You are on page 1of 22

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c)

BSI

BRITISH STANDARD

Water-tube boilers and


auxiliary installations
Part 4: In-service boiler life expectancy
calculations

The European Standard EN 12952-4:2000 has the status of a


British Standard

ICS 27.060.30

NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

BS EN
12952-4:2000

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

BS EN 12952-4:2000

National foreword
This British Standard is the official English language version of EN 12952-4:2000.
It partially supersedes BS 1113:1999 which will be withdrawn when all the other
parts of EN 12952 are published.
The UK participation in its preparation was entrusted to Technical Committee
PVE/2, Water-tube boilers, which has the responsibility to:
aid enquirers to understand the text;
present to the responsible European committee any enquiries on the
interpretation, or proposals for change, and keep the UK interests informed;
monitor related international and European developments and promulgate
them in the UK.
A list of organizations represented on this committee can be obtained on request to
its secretary.
Cross-references
The British Standards which implement international or European publications
referred to in this document may be found in the BSI Standards Catalogue under the
section entitled International Standards Correspondence Index, or by using the
Find facility of the BSI Standards Electronic Catalogue.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, the EN title page,
pages 2 to 18, an inside back cover and a back cover.
The BSI copyright notice displayed in this document indicates when the document
was last issued.

This British Standard, having


been prepared under the
direction of the Engineering
Sector Committee, was published
under the authority of the
Standards Committee and comes
into effect on 15 May 2000
BSI 05-2000

ISBN 0 580 34872 5

Amendments issued since publication


Amd. No.

Date

Comments

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

(1

(8523($167$1'$5'
1250((8523e(11(
(8523b,6&+(1250

)HEUXDU\

,&6

(QJOLVKYHUVLRQ

:DWHUWXEHERLOHUVDQGDX[LOLDU\LQVWDOODWLRQV3DUW,QVHUYLFH
ERLOHUOLIHH[SHFWDQF\FDOFXODWLRQV
&KDXGLqUHVjWXEHVGHDXHWLQVWDOODWLRQVDX[LOLDLUHV
3DUWLH&DOFXOVGHODGXUpHGHYLHSUpYLVLEOHGHV
FKDXGLqUHVHQVHUYLFH

:DVVHUURKUNHVVHOXQG$QODJHQNRPSRQHQWHQ
7HLO%HWULHEVEHJOHLWHQGH%HUHFKQXQJGHU
/HEHQVGDXHUHUZDUWXQJ

7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGZDVDSSURYHGE\&(1RQ'HFHPEHU
&(1PHPEHUVDUHERXQGWRFRPSO\ZLWKWKH&(1&(1(/(&,QWHUQDO5HJXODWLRQVZKLFKVWLSXODWHWKHFRQGLWLRQVIRUJLYLQJWKLV(XURSHDQ
6WDQGDUGWKHVWDWXVRIDQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGZLWKRXWDQ\DOWHUDWLRQ8SWRGDWHOLVWVDQGELEOLRJUDSKLFDOUHIHUHQFHVFRQFHUQLQJVXFKQDWLRQDO
VWDQGDUGVPD\EHREWDLQHGRQDSSOLFDWLRQWRWKH&HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWRUWRDQ\&(1PHPEHU
7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGH[LVWVLQWKUHHRIILFLDOYHUVLRQV (QJOLVK)UHQFK*HUPDQ $YHUVLRQLQDQ\RWKHUODQJXDJHPDGHE\WUDQVODWLRQ
XQGHUWKHUHVSRQVLELOLW\RID&(1PHPEHULQWRLWVRZQODQJXDJHDQGQRWLILHGWRWKH&HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWKDVWKHVDPHVWDWXVDVWKHRIILFLDO
YHUVLRQV
&(1PHPEHUVDUHWKHQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVERGLHVRI$XVWULD%HOJLXP&]HFK5HSXEOLF'HQPDUN)LQODQG)UDQFH*HUPDQ\*UHHFH
,FHODQG,UHODQG,WDO\/X[HPERXUJ1HWKHUODQGV1RUZD\3RUWXJDO6SDLQ6ZHGHQ6ZLW]HUODQGDQG8QLWHG.LQJGRP

(8523($1 &200,77(( )25 67$1'$5',=$7,21


&20,7e (8523e(1 '( 1250$/,6$7,21
(8523b,6&+(6 .20,7(( )h5 125081*

&HQWUDO6HFUHWDULDWUXHGH6WDVVDUW%%UXVVHOV

&(1

$OOULJKWVRIH[SORLWDWLRQLQDQ\IRUPDQGE\DQ\PHDQVUHVHUYHG
ZRUOGZLGHIRU&(1QDWLRQDO0HPEHUV

5HI1R(1(

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 2

(1

&RQWHQWV

3DJH

)RUHZRUG

6FRSH 

1RUPDWLYHUHIHUHQFHV 

'HILQLWLRQV

6\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV 

*HQHUDO

&DOFXODWLRQV

$QQH[$ LQIRUPDWLYH &DOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHFUHHSGDPDJH 


$ *HQHUDO 
$ 6\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV 
$ &DOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHOLIHWLPHDQGFUHHSGDPDJH






$QQH[% LQIRUPDWLYH &DOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHIDWLJXHGDPDJH 


% *HQHUDO 
% 6\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV 
% &DOFXODWLRQRIVWUHVVGXHWRIDWLJXH 
% 'HWHFWLRQRIH[WUHPHYDOXHVRIVWUHVV 
% 'HWHFWLRQRIORDGF\FOHV 
% 5HPDLQLQJVHTXHQFHRIUHODWLYHH[WUHPH 56(  
% /LPLWDWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIWKHUHPDLQLQJH[WUHPHV 
% &ODVVLILFDWLRQRIORDGF\FOHV 
% &DOFXODWLRQRIIDWLJXHGDPDJH
% $FFXUDF\DQGSODXVLELOLW\RIWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHV 













%LEOLRJUDSK\  

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 3

(1

)RUHZRUG
7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG KDV EHHQ SUHSDUHG E\ 7HFKQLFDO &RPPLWWHH &(17&  6KHOO DQG ZDWHU WXEH
ERLOHUWKH6HFUHWDULDWRIZKLFKLVKHOGE\',1
7KLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGVKDOOEHJLYHQWKHVWDWXVRIDQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGHLWKHUE\SXEOLFDWLRQRIDQLGHQWLFDO
WH[WRUE\HQGRUVHPHQWDWWKHODWHVWE\$XJXVWDQGFRQIOLFWLQJQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVVKDOOEHZLWKGUDZQDW
WKHODWHVWE\$XJXVW
$FFRUGLQJWRWKH&(1&(1(/(&,QWHUQDO5HJXODWLRQVWKHQDWLRQDOVWDQGDUGVRUJDQL]DWLRQVRIWKHIROORZLQJ
FRXQWULHV DUH ERXQG WR LPSOHPHQW WKLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG $XVWULD %HOJLXP &]HFK 5HSXEOLF 'HQPDUN
)LQODQG )UDQFH *HUPDQ\ *UHHFH ,FHODQG ,UHODQG ,WDO\ /X[HPERXUJ 1HWKHUODQGV 1RUZD\ 3RUWXJDO
6SDLQ6ZHGHQ6ZLW]HUODQGDQGWKH8QLWHG.LQJGRP
7KHVWDQGDUGFRQFHUQLQJZDWHUWXEHERLOHUVDQGDX[LOLDU\LQVWDOODWLRQVFRQVLVWVRIWKHIROORZLQJSDUWV
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW
3DUW

