Focus 3 Chemical Bonding

B BF3

1. Which of the following elements will

not form both ionic and covalent
compounds?
A Hydrogen

C Sodium

B Fluorine

D Aluminium

2. The elements X and Y are in Period 3

of the Periodic Table and each of the
element has two and five valence
electrons respectively. The most
likely formula of the compound
formed between X and Y is
C XY2

B X2Y3

D X3Y2

3. The atoms X and Y have the

following electronic configurations:
X: ls2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s2
Y : ls2 2s2 2p4
X and Y are expected to form a
compound with the formula

C (X

B X2+Y2

D (X +)2Y2

A X (Y )2

4. The electronegativities
atoms are given below:

2+

)2Y

of

some

H: 2.1, C : 2.5, Cl : 3.0, O : 3.5, F : 4.0

Which of the following bonds is most
polar?
A OF

C CF

B ClH

D FF

C ClO3

STPM

6. Which of the following molecules has

the smallest bond angle?
C NH3

C SF6

B PCl5

D SO32

8. Which of the following molecules has

polarbonds but its overall dipole
moment is zero?
A H2S
B CH3Cl

C CHCI3
D BCI3

A Sodium

C Magnesium

B Rubidium

D Manganese

10.Two liquids P and Q of the same

volume are allowed to evaoporate. It
is found that P evaporates first
before Q does. Which statement
explains this observation?
A The vapour pressure of P is lower
than that of Q.
B The intermolecular force of P is
weaker than that of Q.
C The density of Q is higher than that
of P.
D Q is more viscous than P.
20I0/PI/Q2

STPM

A Ammonia molecule, NH3

B PCl3
D SO32
2008lP1/Q6

A BeCl2

A CCI4

11.Which of the following substances

does not contain a coordinate bond?

5. Which species has a trigonal planar

shape?
A BF3

7. Which of the following molecules has

bond angles of 90 and 120?

9. Which of the following metals has the

lowest boiling point?

A X2Y5

2+

D H 2O

B Ammonium ion, NH4+

C Hydroxonium ion, H3O+
D Aluminium chloride, AI2CI6
12.Which of the following has van der
Waals forces?
A Sulphur
chloride

Sodium

B Diamond
oxide

D Magnesium

STPM 2005/P1/Q4
13.The strength of intermolecular forces
determines the boiling point of a
substance Which hydride has the
lowest boiling point
A PH3

C H20

B NH3
D HF
2010/P1/Q6

STPM

14.Compounds X and Y are simple

covalent molecules. They have the
following properties:
- Compound X has a lower boiling
point than compound Y.
- The same type of intermolecular
attractions exists in compounds X
and Y
Compounds X and Y could be
X
A.
B.
C.
D.

HCl
HI
NH3
H 2O

A
Only 1 is
correct

B
Only 1
and 2
are
correct

C
Only 3
and 3
are
correct

D
1,2 and
3 are
correct

17. Which of the following compounds

contain(s) both ionic and covalent
bonds?

3 KCN

CH3CH2CH2CH2OH

117

CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

36

Based on the information given

above, predict the boiling point of
CH3(CH2)3SH.

D 120 C

Clone STPM 2006/P1/Q3

HF
HCl

Boiling point (C)

B 36 C

D The electronegativity of chlorine is

higher than that of bromine.

2 Li2CO3

Clone STPM 00/P1/Q6

C 98 C

C HBr molecule is larger than HCI

molecule.

CH4

A 28 C

B Hydrogen bonds exist between HCl

molecules.

1 PCl5

HF

15. Compound

A The HCl bond is stronger than the H

Br bond.

16.The boiling points of HCl and HBr are

85 C and 66 C respectively.
What is the cause of the difference in
the boiling point?

18. Which of the following statement(s)

is/are true?
1 In the formation of a chemical
bond, only electrons in the outer
shell are involved.
2 The main reason for forming a
chemical bond is to achieve the
electronic structure of a noble gas.
3 A small negative ion can be
polarised by a positive ion more
easily than a large negative ion.
19.A metal ion can be formed most
easily if:
1 the charge on the metal ion is high.
2 the
energy.

metal

has

low

ionisation

3 the size of the atom is large.

20.The
organic
compound
tetramethylammonium chloride has
the formula, (CH3)4NCl. Which of the
following statements is/are correct
conceming this organic compound?

3a>c
23. Which of the following types of
bonds is/are present in solid lithium
aluminium hydride, LiAlH4?

1 It is an ionic compound.

1 Ionic bond

2 It contains both ionic and covalent

bonds.

2 Covalent bond

3 Its cation has a tetrahedral shape.

3 Hydrogen bond
24. Hydrogen bonds exist in

21.The bond angles in methane,

ammonia and water molecules are
shown below:

1 liquid ammonia
2 liquid hydrogen chloride
3 liquid methane
25. Which of the following observations
can be explained in terms of
hydrogen bonding?
1 Ice has a lower density than water
at 0 C.
2 Hydrogen uoride has a higher
boiling point than hydrogen chloride.
3 Hydrogen iodide has a higher
boiling point than hydrogen chloride.

The difference in the bond angles in the

three molecules is due to:
1 the number of lone pair electrons in
the central atom.

26.

The
intramolecular
bonding exists in

hydrogen

2 the hydridisation of the central atom.

3 the electronegativity of the central
atom.
STPM 2008/P1/Q44
22.The molecules F2O, Cl2O and O3
(ozone) have the bond angles a, b
and c respectively.

27.27 The boiling points of

hydrocarbons are given below:

two

Which of the following comparison in

bond angles is/are correct?
1a<b
2b<c

Explain your answer.

