IJSTE - International Journal of Science Technology & Engineering | Volume 2 | Issue 01 | July 2015

ISSN (online): 2349-784X

Over Current Protection for High Voltage Gain

DC-DC Converter
Haritha Viji
PG Student
Department of Electrical Engineering
FISAT, Angamaly, Kerala, India

Surya Natarajan
Professor
Department of Electrical Engineering
FISAT, Angamaly, Kerala, India

Abstract
This paper introduces a single-switch high voltage gain non isolated dcdc converter containing coupled inductor and diode
capacitor techniques. The proposed converter produces extremely large voltage conversion ratio. The energy stored in leakage
inductance of coupled inductor is efficiently recycled to the output. The voltage stress on the power devices is reduced. The highpulsed input current in the converter is decreased. This paper proposes an overcurrent protection for high voltage gain dc-dc
converter with coupled inductor.
Keywords: Coupled Inductor, Diode-Capacitor, Voltage Stress, High Voltage Gain, Over Current Protection
________________________________________________________________________________________________________

I. INTRODUCTION
The high voltage gain dcdc boost converters is used in industry applications such as uninterrupted power supplies, electric
traction, photovoltaic generation systems, fuel cell energy conversion systems, automobile HID headlamps, and some medical
equipments[1]. A classical boost converter can be used for these applications, but the voltage stress of the switch is equal to the
high output voltage. So a high-voltage rating switch with high on-resistance should be used, which results high conduction
losses. As a result, the classical boost converter is not acceptable for realizing high step-up voltage gain along with high
efficiency.
Many nonisolated topologies have been studied to achieve a high conversion ratio and to avoid operating at high-duty cycle.
These converters are switched-capacitor types, switched-inductor types, the voltage-doubler circuits, and the capacitor diode
voltage multiplier. All of them can provide higher voltage gain than the conventional boost converter. But, more switched
capacitor or switched-inductor stages will be required for an extremely large conversion ratio, results in higher cost and complex
circuit. In quadratic boost converter [2] using a single active switch, the voltage conversion ratio is given as a quadratic function
of the duty ratio. But, the voltage gain of this converter is moderate since the output voltage level depends on the duty cycle. The
voltage stress across the active switch is equal to the output voltage. Some converters based on transformers or coupled inductors
or tapped inductors [3],[4] have been researched to provide a high conversion ratio without operating at high duty ratio. The
conventional flyback converter can provide high voltage gain by adjusting the turns ratio of the transformer. The leakage
inductor of the transformer not only cause high voltage spikes on the power device, but also induce energy losses. The active
clamped techniques [5] can release high voltage spikes and reduce switching losses, but an additional active switch leads to
complex structures and control. Many boost converters based on a coupled inductor can provide high voltage gain, and low
voltage stress on the active switch without the penalty of high duty ratio. However, the input current is not continuous.
The main features of the converter are the voltage gain is increased by a coupled inductor and the secondary winding of the
coupled inductor is inserted into a diode-capacitor for further increasing the voltage gain, a passive clamped circuit is connected
to the primary winding of the coupled inductor to clamp the voltage across the active switch to lower voltage level. As a result,
the power devices with low voltage rating and low on-state resistance can be selected, the leakage inductance energy of coupled
inductor can be recycled, improving the efficiency and the potential resonance between the leakage inductance and the junction
capacitor of output diode may be cancelled. This paper shows the operational analysis and simulation results of the proposed
converter. In section II the structure and the principle of operations are explained. In section III over current protection of
converter was explained. In section IV the simulation results of overcurrent protection are presented and the conclusion is
presented in section V.

II. HIGH VOLTAGE GAIN DC-DC CONVERTER

A. Circuit Structure and Principle of Operation
The circuit structure of the proposed converter contains a switch Q, an input inductor
and a coupled inductor , diodes
,
and , a storage energy capacitor
and a output capacitor , a clamped circuit including diode
and capacitor
,
an extended voltage doubler cell comprising regeneration diode
and capacitor
, and the secondary side of the coupled

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inductor. The dual-winding coupled inductor has a turn ratio N (

secondary leakage inductance
and
.

/ ), a parallel magnetizing inductance

, and primary and

Fig 1: Proposed high voltage gain dc-dc converter

The operating modes are described as follows:

1) Mode 1:
The switch Q starts conducting at t= . Diodes is reverse biased by
Diodes is reverse biased by
. Diodes
is reverse biased by
. Diodes
and
are turned ON. The dc source energy is transferred to the inductor
through
and Q. The primary voltage of the coupled inductor including magnetizing inductor
and leakage
is
and
the capacitor
is discharging its energy to the magnetizing inductor and primary leakage inductor
through the switch.
The energy stored in and is released to through . The load R is supplied by the output capacitor . This stage ends at
t= .