*HQHUDO
0DWHULDOVIRUSUHVVXUHSDUWVRIERLOHUVDQGDFFHVVRULHV
'HVLJQDQGFDOFXODWLRQIRUSUHVVXUHSDUWV
,QVHUYLFHERLOHUOLIHH[SHFWDQF\FDOFXODWLRQV
:RUNPDQVKLSDQGFRQVWUXFWLRQRISUHVVXUHSDUWVRIWKHERLOHU
,QVSHFWLRQGXULQJFRQVWUXFWLRQGRFXPHQWDWLRQDQGPDUNLQJRISUHVVXUHSDUWVRIWKHERLOHU
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUHTXLSPHQWIRUWKHERLOHU
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUILULQJV\VWHPVIRUOLTXLGDQGJDVHRXVIXHOVIRUWKHERLOHU
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUILULQJV\VWHPVIRUSXOYHUL]HGVROLGIXHOVIRUWKHERLOHU
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUVDIHJXDUGVDJDLQVWH[FHVVLYHSUHVVXUH
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUOLPLWLQJGHYLFHVDQGVDIHW\FLUFXLWVRIWKHERLOHUDQGDFFHVVRULHV
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUERLOHUIHHGZDWHUDQGERLOHUZDWHUTXDOLW\
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUIOXHJDVFOHDQLQJV\VWHPV
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUIOXHJDV'(12;V\VWHPV
$FFHSWDQFHWHVWV
5HTXLUHPHQWVIRUJUDWHDQGIOXLGL]HGEHGILULQJV\VWHPVIRUVROLGIXHOVIRUWKHERLOHU

$OWKRXJKWKHVHSDUWVPD\EHREWDLQHGVHSDUDWHO\LWVKRXOGEHUHFRJQL]HGWKDWWKHSDUWVDUHLQWHUGHSHQGHQW
$VVXFKWKHGHVLJQDQGPDQXIDFWXUHRIERLOHUVUHTXLUHVWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIPRUHWKDQRQHSDUWLQRUGHUIRUWKH
UHTXLUHPHQWVRIWKHVWDQGDUGWREHVDWLVIDFWRULO\IXOILOOHG
7KHDQQH[HV$DQG%RIWKLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGDUHLQIRUPDWLYH

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 4

(1

6FRSH
7KLVSDUWRIWKH(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGDSSOLHVWRZDWHUWXEHERLOHUVDVGHILQHGLQSU(1
7KLV SDUW GHVFULEHV SURFHGXUHV IRU FDOFXODWLQJ WKH FUHHS DQGRU WKH IDWLJXH GDPDJH RI ERLOHU FRPSRQHQWV
GXULQJ RSHUDWLRQ 7KHVH FDOFXODWLRQV DUH QRW UHTXLUHG WR EH FDUULHG RXW E\ WKH PDQXIDFWXUHU DV SDUW RI KLV
UHVSRQVLELOLWLHVZLWKLQWKLVVWDQGDUG

1RUPDWLYHUHIHUHQFHV
7KLV (XURSHDQ 6WDQGDUG LQFRUSRUDWHV E\ GDWHG RU XQGDWHG UHIHUHQFH SURYLVLRQV IURP RWKHU SXEOLFDWLRQV
7KHVH QRUPDWLYH UHIHUHQFHV DUH FLWHG DW WKH DSSURSULDWH SODFHV LQ WKH WH[W DQG WKH SXEOLFDWLRQV DUH OLVWHG
KHUHDIWHU)RUGDWHGUHIHUHQFHVVXEVHTXHQWDPHQGPHQWVWRRUUHYLVLRQVRIDQ\RIWKHVHSXEOLFDWLRQVDSSO\WR
WKLV(XURSHDQ6WDQGDUGRQO\ZKHQLQFRUSRUDWHGLQLWE\DPHQGPHQWRUUHYLVLRQ)RUXQGDWHGUHIHUHQFHVWKH
ODWHVWHGLWLRQRIWKHSXEOLFDWLRQUHIHUUHGWRDSSOLHV
SU(1
:DWHUWXEHERLOHUVDQGDX[LOLDU\LQVWDOODWLRQV3DUW*HQHUDO
SU(1
:DWHUWXEHERLOHUVDQGDX[LOLDU\LQVWDOODWLRQV3DUW'HVLJQDQGFDOFXODWLRQIRUSUHVVXUHSDUWV

'HILQLWLRQV
)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVVWDQGDUGWKHGHILQLWLRQVJLYHQLQSU(1DSSO\

6\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV
)RUWKHSXUSRVHVRIWKLVVWDQGDUGWKHV\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQVLQGLFDWHGLQWDEOHRISU(1
VKDOODSSO\

*HQHUDO
7KHFDOFXODWLRQVPD\EHFDUULHGRXWXVLQJWUDQVSRVHGGHVLJQHTXDWLRQV7KHPHDVXUHG DFWXDO ZDOOWKLFNQHVV
RIWKHFRPSRQHQWVVKDOOEHXVHGLQWKHFDOFXODWLRQVLHWDNLQJLQWRDFFRXQWDQ\ZDOOWKLFNQHVVUHGXFWLRQWKDW
PD\KDYHRFFXUUHGGXHWRFRUURVLRQRUHURVLRQGXULQJWKHVHUYLFHOLIHXSWRWKHWLPHRIWKHDQDO\VLVVHHRI
SU(1
2SHUDWLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH SUHVVXUH DQG HVSHFLDOO\ WKH PDJQLWXGH RI ORDG FKDQJHV RIWHQ GLIIHU IURP WKH
HVWLPDWLRQV XVHG IRU WKH GHVLJQ  7KXV WKHVH FDOFXODWLRQV PD\ KHOS WR SUHYHQW XQH[SHFWHG HDUO\ IDLOXUH RI
FRPSRQHQWV  7KH UHVXOWV PD\ EH XVHG DV D JXLGHOLQH IRU WKH GHFLVLRQ WR LQVSHFW D FRPSRQHQW IRU IDWLJXH
FUDFNVRUWRLQVSHFWIRUFUHHSSRUHVE\WKHUHSOLFDPHWKRGRUDQ\RWKHUVXLWDEOHPHWKRG
127(,QVRPHFDVHVWKHLQIOXHQFHRIERWKFUHHSDQGIDWLJXHGDPDJHZLOOEHVLJQLILFDQW,WLVQRUPDOO\
FRQVHUYDWLYHWR FRPELQH WKHFUHHSDQG IDWLJXH GDPDJH PHFKDQLVPV E\ DGGLQJ WKH FDOFXODWHG XVDJH
IDFWRUV,IQHFHVVDU\PRUHGHWDLOHGPHWKRGVRIDVVHVVPHQWPD\EHXVHG VHH>@3'3XEOLVKHG
E\%ULWLVK6WDQGDUGV,QVWLWXWLRQ/RQGRQ8. 7KXVWKHFRPSRQHQWVDUHQRWQHFHVVDULO\WREHUHSODFHG
LIWKHFDOFXODWHGXVDJHIDFWRUH[FHHGVWKHYDOXHRI
7KHKLJKHVWORDGHGFRPSRQHQWVVKDOOEHFKRVHQIRUPRQLWRULQJSXUSRVHV

