. This guide to
the use of 'that' will help you understand when to use 'that', as well as when it's OK to
leave 'that' out.
'That' is used as a determiner at the beginning of sentences to indicate one object which
is far from the speaker. Note that the plural form of 'that' as a determiner is 'those'. 'That'
and 'those' is generally used with 'there' to indicate that the object(s) is not close to the
speaker.
Examples
That's my friend Tom over there.
That's a pencil you have in your hand.
Those paintings are by Cezanne.
That is my house on the corner of the street.
That Clause as Subject of a Sentence
'That' clauses can introduce a phrase acting as the subject of a sentence. This use of 'that'
clauses is somewhat formal and is not common in everyday speech.
Examples
That it is so difficult is hard to understand.
That Mary feels so sad is very upsetting.
That our teacher expects us to do two hours of homework every day is crazy!
That as a Relative Pronoun
'That' can be used as a relative pronoun to connect two clauses. In this case, 'that' can
also be substituted by 'who' or 'which'.
Examples: That = Which
Tom bought the apples that the man was selling.
OR
Tom bought the apples which the man was selling.

Examples: That = Who

Peter invited the boy that was new in class.
OR
Peter invited the boy who was new in class.

That in a Clause as an Object

'That' can be used in clauses that act as the object of a verb.
Examples
Jennifer hinted that she would be late for class.
Doug knew that he needed to hurry up.
The teacher suggested that we finish our homework.
That in a Clause as a Compliment to a Noun or an Adjective
'That' can be used in a clause following a noun or an adjective as a compliment. A
compliment helps give additional information about the noun or adjective. It answers
the question 'why'.
Examples
Peter is upset that his sister wants to drop out of high school.
Mr. Johnson appreciates our efforts that have brought in a lot of donations.
She is certain that her son will be accepted to Harvard.

The Fact That ...

Related to the use of 'that' clauses as subject is the more common phrase 'The fact that
...' to introduce a sentence. While both forms are correct, it is much more common to
begin a sentence with the phrase 'The fact that ...'
Examples:The fact that he wants to see you should make you happy.
The fact that unemployment is still high proves what a difficult economy this is.
The fact that Tom passed the test shows how much he has improved.

Compound Conjunctions with That

There are a number of compound conjunctions (words that connect) with 'that'. These
expressions tend to be used in formal English and include:
in order that so that providing that in case that now that given that
Examples
He purchased the computer so that he might improve his typing.
Susan told him she would marry him providing that he found a job.
Alice feels happy now that she has moved into a new home.
Dropping That
'That' can be dropped from the sentence with no change in meaning in the following
cases:
After Reporting Verbs
'That' can be dropped after reporting verbs such as say (that), tell someone (that), regret
(that), imply (that), etc.
Examples
Jennifer said (that) she was in a hurry.
Jack told me (that) he wanted to move to New York.
The boss implied (that) the company was doing very well.

After Adjectives
Some adjectives can be followed by 'that' when answering the question 'why'. 'That' can
be dropped after the adjective.
I'm happy (that) you found a new job.
She's sad (that) he's going to move to New York.
Jack is anxious (that) he didn't pass the test.

As Object in Relative Clauses

It's common to drop 'that' when it is the object of the relative clause it introduces.
He invited the boy (that) he met on the train.
Shelly purchased the chair (that) she had seen at the auction.
Alfred wants to read the book (that) Jane recommended.
Definies de that
conjunction
introducing a subordinate clause expressing a statement or hypothesis.
"she said that she was satisfied"
pronoun
used to identify a specific person or thing observed by the speaker.
"that's his wife over there"
adverb
to such a degree; so.
"I would not go that far"
article
used to identify a specific person or thing observed or heard by the speaker.
"look at that man there"