20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NewZealandEnglish
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

"NZE"redirectshere.Forotheruses,seeNZE(disambiguation).
NewZealandEnglish(NZE,enNZ[1])isthedialect[2]oftheEnglishlanguageusedinNewZealand.
TheEnglishlanguagewasestablishedinNewZealandbycolonistsduringthe19thcentury.Itisoneof"thenewestnativespeakervariet[ies]oftheEnglishlanguage
inexistence,avarietywhichhasdevelopedandbecomedistinctiveonlyinthelast150years".[3]ThemostdistinctiveinfluencesonNewZealandEnglishhavecome
fromAustralianEnglish,EnglishinsouthernEngland,IrishEnglish,ScottishEnglish,theprestigeReceivedPronunciation(RP),andMori.[4]NewZealandEnglishis
mostsimilartoAustralianEnglishinpronunciation,withsomekeydifferences.

Contents
1Dictionaries
2Historicaldevelopment
3Phonology
3.1Vowels
3.1.1Shortfrontvowels
3.1.2Conditionedmergers
3.1.3Othervowels
3.2Consonants
3.2.1Otherconsonants
3.3Otherfeatures
4Vocabulary
4.1AustralianEnglishinfluences
4.2AmericanEnglishinfluences
4.3NewZealandisms
4.4DifferencesfromAustralianEnglish
5Usage
6Moriinfluence
6.1PronunciationofMoriplacenames
7Dialects
8Spelling
9Seealso
10Notes
11Bibliography
12Furtherreading
13Externallinks

Dictionaries
ThefirstcomprehensivedictionarydedicatedtoNewZealandEnglishwasprobablytheHeinemannNewZealandDictionary,publishedin1979.EditedbyHarry
Orsman,itisa1,300pagebook,withinformationrelatingtotheusageandpronunciationoftermsthatwerewidelyacceptedthroughouttheEnglishspeakingworld
andthosepeculiartoNewZealand.ItincludesaonepagelistoftheapproximatedateofentryintocommonparlanceofthemanytermsfoundinNewZealandEnglish
butnotelsewhere,suchas"haka"(1827),"Boohai"(1920),and"bach"(1905).Asecondeditionwaspublishedin1989andathirdedition,publishedbyReed
PublishingandeditedbyNelsonWattiewaspublishedin2001.[5]
Orsman'snextdictionaryachievementwasthepublicationofTheNewZealandDictionarypublishedbyNewHousePublishersin1994.ItwascoeditedbyElizabeth
Orsman.Asecondeditionwaspublishedin1995,editedbyElizabethOrsman.[6]
In1997,OxfordUniversityPressproducedTheDictionaryofNewZealandEnglish,whichitclaimedwasbasedonover40yearsofresearch.Thisresearchstarted
withOrsman's1951thesisandcontinuedwithhiseditingthisdictionary.Toassistwithandmaintainthiswork,theNewZealandDictionaryCentrewasfoundedin
1997.IthaspublishedseveralmoredictionariesofNewZealandEnglish,includingTheNewZealandOxfordPaperbackDictionary,editedbyNewZealand
lexicographerTonyDeversonin1998,culminatinginTheNewZealandOxfordDictionaryin2004,byTonyDeversonandGraemeKennedy.[7]Asecond,revised
editionofTheNewZealandOxfordPaperbackDictionarywaspublishedin2006,[8]thistimeusingstandardlexicographicalregionalmarkerstoidentifytheNZ
contentwhichwereabsentinthefirstedition.
AnotherauthoritativeworkistheCollinsEnglishDictionaryfirstpublished1979byHarperCollinswhichcontainsanabundanceofwellcitedNewZealandwordsand
phrasesdrawingfromthe650millionwordBankofEnglishaBritishresearchfacilitysetupattheUniversityofBirminghamin1980andfundedbyCollins
publishers.AlthoughthisisaBritishdictionaryofInternationalEnglishtherehasalwaysbeenacreditedNewZealandadvisorfortheNewZealandcontent,namely
ProfessorIanGordonfrom1979until2002andProfessorElizabethGordon[9]fromtheUniversityofCanterburysince2003.NewZealandspecificdictionaries
compiledfromtheCollinsEnglishDictionaryincludetheCollinsNewZealandConciseEnglishDictionary(1982),CollinsNewZealandSchoolDictionary(1999)and
CollinsNewZealandPaperbackDictionary(2009.)
In1981Australia'sMacquarieDictionarywaspublished.ThisworkhassincebecometheauthorityonAustralianEnglish.FromtheonsettheMacquarieDictionary
hasalwaysincludedanabundanceofNewZealandwordsandphrasesadditionaltothemutuallysharedwordsandphrasesofbothcountries.Everyeditionhasretained
aNewZealanderadvisorfortheNewZealandcontent,thefirstbeingHarryOrsman[10]andthemostrecentbeingnotedNewZealandlexicographerLaurieBauer.
AmorelightheartedlookatEnglishasspokeninNewZealand,APersonalKiwiYankeeDictionary,waswrittenbytheAmericanbornUniversityofOtago
psychologylecturerLouisLelandin1980.Thisslimvolumelistsmanyofthepotentiallyconfusingand/ormisleadingtermsforAmericansvisitingoremigratingto
NewZealand.Asecondeditionwaspublishedin1990.

Historicaldevelopment
Fromthe1790s,NewZealandwasvisitedbyBritish,FrenchandAmericanwhaling,sealingandtradingships.TheircrewstradedEuropeangoodswiththeindigenous
Mori.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

1/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

ThefirstactualsettlerstoNewZealandweremainlyfromAustralia,manyexconvictsorescapedconvicts.Sailors,explorersandtradersfromAustraliaandotherparts
ofEuropealsosettled.
In1788thecolonyofNewSouthWalesofAustraliahadbeenfounded.ThecolonyincludedmostofNewZealandexceptforthesouthernhalfoftheSouthIsland.In
1839,theNewZealandCompanyannounceditsplanstoestablishcoloniesinNewZealand.This,andthecontinuinglawlessnessofmanyoftheinformallyestablished
AustralianandEuropeansettlers,spurredtheBritishtotakebettercontrolofthecolonywhichuntilthentheBritishhadlargelyignored.
From1840therewasconsiderableEuropeansettlement,primarilyfromEnglandandWales,ScotlandandIrelandandtoalesserextenttheUnitedStates,India,China,
andvariouspartsofcontinentalEurope.Some400,000settlerscamefromBritain,ofwhom300,000stayedpermanently.Mostwereyoungpeopleand250,000babies
wereborn.
AdministeredatfirstasapartoftheAustraliancolonyofNewSouthWales,NewZealandbecameacolonyinitsownrighton1July1841.
GolddiscoveriesinOtago(1861)andWestland(1865),causedaworldwidegoldrushthatmorethandoubledthepopulationinashortperiod,from71,000in1859to
164,000in1863.
Between1864and1865,undertheNewZealandSettlementsAct1863,13shipscarryingcitizensofEngland,IrelandandSouthAfricaarrivedtoNewZealandunder
theWaikatoImmigrationScheme.[11][12]
Inthe1870sand1880s,severalthousandChinesemen,mostlyfromGuangdongprovince,migratedtoNewZealandtoworkontheSouthIslandgoldfields.Although
thefirstChinesemigrantshadbeeninvitedbytheOtagoProvincialgovernmenttheyquicklybecamethetargetofhostilityfromsettlersandlawswereenacted
specificallytodiscouragethemfromcomingtoNewZealandthereafter.
TheEuropeanpopulationofNewZealandgrewexplosivelyfromfewerthan1000in1831to500,000by1881.By1911thenumberofEuropeansettlershadreacheda
million.
WiththiscolourfulhistoryofunofficialandofficialsettlementofpeoplesfromalloverEurope,Australia,SouthAfrica,andAsiaandtheinterminglingofthepeople
withtheindigenousMoribroughtaboutwhatwouldeventuallyevolveintoa"NewZealandaccent"andauniqueregionalEnglishlexicon.
AdistinctNewZealandvariantoftheEnglishlanguagehasbeenrecognizedsinceatleast1912,whenFrankArthurSwinnertondescribeditasa"carefullymodulated
murmur".FromthebeginningofthehaphazardAustralianandEuropeansettlementsandlatterofficialBritishmigrations,anewdialectbegantoformbyadopting
MoriwordstodescribethedifferentfloraandfaunaofNewZealand,forwhichEnglishdidnothaveanywordsofitsown.[13]
TheNewZealandaccentappearedfirstintownswithmixedpopulationsofimmigrantsfromAustralia,England,Ireland,andScotland.Theseincludedthemilitia
townsoftheNorthIslandandthegoldminingtownsoftheSouthIsland.InmorehomogeneoustownssuchasthoseinOtagoandSouthland,settledmainlybypeople
fromScotland,theNewZealandaccenttooklongertoappear.[14]
Sincethelatter20thCenturyNewZealandsocietyhasgraduallydivesteditselfofitsfundamentallyBritishroots[15]andhasadoptedinfluencesfromallovertheworld,
especiallyintheearly21stCenturywhenNewZealandexperiencedanincreaseofnonBritishimmigrationwhichhassincebroughtaboutamoreprominentmulti
nationalsociety.TheInternet,television,[16]moviesandpopularmusichaveallbroughtinternationalinfluencesintoNewZealandsocietyandtheNewZealand
lexicon.AmericanizationofNewZealandsocietyandlanguagehassubtlyandgraduallybeentakingplacesinceWorldWarIIandespeciallysincethe1970s,[17]ashas
happenedalsoinneighbouringAustralia.

