EEE 25 Lec 1

Statistics and Data Analysis,
Probability
Week 01 Lecture 01
EEE 25: Probability and Statistics
for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

EEE 25: Probability and Statistics for E&E Engineers
Today
Errors in Measurement
Descriptive Statistics
Frequency Distribution
Stochastic Experiments
Events
Probabilities
Population vs. Sample

Population
Collection of all possible data
Sample
Subset of the population
Characteristics of the sample will vary depending on the
values and number of samples taken
Example
Battery lifetime in hours
Individuals who received a BS in engineering in the
previous academic year

Significant Figures
All the digits that are certain plus one digit which
contains some uncertainty are said to be significant
figures.
Examples:
1.00
0.25

0.05
Rounding Off
Rule 1: If the remainder beyond the last digit to be
reported is less than 5, drop the last digit.
Rule 2: If the remainder beyond the last digit is
greater than 5, increase the last digit by 1.
Rule 3: If the remainder is exactly 5, round off to the
closest even number.

Kinds of Errors
Determinate
can be attributed to definite causes
methodic, operative or instrumental
Example: weighing with uncalibrated weights
Indeterminate
cannot be attributed to any known cause

Accuracy and Precision

Accuracy is how closely a result agrees with the
true result
The smaller the error, the greater the accuracy
Precision refers to the agreement among a group of

experimental results.

* Image from http://googleimage.xyz/

accuracy-and-precision
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics
the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize
data in a meaningful way
a way of describing the characteristics of a large
collection of data by using a subset of it
Numerical summary values

Measure of central tendency
Measure of variability

Measures of Central Tendency

The mean of a set of data is their arithmetic
average.
Two flavors:
Population mean,
Sample mean
1 n
x = xi
n i =1
x =sample mean
n=number of observations in the sample
xi =the i - th observation in the sample

The median of a sample is the value of the middle
item when the items are arranged in increasing
order.
%
x(n+1) 2 ,
if n is odd
'
x! = & 1
' !" xn 2 + x(n 2)+1 #$, if n is even
( 2

10

The mode is the most common value in the sample.
If all values occur equally frequently, then there is
no mode.

11
Example
20
20
80
40
10
60
60
100
80
70
10
10
70
40
90
50
100
70
60
10
10
60
10
50
70
80
50
80
50
60
70
20
90
60
70
60
10
80
60
60
20
20
30
40
70
50
70
100
10
60
Mean
Median

Mode
12
Example
10
20
50
60
80
10
20
50
60
80
10
20
60
70
80
10
30
60
70
80
10
40
60
70
80
10
40
60
70
90
10
40
60
70
90
10
50
60
70
100
20
50
60
70
100
20
50
60
70
100
Mean
52.40
Median
60

Mode
60
13
Example
Mean
Median

Mode
14
Example
VALUE
FREQUENCY
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
7
4
4
1
7
9
7
4
7

15
Example
VALUE
FREQUENCY
VALUE FREQ
LAST POSITION
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
7
4
4
1
7
9
7
4
7
52
2
14
12
16
5
42
63
56
36
70
316
2
9
13
17
18
25
34
41
45
52

16
Example
Mean
6.08
Median

Mode
17
Measures of Variability
The measure of center reveals only partial
information about a data set
Example: same mean/median, different spread

* Image taken from Devore
18
The range of a sample is the difference between the
highest and the lowest values of data
Sensitive to outliers

19
Population variance, 2
N
( x )
2 =
i=1
Sample variance, s2
n
( x x )
s2 =
i=1

n 1
20
Sample Spaces and Events

An experiment is any activity or process whose
outcome is subject to uncertainty.
Examples
Selecting a card from a deck
Weighing a loaf of bread
Obtaining blood types from a group of people

21
Sample Spaces and Events

The sample space of an experiment is the set of all
possible outcomes of that experiment.
Discrete: elements are countable
Continuous: elements are uncountable
An event is any collection (subset) of outcomes

contained in the sample space.
We can use elementary set theory to study events.

