NATIONAL CENTRE FOR MARITIME ENGINEERING

& HYDRODYNAMICS

TABLES OF MATHEMATICAL
FORMULAE

January 2013

c Dr. Irene Penesis, University of Tasmania, AMC, National Centre For

Copyright
Maritime Engineering & Hydrodynamics, January 2013

Unannotated copies of the AMC Tables of Mathematical

Formulae may be taken into the examination room

This document has been produced using LATEX 2 .

1

Algebra

Factoring Polynomials
x2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
x3 + y 3 = (x + y)(x2 xy + y 2 )
x3 y 3 = (x y)(x2 + xy + y 2 )

Binomial Theorem
(x + y)2 = x2 + 2xy + y 2
(x y)2 = x2 2xy + y 2
(x + y)3 = x3 + 3x2 y + 3xy 2 + y 3
(x y)3 = x3 3x2 y + 3xy 2 y 3
n(n 1) n2 2
(x + y)n = xn + nxn1 y +
x
y + + nxy n1 + y n
2!
Quadratic Formula
2

If ax + bx + c = 0, then x =

Exponents and Logarithms

xm xn = xm+n
(xy)n = xn y n
1
xn = n
x

xm/n = n xm
ln(xy) = ln x + ln y
ln(xn ) = n ln x

b2 4ac
2a

xm
= xmn
xn
(xm )n = xmn

x1/n = n x

ln(x/y) = ln x ln y
ln m
lnn m =
ln n

Geometry

Geometric Formulae
Area and Circumference
1
1
Area of a triangle is bh or bc sin A
2
2
2
Area of a circle is r
Circumference of a circle is 2r
1
Area of a sector of a circle is r2 (arc length is r)
2
2
Area of a sphere is 4r
Curved suface area of a cylinder is 2rh

Volume
4 3
r
3
Volume of a cylinder is r2 h
1
Volume of a cone is r2 h
3
Volume of a sphere is

Distance

Distance between P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ): d =

(x2 x1 )2 + (y2 y1 )2

Lines
y2 y1
x2 x1
Equation of line through P1 (x1 , y1 ) with slope m: y y1 = m(x x1 )

Slope of line through P1 (x1 , y1 ) and P2 (x2 , y2 ): m =

Circles
Equation of a circle with centre (h, k) and radius r: (x h)2 + (y k)2 = r2

Equations of Other Curves

x2 y 2
Ellipse: 2 + 2 = 1
a
b
x2 y 2
Hyperbola: 2 2 = 1
a
b
Sphere: (x a)2 + (y b)2 + (z c)2 = r2 with centre (a, b, c) and radius r
Paraboloid: z = x2 + y 2
Cone: z 2 = x2 + y 2
Plane: ax + by + cz = d
3

Trigonometry

radians = 180

1 =
rad
180

1 rad =

180

Important Angles

radians

sin

cos

tan

30

1
2

3
2

45

3
2

2
1
2

sin
cos
1
cosec =
sin
1
cos
cot =
=
tan
sin

sec =

1
cos

1 + tan2 = sec2

1 + cot2 = cosec2

sin() = sin()

cos() = cos()

sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y

sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

cos(x + y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

cos(x y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y

60
90

3
1

Fundamental Identities

tan =

tan(x + y) =

sin2 + cos2 = 1

tan x + tan y
1 tan x tan y

tan(x y) =

tan x tan y
1 + tan x tan y

1
[cos(x y) cos(x + y)]
2
1
cos x cos y = [cos(x + y) + cos(x y)]
2
(
)
(
)
x+y
xy
sin x + sin y = 2 sin
cos
2
2
)
(
)
(
xy
x+y
cos
cos x + cos y = 2 cos
2
2

1
[sin(x + y) + sin(x y)]
2
1
cos x sin y = [sin(x + y) sin(x y)]
2
(
)
(
)
x+y
xy
sin x sin y = 2 cos
sin
2
2
(
)
(
)
x+y
xy
cos x cos y = 2 sin
sin
2
2

sin x sin y =

sin x cos y =

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x = cos2 x sin2 x = 2 cos2 x 1 = 1 2 sin2 x
1
sin2 x = (1 cos 2x)
2
1
cos2 x = (1 + cos 2x)
2
2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 tan2 x
sin A
sin B
sin C
=
=
a
b
c
a2 = b2 + c2 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 2ac cos B
c2 = a2 + b2 2ab cos C