Phonology
NotallNewZealandershavethesameaccent,asthelevelofcultivation(i.e.theextremity)ofeveryspeaker'saccentdiffers.Thephonologyinthissectionisofan
educatedspeakerofNewZealandEnglish.[18]

Vowels
ThevowelsofNewZealandEnglisharesimilartothatofothernonrhoticdialectssuchasAustralianEnglishandRP,butwith
somedistinctvariations,whichareindicatedbythetranscriptionsforNewZealandvowelsinthetablesbelow:[22]
MonophthongsofNewZealandEnglish
Central

Front
long

Close

short

long

short

Back
long

short

FLEECE/HAPPY

GOOSE

FOOT

(i/i)
Mid

Open

(u)

()

DRESS

NURSE

()

(r)

(///r)

KIT/ROSES/COMMA/LETTER THOUGHT/NORTH/FORCE

TRAP PALM/BATH/START

()

(//r)

STRUT

()

(/r/r)

MonophthongsofNewZealand

LOT/CLOTH
()

English. [19]

DiphthongsofNewZealand
English
IPA(NZ) IPA(key) Keyword
e

FACE

PRICE

oe

CHOICE

GOAT

MOUTH

NEAR

ClosingdiphthongsofNew

SQUARE

ZealandEnglish. [20]

[24]
CURE

[23]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

2/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

However,vowelcharts[19][20]showthat/ieo/aren'taccuratetranscriptions,and/ie/approximatetheactual
pronunciationcloser.
Shortfrontvowels
InNewZealandEnglishtheshortiofKIT//isacentralvowelnotphonologicallydistinctfromschwa//,thevowelin
unstressed"the",bothofwhichareaclosemidcentralunroundedvowel//.Itthuscontrastssharplywiththe/i/vowelheard
inAustralia.RecentacousticstudiesfeaturingbothAustralianandNewZealandvoicesshowtheaccentsweremoresimilar
beforetheSecondWorldWarandtheKITvowelhasundergonerapidcentralisationinNewZealandEnglish.[25]Thishasled
toalongrunningjokebetweenAustraliansandNewZealanderswherebyAustraliansaccuseNewZealandersofsaying
"fushandchups"forfishandchipsandinturnNewZealandersaccuseAustraliansofsaying"feeshandcheeps"inlightof
Australia'sownKITvowelshift.[26][27][28]InactualfacttheKITvowelcansometimesbemistakenfortheNURSEvowelinsome
NZspeakerssothat"fishandchips"maysoundlike"firshandchirps"(nonrhotic)ratherthanthe"fushandchups"
CentringdiphthongsofNew
stereotype.Thusthewords"bitch"and"birch"maybedifficulttodiscernbyanonNewZealander,althoughthelattervowel
isverycommonlyrealizedwithliprounding.
ZealandEnglish. [21]
LikeSouthAfricanEnglish,someAustralianandsomeSouthernAmericandialects,theDRESSvowel//hasmovedto
becomeaclosemidvowel[e]forsome,althoughtheNewZealand/e/canbecloserto[].Thiswasplayedforlaughsinthe
AmericanTVseriesFlightoftheConchords,wherethecharacterBret'snamewasoftenmisheardas"Brit",leadingtoconfusion.Inbroaderusesveryoftenthe
DRESSvowelbecomestheFLEECEvowelsothatinthesentence"youaremybestmate",thisisheardas"youaremybeastmate".Inthesentence"Ibetyouten
dollars"thiscouldeasilybeheardas"Ibeatyouteendollars"byanonNewZealander.Inotherbroaderuses,theDRESSvowelinsomesinglevowelwords
becomesadiphthongaswithbroadSouthernAmericanEnglish,sothatwordslikepenbecome[pi()n]andpestbecomes[pist].IncultivatedNewZealand
EnglishpronunciationoftheDRESSvowelremainsthesameasregularBritish,NorthAmericanandAustralianEnglishspeakers.
Conditionedmergers
TheNEAR//andSQUARE/e/vowelsareincreasinglybeingmerged,especiallysincethebeginningofthe21stCentury[29]sothatherenowrhymeswiththere
andbearandbeer,andrarelyandreallyarehomophones.ThusAirNewZealandandEarNewZealandareidentical.Thereissomedebateastothequalityof
themergedvowel,buttheconsensusappearstobethatitistowardsaclosevariant,[i].[30]ThismergerisnotuniquetoNewZealandandalsooccursinEast
AngliaintheUKandSouthCarolinaintheUnitedStates,althoughthequalityofthemergedvowelintheseaccentsismuchmoreopen,i.e.[]or[
].
Before/l/,thevowels/i/and//(asinreelvsreal),aswellas//and/o/(dollvsdole),andsometimes//and/u/(pullvspool),//and//(EllenvsAlan)
and//and//(fullvsfill)maybemerged.[31][32]
Othervowels
AswithAustralianEnglishtheSTART/PALMvowelinwordslikepark/prk/,calm/km/andfarm/frm/iscentralorevenfrontofcentralintermsoftongue
positionandnonrhotic.[33]ThisisthesamevowelsoundusedbyspeakersoftheBostonaccentandothernonrhoticareasofNorthEasternNewEnglandinthe
UnitedStates.Thusthephrase"parkthecar"issaididenticallybyaNewZealander,AustralianorBostonian.[34]Can'tisalsopronounced/knt/inbothNew
ZealandandAustraliaandnot/knt/asinUnitedStatesandCanada.
ThemostobviousvowelshiftinNewZealandEnglishfromotherkindsistheTRAPvowel//whichisusuallyrealizedasopenmid[].Thisvowelshiftisshared
bySouthAfricanEnglishspeakersandisoneofthemainreasonsAmericanEnglishspeakersmaymistakeNewZealandersforSouthAfricans.Inthephrase
"thecatsatonthemat"thisisheardbynonNewZealandersas"theketsetonthemet".A"laptop"isheardbynonNewZealandersas"leptop"anda"tablet"as
a"teblet".SomeolderSouthlandspeakersusetheTRAPvowelratherthantheSTARTvowelindance,chanceandcastle.[35]Incontrast,theTRAPvowelinyoung
AustraliansistendingtowardsSTARTorSTRUTinsomewordssothat"thecatsatonthemat"canbeheardas"thekahtsutonthemaht","laptop"isheardas"lahp
top"and"tablet"as"tublet".ThiscomparisonservestoillustratetheprogressivedistancingoftheNewZealandandAustralianaccents.
TheNURSEvowel/r/isroundedandoftenfrontedintheregionof[~~].[36]
TheTHOUGHTvowel//isaclosemidbackroundedvowel[o],asisinAustralianandSouthAfricanEnglish.