22
Set Definitions
a is an element of set A, a A
a is not an element of A, a A
B is a subset of A, BA
B is a proper subset of A, BA
is a null set

23
Set Definitions
A = {x|0 x 1}
uncountable and infinite
B = {0,1}
countable and finite
N = {0,1,2,...}
countably infinite

24
Venn Diagram
S is the universal set

D is disjoint from the
other sets
BA
A C = shaded
region (intersection)

25
Set Operations
If A B and B A, then A = B (equal)
A B contains all elements in A that are not in B
(difference)
~A (or A) is the set of all elements not in A
(complement)

26
Set Operations
Commutative law
AB = B A
AB = B A
Distributive law
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C )
A ( B C ) = ( A B) ( A C )
Associative law
A ( B C ) = ( A B) C
A ( B C ) = ( A B) C
27
DeMorgans Law
( A B) = A B
( A B) = A B
Duality Principle: If, in an identity, one replaces
by , by , S by , by S, and the sets by their
complements, the identity is preserved.

28
Events
Description
An event is certain to occur
An event that is impossible
Event A does not occur
Both events A and B occur
Either A or B or both occurs
If A occurs then B must also
occur
A and B are disjoint

Notation using sets

S
~A
AB
AB
AB
AB=
29
Probability
Given an experiment and a sample space S, the
objective of probability is to assign to each event A
a number P(A), called the probability of the event
A, which will give a precise measure of the chance
that A will occur.

30
Axioms of Probability
AXIOM 1: For any event A , 1 P(A) 0 .
AXIOM 2: P(S) = 1.
AXIOM 3: If A1, A2, A3, is an infinite collection of
disjoint events, then
P ( A1 A2 A3 !) = P ( A1 ) + P ( A2 ) + P ( A3 ) +!

31
More Probability Properties
( )
P E = 1 P ( E )
S
E
x
y

32
P (E F ) = P (E) + P (F ) P (E F )
S
F
E
x
y
z

33
P ( E1 E2 E3) = P ( E1) + P ( E2 ) + P ( E3) P ( E1 E2 )

P ( E2 E3) P ( E3 E1)
+P ( E1 E2 E3)
S
E2
E1
a
d
j
g

c
f
E3
34
Example
A coin is tossed twice.
What is the sample space?
What is the probability that at least 1 head occurs?

35
Example
What is the probability of getting a total of 7 or 11
when a pair of fair dice is tossed?
What is the sample space?
Let event A = total is 7. What is P(A)?
Let event B = total is 11. What is P(B)?
What is P(A or B)?

36
Homework
A box contains three 9-V batteries and two 1.5-V
batteries. A second box contains three 1-k
resistors and seven 10-k resistors. The voltages
and resistances are exact.
A battery from the first box and a resistor from the
second box are picked at random. The two are
connected to form a working circuit.

37
Homework
What is the probability that the battery chosen is
9V?
What is the probability that the resistor chosen is
10k?
What is the probability that the current is equal to
1.5 mA?
What is the probability that the current through the
circuit is less than 1 mA?

38
Statistics and Data Analysis,

Probability
Week 01 Lecture 01
EEE 25: Probability and Statistics
for Electrical and Electronics Engineers

39

EEE 25 Lec 1

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Statistics and Data Analysis,

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Population vs. Sample

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Accuracy and Precision

Precision refers to the agreement among a group of

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

* Image from http://googleimage.xyz/

Numerical summary values

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Measures of Central Tendency

Measures of Central Tendency

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Measures of Central Tendency

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

* Image taken from Devore

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Sample Spaces and Events

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Sample Spaces and Events

An event is any collection (subset) of outcomes

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

S is the universal set

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Notation using sets

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

More Probability Properties

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

More Probability Properties

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

More Probability Properties

P ( E1 E2 E3) = P ( E1) + P ( E2 ) + P ( E3) P ( E1 E2 )

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

Statistics and Data Analysis,

Week 01 Lecture 01: Statistics & Data Analysis, Probability

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