Fig. 2(a): Mode 1

2) Mode 2:
The switch Q is turned OFF at t = , the current through Q flow through . The energy stored in inductor flows through
diode to charge capacitor and the current
declines linearly. The diode
is reverse biased by
. The diode is
reverse biased by
. The energy stored in inductor
flows through diode
to charge capacitor . The energy
stored in
is recycled to .The voltage stress across Q is the summation of
and
The load energy is supplied by the
output capacitors .

Fig. 2(b): Mode 2

3) Mode 3:
During this transition interval, switch Q remains OFF.
is reflected to the secondary side of coupled inductor thus,
regeneration-diode is reverse biased by
+N . Meanwhile, the diode
starts to conduct. The inductance is still
releasing its energy to the capacitor . Thus, the current still declines linearly. The energy stored in
and
is given

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to . The energy stored in

is released to the output via and
summation of
and
. This stage ends when = 0 at t = .

. The voltage stress of the main switch is clamped to the

Fig. 2(c): Mode 3

4) Mode 4:
During this mode, the switch Q, diodes
and
is turned OFF. Since reaches zero at t = ,
stored in an inductor flows through diode
to charge capacitor .The dc source
, ,
and
are connected in series to discharge their energy to capacitor and load R.

is reverse biased. The energy

,
, the winding
,

Fig. 2(d): Mode 4

5) Mode 5:
The main switch Q is turned ON at . During this transition interval, diodes ,
and are reverse-biased by
,
and
,respectively. The inductance
is charged by input voltage
and the current
increases almost in a
linear way. The blocking voltages
is applied on primary side of coupled inductor, so the current
of the coupled inductor is
increased rapidly. The magnetizing inductor
keeps on transferring its energy through the secondary winding to the output
capacitor and load .The energy stored in is discharged to the output.

Fig. 2(e): Mode 1

Fig. 2: Operational states of the proposed high voltage gain dc-dc converter.

III. DESCRIPTION OF OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

An overcurrent is a situation when a current flowing through the load is greater than the rated load current. This can cause
damage to the diode, MOSFET and also the inductor. Possible causes for overcurrent include short circuits, excessive load, and
incorrect design. When current in the load goes above the rated value of load current, a protection circuit is provided which will
isolate the converter from the supply. A current sensing element such as relays can be used to sense the output current of the
converter. The output current of the converter will be compared with a reference current set in the comparator. The reference

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current set in the comparator will be equal to the rated load current of the converter. When the output from the current sensing
element exceeds the reference current in the comparator, pulses will be generated from the comparator which will be given to the
trip circuit.
Depending upon the load converter can be isolated from the supply in two ways. If the load current exceeds the rated load
current, converter can be permanently isolated from the supply. This method of isolation is used for the load which requires
desired voltage and current. Another method is when the load current exceeds the rated load current converter can be isolated
from the supply and converter is reconnected to the supply whenever the load current is below the rated load current.

Fig. 3: Block diagram of over current protection.

IV. SIMULATION RESULTS

The designing of high voltage gain dc-dc converter has done and circuitry are simulated using Matlab/Simulink software. The
input to the converter is 36 V and the output obtained is 380 V. The gating signal is obtained using PWM block and it is given to
the gate of switch. Simulation diagram of the converter with over current protection having permanent isolation is shown in fig 4.

Fig.4 Simulation diagram with permanent isolation.

The output voltage waveform of the converter with permanent isolation is shown in Figure. In simulation reference current is
kept as 1A, that is when output current exceeds1A tripping occur. The tripping is done through a switch. Whenever load current
exceeds rated load current gate signal to the switch is maintained at the zero level. The output voltage of the converter will be
zero when tripping occurs. The gating signal to the switch is shown in Figure below.

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Fig. 5: Gate signal with permanent isolation

Fig. 6: Output voltage during permanent isolation

Simulation diagram of the converter with over current protection having temporary isolation is shown in Fig.7. The isolation
of converter from the supply is not permanent and the output voltage waveform is shown in figure. The reference current is kept
as 1A.Whenever load current exceeds rated load current gate signal to the switch is at low level otherwise gate signal is kept at
high level, when output current exceeds 1A tripping occur. The output voltage of the converter is reduced from the desired
voltage level when overcurrent occurs. The tripping is done through a switch. The gating signal to the switch is shown below.

Fig. 7: Simulation diagram with temporary isolation

Fig. 8: Gate signal with temporary isolation

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Fig. 9: Output voltage during permanent isolation

V. CONCLUSION
A high voltage gain dcdc converter with over current protection has been proposed in this paper. When the load current exceeds
the rated load current, converter will be disconnected from the supply. A high voltage gain dc-dc converter with coupled inductor
and diode clamped technique will increase the voltage gain and reduce the voltage stress across the switch. The energy in the
leakage inductor can be recycled and the turned off voltage spikes on the main switch are suppressed. In addition, one MOSFET
is required to simplify the circuit configuration and improve the system reliability, and the proposed converter maintains the
advantage of continuous input current.

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