Consonants
NewZealandEnglishismostlynonrhotic(withlinkingandintrusiveR),exceptforspeakerswiththesocalledSouthlandburr,asemirhotic,Scottish
influenceddialectheardprincipallyinSouthlandandpartsofOtago.[37][38]OlderSouthlandspeakersuse/r/variablyaftervowels,buttodayyoungerspeakers
use/r/onlywiththeNURSEvowelandoccasionallywiththesecondvowelinletter.YoungerSouthlandspeakerspronounce/r/inthirdtermbutnotinfarm
cart.[39]AfairlyaccuraterepresentationoftherhoticSouthernNewZealandaccentwasdepictedinTheWorld'sFastestIndian,amovieaboutthelifeofNew
ZealanderBurtMunroandhisachievementsatBonnevilleSpeedway.OntheDVDreleaseofthemovieoneoftheSpecialFeaturesisRogerDonaldson's
original1971documentaryOfferingstotheGodofSpeedfeaturingtherealBurtMonro.[40]His(andothers)southernNewZealandaccentisdefinitive.Among
rlessspeakers,however,nonprevocalic/r/issometimespronouncedinafewwords,includingIreland,merely,err,andthenameoftheletterR.[41]
/l/isdarkinallpositions,andisoftenvocalisedinthesyllablecoda.[26][31]Thisvariesindifferentregionsandbetweendifferentsocioeconomicgroupsthe
younger,lowersocialclassspeakersvocalise/l/mostofthetime.[42]
Otherconsonants
NewZealandEnglishhasthewinewhinemergerthusthedistinctionbetween/w/asinwitchand//asinwhichhasdisappearedexceptinthespeechofolder
speakers.[31][43]
AswithAustralianEnglishandAmericanEnglishtheintervocalic/t/maybeflapped[31]sothatinthesentence"usealittlebitofbutter"becomes"usealiddle
bidofbudder".

Otherfeatures
NewZealandEnglishhasthetrapbathsplit:wordslikedance,chance,plantandgrantarepronouncedwithan//sound,asinSouthernEnglandandSouth
Australia.[26][31]However,formanydecadespriortoWorldWarIIthereexistedanalmost50/50splitbetweenthepronunciationofdanceas/dns/or/dns/,
plantas/plnt/or/plnt/,etc.[44]
SomeNewZealandspeakershavethesalarycelerymergerandwouldthusrealizeboth/l/and/l/as[l].Forinstance,elephantwouldbepronounced
[lfnt].PairssuchaselegyandallergyandAlanandEllenwouldnowbehomophonous.[45]Thismergerhasbeennotedsinceatleast1939whenitwasthen
commentedonbyArnoldWall.Otherspeakersdomaintainadistinctionbetween/l/and/l/.
SomeNewZealanderspronouncepastparticiplessuchasgrown,thrownandmownwithtwosyllables,thelattercontainingaschwa/o.n/notfoundinother
accents.Bycontrast,groan,throneandmoanareallunaffected,meaningthesewordpairscanbedistinguishedbyear.[42]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

3/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Thetransprefixisusuallypronounced/trns/.Thisproducesmixedpronunciationoftheasinwordsliketransplant/trnsplnt/.However,/trns/isalso
heard.
ThenameoftheletterHisalmostalways/et/,asinNorthAmerica,andisalmostneveraspirated(/het/).
ThenameoftheletterZisusuallytheBritish,CanadianandAustralianzed.HowevertheAlphabetSongforchildrenissometimessungendingwith/zi/in
accordancewiththerhyme.WhereZisuniversallypronouncedzeeinplaces,names,terms,ortitles,suchasZZTop,LZ(LandingZone),JayZ(celebrity),orZ
Nation(TVshow)NewZealandersfollowuniversalpronunciation.
Thewordfoyerisusuallypronounced/f/,asinAustralianEnglish,ratherthan/fe/asinBritishEnglish.
Thewordwithisalmostalwayspronounced/w/,though/w/maybefoundinsomeminoritygroups.
Thewordandcombiningformgraphispronouncedboth/rf/and/rf/.
Theworddataiscommonlypronounced/dt/,with/det/beingthesecondcommonest,and/dt/beingveryrare.
Wordssuchascontributeanddistributearepredominantlypronouncedwiththestressonthesecondsyllable,tri.Variantswiththestressonthefirstsyllable
alsooccur.
CommoninspokenNewZealandistheuseoftheword"like"asaquotative,discoursemarker[46]orasahedge,similartoitsusein"Valleyspeak"belongingto
the"ValleyGirl"stereotypeoftheUnitedStates.ThisappearstohavebeenadoptedbyyoungNewZealandersduringthe1980swhen"Valleyspeak"became
popularizedinternationallythroughmusicandmediaofthetime.[47]KatieDrager,associateprofessorinsociolinguisticsattheUniversityofHawai'iatMnoa,
showedthatNewZealandEnglishspeakershavedistinctusesfor'like'andthattheypronounceeachtypeof'like'slightlydifferently(sothate.g."Hewaslike
'yeah'andshewaslike'no'"wouldhaveadifferentpronunciationfrom"And,like,itwasraining").[48]AustralianEnglishdidnotdevelopinthiswayandthus
thisfeatureremainsadistinctdifferencebetweenAustralianandNewZealandcolloquialEnglish.
NewZealandEnglishiswellknownforthefrequentuseoftheword"eh",whereitisusedbyNewZealandersaftersentencestomeanmanythingssuchas"is
it?","isn'tit","itdefinitelyis","excuseme/pardon","doyouagree?","thatistrue","what?","areyouserious?","didn'tyou?[accusative]","ImeanwhatIsaid",
etc.[49]TheMoriword"nei"hassimilarmeaningandusage.[50]TheNewZealandusageoftheword"eh"isalsoincreasinglyfilteringintoAustralianEnglish
andcanoftenbeheardinsimilarusagesespeciallybyWesternAustraliansandSydneysiders,possiblyduetothehighernumbersofNewZealandimmigrants
livinginthoseareas.Queenslanderstooclaimtheuseof"eh"tobeamarkeroftheirlocaldialectwhichisunattributedtoanyNewZealandinfluence.[51]
ThefrequencyoftheAustralianderived"yeahno"markerisoccurringmoreinNewZealandEnglish[52]althoughwhereastheagedemographicinAustralian
usageis3549[53]thisisnotconclusiveinNewZealandusage.Australianusagehasbeendocumentedatleastasearlyas2002.[54]

Vocabulary
ThereareanumberofdialectalwordsandphrasesusedinNewZealandEnglish.Thesearemostlyinformaltermsthataremorecommonincasualspeech.A
considerablenumberofloanwordshavealsobeentakenfromtheMorilanguageaswellasfromAustralianEnglish.(seetheseparatesection,below).
NewZealandadopteddecimalcurrencyinthe1960sandthemetricsysteminthe1970s.Despitethis,severalimperialmeasuresarestillwidelyencounteredand
usuallyunderstood,suchasfeetandinchesforaperson'sheight,poundsandouncesforaninfant'sbirthweight,andincolloquialtermssuchasreferringtodrinksin
pints.[55][56][57]InthefoodmanufacturingindustryinNewZealandbothmetricandnonmetricsystemsofweightareusedandusuallyunderstoodowingtorawfood
productsbeingimportedfrombothmetricandnonmetriccountries.HoweverpertheDecember1976WeightsandMeasuresAmendmentAct,allfoodstuffsmustbe
retailedusingthemetricsystem.[58]Ingeneral,theknowledgeofnonmetricunitsislessening.
Thewordspudforpotato,nowcommonthroughouttheEnglishspeakingworld,originatedinNewZealandEnglish.[59]
AswithAustralianEnglish,butincontrasttomostotherformsofthelanguage,somespeakersofNewZealandEnglishuseboththetermsbathandbatheasverbs,
withbathusedasatransitiveverb(e.g.Iwillbaththedog),andbatheusedpredominantly,butnotexclusively,asanintransitiveverb(e.g.Didyoubathe?).
Boththewordsamongstandamongareused,asinBritishEnglish.Thesameistruefortwootherpairs,whilst&whileandamidst&amid.

