Serial Murder and the Case of

Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer from

the Abnormal Psychology
Perspective.

Student: Alan Cummins, 1165236

Lecturer: Dr. Chris McLaughlin
Module: Abnormal Psychology, PSY386
 This paper discusses two components of abnormal psychopathology that are

illustrated in the case history of Jeffrey Dahmer (JD), namely antisocial personality disorder

and paraphilia, particularly necrophilia. The bio-psycho-social model will be using to explain

the causal factors that cause a child, coming from an outwardly normal family background, to

become a notorious murderer.

Serial Murder, Paraphilia, Antisocial Personality Disorder Defined

Before discussing the specific case of JD it is important to operationally define what

is meant by the various psychological and criminality terminology used, specifically what is

serial murder, antisocial personality disorder and the definition of necrophilia.

Serial murder is defined as a combination of the following: three or more separate

murders, an emotional cooling off period between homicides, murders taking place at

different locations, the relationship between the victim and perpetrator typically being that of

a stranger, the murders are sexual in nature, motive largely related to murder’s desire to have

power over his victim and that the perpetrator must be fully or partially culpable (Ressler,

1988, Holmes and DeBurger 1988, Egger 1990, Harbort and Mokrox, 2001, Pistorius, 1996,

Labuschagne, 2003). Within this general definition of serial murders research has been put

forth to classify sub-groups such as disorganised and organised offenders (Ressler &

Schachtman, 1992) and ego-syntonic and ego-dystonic classification as discussed in

Leibman, 1989.

Antisocial Personality Disorder is part of the general group of Personality disorders as

described in DSM-IV, namely Cluster B which includes Histrionic, Narcissistic, Antisocial

and Borderline personality disorders. Personality disorder is characterized by deeply

ingrained maladaptive patterns of behaviour that are perceptibly different in quality from

psychotic and neurotic symptoms. Generally, these are life-long patterns, often recognizable

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 2 of 19

by the time of adolescence or earlier. The term Antisocial personality is reserved for

individuals who are basically unsocialized and whose behaviour pattern brings them

repeatedly into conflict with society. They are incapable of significant loyalty to individuals,

groups, or social values. They are grossly selfish, callous, irresponsible, impulsive, and

unable to feel guilt or to learn from experience and punishment and have low tolerance for

frustration. They tend to blame others or offer plausible rationalizations for their behaviour.

Sexual deviations, as defined in the DSM-III, are for individuals whose sexual

interests are directed primarily toward objects other than people of the opposite sex, toward

sexual acts not usually associated with coitus, or toward coitus performed under bizarre

circumstances as in necrophilia, paedophilia, sexual sadism, and fetishism. Even though

many find their practices distasteful, they remain unable to substitute normal sexual

behaviour for them. Specifically necrophilia is described as the presence, over a period of six

months, of recurrent and intense urges and sexually arousing fantasies involving corpses

which are either acted upon or have been markedly distressing.

Case History of Jeffrey Lionel Dahmer

Nichols, 2006 presents a timeline of JD’s life pulling from testimony, news-paper

report and the family of JD. The case history presented here draws on these sources to give a

chronological recount of his life history and the major events therein with emphasis on

possible early social traumas and the various criminal activities that occurred. Jeffrey Lionel

Dahmer was born in Milwaukee on the 21st of May 1960. Soon after his mother, Annette

Joyce Flint was admitted to hospital for severe postpartum depression. The family moved

when his mother reported tense relationships with her husband’s mother, suggesting familial

discord from the off-set of JD’s life. This was to be one of six familial moves during JD’s

childhood. At age three and a half JD had a double hernia operation and complained to his

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 3 of 19

mother of severe pain in his abdomen and a fear of his penis being removed. His father

reported that JD was exuberant, outgoing, curious, would play with other kids and had a

fascination with animals. Aged four JD saw his father collecting dead mice from underneath

their property and was fascinated. Age six his brother David Lionel was born. Aged seven JD

began to turn from outgoing and talkative to shy and withdrawn. At age 8 his father, Lionel,

reported that JD had been molested by a neighbour, although this was denied. He began to

experiment with animals and at one point impaled a dog’s head in his parent’s property. His

mother was treated for anxiety when JD was ten years old. He began collecting road kill to

dissect and dismember in secret. At fourteen years of age he had obsessive thoughts about

violence and sex which he kept inside and unconscious. In high school he was described as