Hyperbolic Functions

Fundamental Identities
1
sinh x = (ex ex )
2
sinh x
tanh x =
cosh x
1
sechx =
cosh x

1
cosh x = (ex + ex )
2
1
cosech x =
sinh x
1
cosh x
coth x =
=
tanh x
sinh x

sinh(x) = sinh(x)

cosh(x) = cosh(x)

cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1

tanh2 x + sech2 x = 1

coth2 x cosech2 x = 1
sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y

sinh(x y) = sinh x cosh y cosh x sinh y

cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

cosh(x y) = cosh x cosh y sinh x sinh y

tanh(x + y) =

tanh x + tanh y
1 + tanh x tanh y

tanh(x y) =

sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x

cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x = 2 cosh2 x 1 = 1 + 2 sinh2 x
1
sinh2 x = (cosh 2x 1)
2
1
cosh2 x = (cosh 2x + 1)
2
2 tanh x
tanh 2x =
1 + tanh2 x
(

arcsinh x = ln x +
(

arccosh x = ln x +
arctanh x =

x2 + 1

)
)

x2 1

1 1+x
ln
2 1x

tanh x tanh y
1 tanh x tanh y

Complex Numbers
z = a + ib where a and b are real
e {z} = a and m {z} = b
i=

1;

|z| =

i2 = 1; i3 = i

a2 + b2

z = a ib
z+w =z+w
zw = z w
zn = zn
zz = |z|2
z = rcis = r(cos + i sin ) where r = |z| =

a2 + b2 and arg z =

|z n | = |z|n and arg z n = n arg z 2k

z1 z2 = r1 r2 [cis(1 + 2 )]

r1
z1
=
[cis(1 2 )]
z2
r2

Eulers Formula:

ei = cos + i sin

De Moivres Theorem
If z = rcis and n is a positive integer,
z n = rn cis n

Roots of a Complex Number

Let z = rcis and n be a positive integer. Then z has n distinct nth roots
(

zk = r

1/n

cis

where k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1

+ 2k
n

Vectors

Given the vectors a = a1 i + a2 j + a3 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b3 k

Length: |a| =

a21 + a22 + a23

b=
Unit Vector: a

a
|a|

Dot (Scalar) product: a b = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3




 i



Cross (vector) product: a b =  a1



 b
 1




k 



a3 



b3 

j
a2
b2

= (a2 b3 a3 b2 )i (a1 b3 a3 b1 )j + (a1 b2 a2 b1 )k

Angle between two vectors a and b:

a b = |a||b| cos

b
Scalar projection of a in the direction of b is a b
b b
b
Vector projection of a in the direction of b is (a b)

Scalar triple product: a b c = a b c

Other important properties:

abc=bca

a b c = b a c

a (b c) = (a c)b (a b)c

Vector equation of a line through the point (x0 , y0 , z0 ) parallel to the vector (a, b, c) is
(x, y, z) = (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + t(a, b, c)
Equation of the plane with normal (a, b, c) is ax + by + cz = d
Velocity and acceleration of a particle r(t) is given by
v(t) = r (t) = x(t)i

+ y(t)j

+ z(t)k

and
a(t) =
r(t) = x
(t)i + y(t)j + z(t)k

 Length of a space curve between t = tA and t = tB is

tB

l=
tA

|r(t)| dt

Series

Geometric Series
a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + + arn1 =
S =

a
,
1r

a(1 rn )
,
1r

r = 1

if |r| < 1

Important Maclaurin Series

1
1t

= 1 + t + t2 + t3 + t4 + ,

valid for |t| < 1

t2 t3 t4 t5
+ + ,
2
3
4
5
t3 t5 t7 t9
t + + ,
3
5
7
9
t2 t3 t4
1 + t + + + + ,
2! 3! 4!
t3 t5 t7 t9
t + + ,
3! 5! 7! 9!
t2 t4 t6 t8
1 + + ,
2! 4! 6! 8!
t3 t5 t7 t9
t + + + + + ,
3! 5! 7! 9!
t2 t4 t6 t8
1 + + + + + ,
2! 4! 6! 8!
( 1) 2 ( 1)( 2) 3
1 + t +
t +
t +
2!
3!
( 1)( 2)...( n + 1) n
+
t + ,
n!

ln(1 + t) = t

valid for |t| < 1

arctan t =

valid for |t| < 1

et =

sin t =

cos t =

sinh t =

cosh t =

(1 + t) =

valid for all t

valid for all t
valid for all t
valid for all t
valid for all t

valid for |t| < 1

Taylor Series
1
1
1
f (x) = f (x0 )+(xx0 )f (x0 )+ (xx0 )2 f (x0 )+ (xx0 )3 f (x0 )+ + (xx0 )n f (n) (x0 )+
2!
3!
n!