&DOFXODWLRQV
$QQH[$GHVFULEHVWKHFUHHSGDPDJHFDOFXODWLRQ$QQH[%GHVFULEHVWKHIDWLJXHGDPDJHFDOFXODWLRQ

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 5

(1

$QQH[$

LQIRUPDWLYH
&DOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHFUHHSGDPDJH
$*HQHUDO
7KLVDQQH[GHVFULEHVDSURFHGXUHIRU FDOFXODWLQJWKHFUHHSGDPDJHRIERLOHUDQG PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV GXULQJ
RSHUDWLRQ,WLVEDVHGRQPHDVXUHGYDOXHVRISUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUHIURPZKLFKWKHDFWXDOSULPDU\VWUHVV
DQGWKHH[SHFWHGOLIHWLPHDWWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVPD\EHGHWHUPLQHG
'HVLJQ OLIHWLPH LV QRW QHFHVVDULO\ LGHQWLFDO ZLWK WKH RSHUDWLQJ OLIHWLPH ,W LV WKHUHIRUH QHFHVVDU\ WR PDNH
SURMHFWLRQVDWYDULRXVVWDJHVWKURXJKRXWWKHRSHUDWLQJOLIHWLPHRIWKHERLOHUWRGHWHUPLQHLWVH[SHFWHGOLIHWLPH

$6\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV
,QDGGLWLRQWRWKHV\PEROVJLYHQWDEOHRISU(1WKHV\PEROVJLYHQLQWDEOH$DSSO\
7DEOH$6\PEROV
6\PERO

'HVFULSWLRQ

8QLW
1PP

IRS

0HPEUDQHVWUHVVDWRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV

7RS

2SHUDWHGWLPHDWRSHUDWLQJFRQGLWLRQV

7DO

7LPHWRUHDFKWKHWKHRUHWLFDOUXSWXUHE\FUHHS

'F

&UHHSGDPDJH

$&DOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHOLIHWLPHDQGFUHHSGDPDJH
$ *HQHUDO
7KHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHXVDJHIDFWRUGXHWRFUHHSLVDPHWKRGWKDWUHWURVSHFWLYHO\WDNHVLQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKH
SUHYLRXVPRGHVRIRSHUDWLRQ,WLVFDUULHGRXWIRUKLJKO\ORDGHGFRPSRQHQWVRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHPHDVXUHG
RSHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUHVDQGJDXJHSUHVVXUHV
,QRUGHUWROLPLWWKHQXPEHURIWKHUHTXLUHGFDOFXODWLRQVDQGWRPRUHFOHDUO\SUHVHQWWKHUHVXOWVWKHSUHVVXUH
DQG WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH RYHU ZKLFK WKH FRPSRQHQW KDV EHHQ RSHUDWHG VKDOO EH EURNHQ GRZQ LQWR
LQFUHPHQWV
7KHPHPEUDQHVWUHVVIRSDWWKHKLJKHVWORDGHGSRLQWLQWKHFRPSRQHQWVKDOOEHREWDLQHGE\WUDQVSRVLQJWKH
GHVLJQ IRUPXOD XVLQJ WKH PHDQ SUHVVXUH RI HDFK SUHVVXUH LQFUHPHQW ,I WKH RSHUDWLQJ SUHVVXUH LV QRW
PHDVXUHG FRQWLQXRXVO\ GXULQJ RSHUDWLRQ WKH VHSDUDWLRQ LQWR LQFUHPHQWV LV QRW YDOLG DQG XQGHU VXFK
FLUFXPVWDQFHV WKH RSHUDWLQJ SUHVVXUH IRU  ORDG PD\ EH XVHG WKXV UHVXOWLQJ LQ PRUH FRQVHUYDWLYH
SUHGLFWLRQV,IDYDLODEOHWKHPHDVXUHGPLQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVVPD\EHXVHG,IWKLVZDVQRWPHDVXUHGWKH
JXDUDQWHHGPLQLPXPZDOOWKLFNQHVVRIWKHPDWHULDODVGHOLYHUHGVKDOOEHXVHG
7KH WKHRUHWLFDO OLIHWLPH 7DO VKDOO EH FDOFXODWHG IRU HDFK UDWLQJ WHPSHUDWXUHSUHVVXUH $FFRUGLQJ WR
ILJXUH$ 7DO LV REWDLQHG DW WKH LQWHUVHFWLRQ RI WKH VWUHVV OLQH IRS DQG WKH ORZHU OLPLW FXUYH RI WKH VFDWWHU
EDQGRIWKHFUHHSUXSWXUHVWUHQJWK 5P7WF DWWKHPHDQWHPSHUDWXUHRIHDFKWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHPHQW
7KHUHVSHFWLYHSRUWLRQRIWKHFUHHSGDPDJHD'FLNIRUHDFKLQFUHPHQWDOWHPSHUDWXUHSUHVVXUHLVREWDLQHGE\
WKH UDWLR RI WKH RSHUDWLQJ WLPH 7RS IRU WKLV LQFUHPHQW GLYLGHG E\ WKH WKHRUHWLFDO OLIHWLPH 7DO IRU WKH VDPH
LQFUHPHQW

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 6

(1

)LJXUH$'LDJUDPIRUWKHGHWHUPLQDWLRQRI7DO
7KH RSHUDWLQJ WLPHV LQ WKH WHPSHUDWXUHSUHVVXUH LQFUHPHQW VKDOO EH VXPPDUL]HG WDNLQJ LQWR DFFRXQW WKH
WHPSHUDWXUHDOORZDQFHVIRUPHDVXULQJXQFHUWDLQWLHVDQGIRUWHPSHUDWXUHDV\PPHWULHVLQGXHFRQVLGHUDWLRQDW
WKLVFODVVLILFDWLRQ
7KHXVDJHSRUWLRQIRUHDFKLQFUHPHQWLVJLYHQE\

