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El real era una moneda de plata de 3,38 gm, equivalente a un octavo de peso. Vase: Barriga Villalba M.
Historia de la Casa de la Moneda. Tomo II, p. 11. En: Banco del Comercio. Introduccin al Estudio
delPoder Adquisitivo en Colombia. Bogot: Banco del Comercio; 1974. p 161. Un novillo vala 6 pesos o 48
reales, una vaca, 4 pesos o 32 reales. Media botella de aguardiente vala un real.
23
Bateman Alfredo. Op cit. p. 64-65.
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Al final de su vida public el Compendio de Geografa General, Poltica, Fsica y Especial de los Estados
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General de la Unin Colombiana, Imprenta Inglesa y Extranjera de H. C. Panzer, 93, London Wall, E.C.,
1866.
55
Bateman Alfredo. Op. cit. p. 171.
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Santa Mara Peter. Origen, Desarrollo y Realizacin de la Escuela de Minas de Medelln. Medelln: Dik;
1994. p.49.
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Molina Luis Fernando. Legislacin Colombiana sobre Caminos de Herradura 1823-1905. Disponible en
www. lablaa.org. Consultado mayo 7 de 2007.
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conocidos como polticos y periodistas.
94
Bateman Alfredo. Op. cit. p. 116.
95
Como Nicols Caicedo dElhuyar, Antonio Dussn Manrique, Indalecio Livano, Alejandro Ortega,
Manuel H. Pea, Fidel y Rafael Pombo, Manuel Ponce de Len, Alejandro Sarniento y Juan Francisco
Urrutia.
96
Entre ellos, Luis Tisns, Jos Mara Villa () enviado por el Presidente Berro a estudiar a Norteamrica,
Esteban lvarez, profesor de geometra descriptiva y matemticas; Eugenio Lutz (francs); Roberto White;
Vctor y Juan J. Molina, Gracialiano Acevedo, Fernando Isaza, Antonio Restrepo Eusse, Camilo Botero
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Presentada el pasado 16 de mayo, cuyos temas principales son los antecedentes, inicios, construccin,
leyes, contratos, aspectos tcnicos, propietarios, longitud, estaciones, puentes tneles, locomotoras, vagones
y estadsticas. Vase: eliogalessio@perutren.org. Consultado: mayo 29 de 2007.
132
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128
Stewart Watt. Henry Meiggs: Yankee Pizarro. Durham: Duke University Press; 1946. Citado por Hernn
Horna. Op. cit. p. 33. Ntese la nada sutil identificacin de Meiggs con Pizarro.
129
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130
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Quien quiera hacerse una idea sobre las cifras mencionadas en este apartado, vale la pena considerar que
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dlares actuales.
132
Samper Miguel, citado por Junguito Roberto. Op. cit. p. 231.
133
www.perutren.org. Consultado: abril 17/2007
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Cisneros Francisco Javier. Ferrocarriles de Va Estrecha: Memoria. Nueva York: Hallet & Breen; 1872,
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Uno de sus ramales, el Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, todava funciona como tren
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139
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dlares de hoy
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Medelln: Academia de Historia; 1974.
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172
Esos 100.000 pesos anuales equivalen a 1809.000 dlares actuales.
171
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Mayor Mora Alberto. Op. cit. pp. 69 y siguientes.

Leyenda que tiene una variante: Permtame la ropa dice a su criado- porque estoy invitado a comer esta
noche en casa del General Mosquera.
174
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Echeverri Aquiles. Op. cit. p. 92.

Nicholls Ivn. El transporte en Colombia entre 1922 y 1946. Copia en mimegrafo. Bogot: Banco de la
Repblica; 1999. Probablemente, el seor Bell fue influido por la opinin de Alejandro Lpez I.C. en el
sentido de que era mejor alternativa construir el ferrocarril siguiendo los valles del Porce y el Nus que
perforar el tnel de La Quiebra que l mismo haba propuesto. Sobre este asunto, Vase Arias de Greiff
Gustavo. La Segunda Mula de Hierro. Op. cit. p. 71.
176
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Mayor Mora Alberto. Op. cit. pp. 47 y siguientes..