AustralianEnglishinfluences
ManyNewZealandEnglishtermshavetheiroriginsinAustralia.Themostwellknownoneistheuseofthewordmatetomeanfriend,orbuddy,orsimplyperson,as
in"G'daymate,howareya?"or"cheers,mate!"AlthoughitisoriginallyanearlyBritishusageadoptedandadaptedinAustralia,itisusedinNewZealandexactlyas
inAustralianusage.MoritendtousethewordbrointhesamewayalthoughthisisnolongerexclusivelyaMoriusage.OtherAustralianwordsthathavebecome
partoftheNewZealandvocabularyarecooeewhichwasoriginallyanaboriginaltermmeaningtocomeandwhichhasbeenusedasanallpurposecalltosummon
someoneinfortheirlunchetc.ItexistsinNZEinthephrase"withincooee"meaning'near'."Tallpoppy"originatedinAustraliaasanegativelyloadedreferenceto
someonewhostoodoutfromthecrowd(e.g.bybeingparticularlybrightorsuccessful).IthasbeenadoptedandadaptedinNewZealand,giving"tallpoppyitis"(a
variantof"TallPoppySyndrome"),"tallpoppypruning",etc.,aswellashomegrownequivalentslike"tallponga"(thepongaisanativetreefern).[60]
OtherAustraliantermscommoninNZEincludebushed(lostorbewildered),chunder(tovomit),dinkum(genuineorreal),drongo(afoolishorstupidperson),fossick
(tosearch),jumbuck(sheep,fromAustralianpidgin),larrikin(mischievousperson),Maccas(21stCenturyslangforMcDonald'sfood),maimai(aduckshootershide
originallyamakeshiftshelter,fromaboriginalmiamia),station(foralargefarm),pomorpommy(anEnglishman),wowser(teetotaller),andute(pickuptruck.)

AmericanEnglishinfluences
AdvancingfromitsBritishandAustralianEnglishorigins,NewZealandEnglishhasdevelopedtoincludemanyAmericanismsandAmericanvocabularyinpreference
overBritishtermsaswellasdirectlyborrowedAmericanvocabulary.SomeexamplesofAmericanwordsusedinsteadofBritishwordsinNewZealandEnglishare
bobbypinforBritishhairpin,mufflerfortheBritishsilencer,truckfortheBritishlorry,stationwagonfortheBritishestatecar,stoveovercooker,creek[61]over
brook,hopechestoverbottomdrawer,eggplantinsteadofaubergine,hardwarestoreinsteadofironmonger,medianstripforcentralreservation,strollerfor
pushchair,pushupforpressup,potatochipinsteadofpotatocrisp,licenseplateforregistrationplate,cellphoneorcellforBritishandAustralianmobilephoneand
mobile,andpopsicleinsteadofBritishicelolly(orAustralianicypole.)[62]
DirectlyborrowedAmericanvocabularyincludetheboonies,bucks(dollars),bushwhack(felltimber),butt(replacingBritish/Australianarsealthougharsecanstillbe
used),ding(dent),dude,duplex,faggotandfag(replacingBritishpoofandpoofter),figure[63](tothinkorconcludeconsider),hightailit,homeboy,hooker,lagoon,
lube(oilchange),man(inplaceofmateorbroindirectaddress),major(tostudyorqualifyinasubject),tobeover[somesituation](befedup),reckon(tothinkor
suppose),rig(largetruck),shelteredworkshop(workplacefordisabledpersons),spat[64](asmallargument),subdivision,andtavern.[65]
NewZealand'sparliamentiscalled'HouseofRepresentatives'(asopposedtoHouseofCommonsinUKandCanada).

NewZealandisms
InadditiontowordandphraseborrowingsfromAustralian,BritishandAmericanEnglish,NewZealandhasitsownuniquewordsandphrases[66]derivedentirelyin
NewZealand.Notconsideringslang,someoftheseNewZealandismsare:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

4/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

choice(adjorinterj)excellentgood
chur(interj)contractionof"cheers"mostcommonheardin"chur,bro".
dairy(noun)acornershopconveniencestore
fangit(phrase)togofast.
flash(adjective)fancy,showy,upmarket.AlthoughthisisnotuniquetoNewZealand,thisusageisbecomingobsoletethroughouttherestofthenativeEnglish
speakingworld,yetisstillverymuchinusethroughoutNewZealand.
getyourbeans(phrase)getwhat'scomingtoyoubepunished
handle(noun)aglassofbeerwithahandlepint.
iwi(noun)Moriwordfortribe.
kai(noun)Moriwordforfood.
Kiwi(adj)NotonlydoesKiwimean'aNewZealandperson'butitissometimesusedtoreplacethewordNewZealandinNZbusinessesortitles,suchas
KiwiRailandKiwibankorNewZealandrelatednouns,e.g."Kiwiism".ThispracticemaybeseenbynonNewZealandersasoverlykitschorcute.
knackered(adv)tiredwornout.
munted(adj,slang)a)destroyedtrashedbrokenb)ofaperson,weirdorodd
nice(adj,appliedtofood)goodtasting
pooped(adj)tired(foundinotherformsofEnglishaswell)
puckerood(adj)brokenbustedwrecked,(fromMoripakaru.
puku(noun)Moriwordforstomach(belly)
rattleyourdags!(phrase)hurryup!
roughasguts(phrase)ofmachinery,notworkingproperlyofbehavioruncouthorunacceptable.
shot(acknowledgementorinterj)
thankyou
toexpressjoy
givepraise
skull(verb)todrinkaglassofbeerinonego.
souvenir(verb)totakewithoutaskingsteal(suchassoapfromahotelornapkinsfromarestaurant,etc.)
stoked(adv)verypleaseddelighted.
superette(noun)aconveniencestoresmallerthanasupermarketbutbiggerthanacornerstore.
sweetas!'(interj)Cool!Awesome!
tikitour(noun)aguidedtourexploration.
togs(noun)aswimsuit(foreitheramaleorfemale).
townhouse(noun)asmallselfcontained,freestandinghousewithlittleornobackyard,oftenwithashareddrivewaywithneighbouringhouses.[67]TheNZ
meaningisuniqueanddifferscompletelyfromtheAmerican,Asian,AustralianandEuropeanmeaningoftownhouse(i.e.terracedhouses)aswellastheUK
meaning(cityhousesofnobility.)
tramping(noun)tramp(verb)Bushwalking,hiking.UsageisexclusivetoNewZealand.
tucker(noun)food
uptheboohai/upthePuhoi[River](phrase)tobeloststranded.
wahine(noun)Moriwordforwomanwife.
wee(adjective)1)ashorttime,alittlebit,asin"mychickenwasaweebitovercooked."2)small,little,asin"hewasaweeboy."ThisisdirectlyfromScottish
dialectandisincommonformalusethroughoutNewZealandwhereasinotherEnglishspeakingcountriesthisusageisuncommonorusedonlyinformally.Itis
notpartofAustralianEnglish,forexample.
whanau(noun)Moriwordforfamily.