D'FL N =

7RS
7DO

$

7KHFUHHSGDPDJH'FGXULQJWKHHYDOXDWHGSHULRGVKDOOEHREWDLQHGIURPWKHOLQHDUGDPDJHUXOHE\VXPPLQJ
XSWKHYDOXHVD'FLNIRUDOOWHPSHUDWXUHLQFUHPHQWVDQGLIDQ\SUHVVXUHDVIROORZV

'F = 'FL N
L N

$

$2QOLQHFRPSXWHUL]HGGDWDVWRUDJH
,QWKHFDVHRIRQOLQHGDWDVWRUDJHE\PHDQVRIDGDWDSURFHVVLQJV\VWHPDVHSDUDWLRQLQWRLQFUHPHQWVPD\EH
ZDLYHG)RUFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHWKHRUHWLFDOOLIHWLPH7DOWKHRQOLQHPHDVXUHGYDOXHVRISUHVVXUHDQGWHPSHUDWXUH
LQFOXGLQJWKHDERYHPHQWLRQHGDOORZDQFHVVKDOOEHXVHGLQVWHDGRIWKHPHDQYDOXHVRIWKHLQFUHPHQWV7KH
LQFUHDVHRIFUHHSGDPDJHLVREWDLQHGLQWKLVFDVHIURPWKHPHDVXUHGWLPHGLYLGHGE\WKHWKHRUHWLFDOOLIHWLPH
VHHWDEOH$DQG$ 
7KHFRPSXWHUSURJUDPXVHGVKDOOSHUPLWWKHUHVXOWVWREHYHULILHGE\DWOHDVWDUDQGRPWHVW

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 7

(1
7DEOH$6XPPDWLRQRIGDWDIRUWKHFDOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHFUHHSGDPDJH
8VHUDQGERLOHUSODQW
3RZHUVWDWLRQ
%RLOHU
:RUNV1R
<HDUEXLOW

;<
;<




0D[LPXPDOORZDEOHSUHVVXUH
6XSHUKHDWHGVWHDPWHPSHUDWXUH
6WHDPRXWSXW

+3EDU
+3&
WK


1R


&RPSRQHQW
0DWHULDO6WHHOJURXS



+3OLQH
&U0R




D


E

5HKHDWHUEDU
5HKHDWHU&










HV

HUV

SF

WR

WF

IDS

7DO

PP


PP


PP


EDU


&


&


1PP K



$
%

6XSHUKHDWHU
KHDGHU
&U0R

$
%



















6XSHUKHDWHU
RXWOHWOLQH
&U0R

$
%



















6XSHUKHDWHU
RXWOHWKHDGHU
&U0R

$
%



















)LWWLQJDWFRQWURO
0R

$
%















!



6XSHUKHDWHU
RXWOHWOLQH
0R

$
%















!



6XSHUKHDWHU
RXWOHWKHDGHU
0R

$
%















!

&ROXPQ
P
Q

&ROXPQ $
%

7HPSHUDWXUHDOORZDQFHVDFFRUGLQJWRWDEOHRISU(1
XQKHDWHG PL[HGRUFRQWUROOHG &
XQKHDWHG &
1RPLQDORUGHVLJQYDOXHV
2SHUDWLRQDORUDFWXDOYDOXHV

&ROXPQL,QVLGHGLDPHWHU
R
2XWVLGHGLDPHWHU

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 8

(1
7DEOH$6XPPDWLRQRIGDWDIRUWKHFDOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHFUHHSGDPDJH
8VHUDQGERLOHUSODQW
3RZHUVWDWLRQ
%RLOHU
:RUNV1R
&RPSRQHQW
&RPPLVVLRQLQJ
0DWHULDO
&DOFXODWLRQSUHVVXUHSF
0HDQZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHWF
6WUHVVDWSF
(YDOXDWHGSHULRG


(YDOX
DWLRQ
UDQJH

$WRXWOHWRIFRPSRQHQW

W

;<
;<


&RQQHFWLQJ SLSHV EHWZHHQ SULPDU\ VXSHUKHDWHU DQG VHFRQGDU\
VXSHUKHDWHU


6WHHOJURXS &U0R
EDU
&
1PP
IURPWR


2SHUD 2SHUDWLQJ 5HODWHGWRPHDQ


WLQJ
WHPSHUDWXUH ZDOOWHPSHUDWXUH
SUHVVXUH

(ODSVHG
RSHUDWLQJWLPH

&UHHSGDPDJH
IRUHYDOXDWHG
SHULRG

SF

WF

7DO

7RS

'F

EDU

&

K



















 











Sum for
evaluatedSHULRG





6XPSULRUWR
HYDOXDWHGSHULRG





7RWDO





IURPWRPHDQ
&











   









%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 9

(1

$QQH[%
LQIRUPDWLYH
&DOFXODWLRQRILQVHUYLFHIDWLJXHGDPDJH
%*HQHUDO
7KLVDQQH[GHVFULEHVDSURFHGXUHIRUFDOFXODWLQJWKHORZF\FOHIDWLJXHGDPDJHRIERLOHUFRPSRQHQWVGXULQJ
RSHUDWLRQ ,W LV EDVHG RQ PHDVXUHG YDOXHV RI WHPSHUDWXUH WHPSHUDWXUH GLIIHUHQFH SUHVVXUH VWUDLQ
GLVSODFHPHQWHWFIURPZKLFKWKHDFWXDOVWUHVVPD\EHGHWHUPLQHG
,QRUGHUWRFDUU\RXWWKLVDQDO\VLVLWLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWDFRPSXWHUL]HGGDWDORJJLQJV\VWHPVKDOOEHHPSOR\HG

%6\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV
,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKH V\PEROV VKRZQ LQ WDEOH RI SU(1 DQG  DQG % RI
SU(1WKHIROORZLQJV\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQVRIWDEOH%VKDOOEHXVHG
7DEOH%6\PEROVDQGDEEUHYLDWLRQV
6\PERO