Por las frecuentes guerras civiles, los fabricantes de dinamita no despachaban este producto a Colombia
179
Horna Hernn. Op. cit. pp. 95-106.
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Poveda Ramos Gabriel. Vapores Fluviales de Colombia. Op. cit. p. 130.
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Dos aos antes, en carta a Luis Carlos Rico, el futuro Regenerador escribi; Abran mucho el ojo con
Cisneros. Estoy seguro de que introduce rifles para los Radicales con pretexto de suministros nuticos. Aqu
en Cartagena me quiso embaucar en 40.000 pesos (en asuntos del Canal del Dique) contra unos billetes
espurios de banco de Nueva York. Vase: Horna Hernn. Op. cit. p. 180.
164
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Ibidem. p. 55.
Hablando de las diferencias entre los seores Mason (concesionarios del ferrocarril del Cauca despus de
la rescisin del contrato de Cisneros con esa empresa) y la Nacin, Julin Uribe Uribe, ingeniero al servicio
de ese ferrocarril, afirma en sus Memorias: Una deuda de gratitud s tenemos con los Mason, y es la de haber
impulsado en el ferrocarril las obras de arte de carcter permanente, rompiendo para siempre con el pernicioso
de las provisionales, implantado por el seor Cisneros y practicado despus por los que tuvieron ingerencia en
el ferrocarril () es posible que sin el ejemplo de los Mason () todava estuvisemos haciendo puentes y
alcantarillas inverosmiles con maderas de mala calidad. V. Uribe Uribe Julin. Memorias. Bogot: Banco de
la Repblica; 1994. p. 507.
185
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No hay constancia de que Reyes hubiera logrado llegar efectivamente a su patria chica en 1909 despus de
la compra del automvil para la presidencia y antes de su retiro en junio de ese ao, salvo la narracin de
Lemaitre en su biografa reverencial de Rafael Reyes, cuando dice, sin citar la fecha de ese viaje: El
Presidente hizo entonces un famoso viaje a su tierra natal () en el primer automvil que se introdujo en
Colombia. Y Boyac no sala de su asombro (Eduardo Lemaitre. Rafael Reyes. Bogot: Iqueima; 1953. p.
279). Vale la pena anotar que ese automvil no fue el primero en Colombia y que recorrer, por una carretera
primitiva y no bien terminada, 400 Km en un automvil de esa poca, era algo muy difcil. Por otra parte, la
Carretera Central del Norte por algo ms de veinte aos ocupar buena parte de la atencin del Ministerio de
Obras.
234
Especificaciones que sern rebajadas por motivos de economa, en 1925, por el Ministro Laureano Gmez,
probablemente equivocado.
220
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238
En la revista del Ministerio de Obras, ao 1 n 12 de 1906, p. 355, Alfredo Ortega, basado en la revista El
Industrial Uruguayo, afirma que los trenes con tractor gastan mucho combustible y deterioran los caminos
() No tienen un freno que detenga todos los carros () necesitan radio largo de giro () entonces Charles
Renard, aviador de globos, invent un sistema con dos principios nuevos: la propulsin continua y la virada
correcta. En una palabra, la supresin de la traccin es reemplazada por la transmisin cinemtica de la
fuerza motriz () el motor no es tractor () es una fbrica ambulante de fuerza motriz, la cual se transmite a
cada uno de los vehculos que componen el tren por medio de un eje longitudinal giratorio, quebrado en
varias partes por suspensiones universales que le permiten adaptarse a todas las sinuosidades del camino
() supresin del peso exagerado de los antiguos tractores, supresin del deterioro de los caminos,
economa de combustible y personal () Es el medio de transporte ms fcil, ms prctico y ms econmico
para los servicios de carga y pasajeros () con mayor confort y velocidad y regularidad del servicio.
Como puede verse, el Tren Renard era algo parecido a la piedra filosofal, a la cuadratura del crculo, al
movimiento perpetuo. Ante el desastre ferroviario, era bueno que los funcionarios soaran
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Memoria de Obras Pblicas, 1926. p. xxvi. Esta suma equivale a unos 294 millones de dlares de 2007.
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Melendro Serna Mariano. Op. cit. p. 65.
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Ministro de Obras, Laureano Gmez y el representante del JBK, Pedro M. Carrao
300
Como informa Alfredo Ortega, despus de ocupar durante ms de 25 aos las ms altas posiciones del
Ministerio de Obras. V. Ortega Alfredo. Ferrocarriles Colombianos. 2. ed. Op cit. p. 44.
301
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374
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376
Faras Alberto. Op. cit. p. 23.
377
Despus del ingreso de los Estados Unidos en la contienda, el gobierno colombiano orden la detencin de
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En la famosa diatriba de Jos Francisco Socarrs contra Laureano Gmez, se dice sobre
la manera de actuar del doctor Gmez: Fuente de todos estos males? La misma, correr
correr sin atender a los tcnicos En el cuadernillo de notas del famoso libro del profesor
Socarrs se reproducen documentos oficiales muy interesantes sobre los errores de gestin
del doctor Gmez pero se salta, sin fundamentacin completa, a la afirmacin de que la
parsimonia de la casa contratista le represent al fisco prdidas del orden de 100.000
pesos en el puente de Girardot. Vase: Socarrs Jos Francisco.Psicoanlisis de un
Resentido. Bogot: Planeta; 1997; pp. 288 y ss.
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Europa escribi sus libros Problemas Colombianos (1927), El Trabajo (1928) Idearium
Liberal (1928), El Desarrollo de la Usura (1933). Fugaz Ministro de Educacin (68 das en
1937).
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dentro del programa ferroviario de la administracin Ospina.
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La gran labor que el Ministerio de Obras Pblicas desarroll desde su fundacin en