Useful Formulae for Dierentiation and Integration

d
(u v) = u v + uv
dx

dx

( )

u
v

u v uv
v2

d
[f (g(x))] = f (g(x)) g (x)
dx

If y = f (x) then y

f (g(x)) g (x) dx =
u dv = uv

dy
dy du
=
dx
du dx

or

dy
x
dx
f (u) du

by setting u = g(x)

v du

Area between the two curves y = f (x) and y = g(x) on the interval [a, b] is

A=
a

|f (x) g(x)| dx

Volume of solid obtained by rotating about the x-axis is

V =
a

R2 r2 dx

Volume of solid obtained by rotating about the y-axis is

V =
c

8.1

R2 r2 dy

Chain Rules

If w = w(x, y) and both x = x(t) and y = y(t) then

dw
w dx w dy
=
+
dt
x dt
y dt
If w = w(x, y) and both x = x(u, v) and y = y(u, v) then
w
w x w y
=
+
u
x u
y u
and
w
w x w y
=
+
v
x v
y v

10

8.2

Numerical Techniques

Trapezoidal Rule

f (x) dx =
a

h
(y0 + 2(y1 + y2 + y3 + + yn1 ) + yn )
2

Simpsons Rule

f (x) dx =
a

h
(y0 + 4(y1 + y3 + + y2n1 ) + 2(y2 + y4 + + y2n2 ) + y2n )
3

Newtons Method
xn+1 = xn

f (xn )
,
f (xn )

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Secant Method
xn+1 = xn

f (xn )(xn xn1 )

f (xn ) f (xn1 )

Jacobi Iterative Method

Given an initial estimate x(0) ,

(k+1)
xi

for i = 1, 2, . . . , n

1
(k)
=
bi
aij xj
aii
j=1,j=i

k = 0, 1, . . .

Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method

Given an initial estimate x(0) ,
(k+1)
xi

for i = 1, 2, . . . , n

i1
n

1
(k+1)
(k)
bi
aij xj

aij xj
=
aii
j=1
j=i+1

k = 0, 1, . . .

Eulers Method
Given y = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0 ,
yn+1 = yn + hf (xn , yn ),

11

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Taylors Method
Given y = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0 ,
yn+1 = yn + hyn +

8.2.1

h2
y ,
2 n

n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

Runge-Kutta Methods

Given y = f (x, y), y(x0 ) = y0 ,

Improved Eulers Method (2nd order R-K)
k1 = f (xn , yn )
k2 = f (xn + h, yn + hk1 )
yn+1 = yn +

h
(k1 + k2 )
2

Classical Runge-Kutta Method (4th order R-K)

k1 = f (xn , yn )
h
, yn +
2
h
k3 = f (xn + , yn +
2

k2 = f (xn +

h
k1 )
2
h
k2 )
2

k4 = f (xn + h, yn + hk3 )
yn+1 = yn +

h
(k1 + 2k2 + 2k3 + k4 )
6

Improved Eulers Method for a First Order System

By setting u = y and v = y , we can express a second order BVP as a system of rst order DEs:
u = f (x, u, v),

u(x0 ) = u0 ,

v = g(x, u, v),

v(x0 ) = v0 ,

These can be solved approximately by using the following second order Runge-Kutta scheme
k1 = f (xn , un , vn ),

l1 = g(xn , un , vn ),

k2 = f (xn + h, un + hk1 , vn + hl1 ),

un+1 = un +

l2 = g(xn + h, un + hk1 , vn + hl1 ),

h
(k1 + k2 ),
2

vn+1 = vn +

12

h
(l1 + l2 ).
2

8.2.2

Polynomial Interpolation

Lagrange Form
pn (x) =

fi Li (x)

i=0

where
Li (x) =

(x xj )
(x
i xj )
j=0,j=i

Newtons Divided Dierence Formula

pn (x) = f (x0 ) + (x x0 )f [x0 , x1 ] + (x x0 )(x x1 )f [x0 , x1 , x2 ]
+ + (x x0 )(x x1 )(x x2 ) . . . (x xn1 )f [x0 , x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ]
Error (x x0 )(x x1 )(x x2 ) . . . (x xn )f [x0 , x1 , . . . , xn+1 ]