'HVFULSWLRQ

8QLW

6WUDLQ

6WUHVV

1PP

ss

6XFFHVVLYHYDOXHVRIs

1PP

5HODWLYHH[WUHPHYDOXHRIWKHVWUHVV PD[LPXPRUPLQLPXP

1PP

[[

6XFFHVVLYHYDOXHVRI[

1PP

VKDOOEHDOWHUQDWLQJPD[LPDRUPLQLPD

D[H

8SSHUOLPLWRIVWUHVVUDQJHWKDWGRHVQRWFDXVHIDWLJXHGDPDJH

1PP

HODVWLFVWUHVVUDQJH1PPGHSHQGVRQPDWHULDODQGWHPSHUDWXUH
/&

%RROHDQ9DOXH
/& WUXHWKHUHLVDORDGF\FOH
/& IDOVHWKHUHLVQRORDGF\FOH

%&DOFXODWLRQRIVWUHVVGXHWRIDWLJXH
%*HQHUDO
)DWLJXH LV D SKHQRPHQRQ RI PDWHULDO IDLOXUH WKDW RFFXUV DV D UHVXOW RI UHSHDWHG YDULDWLRQV RI WKH VWUHVV
7KHUHIRUHWKHDFWXDOVWUHVVDWWKHKLJKO\ORDGHGSRLQWVRIWKHERLOHUFRPSRQHQWVZKHUHIDWLJXHLVH[SHFWHGWR
RFFXUVKDOOEHGHWHUPLQHGFRQWLQXRXVO\LQVKRUWWLPHVWHSV HJPLQXWHLQWHUYDOV IURPPHDVXUHGYDOXHVRI
SUHVVXUH S DQG WHPSHUDWXUH GLIIHUHQFHV DW HWF VR WKDW UHODWLYH PD[LPXPV DQG PLQLPD FDQ EH GHWHUPLQHG
ZLWKVXIILFLHQWDFFXUDF\

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 10

(1

%&RPSRQHQWRIF\OLQGULFDORUVSKHULFDOVKDSH
$QDORJRXV WR  RI SU(1 WKH DFWXDO VWUHVV DW WKH LQVLGH FRUQHU RI WKH ERUH RI D F\OLQGULFDO
FRPSRQHQWVLV

s = aP

G PV
b (
S + a W /W W DW
HPV
n

%

DQGIRUDVSKHULFDOFRPSRQHQW

s = a VS

G PV
b (
S + a W /W W DW
HPV
-n

%

127(7KHZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHDWLVQHJDWLYHLIWKHWHPSHUDWXUHLVLQFUHDVHG7KHGHILQLWLRQRI
DWLVJLYHQLQRISU(1

%2WKHUJHRPHWULFDOVKDSHV
7KHFDOFXODWLRQRIWKHVWUHVVVKDOOEHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKSU(1DQGLWVDQQH[%WRJHWKHUZLWKWKH
QRWFKIDFWRUVJLYHQWKHUHLQ

%'HWHFWLRQRIH[WUHPHYDOXHVRIVWUHVV
%*HQHUDO
7KHORZF\FOHIDWLJXHWKDWLVFDOFXODWHGLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKWKLVDQQH[LVQRWGHSHQGHQWRQWKHKROGLQJWLPHRI
WKHVWUHVVRURQWKHWLPHEHWZHHQWZRH[WUHPHYDOXHVRIWKHVWUHVV7KHVHHIIHFWVPD\EHQHJOHFWHG7KXVLW
LV VXIILFLHQW IRU WKHVH FDOFXODWLRQV WR GHWHFW DQG VWRUH WKH UHODWLYH H[WUHPHV RI WKH HTXLYDOHQW VWUHVV LQ WKHLU
FKURQRORJLFDOVHTXHQFH7KLVLVDYHU\HIIHFWLYHGDWDUHGXFWLRQPHWKRG+RZHYHULWLVQHFHVVDU\WRFDOFXODWH
WKH VWUHVV RQOLQH IURP WKH PHDVXUHG YDOXHV LI WKLV GDWD UHGXFLQJ SURFHGXUH LV WR EH DSSOLHG $IWHU HDFK
PHDVXUHPHQWDQGVWUHVVFDOFXODWLRQLWFDQEHGHWHUPLQHGIURPWKHODVWWKUHHYDOXHVsssZKHWKHUWKHODVW
EXWRQHYDOXHsZDVDUHODWLYHH[WUHPH,IWKH%RROHDQIRUPXOD
ssDQGss RU s!sDQGs!s

%

LVWUXHWKHQsZDVDUHODWLYHPD[LPXPRUDUHODWLYHPLQLPXPRIWKHHTXLYDOHQWVWUHVVDQGPD\EHVWRUHGLQ
WKHVHTXHQFHRIWKHH[WUHPHYDOXHV[L

%6WRUDJHRIH[WUHPHV
)RUWKHVXEVHTXHQWDQDO\VLVRIWKHVHTXHQFHRIH[WUHPHVLWLVDOVRQHFHVVDU\WRVWRUHWKHDFWXDOPHDVXUHG RI
RWKHUZLVHGHWHUPLQHG WHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHPDWHULDOVRWKDWWKHUHIHUHQFHWHPSHUDWXUHRIWKHDVVRFLDWHGORDG
F\FOH FDQ EH FDOFXODWHG )XUWKHUPRUH LW KDV EHHQ IRXQG XVHIXO DOVR WR VWRUH WKH PHDVXUHG YDOXHV RI WKH
RSHUDWLQJ SUHVVXUH DQG WKH WHPSHUDWXUH GLIIHUHQFH DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK WKHLU H[WUHPH DV ZHOO DV WKHLU GDWH DQG
WLPH7KHVHGDWHPD\KHOSWRH[SODLQLPSODXVLEOHUHVXOWV7KHQXPEHURIH[WUHPHVWKDWRFFXUSHUGD\RUSHU
ZHHNLVGHSHQGHQWRQWKHPRGHRIRSHUDWLRQ EDVLFRUSHDNORDG )XUWKHUPRUHWKHQXPEHURIH[WUHPHVPD\
GLIIHUIRUGLIIHUHQWFRPSRQHQWV
127($VSUD\DWWHPSHUDWRUPD\EHVXEMHFWWRILYHRUPRUHODUJHORDGF\FOHVSHUKRXU7KHKRWVWHDP
KHDGHURIWKHVDPHERLOHUPD\QRWHYHQKDYHRQHORDGF\FOHSHUGD\$GHTXDWHGDWDVWRUDJHFDSDFLW\
VKRXOGWKHUHIRUHEHLQVWDOOHG

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 11

(1

%(OLPLQDWLRQRIH[WUHPHVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVPDOOORDGF\FOHV
,I D ERLOHU LV RSHUDWHG DW FRQVWDQW ORDG D ODUJH QXPEHU RI UHODWLYH H[WUHPHV PD\ RFFXU DV D UHVXOW RI VPDOO
YDULDWLRQVDQGWKHVFDWWHURIWKHPHDVXUHGYDOXHV6XFKYDULDWLRQVGRQRWFDXVHIDWLJXHDQGWKHDVVRFLDWHG
H[WUHPHVPD\EHGHOHWHGIURPWKHVHTXHQFH,IWKHYDOXHRIWKHODVWH[WUHPHLVEHWZHHQWKHYDOXHVRIWKHODVW
EXW RQH DQG WKH ODVW EXW WZR H[WUHPH DQG LI WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WKH ODVW EXW RQH DQG WKH ODVW EXW WZR
H[WUHPH LV VPDOOHU WKDQ WKH HODVWLF UDQJH D[H WKHQ WKH ODVW H[WUHPH DQG WKH ODVW EXW RQH H[WUHPH PD\ EH
GHOHWHGIURPWKHVHTXHQFH0DWKHPDWLFDOO\H[SUHVVHG
,IWKH%RROHDQIRUPXOD
^ [[DQG[[ RU [![DQG[[ `DQG^[[D[H`