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hoteles, etc.) ha merecido valiosos estudios, como: Nio Murcia Carlos. Arquitectura y
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En los aos 50 se construy la carretera entre Barranquilla y Santa Marta. La Cinaga
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ser el criadero de aves y de vida acutica ms fecundo de Colombia. pero por la delgada
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valorizacin por construccin de carreteras, porque tan justa iniciativa ha tropezado
siempre con intereses que pocas veces han permitido su cobro.
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Para apreciar la magnitud del esfuerzo fiscal en obras pblicas, debe tenerse en cuenta
que en dlares de 2005 el presupuesto del MOP vala 152 millones en 1926. En 1930 era de
130 millones. En 1958 fue de 591 millones. Al finalizar el gobierno de Lpez Michelsen
563
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798 millones. En 1986 haba bajado a 368 millones.
545
Nuevamente llamamos la atencin del lector sobre los Anexos 1 y 2, donde encontrar
informacin graficada sobre la relacin entre el presupuesto nacional, presupuesto de obras
pblicas y PIB; as como informacin desde 1905 hasta 2005, de los grandes captulos del
gasto pblico.
546
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569
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Contralora General de la Repblica. Evaluacin de la gestin financiera y legal del

Metro de Medelln, Bogot; 1994. p. 206.
552
Idem.
553
Acevedo J, Salazar J C, Castaeda W. El Metro de Medelln. Bogot: FONADE/
Instituto SER; 1993. pp. 26, 160.
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554
V. Urrutia Montoya Miguel. El Banco Mundial nunca ha financiado Metros. El

Tiempo. Bogot; feb 1 de 1988.
555
Acevedo J, Salazar JC, Castaeda W. Op. cit. p. 40.
556
Sin comentarios
557
Segn el informe la Contralora General de la Repblica. Metro de Medelln. Impacto en
las Finanzas Nacionales y Sostenibilidad de su Operacin. Bogot; 2001. p. 35, atiende
aproximadamente el 12.5% del mercado de transporte colectivo del rea de influencia
directa (Bello, Medelln, Envigado y Sabaneta).
558
En agosto de 1987 se calculaba que los costos del Metro de Medelln ya equivalan a la
construccin de 8.000 Km de vas pavimentadas de primera categora, o a la construccin
de 25 aeropuertos como el de Rionegro. Remitimos al lector a un comentario aparecido en
572
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del patrimonio vial, realizada por Invas en 1996 (Vanse 142 y nota 627).
559
Acevedo J, Salazar JC, Castaeda W. Op. cit. p. 55.
560
Idem.
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Buske Lee B. Multimodal International Transportation in the U.S. Western Europe and
Latin America. Austin: University of Texas; 1998. p. 43.
566
Para conocer el transporte por otros ros, recomendamos al lector la obra clsica e
insuperable de Gabriel Poveda Ramos, Vapores Fluviales en Colombia; y el libro de
Mariano Melendro Serna, Compaa Nacional de Navegacin, Fundacin y Desarrollo,
1945-1972, que narra la labor de colonizacin y fomento realizada por esa interesante
empresa oficial al servicio especialmente de los territorios nacionales.
567
Currie Lauchlin. Op. cit. p. 32
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569
Este nmero de personas se refiere a las transportadas por las navieras. Los que se
transportan por el ro en cortas distancias, en chalupas y botes, nunca han sido registrados
estadsticamente.
570
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572
En 1946 el salario ferroviario equivala al 263.4% del pagado en 1940, cifra muy por
encima de los ndices del costo de la vida. V. Memoria de Obras Pblicas, 1947. p. 268.
573
La deuda por prestaciones sociales (cesantas, jubilaciones) ascenda entonces a 12
millones de pesos, cuando las utilidades de los ferrocarriles nacionales en 1946 fueron de
1698.340 pesos
574
Alfonso Dvila Ortiz, quien fuera gerente de los Ferrocarriles Nacionales, trae una lista
de las principales prestaciones y de los regmenes especiales de los ferroviarios. V. Dvila
Ortiz Alfonso. Nueve Aos de Poltica Ferroviaria. Bogot: Guadalupe; 1986. p. 100.
587
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Dvila Ortiz Alfonso. Op. cit. p. 101.