8.2.3

Least Squares Approximation

If (x; a0 , a1 , . . . , an ) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + + an xn , then the normal equations are given by

(m + 1)
m

xi

xi

xi 2

. . .

i=0

i=0

i=0

xi 2

xi 3

. . .

i=0

i=0

i=0

i=0

xi 2

i=0

xi 3

i=0

xi 4

. . .

i=0

xi n
xi n+1
xi n+2

i=0

.
.
.
m

i=0

xi n

i=0

xi n+1

xi n+2 . . .

i=0

i=0

13

xi 2n

fi

i=0

a1
xi fi

i=0

m
2

a2
xi fi

i=0

=
.

an
n
x f

a0

i=0

8.3

Table of Integrals

Function

Integral

xn

1
xn+1 , n = 1
n+1

ex

ex

eax+b

1 ax+b
e
a

1
x

ln |x|

ax

1 x
a
ln a

ln x

x ln x x

sin x

cos x

cos x

sin x

tan x

ln | cos x|

cosec2 x

cot x

sec2 x

tan x

cot x

ln | sin x|

sec x tan x

sec x

cosec x cot x

cosec x
1 1 + sin x
ln
= ln | sec x + tan x|
2 1 sin x
1 1 cos x
ln
= ln |cosec x cot x|
2 1 + cos x

sec x
cosec x
arcsin x

x arcsin x +

arccos x

x arccos x

arctan x

x arctan x

sinh x

cosh x

cosh x

sinh x

14

1 x2

1 x2

1
ln(1 + x2 )
2

Continued:

Function

Integral

tanh x

ln cosh x

coth x

ln | sinh x|

sech2 x

tanh x

cosech2 x

coth x

sech x tanh x

sech x

cosech x coth x

cosech x

sech x

2 arctan ex



 x

e 1
x 



ln tanh  = ln  x

2
e
+
1

x
1
a+x
1

arctanh =
ln
, if |x| < a

cosech x

a2

1
x2

x2

2a

ax

x
1
x+a
1

arccoth =
ln
, if |x| > a

1
+ a2

2a

xa

x
1
arctan
a
a

a2 x2

arcsin

2
x a2

arccosh

x
a

2
x + a2

arcsinh

x
a

x
a

1 2
1
x
x x + a2 + a2 arcsinh
2
2
a

1 2
1
x
x x a2 a2 arccosh
2
2
a

1 2
1
x
x a x2 + a2 arcsin
2
2
a

x2 + a2
x2 a2
a2 x 2

15

Continued:

Function

sinm x cosn x

Integral

sinm+1 x cosn1 x
n1

+
sinm x cosn2 x dx

m+n

m+n

sinm1 x cosn+1 x m 1

+
sinm2 x cosn x dx

m+n

m+n

sin ax sin bx

sin(a b)x sin(a + b)x

2(a b)
2(a + b)

cos ax cos bx

sin(a b)x sin(a + b)x

+
2(a b)
2(a + b)

sin ax cos bx

eax sin bx

eax
(a sin bx b cos bx)
a2 + b2

eax cos bx

eax
(a cos bx + b sin bx)
a2 + b2

n x

x e

tan x
n

sec x

cos(a b)x cos(a + b)x

2(a b)
2(a + b)

x e n
n x

xn1 ex dx

1
tann1 x
n1

tann2 x dx

1
n2
secn2 x tan x +
n1
n1

16

secn2 x dx

Laplace Transforms
Function

Laplace Transform

f (t)

F (s) =

1
s

n!