%

DUHWUXHWKHQ[DQG[PD\EHGHOHWHGIURPWKHVHTXHQFHRIH[WUHPHV7KLVLVDOVRDYHU\HIIHFWLYHGDWD
UHGXFWLRQPHWKRG

%'HWHFWLRQRIORDGF\FOHV
7KHEDVLVSURFHVVRIORDGF\FOHFRXQWLQJVKDOOEHWKHUDQJHSDLUPHWKRG  VHH>@>@ 
$FFRUGLQJ WR WKLV PHWKRG D ORDG F\FOH KDV WDNHQ SODFH ZKHQ D K\VWHUHVLV ORRS LQ WKH VWUHVV YHUVXV VWUDLQ
GLDJUDPLVFORVHG VHHILJXUH% 

)LJXUH%6WUHVV6WUDLQ%HKDYLRXUDFFRUGLQJWR'RZOLQJ>@

1)

The rain-flow-load cycle counting is based on this method and may also be used, see figure B-5.

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 12

(1
:KHWKHURUQRWDORDGF\FOHKDVWDNHQSODFHFDQEHGHWHFWHGIURPWKHVHTXHQFHRIDOOUHODWLYHH[WUHPHV
,I D VWUDLQ UDQJH DV ZHOO DV D VWUHVV UDQJH  LV LQWHUUXSWHG E\ D VPDOOHU UDQJH LQ WKH RSSRVLWH GLUHFWLRQ WKLV
VPDOOHU UDQJH ZLOO FDXVH D FORVHG K\VWHUHVLV ORRS LQ WKH VWUHVV YHUVXV VWUDLQ GLDJUDP  7KH WZR FRQFHUQHG
H[WUHPHVFRQILJXUHDORDGF\FOH VHHILJXUH% 

.H\
D &ROGVWDUWXS
E /RDGUHGXFWLRQ
F 6KXWGRZQ
)LJXUH%6FKHPDWLF6WUHVV6WUDLQ%HKDYLRXUDQG/RDG&\FOH&RXQWLQJ
7KHPDWKHPDWLFDOSURFHGXUHWRGHWHFWORDGF\FOHVIURPWKHVHTXHQFHRIDOOUHODWLYHH[WUHPHVLVDVIROORZV
$OO VHTXHQFHV RI IRXU VXFFHHGLQJ UHODWLYH H[WUHPHV [ [ [ [ DUH DQDO\VHG E\ WKH %RROHDQ IRUPXOD
VHHILJXUH% 
[![DQG[[DQG[[ RU [[DQG[[DQG[[

%

,IWKHIRUPXODLVWUXHWKHQWKHH[WUHPHV[DQG[FRQILJXUHDORDGF\FOHWKDWVKDOOEHFODVVLILHGDFFRUGLQJWR
%DQGDGGHGXSLQWKHDUUD\RIFODVVLILHGORDGF\FOHV VHHILJXUH% /RDGF\FOHVZLWKDUDQJHVPDOOHUWKDQ
WKHHODVWLFUDQJHD[H1PPQHHGQRWEHLQFOXGHG7KHDVVRFLDWHGH[WUHPHV[DQG[RIWKHGHWHFWHG
ORDGF\FOHVKDOOEHGHOHWHGIURPWKHRYHUDOOVHTXHQFHRIH[WUHPHV

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 13

(1

/&  [![DQG[[DQG[[ RU [[DQG[[DQG[[


)LJXUH%&ULWHULRQIRUD/RDG&\FOHZLWKDUDQJHDI [[
DWWKH5DQJH3DLUDQGDWWKH5DLQ)ORZ0HWKRG
7KH SURFHGXUH IRU ORDG F\FOH GHWHFWLRQ FODVVLILFDWLRQ DQG GHOHWLRQ RI WKH DVVRFLDWHG H[WUHPHV VKDOO EH
UHSHDWHGXQWLOWKHUHLVQRIXUWKHUORDGF\FOHIRXQGLQWKHZKROHVHTXHQFHRIH[WUHPHV VHHILJXUH% 

.H\
D 5HPDLQLQJVHTXHQFHIURPIRUPHUH[WUHPHV
E 1HZH[WUHPHV
F 1HZUHPDLQLQJVHTXHQFHRIH[WUHPHV
)LJXUH%([DPSOHIRU/RDG&\FOH&RXQWLQJ