acting bizarre, ‘doing a Dahmer’ with no friendships and a polite aloofness to classmates. He

was a straight-A student and at other times failed, often fooling authority figures and he

ultimately became less interested in academics. He drank heavily and became an outcast who

was mocked heavily and disengaged from normal school social life and internalised and

fantasised instead. When JD was aged seventeen, his father filed for divorce and both parents

cited extreme cruelty and gross neglect in the marriage. A custody battle began for his

younger brother. JD was left on his own while his mother took his brother away and it was in

this period that he murdered his first victim, Steven Hicks at age eighteen, smashing his head,

strangling and dismembering the body and scattering the pulverised bones about his parent’s

property. Soon thereafter his parent’s divorce was finalised and his mother and younger

brother moved leaving him home alone with his father having previously moved out. In

September 1978 JD attended Ohio State University but after heavy drinking dropped out after

only three months. He enlisted in the U.S. Army and was again troubled by alcoholism

eventually settling into training to become a medical specialist. It was here, alongside

knowledge gained from his father who was a chemist, where JD learnt of the various drugs

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that he would ultimately use, in his many murders, to render his victims unconscious and

dispose of their bodies. Two years into his three year stint in the army he was discharged for

alcohol abuse. He moved into his grandmother’s house in 1981 and after being arrested for

indecent exposure in August, 1982 began to attend religious services with his grandmother

and read the bible. In 1985, after a period of two years working to stay sober and control his

fantasies, he was given a note in a public library by a man offering oral sex. Soon, thereafter

he stopped worshipping and returned to heavy drinking. He once more was arrested for lewd

and lascivious behaviour and indecent exposure after boys spotted him masturbating in 1986.

He was given one year’s probation and ordered to attend counselling. On the 21st of October

1987, some nine years after his first murder, he murdered his second victim Steven W. Tuomi

after picking him up in a gay bar. He murdered three victims, in total, while living with his

grandmother and in September 1988 moved to an apartment. He molested a 13 year old boy,

Sounthome Simthasomphone, and was arrested and charged with Second Degree Sexual

Assault and Enticing a Child for Immoral Purposes. He entered a House of Correction in

May, 1989 and was given work release to work in Ambrosia Chocolate Company. During

this period his father pleaded with the judge to force JD to attend treatment for alcoholism. In

May 1990 he moved to a new apartment and began to build a shrine to showcase the skulls

and body parts of his victims. JD’s rate of killing intensified and from May 1990 to July 1991

he murdered twelve more victims. These victims were coerced into his home, drugged and

killed with the lure of money, friendship or sexual relationships. He carried out experiments

using acid and hot water to attempt to turn some of the victims into zombies, dismembered

and ate others, photographed them in various states of decomposition, had sexual relations

with the bodies and kept various parts of their anatomy from skulls and hands to penises. On

the 22nd of July 1991 he attempted to murder Tracy Edwards, who managed to escaped and

alert the police. JD was charged with several counts of first degree intentional homicide and

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initially plead not guilty by reason of mental disease or defect. On the 27th of January 1992

his insanity trial began but he was found not insane. On February 17th 1992 he was convicted

and given fifteen consecutive life terms in prison. On the 28th of November, 1992 Dahmer

was bludgeoned to death by a fellow inmate, Christopher Scarver.

Loneliness, Depression and Antisocial Personality Disorder

JD declared that it was a ‘cop out to blame parents’ and there was ‘no right to blame

parents [they were] totally innocent’. The life history detailed above, taken in conjunction

with the previous research laid out below would give indication that from a social, biological

and psychological perspective this was not the case.

In the words of his father, Lionel, the ‘prospect of school frightened him. The little

boy who’d seemed so happy and self assured had been replaced by different person who was

now deeply shy, distant, nearly uncommunicative.’ As a child he had been social and

inquisitive but there is a suggestion that something traumatic diminished his self-esteem and

confidence. This could be due to his hospitalisation and Blom, 1958 has shown that operative

procedures in children can reach traumatic significance, especially in children under five, as

was the case with JD’s operation. JD also made reference to dreams of having his penis

removed or missing, Freud gives this sort of dream great signification in terms of the mental

development of the young child and its relation to the phallus, mother and the father. This can

be related psycho-dynamically to the malformation of the ego, super-ego and id but also to a

feeling of inadequacy and of something missing from the child compared to their peers and

care-givers. ‘More than anything he seemed to grow more inward, sitting quietly for long

periods, hardly stirring, his face oddly motionless.’