Esta determinacin inconcebible no se compadece con la seriedad que marc la mayora
de los actos de gobierno de Alberto Lleras Camargo.
578
El Ferrocarril de Antioquia tena 49 locomotoras a vapor en buen estado de
funcionamiento, para 317 Km de vas, al momento de su venta, frente a las 308 que tenan
los Ferrocarriles Nacionales para 3.245 Km de vas.
577
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En dlares de 1960 la Nacin ofreca 13233.000 de dlares (91.7 millones de 2007), y

Antioquia peda 36000.000 de dlares (250 millones de 2007)
580
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611
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para proyectos ferroviarios, sobre todo para los nuevos trenes de alta velocidad, destinados
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612
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frecuente consulta de www.railwaygazette.com (The Railway Gazette International)
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16.750 Km 12.365 pavimentados (73.82%). Sin pavimentar 4.386 (26.18%). En buen
estado 50%. En regular estado 28%. En mal estado 22%. (v. Ministerio de Transporte.
Oficina de Planeacin. Diagnstico del sector Transporte. Op. cit. p.40 y siguientes.
622
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Tasa de cambio a diciembre de 1997: 1.140,45 por US $ (Banco de la Repblica)
626
Esta cifra corrobora la desmesura de las inversiones en los 29 Km del Metro de Medelln, que entonces
ya superaban los 2.500 millones de dlares, y las estimadas para el Metro de Bogot, afortunadamente
cancelado (v. 150).
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M.O.P.Diagnstico del Sector Transporte. Op. cit. p. 132.
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El Tnel de Occidente, en la carretera Medelln-San Jernimo-Turbo, de 4.6 Km de longitud, se inici en

noviembre de 1997 y se concluy en 2004 con una inversin de 310.000 millones de pesos. Constructores:
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Sobre el complejo de obras entre Cajamarca y Calarc recomendamos la exposicin del Ministro de
Transporte en el IV Congreso de la Cmara Colombiana de la infraestructura. Cartagena: noviembre 8 de
2007.
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Algunos ejemplos: en Chicago los retiraron de servicio en 1947. En Nueva York, Londres y Buenos Aires
desaparecieron en 1952. En Boston, en 1958. En Berln, los rieles de la ltima lnea se levantaron en 1967 y
en Madrid en 1972. Sin embargo, pases como Hungra, Holanda y Austria conservaron sus tranvas. En los
ltimos veinte aos han hecho su aparicin tranvas modernos articulados, silenciosos, especialmente en
Francia y Alemania, para servir lneas con mayor eficiencia que los buses y para evitar inversiones muy
grandes en trenes ligeros.
667
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668
Los mejores estudios sobre el Metro de Medelln, que recomendamos ampliamente son: 1. Los de la
Contralora General de la Repblica: Evaluacin de la Gestin Financiera y Legal del Metro de Medelln
(Manuel Francisco Becerra, 1994) y Metro de Medelln, Impacto en las Finanzas Nacionales y Sostenibilidad
de su Operacin (Carlos Ossa Escobar, 2001). 2. La serie dedicada al tema por la Contralora General de
Medelln: I Tomo. Una Decisin no Planificada (Bernab Montoya Gomz, 1994). II Tomo. Testimonio
Fiscal del Metro (Carlos Atehorta, 1996)- III Tomo. Testimonio Fiscal del Metro (Gerardo Domnguez
Giraldo, 2000). 3. El Metro de Medelln, una Ilusin costeada por todos los Colombianos (Jorge Acevedo,
Juan Carlos Salazar y Wigberto Castaeda, publicado por el Instituto SER de Investigacin y el Fondo
Financiero de Proyectos de Desarrollo (FONADE). 4. El Negocio del Metro, Consideraciones sobre una
Decisin Apresurada, una Obra no Planificada, una Contratacin Leonina y una Financiacin Usuraria
(Premio Diners de Periodismo Econmico/ George Canning Award, 1991, Jos Alvear Sann. Medelln; Seal
Editora; 1991)
719
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Por esos aos se construyeron nuevos tramos del Metro de Madrid (30 millones de dlares/Km), Bilbao
(44.38 millones de dlares/Km), Lisboa (21.87 millones de dlares/Km) y Barcelona (15 millones de
dlares/Km), mientras en Medelln el kilmetro sala a 83.73 millones de dlares/Km (!!!). Vase: Contralora
General de la Repblica. El Metro de Medelln, Impacto en las Finanzas Nacionales y Sostenibilidad de su
Operacin. Bogot: 2001.
671
Contralora General de Medelln. Testimonio Fiscal del Metro III. Medelln; 2000. p. 318.
672
Un tribunal internacional de arbitramento, convocado por el Consorcio Metromed, y aceptado por
ETMVA, al parecer de manera irregular (porque estaban vencidos los trminos para intentar acciones y
porque la Corte Constitucional haba declarado que la competencia era de la jurisdiccin contencioso-
721
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Alvear Sann Jos. Op. cit, pp. 95, 98, 149.

