Autoimmune system

2009

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Biology
XI Grades
Immune systems
90 Minutes
Immune system disorder
To understand the functions of the immune system disorder
Himawati Adiapsari

Immune system disorders vary from the unserious one, such as allergic, to the more serious
ones, such as organ transplant rejection, immunodeficiency, and autoimmune disease.
Allergies
Allergies are exacgerated(hypersensitive) responses to certain antigens called allergens. The
Most common allergies involve antibodies of the IgE.Hay fever for instance, occurs when plasma cells
secrete IgE antibodies specific for antigens on the surface of pollen grains. Some of these antibodies
attach by their base to mast cells in connective tissues. Latter, when pollen grains again enter the body,
the attach to the antigen binding sites og IgE on the surface of the mast cell. Interaction with the large
pollen grains cross-links adjacent IgE molecules, including the mast cell to release histamine and other
inflammatory agent from granules(vesicles), a process called degranulation. Recall that histamine cause
dilatation and increased permeability of small blood vessels. Such vascular changes lead to typical
allergiy symptoms: sneezing, runny nose, tearing eyes, and smooth muscle contractions that can result
in breathing difficulty. Drugs called antihistamine diminish allergy symptoms (and imflamation) by
blocking receptors for histamine.

(Source: Chambells 7th)

Urtikaria

Reaksi Fotoalergik from Bramida

XI/Immune system/Himawati Adiapsari/SMA Negeri Mojoagung/2011| 1

Autoimmune system

2009

Autoimmune
In some people, the immune system turns against particular molecules of the body., causing
autoimmune disease. This loss of tolerance can take some many forms. In systemic lupus
erythematosus, commonly called lupus, the immune system generates antibodies against histones and
DNA released by the normal breakdown of body cells. These self-reactive antibodies cause skin rashes,
lever, arthritis and kidney dysfunction. Another antibody-mediated autoimmune disease, rheumatoid
arthritis, leads to damage and painful inflammation of cartilage and bone of joints (Figure 1).

Type 1 diabetes mellitus, the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreas are the target of the
autoimmune cytotoxic T cells. The most common chronic neurogical disorder in developed countries ia
an autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis. In the disease, T cells infiltrate the central nervous system,
leading to destruction of the myelin sheath of that surrounds parts of many neurons
Gender, genetics, and environment influence susceptibility to autoimmune disorders. For
example, members of certain families show an increased susceptibility to particular autoimmune
disorders. In addition, many autoimmune diseases afflict females more often than males. Women are
two to three times as likely as men to suffer from multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis and nine
times more likely to develop lupus. There has been substantial progress in the field of autoimmunity.
For example, we now know that regulatory T cells ordinarily help prevent attack by any self-reactive
lymphocytes that remain functional in adults. Nevertheless, much remains to be learned about these
often-devasting disorders.
The immune system normally distinguishes self from non-self. Some lymphocytes are capable of
reacting against self, but these are generally suppressed. Autoimmune diseases occur when there is
some interrupyion of the normal control process, allowing lymphocytes to escape from suppression, or
when there is an alteration in some body tissue so that it is no longer recognized as self. The exact
mechanisms behind autoimmune malfunctions are not fully understood but pathogens or drugs may
play a role in triggering an autoimmune response in some one who already has genetic predisposition.
The reaction are similar to those that occur in allergies, except that in autoimmune disorders the
hypersensitivity responses is to the body itself, rather than to an outside substance.

XI/Immune system/Himawati Adiapsari/SMA Negeri Mojoagung/2011| 2

Autoimmune system

2009

Multiple sclerosis
MS is a progressive immflamatory disease of the central nervus system in which scaltered
patches of myelin in the brain and spinal cord are destroyed. Myelin is the fatty connective tissue
sheath surrounding conducting axons and its destruction result in the symptoms of MS: numbness,
tingling, muscle weakness, and paralysis.
MS usually start early and adult life and
the disease is charecterised by a patchy pattern of
disabilities, often with dramatic unpredictable
improvements. There is a genetic component to
the disease, as relativies of affected people are
eight times more likely to contract the disease.