There is no indication that his parents physically or sexually abused JD while growing

up but in JD’s words, they were ‘constantly at each others throats’, Masters 1991, and the

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preoccupation with divorce, arguments, a mother laden down with anxiety and self-

preoccupation, a father who himself had admitted to being socially isolated and emotionally

inaccessible and the parents seeming indulgence in the younger child while leaving JD to find

his way points to important causal factors in JD’s ultimate dissociation and isolation from

reality. Early childhood in particular needs to bring with it positive experiences with parental

figures and with friends. These experiences foster a sense of attachment and security. Such an

environment was lacking in JD’s case. He felt lonely most of the time, even when in others

company and felt no one understood him (Nichols, 2006). These items from the Social

Alienation Scale reflect the effects of emotional deprivation that JD felt. His first grade

teacher reported that they felt he had being neglected, that the younger brother was the

recipient of much more attention. This could only heighten JD’s sense of isolation and his

impression that he was the unfavoured and unwanted child. Nichols’, 2006, use of the MMPI

scale indicated that JD saw himself as a loner and that this was a choice he made, having had

little or no experience of sustaining a successful relationship with anyone. He was lonely

however and indicated that he liked having people around him and denied being happy when

alone.

This sense of loneliness is suggested as one of the major causal factors for his

succession into dark thoughts and murder. As a child he escaped to fantasy, to play-acting

and to experimentation with animals and finally to murdering strangers to keep himself

rooted in fantasy and to not deal with the reality of isolation. ‘The guy wanted to leave and I

didn’t want him to leave’ Schwartz, 1992, p43. His goal in murdering his victims was to keep

the relationship alive, if they left it would be tantamount to abandonment, total rejection and

another failure in the social arena in which he had struggled to find any connection. Nichols

suggests that his inability to deal and fortify himself against this lack of interpersonal

relationship caused him to lose his sense of control and mastery, allowing fantasy to overrun

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 7 of 19

real life in grasping for personal power over his sense of self. This inability to cope can be

related to self-esteem and Coopersmith, 1967 has found that children’s self-esteem depends

on unconditional loving and acceptance of the children by their parents. Kline, 1993, found

that self-esteem is affected by parents’ behaviour and extraversion and neuroticism are

affected by the social process. Martens, Palermo have shown that loneliness plays a

significant role in development and continuation of violent antisocial attitudes and behaviour.

Fox and Levin, 1999 have found that serial murderers are typically non affiliated

loners. His father describes ‘his face was a wall. His eyes were blank, utterly void, beyond the

call of the most basic forms of sympathy and understanding, beyond even the capacity to ape

with emotions’ Dahmer, 1994, pp99-100. This, alongside JD’s belief that he was not happy

most of the time, had a dearth of things to keep him interested, that his life was not

worthwhile and that he had an impending sense of dread and condemnation gives strong

indication that he was depressed. This pessimistic apathy and disillusionment can be related

to Harlow and Harlow’s 1991 work that showed the devastating effects of emotional and

social deprivation.

Attachment theory asserts that the affective bonds formed in relationships between

infants and care-givers are pivotal to understanding personality development (Ainsworth,

Blehar, Waters, Wall, 1978). Levy, Blatt 1999, and Bowlby’s research emphasised the

attachment patterns of infants formed, attenuated, or severed through interaction with the

mother and state that this relationship is pivotal to social, emotional and personality

development of an individual. Alexander, 1993 takes this further and relates insecure

attachment, that it is inferred occurred during JD’s childhood, is linked to such phenomena as

avoiding memories of abuse and personality disorders. This could explain why JD denied his

father’s report of abuse by a neighbour. Fonagy, 1997, argues that the attachment system is

implicated in both affective and predatory violence. He states that in searching for close

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interaction with another it can bring about an intense defensive reaction of a violent nature.

Meloy, 1992 and Stone, 1998 suggests that one of most significant factors predisposing a

psychopathic individual to predatory violence is lack of attachment or affective bonding with

another person. This difficulty in forming an attachment with his parents tallies with work by

Rothbard and Shaver, 1994, where adults with avoidant attachment patterns have low levels

of parental communication, emotional support and poor relationships with their fathers during

childhood. Terr, 1992 and Douglas, 1995 discuss childhood trauma of rejection and how it

can adversely affect normal development.

Lionel Dahmer stated that ‘I have always found it difficult to read the exact emotional

state of another person’, Dahmer, 1994 p 36 and that ‘I was strangely disassociated….

