Performance and Behavior of Numerical Protection

Relaying Scheme Action and Transient Stability of

Electrical Power System Protection
Muhammad Usman Sardar

Mazhar Hussain Baloch and Ghulam Sarwar Kaloi

Department of Electrical Engineering

Department of Electrical Engineering

Islamia University Bahawalpur

yesucetian11@gmail.com

Islamia University Bahawalpur

mazhar.hussain@iub.edu.pk
ghulam.sarwar@iub.edu.pk

Abstract: - In this paper, behavior & performance of relays

used in electrical power system is being analyzed by matrix
laboratory software. Relaying function and operation is
investigated for evaluation of power system protection. It
describes how power protection relying schemes can be used
in different regions; the protection system has been simulated of 220 kV transmission line of Pakistan through matrix
laboratory. The results presented illustrate the validity of
the proposed protection. Both theoretical analysis and simulations results indicate that the protection method has high
reliability & stability. The Power system blocks (PSB) are
developed in accordance with setting values of relays by
actual power system under study foe different faults scenarios. The simulation system realizes the check of relaying
protection setting value, operation and trip out simulation
mechanism with resulting outputs. The test run results
shows the availability of algorithms and practical application routineness of the simulations system development.
Keywords: Relaying; MATLAB; Transmission line; Power
system protection; Transmission networks of 220kV Grid
station Shalimar Lahore Pakistan

1. INTRODUCTION:
A. Power System protection:
In this paper, we have designed all types of protective
relaying schemes on Matrix laboratory software using
SIMULINK utility. Simulation of under and over voltage
protection relaying for instantaneous and definite time,
Over current & coordination relaying protection, insaneness over current, over current, sample frequency, universal relay and differential protection relays using comparison digital logics have been added. Utilities are responsible for the generation, transmission, and distribution of electricity to customers. For the purpose of safety
and protecting transmission and distribution networks
from faults, utilities worldwide have sophisticated protective equipment installed on their power system equipment [1] . Similarly method of classification for adaptive
relay protection scheme/setting system based on different
analysis technique and diagnosis were being discussed
earlier [3][11] and [12].

Dr.Zahir J. Paracha

Department of computer Engineering

University of Lahore
zahir.paracha@live.vu.edu.au

B. Comparison of Numeric/Digital Relays with other

Conventional Types
Digital protection devices are built with integrated functions and operated using digital binary values. They are
more advantageous over the conventional relays that are
electromechanical (EMech) relays, static and even over
the microprocessor based digital (MPB) based relays.
The numeric/digital protective relays have proficiency of
communication and facilitate remote control, monitoring
and data transfer. Multifunctioning like major control,
operation, monitoring and measuring are available now a
day in power system numeric protection devices. Now
the technology enabled to change all new substations
automation with numerical relays deployment with improved dependability as well as better grid-security. They
are cost effective, very sensitive to faults level minimization action, self-checking facility, immune to parameters
variation of components, lowest burden and more flexible
because of programmable user friendly and are here as
the best available technology on date.
C. Numeric Relay Simulation Principle
The values are precisely set in Power System Blocks
(PSB) of MATLAB/Simulink for design and analysis of
power system protection. Using the technique of numeric
algorithms on PSB the logical are developed for signaling
to the breaker for the clearing of fault within definite time
[6]. The signaling process can transmitted via GPS telecommunication techniques for the clearance of faults as
fast as possible, as in case of power swings or cascading
of generating stations. Logical flow charts for development of algorithms are prescribed in diagram. Data is
being analyzed with the following proceedings, Input
procession, Logic processing, values setting event recording and data display, and then signaling to breakers. The
above flow process is main hub of Numeric distance
protection. The analogue signal is firstly converted into
digital binary values. Signal is fed to the logical comparators compared with reference values. The values are set
to operation values of relay. Then the values are counted
for the number of time. This is compared with time delay
values and then feed to SET-RESET flip-flops for the
desirous command to breaker [2]. Every time all the three

phase are monitored and protected. The inputs are quantized because the operation of a numerical relay is processed in digital form.
START
Input port
from
instruments

Data type and Digital

to Analogue
conversions
(computation)

NO

Functions

Time to time
comparison with
Reference Set
Values and for time
grading
YES

Setting the values

of flip flops for trip
out mechanism

Signaling to
breaker
TRIP

Fig. 1.1: Flow control process of Numeric protecting scheme development

Fig. 2.1: SimPower system model for the DTOV relay

B.
Relaying setting and action
Relay have reference values of voltage to take the action,
definite time constant for particular delay in operation
and reset pin. Programmable voltage source is used to
visualize the faults; initially it begins at time 0.2 sec with
primary delay of 0.05 sec for operation. The relay will
not be functional until the completion of definite time.
Then the DTOV will signal to breaker to trip out. The
predetermine voltage and definite time can be set for
relay operation. The operating procedure catches the
similar pattern of visual relaying simulation system [9].
C.