Exertion, Stress and Immune System

Many forms of exertion and stress influence immune system function. Consider, for example,
susceptibility to the common cold and other infections of the upper respiratory tract, Moderate exercise
improves immune system function and significantly reduces the ris of these infections. In contrast,
exercise to the point of exhaustion leads to more frequent infections and to more severe symptoms.
Studies of marathons runners support the conclusion of the exercise intensity is the critical variable.
Such runners get sick lessoften than their more sedentary peers during training, a time of moderate
exertion, but a marked increase in illness in the period immediately following the grueling race itself.
Similarly psychological stress has been shown to disrupt immune system regulation by altering the
interplay of the hormonal nervous, and immune systems.
Immunodeficiency Diseases
A didsorder in which the ability of an immune system protect against pathogens is defective or
absent is called immunodeficiency. An inborn immunodeficiency results from a genetic or developmental
defect in the immune systems. An acquired immunodeficiency develops later in life following exposure
to chemcical or biological agents. Whatever its cause and nature, an immunodeficiency can lead to
frequent and recurrent infections and increased susceptibility to sertain cancers.
Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik ( Bhs. Indonesia)
LES (Lupus Eritematosus Systemik) adalah penyakit peradangan kronik multisistem yg
dihubungkan dg ketidaknormalan sistem imun. SLE berpengaruh pd kulit, persendian & membran
serosa (pleura, perikardium), jantung, ginjal, sistem hematologi & neurologi (Lewis et al, 2004)
Penyakit autoimun yang melibatkan berbagai organ dengan manifestasi klinis yang bervariasi
dari yang ringan sampai berat .
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Autoimmune system

2009

Pada keadaan awal, sering sekali sukar dikenal sebagai LES, karena manifestasinya sering tidak terjadi
bersamaan. Sampai saat ini penyebab LES belum diketahui ada dugaan faktor genetik, infeksi dan
lingkungan ikut berperan pada patofisiologi LES
Reaksi sistem imun terhadap antigen jaringan sendiri. Antigen tersebut disebut autoantigen
sedang antibodi yang dibentuk disebut autoantibody.
Dibagi 2 kelompok:
Kelompok ringan
: panas , artritis, perikarditis ringan, efusi pleura / perikard ringan, kelelahan
dan sakit kepala.
Kelompok berat
: Termasuk pada kelompok ini ialah : efusi pleura dan perikard masif, penyakit
ginjal, anemia hemolitik, trombositopenia, lupus serebral, vaskulitis akut,
miokarditis, lupus pneumonitis dan perdarahan paru.
Tanda dan gejala
Keluhan umum adalah demam, penurunan BB, arthralgia,
kelemahan yang berlebihan.
Dermatologi
Lesi pembuluh darah di kulit dapat timbul di semua lokasi,
namun paling sering
di area kulit yang terpapar sinar
matahari. Reaksi kulit yang berat dapat terjadi pada orang
Rush kupu-kupu
yang fotosensitif
Tanda rash kupu2 didaerah pipi, melewati area hidung dialami oleh 50% pasien dg SLE
Ulser pada mulut atau membran nasopharing tjd lebih dari pasien dg SLE.
Umum terjadi: gatal pd kulit kepala & rambut rontok, kebotakan (alopesia) dengan atau tanpa
lesi pada kulit kepala.
Rambut dapat tumbuh kembali selama masa penyembuhan, tapi kehilangan rambut dapat
menjadi permanen di sekitar lesi.
Kulit kepala menjadi kering, bersisik & atrofi.

Refference

Biggs,Alton et.all. Biology, The Dynamics of life. Teacher Wraparound Edition. Mc Graw
Hill,Glencoe.Columbus. 2004. P: 183 -200.
Cambell et. all. Biology. 8th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cumming. San Francisco. 2008. P: 106
109; 933 - 936
Jones,Mary et. All. Biology, As Level and A Level. Second edition. Cambridge University Press. 2007.
P: 124-141

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