Limited in my ability to respond with feeling to another’s feelings’, Dahmer, 1994, p 205 and

‘it struck [him] that he probably inherited this same dread [from me]’ Dahmer, 1994, p65.

This inherited or modelled trait of disconnection from others, and damaged empathy has been

shown to be catastrophic (van der Kolk 1987, p133). Rechlens 1950, 1973 states that the

environmental influence during formative years plays a significant role and the thoughts and

predisposition of JD’s father, the atmosphere of a long and acrimonious divorce and custody

battle for his younger brother could have had an adverse affect on JD’s personality and

ultimately pushed him into antisocial personality disorder. This relates to research by Shaw,

1999 where homicidal offenders have symptoms of mental illness, most often personality

disorder.

Miller, Keller discuss how psychological factors and biology have central roles in

personality of an individual. JD’s maternal grandmother was an alcoholic and his mother

abused pharmaceutical substances. The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism,

1997 state that alcohol dependency and violence is learned from modelled behaviour. The

model for JD’s behaviour in terms of alcohol can be attributed to a number of factors

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 9 of 19

including genetic predisposition to alcoholism, social modelling and links to depression.

Brody and Crowley, 1995 state that it is a mistake to study environmental influences on

personality without a consideration of possible genetic effects and as such they should not be

discounted. JD’s alcoholism enabled him to engage in actions he fantasised and wished to

commit but felt unable to when sober (Masters, 1995). Matza and Sykes, 1957 state that

neutralisation techniques allow the deviant individual to continue his or her deviant behaviour

while protecting himself or herself from guilt, shame or negative self-image. Alcohol can be

that means by which he protected himself.

Reckless, 1967 puts forth social control theory which discusses the various internal

and external factors that push and pull an individual towards and away from deviant

behaviour. Internal factors such as favourable self-image and a well developed ego alongside

external factors such as consistent moral values, positive role models and a sense of

belonging all play into the causal factors that pushed JD into serial murder. Martens, 2000

lists chaotic family life, lack of parental attention and guidance, antisocial behaviour and poor

relationships as some of the main characteristics of a psychopath. JD may have had a form of

Stockholm syndrome (Strentz, 1980) or repressed the trauma brought about by his parents

(Freud) and as such denied getting a raw deal in life but also said the one thing he would

change is that ‘[he] would change that [his] parents didn’t get along’ Masters, 1991, p 256.

Paraphilia, Necrophilia and Cannibalism

JD murdered and experimented with his victims in order to make them a ‘permanent

part of [him]’, out of ‘sheer curiosity’, for ‘sexual satisfaction where he would ‘cook it, and

look at pictures and masturbate.’ but that the ‘killing means to an end. That was least

satisfactory part .[he] didn’t enjoy doing that. That’s why [he] tried to create living

zombies… with acid and the drill’. Taking the work by Rosman and Resnick, 1989, from a

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 10 of 19

psychodynamic perspective they state that a necrophile develops poor self-esteem, due in part

to significant loss. To cope with this loss an individual can develop a fantasy of sex with

corpse. This coincides with Nichols, 2006 reports that Dahmer grew panicky if the men

moved to leave. He felt excitement over being in such exalted control, with the fear of

discovery and profound loss. Egger, 1990 speaks to power as a function of the interpersonal

relationship between perpetrator and victim. This power was the main goal of JD’s reign of

murder. Uebelherr, 1992, p6A reports that his probation officer spoke of him ‘basically

mistrusting’ other people. This mistrust led to fear and tallied with strong depressive

tendencies JD did not want to lose the relationship he struck up with these young men. Lane

and Gregg, 1992 have shown that this power control seeker type is related to low self-esteem.

Serial killers, according to Douglas and Olshaker, 1990 and Warren and Hazelwood, 1996,

are thought to crave power and control and only via fantasy can they achieve this in

murdering their victims. By watching films such as ‘The Return of the Jedi’ (Kazanjian &

Marquand, 1983) and identifying with an evil emperor who wields absolute control over his

subjects this fantasy of absolute control was strengthened and reinforced. In building a shrine

he could feel close to his victims, equally in retaining items from the bodies, in terms of

photographs, body parts and eating of the flesh his memory of the times he had with these

men could be retained. He would not lose control, they would remain with him forever. This

concept of ultimate incorporation can be found in anthropological studies such as

Lindenbaum, 2004, Rawson, 1999 and Godlove, 2009.