tn

sn+1
1
sa
a
2
s + a2
s
2
s + a2
a
s 2 a2
s
2
s a2
2a3
(s2 + a2 )2

eat
sin at
cos at
sinh at
cosh at
sin at at cos at
sin at + at cos at

2as2
(s2 + a2 )2

t sin at

2as
(s2 + a2 )2
2a2 s
s4 + 4a4
as2 2a3
s4 + 4a4
as2 + 2a3
s4 + 4a4
s3
s4 + 4a4
eas
s

sin at sinh at
cos at sinh at
sin at cosh at
cos at cosh at
H(t a)
(t a)

eas

a
2
ea /4t
2t t
1
2
ea /4t
t

J0 (2 at)

ea

ea s

s
1 a/s
e
s

17

est f (t) dt

9.1

Laplace Transforms: General Formulae

Denition of a Laplace Transform

F (s) = L[f (t)] =

est f (t) dt

Inverse Laplace Transform

f (t) = L1 {F (s)}

Linearity
L[af (t) + bg(t)] = aF (s) + bG(s)

Theorem
1
L[f (at)] = F
a

( )

s
a

First Shift Theorem

L[eat f (t)] = F (s a)

Second Shift Theorem

L[f (t )H(t )] = e s F (s)

Dierentiation of a Transform
L[tn f (t)] = (1)n

dn F (s)
dsn

Dierentiation of a Function
[

dn f (t)
= sn F (s) sn1 f (0) sn2 f (0) sf (n2) (0) f (n1) (0)
dtn

L[f (t)] = sF (s) f (0)

L[f (t)] = s2 F (s) sf (0) f (0)

18

Integration of a Function

Integration of a Transform

F (s)
s

f (u) du =
0

f (t)
=
t

F (u) du
s

Convolution Theorem
[

L[f (t) g(t)] = L

10

f ( )g(t ) d = F (s)G(s)

Fourier Series

A function f satisfying f (x + 2l) = f (x) of period 2l can be represented as a Fourier series by

(

nx
1
nx
+ bn sin
f (x) = a0 +
an cos
2
l
l
n=1

with Fourier coecients dened by

1
an =
l
bn =

1
l

l
l

f (x) cos

nx
dx
l

f (x) sin

nx
dx
l

An even periodic function is represented by a Fourier Cosine series:

1
nx
f (x) = a0 +
an cos
2
l
n=1

where
2
an =
l

nx
dx
l

f (x) cos
0

for n = 0, 1, 2, . . .

An odd periodic function is represented by a Fourier Sine series:

f (x) =

bn sin

n=1

where
2
bn =
l

f (x) sin
0

nx
l

nx
dx for n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
l

19

11

Vector Calculus

Gradient
The gradient of a scalar function (x, y, z) is given by

i+
j+
k
x
y
z

Divergence
The divergence of a vector function F(x, y, z) = F1 (x, y, z)i + F2 (x, y, z)j + F3 (x, y, z)k is given
by
F=

F1 F2 F3
+
+
x
y
z

Curl
The curl of a vector function
F(x, y, z)
= F1 (x, y, z)i + F2 (x, y, z)j + F3 (x, y, z)k is given by




 i




F=
 x



 F
 1

=(

y
F2



k 



z 


F3 

F3 F1
F2 F1
F3 F2

)i (

)j + (

)k
y
z
x
z
x
y

Directional Derivative
The directional derivative of f in the direction of the vector u is given by
df
b
= f u
du

Surface Normals
The normal to the surface F (x, y, z) = 0 is parallel to the vector
F =

F
F
F
i+
j+
k
x
y
z

20

Line Integral

Surface Integral

(x, y, z) dS =
S

F dr =

F n dS =

f dx + g dy + h dz
C

F1 n1 + F2 n2 + F3 n3 du dv
D

dx dy
(x, y, f (x, y))
=
b k|
|n
D

(x, y, f (x, y))

D

f
x

)2

f
y

)2

+ 1 dx dy

Greens Theorem in the plane

(
R

Q P

x
y

dx dy =

P dx + Q dy
C

where C is a simple closed curve, traversed anticlockwise, which bounds the region R in the xy
plane.

Gauss Divergence Theorem

S

F dS =

b dS =
Fn

F dV

where V is a region bounded by the closed surface S.

b is the outward unit normal to S.)
(Note: n

Stokes Theorem

b dS =
Fn

I
C

F dr

where C is a simple closed curve which bounds the open surface S.

b = k then C is traversed in an anticlockwise direction.)
(Note: If n

Element of area in plane polar coordinates: dA = dx dy = r dr d

Element of surface area dS for a sphere (radius a): dS = a2 sin d d

Element of volume dV in cylindrical and spherical polar coordinates:

Cylindrical :

Spherical :

dV = r dr d dz

21

dV = r2 sin dr d d

12

Statistics
P (A B) = P (A)P (B | A)
P (A B) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B)

( )

Binomial probability function: p(x) = P (X = x) =

= np;

2 = np(1 p)
x
e
x!