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 14

(1

%5HPDLQLQJVHTXHQFHRIUHODWLYHH[WUHPHV 56(
$ VHTXHQFH WKDW GRHV QRW FRQWDLQ FORVHG ORDG F\FOHV LV FDOOHG 5HPDLQLQJ 6HTXHQFH RI ([WUHPHV 56( 
$56(LV DOZD\V FRPSRVHGRIDQRVFLOODWLRQZLWK DQ LQFUHDVLQJ DPSOLWXGH  IROORZHG E\ DQ RVFLOODWLRQ ZLWK D
GHFUHDVLQJ DPSOLWXGH7KH 56( PXVWQRW EH GHOHWHGEXW VKDOOEHWDNHQ LQWRDFFRXQWIRU IXUWKHU GHWHFWLRQ RI
ORDGF\FOHVDVVKRZQLQILJXUH%,IWKHORDGF\FOHGHWHFWLRQLVFDUULHGRXWRQOLQHRQO\WKHDFWXDO56(QHHG
EHVWRUHG
7KHIDWLJXHFDXVHGE\D56(FDQQRWEHFDOFXODWHGLQWKHVDPHZD\DVWKHIDWLJXH FDXVHGE\WKHGHWHFWHG
ORDGF\FOHV+RZHYHULWFDQEHHVWLPDWHG
D 7KH56(LVQHJOHFWHGGXULQJWKHIDWLJXHFDOFXODWLRQ:KDWUHPDLQVLVWKHSXUHUDQJHSDLUPHWKRGDFFRUGLQJ
WRILJXUH%DQGILJXUH%
E 7KHUDQJHVIURPH[WUHPHWRH[WUHPHDUHGHWHUPLQHGDVKDOIORDGF\FOHVDQGWKHUDQJHEHWZHHQWKHKLJKHVW
PD[LPXPDQGWKHORZHVWPLQLPXP LVGHWHUPLQHGDVRQH FRPSOHWHORDGF\FOH7KLV PHWKRGLVWKHUDLQIORZ
PHWKRG VHHILJXUH% 
F 7KH56(LVDVVXPHGWREHDQLQWHUUXSWRIDYHU\ODUJHUDQJHWKDWLVQRWGHWHUPLQHGLWVHOI,QWKLVFDVHWKH
56(FDQEHGHWHUPLQHGE\WKHUDQJHSDLUPHWKRG)XUWKHUPRUHWKHGHWHFWLRQRIORDGF\FOHVPD\EHDOZD\V
VLPSOLILHGDFFRUGLQJWRILJXUH%7KH56(FRQWDLQVMXVWWKHRVFLOODWLRQZLWKWKHGHFUHDVLQJDPSOLWXGHLQWKLV
FDVH7KLVLVDGHVLUDEOHGDWDUHGXFWLRQDQGWKHPHWKRGLVFRQILUPHGE\WKHSHUFHSWLRQWKDWWKHSDUWRIWKH
56(ZLWKWKHLQFUHDVLQJDPSOLWXGHFDQQRWLQIOXHQFHWKHIXUWKHUGHWHFWLRQRIORDGF\FOHV
G 6WDUWLQJ DW WKH JUHDWHVW GLIIHUHQFH LQ WKH 56( WKH SUHFHGLQJ DQG WKH VXFFHHGLQJ SDLUV RI H[WUHPHV
UHVSHFWLYHRQHPLQLPXPDQGRQHPD[LPXP DUHGHWHUPLQHGDVDORDGF\FOH
H 7KHJUHDWHVWGLIIHUHQFHLVGHWHUPLQHGDVDORDGF\FOH7KHQWKHDVVRFLDWHGH[WUHPHVDUHGHOHWHGDQGDJDLQ
WKHUHPDLQLQJJUHDWHVWGLIIHUHQFHLVGHWHUPLQHGDVDORDGF\FOHDQGVRRQ7KHRULJLQDO56(PXVWEHVWRUHG
VRWKDWLWFDQEHXVHGIRUIXUWKHUORDGF\FOHFRXQWLQJ
$OOWKHVHSRVVLELOLWLHVDUHVKRZQLQILJXUH%,QDOOFDVHVWKHVDPH56(KDVEHHQXVHG7KHQXPEHUDQG
VL]H RI H[WUHPHV KHUHLQ LV UHDOLVWLF  )RU D PDWHULDO ZLWK D \LHOG VWUHQJWK 1PP D UXSWXUH VWUHQJWK
1PPDQGIRUDWHPSHUDWXUHRI&WKHGLIIHUHQWPHWKRGVUHVXOWLQWKHIROORZLQJIDWLJXHIURPWKH56(
LQWDEOH%
7DEOH%)DWLJXHYDOXHV
PHWKRG

IDWLJXH SHUFHQWRIOLIHWLPH











2)

It can be proved that the relative extremes in the first part of the RSE with the increasing
amplitude will never be found to associate with a load cycle. Only the extremes in the second part,
with the decreasing amplitude inclusive of the highest maximum and lowest minimum in the middle of
the RSE, can be a part of further load cycle.

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 15

(1

)LJXUH%3RVVLELOLWLHVIRUHVWLPDWLQJWKHYDOXHVRIWKH5HPDLQLQJ6HTXHQFHRI([WUHPHV 56(

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 16

(1

/&  [![DQG[![ RU [[DQG[[


)LJXUH%&ULWHULRQIRU/RDG&\FOH&RXQWLQJXVLQJPHWKRGF

%/LPLWDWLRQRIWKHQXPEHURIWKHUHPDLQLQJH[WUHPHV
8VLQJ WKH GHVFULEHG ORDG F\FOH GHWHFWLRQ WKH QXPEHU RI UHPDLQLQJ H[WUHPHV LV QRW OLPLWHG EHFDXVH WKH
GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ VXFFHHGLQJ PD[LPD DQG WKH GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ VXFFHHGLQJ PLQLPD PD\ EH VPDOO
DQ\ZD\+RZHYHUIRURQOLQHORDGF\FOHGHWHFWLRQDOLPLWHGOHQJWKRIWKH56(PD\EHGHVLUDEOH
2QH SRVVLELOLW\ LV WR OLPLW WKH OHQJWK RI WKH 56( HJ WR  H[WUHPHV ,I WKH VW H[WUHPH LV GHWHFWHG WKH
VPDOOHVW GLIIHUHQFH EHWZHHQ WZR VXFFHHGLQJ PD[LPD RU WZR VXFFHHGLQJ PLQLPD LQ WKH 56( LV ORFDWHG $
PD[LPXP DQG D PLQLPXP DW WKLV SRVLWLRQ LV FRXQWHG DV D ORDG F\FOH DQG WKH DVVRFLDWHG WZR H[WUHPHV DUH
GHOHWHG IURP WKH 56( 7KXV WKHUH LV VSDFH IRU WZR QHZ H[WUHPHV WR EH GHWHFWHG DQG VWRUHG  3UDFWLFDO
H[SHULHQFH VKRZV WKDW WKH QXPEHU RI H[WUHPHV LV PRVWO\ DERXW  0RUH WKDQ  H[WUHPHV KDYH QRW EHHQ
REVHUYHGLIWKHORDGF\FOHGHWHFWLRQIROORZVPHWKRGF DQGILJXUH%DQGLIH[WUHPHVWKDWDUHDVVRFLDWHGZLWK
ORDGF\FOHVEHORZWKHHODVWLFUDQJHRIDERXW1PPDUHQRWVWRUHGLQWKH56(

%&ODVVLILFDWLRQRIORDGF\FOHV
7KHGHWHFWHGORDGF\FOHVVKDOOEHFRXQWHGLQFODVVHVRIWKHVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHIDDQGWKHUHIHUHQFHWHPSHUDWXUH
W DVVKRZQLQWDEOH% 7KHFODVVOLPLWVVKRZQKHUHLQDUHMXVWDQH[DPSOH 
7KHUHIHUHQFHVWUHVVDPSOLWXGHIYD VHHSU(1DQQH[%HTXDWLRQV % DQG % LV
IYD [[

%

7KHFDOFXODWLRQWRGHWHUPLQHIDIURPIYDVKDOOEHLQDFFRUGDQFHZLWKDQQH[%RISU(1
7KHUHIHUHQFHWHPSHUDWXUHIRUDORDGF\FOHVKDOOEHFDOFXODWHGE\
W  0D[^W [ W [ `0LQ^W [ W [ `

%

:KHUHW [L LVWKHPDWHULDOWHPSHUDWXUHPHDVXUHGDWWKHVDPHWLPHDVWKHH[WUHPHYDOXH[L

%6,

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 17

(1
7DEOH%)DWLJXHFDOFXODWLRQIURPFODVVLILHGORDGF\FOHV
8VHUDQGERLOHUSODQW
3RZHUVWDWLRQ
%RLOHU
:RUNV1R
&RPSRQHQW
0DWHULDO
2SHUDWLQJSUHVVXUH
2SHUDWLQJWHPSHUDWXUH
2SHUDWLQJPHPEUDQHVWUHVV
2XWVLGHGLDPHWHU
:DOOWKLFNQHVV
&DOFXODWLRQDWDULWKPHWLFPHDQRIHDFKFODVV
'DWH