DifferencesfromAustralianEnglish
Manyoftheserelatetowordsusedtorefertocommonitems,oftenbasedonwhichmajorbrandsbecomeeponyms.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

5/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

NZ

Australia

TranslationtoUS/UKEnglish

cellphone[note1]
cell
mobilephone
mobile

mobilephone
(mobile)

aportabletelephone.Note:"Cell"and"cellphone"arepredominantlyUS."Mobile"and"mobilephone"arepredominantly
UK.NewZealandusestheterms"cell"and"cellphone"predominantly.Australiausestheterms"mobile"and"mobile
phone"exclusively.Theterm"cell"isonlyusedinAustraliaasincellulartower.TheUSandNewZealandtermCellular
NetworkiscalledMobileNetworkinAustralia.[68]

chillybin

Esky[note2]

aninsulatedboxusedtokeepfoodordrinkcool

bach
crib[note3]

shack[69]

asmall,oftenverymodestholidayproperty,oftenattheseaside

dairy[note4]

milkbar
deli

conveniencestore,asmallstoresellingmainlyfood

duvet

Doona[note2]

DoonaisanAustraliantrademarkforabrandofduvetwhichhasfullyreplacedthetermduvetentirely.

iceblock
popsicle

iceblock
IcyPole[note2]

anicepop,apopsicle,anicelolly,frozenflavouredwateronastick

jandals
sandals

thongs

flipflops

thong(clothing)

gstring

thong(clothing)

candyfloss

fairyfloss

cottoncandy

cattlestop
cattlegrid

cattlegrid

adeviceforpreventingcattlewanderingoncountryroads

speedbump
judder
bar[70][note5]

speedbump
speedhump[note6]

araisedsectionofroadusedtodeterexcessivespeed

drinkingfountain

bubbler
drinkingfountain

adevicedesignedtoprovidedrinkingwater.ThistermisalsousedinRhodeIslandandWisconsin.

shrimp

prawn

NZusagefollowsgeneralinternationalusagewherebyshrimpreferstosmallersizedspecies(suchasina"shrimpcocktail")
andprawntolargervarietieswhereasinAustraliaprawnisthesoletermforboth.

noexit

nothroughroad

signageforaroadwithadeadend,aculdesac

togs

swimmingcostume[note7]

swimwear,swimmingcostumes,orotherclothesdesignedtobeworninwater

cossy
bathers
swimmers
Speedos
togs
budgiesmugglers[note8]
Twink[note2]

LiquidPaper[note2]
WiteOut[note2]

Correctionfluid.NotethatTwinkisaNewZealandbrandnamewhichhasenteredthevernacularasagenericterm,being
thefirstproductofitskindintroducedinthe1980s.ThecommonAustraliangeneraltermiswhiteout.[71]LiquidPaperis
alsoabrandnamewhichissometimesusedasagenericterminAustraliaorNewZealand.Aswithothercountries(butnot
Australia)theEuropeanbrandTippExisalsoavailableinNewZealandandissometimesusedasagenerictermaswell.

Motorway

Freeway

InAustraliathetermMotorwayappliestoaControlledaccesshighwaythathastollswhereasthetermFreeway(notusedin
NewZealand)referstoamotorwaythathasnotolls.However,despitethetollbeingremovedin2010theM4Western
MotorwayinSydney,stillretainsthetermmotorway.PriortotheintroductionofthetollitwascalledtheF4Western
Freeway.InQueenslandthetermmotorwayisusedwhetherfreeortolled.

"Howdy"

"G'day"
"hello"(etc.)

Althoughthegreeting"G'day"isascommoninNewZealandasitisinAustralia,theterm"Howdy"canbeheard
throughoutNewZealand[72][73][74]butrarely(ifever)inAustralia.Thiscontractionof"howdoyoudo?"isactuallyof
Englishorigin(SouthEnglishdialectca.1860),howeveriscontemporarilyassociatedwithSouthernAmericanEnglish,
particularlyTexanwhereitisacommongreeting.ItispossibletheNZoriginisfromtheearlierBritishusage.

markerpen
felttips
highlighter

Texta[note2]
highlighter[note9]

amarkerpen

tramping

hiking
bushwalking

travelthroughopenor(moreoften)forestedareasonfoot

Notes
1. Thetermsmobile(phone)andcell(phone)areusedinterchangeably,withcellbeingthepredominantterm,comparedwithpreferringasingleterm(asoccursinAustralia,theUKandthe
US).
2. agenericisedtrademark
3. CribismainlyusedinthesouthernpartoftheSouthIsland,bachintherestofNewZealand.
4. InlargercitiesinNewZealandconveniencestoreisusedduetoimmigration(andtocurrentNZlawforbiddingadairyfromsellingalcohol),thoughdairyisusedcommonlyin
conversation.InNewZealandinthe1950sand1960smilkbarreferredtoasodashop.InsomestatesofAustralia"milkbar"isusedotherstatesuse"deli"."Deli"isusedinNewZealand
torefertoastoresellinghighqualitymeats.
5. ThetermjudderbarisregionalinitsusageinNewZealand,andisrarelyencounteredinsomepartsofthecountry.
6. usedinNewSouthWalesandVictoria
7. AustralianEnglishtermsforswimwearvaryfromregiontoregion.
8. referstoswimbriefs
9. ThetermhighlighterisalsowidelyusedinNewZealandtorefertoawidetippedpenofthissort.

Usage
SomeNewZealanderswilloftenreplytoaquestionwithastatementspokenwitharisingintonationattheend.Thisoftenhastheeffectofmakingtheirstatement
soundlikeanotherquestion.ThereisenoughawarenessofthisthatitisseeninexaggeratedformincomedyparodyofNewZealanders,suchasintheClassic1970s
comedycharacterLynnOfTawa.[75]Thisrisingintonationcanalsobeheardattheendofstatements,whicharenotinresponsetoaquestionbuttowhichthespeaker
wishestoaddemphasis.HighrisingterminalsarealsoheardinAustralia.[76]
Ininformalspeech,someNewZealandersusethethirdpersonfemininesheinplaceofthethirdpersonneuteritasthesubjectofasentence,especiallywhenthe
subjectisthefirstwordofthesentence.Themostcommonuseofthisisinthephrase"She'llberight"meaningeither"Itwillbeokay"or"Itiscloseenoughtowhatis
required".SimilartoAustralianEnglishareusessuchas"shewasgreatcar"or"she'sarealbeauty,this[object]".
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

6/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Moriinfluence
Mainarticle:MoriinfluenceonNewZealandEnglish
ManylocaleverydaywordshavebeenborrowedfromtheMorilanguage,includingwordsforlocalflora,fauna,placenamesandthenaturalenvironment.
ThedominantinfluenceofMorionNewZealandEnglishislexical.A1999estimatebasedontheWellingtoncorporaofwrittenandspokenNewZealandEnglishput
theproportionofwordsofMorioriginatapproximately0.6%,mostlyplaceandpersonalnames.[77]
TheeverydayuseofMoriwords,usuallycolloquial,occursmostprominentlyamongyouth,youngadultsandMoripopulations.Examplesincludewordslikekiaora
("hello"),orkai("food")whichalmostallNewZealandersknow.
Moriiseverpresentandhasasignificantconceptualinfluenceinthelegislature,government,andcommunityagencies(e.g.healthandeducation),wherelegislation
requiresthatproceedingsanddocumentsbetranslatedintoMori(undercertaincircumstances,andwhenrequested).Politicaldiscussionandanalysisofissuesof
sovereignty,environmentalmanagement,health,andsocialwellbeingthusrelyonMoriatleastinpart.Moriasaspokenlanguageisparticularlyimportant
wherevercommunityconsultationoccurs.

PronunciationofMoriplacenames
ThepronunciationsofmanyMoriplacenameswereanglicisedformostofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies,butsincethe1980sincreasedconsciousnessofthe
MorilanguagehasledtoashifttowardsusingaMoripronunciation.Theanglicisationshavepersistedmostamongresidentsofthetownsinquestion,soithas
becomesomethingofashibboleth,withcorrectMoripronunciationmarkingsomeoneasnonlocal.
Placename

Examples
Englishpronunciation
TeReoMori

CapeReinga /kepri/

Moripronunciation

rayinga

Hawera

/h.wr./,/h.w.r/,or// hawera

Otahuhu

/o.t.hu.hu/

Otorohanga

/o.tr.h./or/o.tr.h./ otorahanga

[h.we.]

otahuhu
[o.to.o.h.]