. Germn Arciniegas. El caballero de El Dorado. Bogot: Compaa Grancolombiana de Ediciones;

Alvear Sann Jos. Manual del ro Magdalena. Op. cit. p.98.

Alvear Sann Jos. Ibidem. p.78.

Lemaitre Eduardo. Op. cit. p. 19.

Alvear Sann Jos. Op cit. p.63

El camino de los incas. Disponible en: http://unv.Condipsola.gov.ar/antropol/oran.htm. Consultado: mayo

Serrer Ramn Mara. Op. cit. p.84.

Bateman Alfredo. Op.cit. p. 85

Urrutia M, Arrubla M. Op. cit. p.131.

El Santander equivaldra a 1476.000 dlares del 2007 y el Gran Bolvar a 738.000.

Poveda Ramos Gabriel. Vapores Fluviales en Colombia. Op. cit. p. 103.

Poveda Ramos Gabriel. Vapores Fluviales en Colombia. Op. cit. p. 115.

Alvear Sann Jos. Op. cit. p. 166

Ospina Vsquez Luis. Op.cit. pp. 218-219.

Villa Vlez Eduardo. Op. cit. p. 56

Snchez Sabogal Fernando. Op.cit. p. 2.

Vase: Banco del Comercio. Op. cit.

"5. & "#

# " " #"

Echeverri Coronado Hermn. Op. cit. p.52.

bidem. pp. 63 y siguientes.

Papel Peridico Ilustrado. N 59. Ao III. 15 de febrero de 1884. p. 175.

'%. ) " " #

Ortega Alfredo. Ferrocarriles Colombianos. Bogot: Imprenta Nacional; 1922. p. 100.

Felipe Prez, citado por Alfredo Ortega, Op.cit. p.89

Ortega Alfredo. Ferrocarriles Colombianos. Op. cit. p. 105.

El cuadro completo ha sido recogido en Junguito Roberto. Op. cit. p 33.

Santa Mara Peter. Op. cit. p. 64.

Disponible en http://dl.ket.org/latin3/mores/techno/roads/construction.htm. Consulta: mayo 15 de 2007.

Disponible en http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclpaedia/hutchinson/m0037709.html. Consultado

Como la calzada romana.

Oxford Economic Atlas. Oxford University Press, 1937

Serrer Ramn Mara. Op. cit. p.75.

"- ". "#

Lemaitre Eduardo. Panam y su separacin de Colombia. Op. cit. p. 75.

Ortega Alfredo. Op. cit., p. 296.

2" " "

Junguito Roberto. Op. cit. p. 230.

# "2 " "

Arias de Greiff Gustavo. Op. cit. p. 104.

Mayor Mora Alberto. Op. cit. p. 45.

Horna Hernn. Op. cit. p.8.

Lozano Pilar. Op. cit. pp. 19 y siguientes.

Echeverri Aquiles. El Ferrocarril de Antioquia o el Despertar de un Pueblo. Medelln: Editorial

Horna Hernn. Op. cit. p. 28.

Royo Jos Manuel. Op. cit. p. 149.

Esos 12.000 pesos equivalen a 217.000 dlares de 2007.

Horna Hernn. Op. cit. p. 93.

Mayor Mora Alberto. Op. cit. pp. 69 y siguientes.

Echeverri Aquiles. Op. cit. p. 92.

Mayor Mora Alberto. Op. cit. pp. 47 y siguientes..

Arias de Greiff Gustavo. Op. cit. p. 56.

J! L?# - ' "

Ortega Alfredo. Op. cit. p. 260.

Especialjmente Rufino Gutirrez, Julio Mallarino, Estanislao Navia y el peridico El Conservador.

Horna Hernn. Op. cit. p. 212.

Arias de Greiff Gustavo. Op. cit. pp. 21y siguientes.

Ortega Alfredo. Op. cit. p. 576.

Ortega Alfredo. Op. cit. p. 569.

#*" " /"

Vlez Fernando. Op. cit. p. 250.

Alvear Sann Jos. Op. cit. p. 166