The hydrocarbons have different
boiling points because
1 the surface areas of their
molecules are different.
2 the types of intermolecular
attractions are different.
3 the strengths of covalent bonds in
their molecules are different.

(c) Which of these elements will

combine to form a compound with
a dative bond.
Draw the Lewis structure of this
compound.

Structured Questions
1. Complete the table given below:

Name of solid

Type
particles

of

Type
bonds

of

Ammonium
chloride
Iodine
Magnesium
2. The valence electronic configuration
of four elements, Q, R, X and Y, are

Q 2s2 2p4
R 3s2 3p1
X 3s2 3p6
Y 2s2 2p2

3 (a) (i) Which of the following

molecules possess polar bonds but the
overall molecular dipole moment is
zero?
NH3, H2S, CF4, CO2, AlCl3, SiCl4, SF4

(a) Identify these elements.

(ii) For the other molecules, show the
partial positive and negative charges on
the molecules.

(b) Which of these elements willl

combine
to
form
(i)
ionic
compound,
(ii)
covalent
compound.
4

(b) Identify the chemical bonding in

(i) calcium oxide,
(ii) potassium nitrate,
(iii) tetrachloromethane and
(iv)
hexacyanoferrate(lll)
[Fe(CN)6]3

ion,

(b) Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a strong

oxidising agent. It is used as a bleaching
agent for clothes and hair. The structural
formula of hydrogen peroxide is H O
O H.
(i)
Draw
the
dot-and-cross
diagram of hydrogen peroxide.

(ii) State the hybrid orbital of the oxygen

atom in hydrogen peroxide.

(iii) Draw the molecular

hydrogen peroxide.

4 (a) (i) Explain the term coordinate

bond.

shape

of

5 (a) Explain each of the following

observations.
(i)

The boiling point of hexane is

higher
than
that
of
2,2dimethylbutane.

(ii)

The boiling point of 4-nitrophenol

is higher than that of 2nitrophenol.

(ii) Draw a diagram to show the

chemical bonding in Al2Cl6 molecule.

(iii)

(iv)

Hydrogen uoride boils at 19.5 C

but hydrogen chloride boils at
85 C.

6 (a) Explain what is meant by (i) van

der Waals forces, (ii) hydrogen bonding.

The boiling points of hydrogen

bromide and hydrogen iodide are
67 C and 36 C respectively.

(b) (i) Carbon and silicon are Group 14

elements. Carbon dioxide is a gas at
room temperature but silicon(IV) oxide is
a solid and has a very high melting
point.
Explain this difference.

(ii) Ammonia has a solubility of 48 g per

100 g of water at 25 C but phosphine
(PH3) has a solubility of 0.03 g per 100 g
water at the same temperature.

(b) What is the evidences to show that

hydrogen
bonds
exist
in
liquid
ammonia?

(c) Ice is less dense than water. Explain

this observation.

Explain this difference.

(d) Tellurium (Te), selenium (Se), sulphur

(S) and oxygen (O) are Group 16
elements. The relative atomic masses of
these elements are: O, 16; S, 32; Se, 79;
Te, 128.

(ii) Explain electrovalent bonding in

aluminium oxide in terms of the dotand-cross diagram.

(i) Write the formulae of the hydrides of

these elements.

(ii) Arrange these hydrides in ascending

order of their boiling points.

(b) (i) What is meant by covalent

bond?

(ii) Draw the dot-and-cross diagram of

NH; molecule and CO3 ion.
(iii) Explain your answer.

(iii) Explain the overlapping of orbitals in

ammonia molecule.

Essay Questions
(a) (i) What is meant by electrovalent
bond?

(iv) Caesium uoride, CsF, and sulphur

hexauoride have the same relative
molecular mass.

Describe three differences in physical

properties
between
these
two
compounds.

(c) Explain why chlorine atom can

form the compound, ClF5 but
boron cannot form the compound
BF5.

3 (a) State the octet rule.

(b) What are the exceptions to the octet

rule?

2 (a) Which of the following compounds

is expected to have a greater degree of
covalent character?
(i) MgCl2 or AlCl3
(ii) LiCl or Li2S
(iii) PbO or PbS
Explain your choice.

(c) Outline the electron-pair repulsion

theory to predict the shapes of
molecules and ions.

(d) Write the Lewis structures of the

following species and predict their
shapes:
(i) SO2, (ii) IF3, (iii) SF4, (iv) CH3+, (v)
ClF2

(b) Consider the following molecules.

HF(l),

BCl3(I),

CCl4(1),

NH3(l)

(i) Which of these molecules are polar

molecules?
4 (a) What is metallic bond?

(b) State physical properties of metals.

(c) In terms of physical properties, state

two differences between potassium and
aluminium.

(ii) Arrange the molecules in an

ascending order of their boiling points.
Explain your answer in terms of
intermolecular forces of attraction that
exist in these molecules.

Explain your answer.

5 (a) A white solid is produced when the

gases BCl3 and NH3 are mixed. Explain
how the reaction occurs to form the
white solid.
6 (a) (i) State the type of intermolecular
forces of attraction that exist in the
following molecules:
9

HF(1), BF3(1), CCl4(1),NH3(1)

(ii) Using your explanation in (b)(i),

predict the boiling points of hydrogen
uoride, HF and germanium hydride,
GeH4.

(ii) Ammonia is much more soluble in

water than carbon dioxide. Why is this
so?

(b) The table below shows the boiling

points of some compounds of hydrogen.
Compound

(i)

Form
ula

(A) Hydrogen
chloride

HCl

(B) Ammonia

NH3

(C) Water

H2O

(D)Silane

SiH4

Boiling
point (oC)
85
33
100
112

By reference to intermolecular
attraction, explain the differences
between the boiling points of B
and C and A and D.

10