For JD lust and control were the main tenets of his multiple murders. ‘My consuming

last [was] to experience their bodies. The desire never left me… The cannibalism and saving

of body parts were just offshoots. Killing was the ultimate selfishness… I was trying to think

of a way not to have to kill them. I wanted to find a way to create a person who would be

open to my suggestion so I wouldn’t have to go out looking for partners’ Stingl, 1992, p10.

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 11 of 19

He states that cannibalism and saving body parts were just off-shoots, secondary to his quest

to gain full and complete control over another person. This quest was illustrated by his theft

of a mannequin from a department store, with which he had sexual relations. His

estrangement from others in the real world led him to construct a fantasy world where his

victims were like mannequins that could be easily manipulated to whatever sexual and

emotional desire he needed and hadn’t been able to find with another human. It could be

argued that his psyche made a reaction formation, a reversal. In wishing to keep a mate, e

destroyed them. He only slew those he wished to keep. Matthews, 1992, p31, reports that ‘he

wanted to create zombies – people who were there for him’ and that ‘[he] didn’t want to keep

killing people and have nothing left except the skull’. ‘He ate body parts because he could not

create such zombies and in eating human flesh ‘[his victims] would become alive again in

him’ (Stingl, 1992b pp1-8). Rosman and Resnick, 1988, state that sadism itself is not usually

an intrinsic characteristic of true necrophilia and for JD he did not want to cause pain and

suffering to his victims, indicated in part by their drugging and death in sleep. He merely

wished to gain absolute control and the only means open to his psyche was to murder them

and incorporate them into himself.

It can be seen that necrophilia and cannibalism was for JD an ultimate expression of

his need to be in absolute control by having his intimates rendered absolutely passive. The

victims could never rebuff, reject or mock him like he had been as a child in social

interaction. As Kraft-Ebing, 1886 stated the corpse is a human form absolutely without will –

and via cannibalism and necrophilia an individual can satisfy an abnormal desire, in that the

object of desire is seen to be capable of absolute subjugation, without possibility of

resistance.

The causal factors of these paraphilia relate to the previously discussed early

childhood development of JD with a miscomprehension and building of constructs (Kelly)

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 12 of 19

due to the lack of social support and interaction. Alongside such social factors Spinella, 2006

and Norris 1988 state that there is a connection between paraphilia and brain anomalies,

genetic defect, chemical imbalances and psychological factors such as the loss of sense of

self. White, 2007, puts forth the encompassing concept that paraphilia are a manifestation of

deeper neuropsychiatry and psychological dysfunctions that along with negative

psychological development push a person to commit illegal and sometimes act violent. This

agrees with a bio-psycho-social model of the causal factors of abnormal psychology in JD.

Conclusion

Lombroso-Ferrero, 1972 suggests that criminal behaviour results from primitive

instincts that predisposes a person to act out deviant, criminal behaviour, no matter what

social influences might exist. These primitive instincts can be argued to be a combination of

psycho-dynamic forces and biological forces. It is a combination of neurological, hormone,

genetic, temperament, brain dysfunction, physical deprivation, psycho-dynamic, behavioural,

cognitive, humanistic and existential concerns that makes a child a serial murderer. JD had

several traumas at an early age, subjectively inadequate parenting, marital discord, divorce,

maladaptive peer relationships, social change and uncertainty throughout his life. This relates

to Hickey, 1997, trauma control model which brings pre-dispositional factors, traumatic

events, dissociation, low self-esteem and fantasies together to inform how and why a serial

murderer kills but also how and why such an abnormal psychopathology can exist. The

question can be asked why JD was so different from any other socially awkward and retiring

child and what drove him to become a murderer of seventeen people but as Wade, 2002,

suggests it is a combination of factors acting together in a minimally sufficient combination

that may predict risk. Turvey, 1998 points out that only via greater awareness of the

respective elements of a serial murderer can law enforcement profile, catch or prevent serial

murder from occurring. Treatment of abnormal psychology must start in understanding the

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 13 of 19

true causal factors of that abnormal psychology. This paper has provided background on the

case history of JD and related two aspects, namely antisocial personality disorder and

necrophilia to base causal factors. General treatment programs can then be assessed and

devised to treat cognitively, behaviourally, psychologically and pharmacologically the

abnormalities of a serial murderer.

Alan Cummins, 1165236, PSY386, Page 14 of 19

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