Poisson probability function: p(x) = P (X = x) =

= ;

n x
p (1 p)nx
x

2 =

Continuous probability function: F (x) = P (X x) =

d
(F (x)) = f (x)
dx

Mean (continuous density function): =

f (t)dt

Variance (continuous density function): 2 =

xf (x) dx

(x )2 f (x) dx

1 x 2
1
Density of normal distribution: f (x) =
e 2 ( )
2

Standard normal variable: Z =

Uniform density function: f (x) =

Sample mean: x
=

1
,
ba

for a < x b,

0,

otherwise.

n
1
xi
n i=1

n
1
Sample variance: s2 =
(xi x
)2 =
n 1 i=1

22

i=1

x2i

i=1

n(n 1)

)2

xi

Test Statistics
Central Limit Theorem: Z =
Test for single mean:
Test for two means: t =
s2p =

/ n

x
follows a tn1 distribution
s/ n

t=

x1 x2 (1 2 )

sp

(n1 1)s21 + (n2 1)s22

n1 + n2 2

1
n2

follows a tn1 +n2 2 distribution where

(n 1)s2
follows a 2n1 distribution
2

Test for a single variance: 2 =

Test for proportions: z =

1
n1

p p
X
where p =
n
p(1 p)/n

100(1 )% Condence Intervals

for true mean & known :

x z/2
n
s
x tn1,/2
n

for true mean & unknown :

(n 1)s2 (n 1)s2
,
2n1,/2 2n1,1/2

for true variance 2 & known :

for true variance 2 & unknown :

(n 1)s2 (n 1)s2
,
2n1,/2 2n1,1/2

for true mean dierence 1 2 & known :

(x1 x2 ) z/2

1
1
+
n1 n2

for true mean dierence 1 2 & unknown :

100(1 )% Prediction Intervals

if is known :

x z/2 1 +

1
n

if is unknown :