Paraparaumu /pr..pra.mu/

paraparaumu [p..p.u.mu]

Taumarunui /ta.m.rnu.i/

taumaranui

[tu.m..nui]

TeAwamutu /timutu/

teawamutu

[te.w.mu.tu]

TeKauwhata /tik.wt./

tekaufata

[teku..t]

Waikouaiti

waikouaiti

[wai.kou.i.ti]

/wk.wat/or/wk.wt/

Someanglicisednamesarecolloquiallyshortened,forexample,Coke/kok/forKohukohu,theRapa/rp./fortheWairarapa,Kura/ku.r/forPapakura,Papatoe
/pp..to.i/forPapatoetoe,Otahu/o.t.hu/forOtahuhu,Paraparam/pr..pr.m/orPram/prm/forParaparaumu,theNaki/nk.i/forTaranaki,Cowcop
/kakp/forKaukapakapaandPiecock/pa.kk/forPaekakariki.
Thereissomeconfusionbetweentheseshortenings,especiallyinthesouthernSouthIsland,andthenaturalvariationsofthesoutherndialectofMori.Notonlydoes
thisdialectsometimesfeatureapocope,butconsonantsalsovaryslightlyfromstandardMori.Tocompoundmatters,nameswereofteninitiallytranscribedbyScottish
settlers,ratherthanthepredominantlyEnglishsettlersofotherpartsofthecountryassuchfurtheralterationsarenotuncommon.Thus,whileLakeWakatipuis
sometimesreferredtoasWakatip,OamaruasOmaroo,andWaiweraSouthasWyvra,thesedifferencesmaybeasmuchcausedbydialectdifferenceseitherin
MoriorintheEnglishusedduringtranscriptionasbylazinessinanglicisation.

Dialects
Recognisableregionalvariationsareslight,withtheexceptionofSouthland,wherethe"Southlandburr"(seeabove)isheard.Itisalsocommoninthesouthernpartof
neighbouringOtago.ThissouthernareaformedatraditionalrepositoryofimmigrationfromScotland(seeDunedin).SeveralwordsandphrasescommoninScotsor
ScottishEnglishpersistinthisarea:examplesincludetheuseofweetomean"small",andphrasessuchastodothemessagesmeaning"togoshopping".Taranakihas
alsobeensaidtohaveaminorregionalaccent,possiblyduetothehighnumberofimmigrantsfromtheSouthWestofEngland,howeverthisbecomingless
pronounced.[78]Currentresearch(2012)suggeststhatpostvocalic/r/isnotrestrictedtoSouthland,butisfoundalsointhecentralNorthIslandwheretheremaybea
Pasifikainfluence,butalsoapossibleinfluencefrommodernNewZealandhiphopmusic,whichhasbeenshowntohavehighlevelsofnonprevocalic/r/afterthe
NURSEvowel.
OtherSouthlandfeaturesthathavebeenidentifiedandwhichmayalsorelatetoearlyScottishsettlementaretheuseoftheTRAPvowelinasetofBATHwords
(dance,castle),whichisalsofoundinsomeAustraliaEnglishregionsandinthemaintenanceofthe//~/w/distinction(e.g.whichandwitcharenothomophonous
forsuchspeakers.)[79]
SomeMorihaveanaccentdistinctfromthegeneralNewZealandaccent,tendingtouseMoriwordsmorefrequently.Bro'TownwasaTVprogrammethat
exaggeratedMori,Polynesian,andotheraccents.LinguistsrecognisetwomainNewZealandaccents,denoted"PkehEnglish"and"MoriEnglish"withthelatter
stronglyinfluencedbysyllabletimedMorispeechpatterns.[80]PkehEnglishisbeginningtoadoptsimilarrhythms,distinguishingitfromotherstresstimedEnglish
accents.[81]

Spelling
WherethereisadifferencebetweenBritishandUSspelling(suchascancelling/cancelingandjewellery/jewelry),theBritishspellingofdoubleLisuniversally
used.TheBritishuseofsingleLisalsouniversallyusedinwordssuchasenrol.
NewZealandersspelltiresastyresandcurbaskerb.
NewZealandspellingofrewordssuchascentre,mitre,litre,andtheatrehavealwaysofficiallyfollowedtheBritishspellingasopposedtoAmericancenter,
miter,liter,andtheater,althoughinpracticeAmericanspellingsareoftenusedsuchasinRealEstatelistings,[82]buyandsellwebsitessuchasTradeMe,[83]
AutoTrader,[84]andothers.
Wordswiththecesuffixsuchasdefence,andpretencearealwaysspeltwithceasopposedtotheAmericandefense,andpretense.
Withourwordslikecolour/colororbehaviour/behaviorthespellingofourisalwaysused[85]unlessaTrademark,suchasColorsteel[86]orTheColorRun,[87]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

7/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

etc.ForeignofficialawardssuchastheFBIMedalOfValoralwaysretaintheirUSspellinginNewZealandtexts.AdditionallytheonlineversionoftheNew
ZealandHeraldnewspaperrepublishesarticleswithUSspellingwhentheoriginalarticleiswrittenwithUSspelling,suchasarticlesfromtheAssociatedPress.
SincetheadventofWordProcessorswithspellcheckers,inmodernassignmentwritinginNewZealanduniversitiestheruleistouseeither100%British
spellingor100%Americanspellingtheemphasisbeingconsistency.[88]
Forwordsending(e)mentasinjudg(e)ment,eitherspellingisacceptableinNewZealandusage,althoughementisthepreferredBritishusage.
NewZealandEnglishretainsthedistinctionsbetweenprogram("computerheuristic")andprogramme("schedule,broadcastshow"),disk("informationstorage
device")anddisc("flatcircularobject"),andanalog(asinanalogstick)andanalogue(allothersenses)foundinBritishandAustralian[89]English.
ItisusualtoformpasttensesandpastparticiplesofcertainverbswithtandnotedinNewZealandEnglish.Forexample,learnbecomeslearnt,spoilbecomes
spoilt,burnbecomesburnt,dreambecomesdreamt(/drmt/),andleanbecomesleant(/lnt/).Theseverbformsarepronouncedwithafinalunvoiced/t/sound,
meaningspoiltispronounced/splt/not/spld/.ThiscontrastswithAmericanEnglish,whereedisfarcommonerandispronounced/d/(e.g.dwelled
(/dwld/)isanAmericanformofdwelt(/dwlt/)).Learned,theadjectivemeaning"wise",isuniversallyspeltthusandpronouncedastwosyllables.Thepast
tensesandpastparticiplesofearnandboilareearnedandboiledrespectively,thoughtheymaybepronouncedendingwitha/t/sound.
WordswiththedigraphsaeandoeinBritishEnglishareusuallyspeltassuchinNewZealandEnglish(e.g.faecesnotfeces)ratherthanwithjusteaswith
AmericanEnglish.Therearesomeexceptionswherecertainwordsarebecominguniversallyspeltwithesuchasencyclopaedia,chamaeleon,hyaena,and
homoeopathywhicharenowspeltencyclopedia,chameleon,hyena,andhomeopathyrespectively.Coincidentally,thisisalsooccurringinBritishEnglishin
thesecasestoo.
Inhyperbolicstatements,thespellingsoftonandtonsarecommonlyused(e.g.IhavetonsoffriendsandIfeeltonsbetter),despitethemetricsystemwithits
tonnehavingbeenintroducedinthe1970s.
Inwordsthatmaybespeltwitheitheraniseoranizesuffix(suchasorganise/organize)NewZealandEnglish,likeAustralianEnglish,mainlyprefersise.
ThiscontrastswithAmericanEnglish,whereizeisgenerallypreferred,andBritishEnglish,whereiseisalsogenerallypreferredbutbysome,includingthe
OxfordDictionary,izeispreferred.InNewZealanditisnotwrongtouseeitherspelling.
NewZealandfavoursfiordoverfjord,unlikemostotherEnglishspeakingcountries,[90]althoughfjordisnotunseen.
WhenspellingwordswithmacronsborrowedfromMori,NewZealandEnglishcaneitherspellthemwithmacronsorwithout(e.g.MaoriandMoriareboth
acceptedspellings).Ininformalwriting,macronsarenotusuallykept.NewZealandtendstospellthesewordswithmacronsmoreoftenthanothercountriesand
thereisagrowingtendencytodoso.
NewZealandalwaysusesjailoverBritishandAustraliangaol.[91][92][93]
Gram,theunitofmass,iscommonlyspeltassuchandnotgramme,whichissomewhatfoundinBritishEnglish.Thesameholdstruefortheword'sderivates
(e.g.kilogramiscommonerthankilogramme).
Allabbreviationsofwordswherethelastletteroftheabbreviationdoesnotcorrespondtothelastletterofthefulllengthwordareabbreviatedwithoutafullstop
inNewZealandEnglish.ThustheabbreviationofDoctorisDrandtheabbreviationofMisterisMrdonothavefullstopsafterthem,asopposedtoDr.andMr.
inAmericanEnglish.InitialismsandacronymssuchasUSAandNASA(orNasa),arealsoabbreviatedwithoutafullstopsinNewZealandEnglish.Thispractice
hasbeeninplaceinNewZealandsincethelate1970s.