;<
;<


UHKHDWHUKHDGHU
6WHHOJURXS &U0R
1PP
&
1PP
PP
PP


ID

1PP

&

')N
N

























QN













1N















QN













1N















QN











1N















QN











1N















QN











1N















QN









1N















QN









1N















QN







1N

























')N =
L

%6,

Q LN
1 LN



Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Page 18

(1

%&DOFXODWLRQRIIDWLJXHGDPDJH
7KHIDWLJXHWKDWUHVXOWVIURPHDFKFODVVLNRIORDGF\FOHVLV

D')LN QLN1LN

%

ZKHUH
QLN
1LN

FRXQWHGQXPEHURIORDGF\FOHVLQFODVVLN
DOORZDEOHQXPEHURIORDGF\FOHVLQFODVVLN

1L NVKDOOEHFDOFXODWHGDFFRUGLQJWRILJXUH%RIDQQH[%RISU(17KHXVHGYDOXHVIRUID
DQGW PD\EHWKHDYHUDJHEHWZHHQWKHFODVVOLPLWV7KHW\SHRIDYHUDJLQJ DULWKPHWLFORJDULWKPLF VKDOOEH
QRWHGRQWKHFDOFXODWLRQVKHHW
7KHWRWDOIDWLJXHGDPDJHLV

') = ') 56( + ') LN


L

%

ZKHUH


')56( WKHIDWLJXHGDPDJHFDXVHGE\WKH56(

%$FFXUDF\DQGSODXVLELOLW\RIPHDVXUHGYDOXHV
7KH DFFXUDF\ RI WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI SUHVVXUH WKURXJKWKH ZDOOWHPSHUDWXUH GLIIHUHQFH DQG RWKHU YDOXHV
WKDWDUHGLUHFWO\SURSRUWLRQDOWRWKHVWUHVVVKDOOEHZLWKLQWKHOLPLWRI7KHPHDVXUHPHQWRIWHPSHUDWXUH
GLIIHUHQFH LV HVSHFLDOO\ FULWLFDO 7KH PHDVXULQJ HTXLSPHQW LWVHOI VKDOO EH RUGHUHG ZLWK D JXDUDQWHHG
DFFXUDF\+RZHYHUIXUWKHUHUURUVRIWKHPHDVXUHGWHPSHUDWXUHPD\RFFXU([FHOOHQWKHDWWUDQVIHUFRQWDFW
LV UHTXLUHG EHWZHHQ WKH PDWHULDO DQG WKH WLS RI WKH WKHUPRFRXSOH ,I WKH PHDVXUHPHQW RI WKH WKURXJKWKH
ZDOOWHPSHUDWXUHGLIIHUHQFHFDQQRWEHLPSURYHGWRD VDWLVIDFWRU\ DFFXUDF\ LW VKRXOG EH FDOFXODWHG RQOLQH
IURP WKH VHTXHQFH RI PHDVXUHG WHPSHUDWXUHV 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH LWVHOI KDV RQO\ D VOLJKW LQIOXHQFH RQ WKH
UHVXOWRIIDWLJXHFDOFXODWLRQV$QDFFXUDF\RI.ZLOOEHVXIILFLHQW
7KHSODXVLELOLW\RIPHDVXUHGYDOXHVWKDWDUHGHWHUPLQHGIRUDIDWLJXHFDOFXODWLRQLQDXWRPDWLFFRPSXWHUL]HG
SODQWV VKDOO EH WHVWHG 7KH VLPSOHVW PHWKRG LV WR HVWDEOLVK OLPLWV IRU WKH YDOXH DQG OLPLWV IRU WKH WUDQVLHQW
$OVRDV\VWHPRIFRPSDULVRQZLWKRWKHUPHDVXUHGYDOXHVVKRXOGEHLQVWDOOHGLISRVVLEOH

%LEOLRJUDSK\
>@

3'*XLGHWRPHWKRGVIRUWKHDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHLQIOXHQFHRIFUDFNJURZWKRQWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRI
GHIHFWVLQFRPSRQHQWVRSHUDWLQJDWKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHV

>@

'RZOLQJ1()DWLJXH/LIHDQG,QHODVWLF6WUDLQ5HVSRQVHXQGHU&RPSOH[+LVWRULHVIRUDQ$OOR\6WHHO
-RXUQDORI7HVWLQJDQG(YDOXDWLRQ9RO1R-XO\SS

>@

9G7h90HUNEODWW'DPSINHVVHO9HUODJ7h95KHLQODQG.|OQ

%6,

blank

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

Licensed Copy: Institute Of Technology Tallaght, Institute of Technology, Thu Aug 23 10:13:58 GMT+00:00 2007, Uncontrolled Copy, (c) BSI

BS EN
12952-4:2000

BSI
389 Chiswick High Road
London
W4 4AL

|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|

BSI British Standards Institution


BSI is the independent national body responsible for preparing British Standards. It
presents the UK view on standards in Europe and at the international level. It is
incorporated by Royal Charter.
Revisions
British Standards are updated by amendment or revision. Users of British Standards
should make sure that they possess the latest amendments or editions.
It is the constant aim of BSI to improve the quality of our products and services. We
would be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this
British Standard would inform the Secretary of the technical committee responsible,
the identity of which can be found on the inside front cover. Tel: 020 8996 9000.
Fax: 020 8996 7400.
BSI offers members an individual updating service called PLUS which ensures that
subscribers automatically receive the latest editions of standards.
Buying standards
Orders for all BSI, international and foreign standards publications should be
addressed to Customer Services. Tel: 020 8996 9001. Fax: 020 8996 7001.
In response to orders for international standards, it is BSI policy to supply the BSI
implementation of those that have been published as British Standards, unless
otherwise requested.
Information on standards
BSI provides a wide range of information on national, European and international
standards through its Library and its Technical Help to Exporters Service. Various
BSI electronic information services are also available which give details on all its
products and services. Contact the Information Centre. Tel: 020 8996 7111.
Fax: 020 8996 7048.
Subscribing members of BSI are kept up to date with standards developments and
receive substantial discounts on the purchase price of standards. For details of
these and other benefits contact Membership Administration. Tel: 020 8996 7002.
Fax: 020 8996 7001.
Copyright
Copyright subsists in all BSI publications. BSI also holds the copyright, in the UK, of
the publications of the international standardization bodies. Except as permitted
under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 no extract may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise without prior written permission from BSI.
This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the standard, of
necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these
details are to be used for any other purpose than implementation then the prior
written permission of BSI must be obtained.
If permission is granted, the terms may include royalty payments or a licensing
agreement. Details and advice can be obtained from the Copyright Manager.
Tel: 020 8996 7070.

You might also like