x tn1,/2 s 1 +

1
n

23

(x1 x2 ) tn1 +n2 2,/2 sp

1
1
+
n1 n2

.00

.01

.02

.03

.04

.05

.06

.07

.08

.09

0.0

.5000

.5040

.5080

.5120

.5160

.5199

.5239

.5279

.5319

.5359

0.1

.5398

.5438

.5478

.5517

.5557

.5596

.5636

.5675

.5714

.5753

0.2

.5793

.5832

.5871

.5910

.5948

.5987

.6026

.6064

.6103

.6141

0.3

.6179

.6217

.6255

.6293

.6331

.6368

.6406

.6443

.6480

.6517

0.4

.6554

.6591

.6628

.6664

.6700

.6736

.6772

.6808

.6844

.6879

0.5

.6915

.6950

.6985

.7019

.7054

.7088

.7123

.7157

.7190

.7224

0.6

.7257

.7291

.7324

.7357

.7389

.7422

.7454

.7486

.7517

.7549

0.7

.7580

.7611

.7642

.7673

.7704

.7734

.7764

.7794

.7823

.7852

0.8

.7881

.7910

.7939

.7967

.7995

.8023

.8051

.8078

.8106

.8133

0.9

.8159

.8186

.8212

.8238

.8264

.8289

.8315

.8340

.8365

.8389

1.0

.8413

.8438

.8461

.8485

.8508

.8531

.8554

.8577

.8599

.8621

1.1

.8643

.8665

.8686

.8708

.8729

.8749

.8770

.8790

.8810

.8830

1.2

.8849

.8869

.8888

.8907

.8925

.8944

.8962

.8980

.8997

.9015

1.3

.9032

.9049

.9066

.9082

.9099

.9115

.9131

.9147

.9162

.9177

1.4

.9192

.9207

.9222

.9236

.9251

.9265

.9279

.9292

.9306

.9319

1.5

.9332

.9345

.9357

.9370

.9382

.9394

.9406

.9418

.9429

.9441

1.6

.9452

.9463

.9474

.9484

.9495

.9505

.9515

.9525

.9535

.9545

1.7

.9554

.9564

.9573

.9582

.9591

.9599

.9608

.9616

.9625

.9633

1.8

.9641

.9649

.9656

.9664

.9671

.9678

.9686

.9693

.9699

.9706

1.9

.9713

.9719

.9726

.9732

.9738

.9744

.9750

.9756

.9761

.9767

2.0

.9772

.9778

.9783

.9788

.9793

.9798

.9803

.9808

.9812

.9817

2.1

.9821

.9826

.9830

.9834

.9838

.9842

.9846

.9850

.9854

.9857

2.2

.9861

.9864

.9868

.9871

.9875

.9878

.9881

.9884

.9887

.9890

2.3

.9893

.9896

.9898

.9901

.9904

.9906

.9909

.9911

.9913

.9916

2.4

.9918

.9920

.9922

.9925

.9927

.9929

.9931

.9932

.9934

.9936

2.5

.9938

.9940

.9941

.9943

.9945

.9946

.9948

.9949

.9951

.9952

2.6

.9953

.9955

.9956

.9957

.9959

.9960

.9961

.9962

.9963

.9964

2.7

.9965

.9966

.9967

.9968

.9969

.9970

.9971

.9972

.9973

.9974

2.8

.9974

.9975

.9976

.9977

.9977

.9978

.9979

.9979

.9980

.9981

2.9

.9981

.9982

.9983

.9983

.9984

.9984

.9985

.9985

.9986

.9986

3.0

.9987

.9987

.9987

.9988

.9988

.9989

.9989

.9989

.9990

.9990

Table 1: The Cumulative Distribution Function P (Z z) for the Standard Normal Distribution
- positive values for Z [1].

24

df

90%

95%

97.5%

99%

99.5%

99.9%

3.078

6.314

12.706

31.821

63.657

318.309

1.886

2.920

4.303

6.965

9.925

22.327

1.638

2.353

3.183

4.541

5.841

10.215

1.533

2.132

2.777

3.747

4.604

7.173

1.476

2.015

2.571

3.365

4.032

5.893

1.440

1.943

2.447

3.143

3.708

5.208

1.415

1.895

2.365

2.998

3.500

4.785

1.397

1.860

2.306

2.897

3.355

4.501

1.383

1.833

2.262

2.822

3.250

4.297

10

1.372

1.812

2.228

2.764

3.169

4.144

11

1.363

1.796

2.201

2.718

3.106

4.025

12

1.356

1.782

2.179

2.681

3.055

3.930

13

1.350

1.771

2.160

2.650

3.012

3.852

14

1.345

1.761

2.145

2.625

2.977

3.787

15

1.341

1.753

2.132

2.603

2.947

3.733

16

1.337

1.746

2.120

2.584

2.921

3.686

17

1.333

1.740

2.110

2.567

2.898

3.646

18

1.330

1.734

2.101

2.552

2.879

3.611

19

1.328

1.729

2.093

2.540

2.861

3.580

20

1.325

1.725

2.086

2.528

2.845

3.552

21

1.323

1.721

2.080

2.518

2.831

3.527

22

1.321

1.717

2.074

2.508

2.819

3.505

23

1.319

1.714

2.069

2.500

2.807

3.485

24

1.318

1.711

2.064

2.492

2.797

3.467

25

1.316

1.708

2.060

2.485

2.788

3.450

26

1.315

1.706

2.056

2.479

2.779

3.435

27

1.314

1.703

2.052

2.473

2.771

3.421

28

1.313

1.701

2.048

2.467

2.763

3.408

29

1.311

1.699

2.045

2.462

2.756

3.396

30

1.310

1.697

2.042

2.457

2.750

3.385

40

1.303

1.684

2.021

2.423

2.705

3.307

50

1.299

1.676

2.009

2.403

2.678

3.262

60

1.296

1.671

2.000

2.390

2.660

3.232

80

1.292

1.664

1.990

2.374

2.639

3.195

100

1.290

1.660

1.984

2.364

2.626

3.174

200

1.286

1.653

1.972

2.345

2.601

3.132

1.282

1.645

1.960

2.326

2.576

3.090

Table 2: The Cumulative Distribution Function for the t Distribution [1].

25

References
[1] Vining, G.G. and Kowalski, S.M., Statistical Methods for Engineers, 3rd ed., Brooks/Cole,
2011.
[2] Stewart, J., Calculus, 7th ed., (International Metric Version), Brooks/Cole, 2012.
[3] Burden, R.L., and Faires, J.D., Numerical Analysis, 8th ed., Brooks/Cole, Pacic Grove,
2005.

26