Seealso
CultureofNewZealand
NewZealandhumour
RegionalaccentsofEnglish

Notes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.

enNZisthelanguagecodeforNewZealandEnglish,asdefinedbyISOstandards(seeISO6391andISO31661alpha2)andInternetstandards(seeIETFlanguagetag).

Hay,J.,Macglagan,M.,&Gordon,E.(2008).NewZealandEnglish.Edinburgh,UK:EdinburghUniversityPress.
Trudgill,P.,Gordon,E.,Lewis,G.,&Maclagan,M.(2000).DeterminisminnewdialectformationandthegenesisofNewZealandEnglish.JournalofLinguistics,36(2),p.300).
Bayard,Donn(2000)."NewZealandEnglish:Origins,Relationships,andProspects"(http://www.ualberta.ca/~johnnewm/NZEnglish/Bayard.pdf)(PDF).ModernaSprk(Sweden:
LinnaeusUniversity)94(1):814.ISSN20003560(https://www.worldcat.org/issn/20003560).Retrieved20100724.
trove.nla.gov.au(http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/22519219?q&versionId=40202947)
arts.canterbury.ac.nz(http://www.arts.canterbury.ac.nz/linguistics/nzej/nzejbiblioauthors.shtml#hl)
oxfordreference.com(http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/acref9780195584516)
natlib.govt.nz(http://natlib.govt.nz/records/22183968?search%5Bi%5D%5Bsubject%5D=English+language++New+Zealand+
+Dictionaries&search%5Bpath%5D=items&search%5Btext%5D=Oxford+paperback+dictionary)
arts.canterbury.ac.nz(http://www.arts.canterbury.ac.nz/linguistics/people/gordon.shtml)
victoria.ac.nz(http://www.victoria.ac.nz/lals/centresandinstitutes/dictionarycentre/aboutus/newzealandlexicography)
homepages.ihug.co.nz(http://homepages.ihug.co.nz/~jess/scrapbook/genealogy/waikato.html)
familytreecircles.com(http://www.familytreecircles.com/waikatoimmigrationscheme1860s35619.html)
TheStoryofEnglishbyRobertMcCrum,WilliamCran,andRobertMacNeil.BBCPublicationsandFaberandFaber:London,1986.
teara.govt.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speechandaccent/page2)
theguardian.com(http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/mar/12/newzealandsflagrepresentsacountrythatnolongerexists)
stuff.co.nz(http://www.stuff.co.nz/travel/blogs/voyagesinamerica/6837596/ThestrangeAmericannessofNZpopculture)
nzherald.co.nz(http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10342128)
Baueretal.(2007),p.97.
Mannell,Cox&Harrington(2009a).
Mannell,Cox&Harrington(2009b).
Baueretal.(2007),p.99.
Baueretal.(2007),pp.98100.
Thisisalsopronounced/e/,especiallyamongstsomeyoungspeakerswithverycultivatedaccents.
Manywordsthatarepronouncedwith//intraditionalRPareoftenpronouncedwith/o/inNewZealandEnglish.
Evans,ZoWatson,CatherineI.(2004)."AnacousticcomparisonofAustralianandNewZealandEnglishvowelchange".CiteSeerX:10.1.1.119.6227
(http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.119.6227).
Crystal(2003),p.354.
Kortmannetal.(2004),pp.587and611.
Trudgill&Hannah(2002),pp.2324.
teara.govt.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speechandaccent/page4)
Kortmannetal.(2004),pp.582,592,610.
Trudgill&Hannah(2002),p.24.
Kortmannetal.(2004),pp.589f.
teara.govt.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speechandaccent/page3)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

8/10

20/9/2015
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

dialectblog.com(http://dialectblog.com/northamericanaccents/)
teara.govt.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speechandaccent/page5)
Kortmannetal.(2004),pp.582,591.
"OtherformsofvariationinNewZealandEnglish"(http://englishonline.tki.org.nz/EnglishOnline/Exploringlanguage/OtherFormsofVariation).TeKeteIpurangi.Ministryof
Education.Retrieved26June2013.
Kortmannetal.(2004),p.605.
teara.govt.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speechandaccent/page5)
amazon.com(http://www.amazon.com/WorldsFastestIndianAnthonyHopkins/dp/B000F8DBDK)
Kortmannetal.(2004),p.594.
Kortmannetal.(2004),p.611.
Kortmannetal.(2004),pp.606and609.
TheNewZealandaccent:acluetoNewZealandidentity?Pages4748arts.canterbury.ac.nz(http://www.arts.canterbury.ac.nz/linguistics/.../2009_Elizabeth_Gordon_3.pdf)
arts.canterbury.ac.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/speechandaccent/page4)
uclinguistics.wordpress.com(http://uclinguistics.wordpress.com/2013/01/02/themostannoyingwordof2012whatever/)
languagedossier.webs.com(http://languagedossier.webs.com/americanslangvalspeak.htm)
uclinguistics.wordpress.com(http://uclinguistics.wordpress.com/2013/01/24/newzealandenglish1/)
freemos.wordpress.com(https://freemos.wordpress.com/2011/06/07/thekiwiayeversusthecanadianeh/)
immigrationguides.com(http://immigrationguides.com/content/view/229/102/)
macquariedictionary.com.au(https://www.macquariedictionary.com.au/resources/aus/word/map/search/word/eh/The%20Centre/)
nzherald.co.nz(http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10639012)
theage.com.au(http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/06/10/1086749839972.html?oneclick=true)
itre.cis.upenn.edu(http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/005523.html)
"Whenisapintnotapint?"(http://www.consumeraffairs.govt.nz/news1/consumeralerts/whenisapintnotapint),MinistryofConsumerAffairs
"IsapintreallyapintinWellington?"(http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominionpost/news/localpapers/thewellingtonian/7621775/IsapintreallyapintinWellington),06/09/2012,The
Wellingtonian
Dignan,J.R.E.O'Shea,R.P.(1995)."Humanuseofmetricmeasuresoflength".NewZealandJournalofPsychology24:2125.
lamar.colostate.edu(http://lamar.colostate.edu/~hillger/international.html#new_zealand)
Entry"Spud"(http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=spud&allowed_in_frame=0)onEtymonline
laticjournal.org(http://www.laticjournal.org/index.php/latic/article/download/12/7).
collinsdictionary.com(http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/creek?showCookiePolicy=true)
peters.com.au(http://www.peters.com.au/brands/icypole/)
collinsdictionary.com(http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/figure?showCookiePolicy=true)
collinsdictionary.com(http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spat?showCookiePolicy=true)
collinsdictionary.com(http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/tavern?showCookiePolicy=true)
chemistry.co.nz(http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm)
enz.org(http://www.enz.org/forum/showthread.php?t=12770)
http://www.mobilenetworkguide.com.au/
KateNixon(3January2011)."Queenslandbeachshack"(http://homes.ninemsn.com.au/houseandgarden/advice/8214763/homefortheholidaysqueenslandbeachshack).
Homes.ninemsn.com.au.Retrieved21September2011.
judderbar.CollinsEnglishDictionaryComplete&Unabridged11thEdition.Retrieved3September2012fromcollinsdictionary.com
(http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/judderbar)
http://www.officeworks.com.au/shop/SearchDisplay?
searchTerm=white+out&storeId=10151&langId=1&pageSize=24&beginIndex=0&sType=SimpleSearch&resultCatEntryType=2&showResultsPage=true&searchSource=Q&pageView=
http://www.classiccomputers.org.nz/forums/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=1615
https://www.linkedin.com/grp/post/803305819592906591186944
http://www.jefit.com/forum/showthread.php?24160HowdyfromNewZealand
teara.govt.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/video/13446/lynnoftawa)
Crystal(2003),p.355.
Kennedy,Graham&ShinjiYamazaki1999.TheInfluenceofMaoriontheNewZealandEnglishLexicon.InJohnM.Kirk(ed),CorporaGalore:AnalysesandTechniquesin
DescribingEnglish.Amsterdam:Rodopi:3344
researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz(http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/bitstream/handle/10063/551/thesis.pdf)
laticjournal.org(http://www.laticjournal.org/index.php/latic/article/download/12/7)
"IdentifyingMoriEnglishandPakehaEnglishfromSuprasegmentalCues:AStudyBasedonSpeechResynthesis"(http://ir.canterbury.ac.nz/handle/10092/975),Szakay,Anita
JeanetteKingontheinfluenceofMori(http://www.radionz.co.nz/national/programmes/saturday/audio/2205127/languagewithjeanetteking)pronunciationonNewZealand
English,6/2/2010.
barfoot.co.nz(http://www.barfoot.co.nz/Search.aspx?type=keyword&params=center)
trademe.co.nz(http://www.trademe.co.nz/Browse/SearchResults.aspx?
searchString=center&rptpath=all&type=Search&searchType=all&generalSearch_keypresses=6&generalSearch_suggested=0&generalSearch_suggestedCategory=)
autotrader.co.nz(http://www.autotrader.co.nz/usedcarsforsale/searchcenter)
Morel,Mary."AmericanandAustralianspelling"(http://www.onlinegrammar.com.au/usandaustralianspelling/).OnlineGrammar.Retrieved26June2013.
nzsteel.co.nz(http://www.nzsteel.co.nz/products/colorsteel%C2%AE/)
thecolorrun.co.nz(http://thecolorrun.co.nz/)
owll.massey.ac.nz(http://owll.massey.ac.nz/academicwriting/americanvsbritishspelling.php)
australiandictionary.blogspot.com.au(http://australiandictionary.blogspot.com.au/2013/11/isitanalogueoranalog.html)
ThefiordspellingwasthenormaloneinEnglishuntiltheearly1920s,oed.com(http://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/70499)andispreservedinmanyplacenames
worldwide.InNewZealanditisusedinFiordland,aruggedregioninthesouthwest.
govt.nz(https://www.govt.nz/browse/crimeandjustice/prisonlife/prisonlifeandgoingtoprison/)
nzherald.co.n(http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=11433763)
teara.govt.nz(http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/prisons/page1)

Bibliography
Bartlett,Christopher(1992),"RegionalvariationinNewZealandEnglish:thecaseofSouthland",NewZealandEnglishNewsletter6:515
Bauer,LaurieWarren,PaulBardsley,DianneKennedy,MariannaMajor,George(2007),"NewZealandEnglish",JournaloftheInternationalPhoneticAssociation37(1):97
102,doi:10.1017/S0025100306002830(https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025100306002830)
Cryer,Max(2002).CuriousKiwiWords.Auckland:HarperCollinsPublishers(NZ)Ltd.
Crystal,David(2003),TheCambridgeencyclopediaoftheEnglishlanguage(2nded.),CambridgeUniversityPress
Deverson,Tony,andGraemeKennedy(eds.)(2005).TheNewZealandOxfordDictionary.OxfordUniversityPress.
Grant,L.E.,andDevlin,G.A.(eds.)(1999).Inotherwords:AdictionaryofexpressionsusedinNewZealand.PalmerstonNorth:DunmorePress.
Kortmann,BerndSchneider,EdgarW.Burridge,KateMesthrie,RajendUpton,Clive,eds.(2004),AhandbookofvarietiesofEnglish,Berlin:MoutondeGruyter
Leland,LouisS.,jr.(1980).ApersonalKiwiYankeedictionary.Dunedin:JohnMcIndoeLtd.
Mannell,RobertCox,FelicityHarrington,Jonathan(2009a),AnIntroductiontoPhoneticsandPhonology
(http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/NZE_Monophthongs.html),MacquarieUniversity
Mannell,RobertCox,FelicityHarrington,Jonathan(2009b),AnIntroductiontoPhoneticsandPhonology
(http://clas.mq.edu.au/speech/phonetics/phonetics/vowelgraphs/NZE_Diphthongs.html),MacquarieUniversity
Orsman,H.W.,(ed.)(1997).TheDictionaryofNewZealandEnglish:adictionaryofNewZealandismsonhistoricalprinciples.Auckland:OxfordUniversityPress.ISBN9780
195583809.
Orsman,H.W.,(ed.)(1979).HeinemannNewZealanddictionary.Auckland:HeinemannEducationalBooks(NZ)Ltd.
Trudgill,PeterHannah,Jean(2002),InternationalEnglish:AGuidetotheVarietiesofStandardEnglish(4thed.),London:Arnold

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

9/10

20/9/2015

NewZealandEnglishWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Furtherreading
"AustralianEnglishandNewZealandEnglish"(http://web.archive.org/web/20140421051103/http://ifla.uni
stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d12_AustraliaNZ.pdf)(PDF).Archivedfromtheoriginal(http://ifla.uni
stuttgart.de/institut/mitarbeiter/jilka/teaching/dialectology/d12_AustraliaNZ.pdf)(PDF)on21April2014.
Bauer,Laurie(1994),"8:EnglishinNewZealand",inBurchfield,Robert,TheCambridgeHistoryoftheEnglishLanguage,5:EnglishinBritainandOverseas:Originsand
Development,CambridgeUniversityPress,pp.382429,ISBN0521264782

Externallinks
NewZealandSlang(http://www.newzealandslang.com)
LookupCategory:New
OriginsofNewZealandEnglish(http://www.ualberta.ca/~johnnewm/NZEnglish/origins.html)
ZealandEnglishin
TheOriginsofNewZealandEnglishProject(http://www.nzilbb.canterbury.ac.nz/onze.shtml)attheUniversityof
Wiktionary,thefree
Canterbury
dictionary.
NewZealandDictionaryCentre(http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/research/nzdc/index.htm)
NewZealandEnglishinthe21stcentury(http://www.vuw.ac.nz/lals/research/nzdc/NZ%20English%20in%20the%2021st%20century.htm)
KiwiWords&Phrases(http://www.chemistry.co.nz/kiwi.htm)
OneNews:KiwiAccent(http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ePwKYJcEOo)
NewZildTheStoryofNewZealandEnglish(http://www.nzonscreen.com/title/newzild2005)
English,Maori,andMaoriEnglishinNewZealand(http://homes.chass.utoronto.ca/~cpercy/courses/eng6365ladd.htm)
TheNewZealandOxfordDictionary(http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195584516.001.0001/acref9780195584516)
TheUltimateTraveller'sGuideToNewZealandSlang(http://www.brenontheroad.com/travellersguidenewzealandslang)
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_English&oldid=681744509"
Categories: NewZealandEnglish Englishlanguage Englishdialects
Thispagewaslastmodifiedon19September2015,at06:57.
TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttributionShareAlikeLicenseadditionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseand
PrivacyPolicy.WikipediaisaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anonprofitorganization.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_English

10/10