Simulation sub-system development

Fig. 2.1 shows the single line diagram of power system

blocks (PSB) simulation, whereas Fig. 2.2 illustrates the
equivalent scheme of the developed sub system model in
matrix laboratory software. Replace-schemes were employed involving the connected features of the wellthought-out network. The transfer end was equipped with
an 11 kV source with 50 Hz frequency [10]. The digital
conversion relation operator counters and flip flops are
employed to develop the desired workstation.

2. DEFINITE TIME OVER VOLTAGE (DTOV) RELAY

SIMULATION WITH ITS SETTING
A.
DTOV relay description
As definite time over voltage relay operates after the
condition of overvoltage with a specified. This relay may
checks the condition whether the voltage has exceeded
the predetermined value,. This type of relays are used in

Radial or Loop Circuits having Sections

Back Up Protection
On Systems with wide variations of fault currents due to source Impedance

Fig. 2.2: Subsystem developments for DTOV Relaying action

D.
Evaluation tests
The active mechanism of DTOV relay was methodically
investigated through collected real-time library power
system blocks (PSB) prepared with the developed simu-

lation in MATrix Laboratory. The over voltage protection

is maintained for a prescribed time with over voltage
transients shown in fig 2.3. Surely, it can be made to
operate as backup protection scheme.

TABLE I
Table: Execution Time for the Implemented DTOV Relay on Simulink

Fault
level
(RMS
values
being
shown)

Voltage
amplitude

3e 4

5e 4

*8e 4

Time
for
fault
(s)
0.1
to
0.12
0.2
to
0.5
*0.1
to
0.12

Relay
time
grading
(s)

Breaker
tripping

Trip
Value

0.05

Not
action

0.05

Action
taken

*0.05

*Not
action

* The values of input voltage source are changed for transient study.

E. Transient Testing
Transient voltages and voltage overshoots that are generated due to non-fault events or switching should not lead
to trips the relay. In order to avoid this, the relay must be
able to detect and process the information of the input
efficiently. The transient testing is performed on the implemented relay model to test the capability of the Power
System relay to detect sudden change of input voltage so
that fail-to-trip or mal-trip event is avoided. This relay is
bound to complete the time of operation.

Fig. 2.3: Scope results for analysis of voltage protection relaying action

3. DIFFERENTIAL RELAY SIMULATION

A.
Description of differential relay
Differential Relay teams are working on phasor when the
difference of two or more comparable electrical quantities exceeds the rate measurement or predetermined. This
type of protection is having rules on the differential values of any current, enters the current section of the system with the departure of current or it may be a balance
effort. Relaying action is done under fault within Protected Zone, and it is likely unnoticed if the fault is out of
zone. A case study is added for the differential protection
of transformer.

Fig. 3.2: Differential relay subsystem Development

D.
Evaluation tests
Simulation results are added for visualization of differential protection with schematic colors. The three phase
fault current out of zone is not cleared by relay, that is at
0.2 second as shown here and similar decision for higher
level faults out-of-zone.
Table 2
Execution Time for the Implemented Differential Relay on Simulink

Fig. 3.1: Simulink model of differential relay for protection of a transformer or it may be a bus bar scheme or generator to be protected

B.
Relaying Setting and action
Referring to figure 3.1, current values for both ends of
transformer (A case study) are compared. If the differential value is exceeded to prescribed value (percent differential protection) the relay operates. Simulink model is
designed for differential protection of power system [14].
The three phase fault nearest to transformer is detected
and relaying action will be taken. Breaker and both values of currents for LV and HV are regulated within the
relay subsystem.

Fault level
(RMS
values
being
shown)
0.25 e4

Time for
fault

Zone

Breaker
tripping

Trip
Value

Not action

1
0
1

(s)
0.2 to
0.25

0.35

Action
taken

*2 e5

*0.25 to
0.25

*Not action

* The values of input voltage source are changed for transient study.

C.
Simulation subsystem development
The absolute value of differential quantity from HV and
LV side is regulated with comparators and relational
operator. Then using SR latches the values is set or reset
for operation. Here fault is specified at 0.35 seconds, and
then the differential unit subsystem orders for breakout
particularly for the faults with-in the zone. We can also
make is percent differential for proper time lag. Fault out
of zone is unnoticed as in relevant case.
Fig. 3.3: Results/ outputs for currents in Scope 02 to visualize the faults
within the zone.

DTOV characteristics is that the greater the fault currents, the shorter are their operating time. Different types
of inverse characteristics such as standard inverse, very
inverse, extremely inverse and long inverse can be obtained by varying and C constants.

Fig: 3.4 tripping action level to breaker for scope 03

4. COORDINATION OF DEFINITE TIME OVER CURRENT
(DTOC) RELAY SIMULATION
A.
DTOC coordination relay description
The relays in a power system are coordinated so that if
due to any reason some element fails to operate then the
backup (secondary) protective relay operates with attained security in directional way-out.

C.
Simulation sub-system development
Two similar sub-systems are developed with some different time constants. Both the subsystem is active and likely to be same as developed earlier for definite time over
current relays.

Fig. 4.2: Subsystem of definite time over current relay for coordination
with subsystem 01

Fig. 4.1: development of DTOC relaying coordination model in

SIMULINK Matlab

D.
Results
The output results are shown in figure 4.3. The relaying
action taken place at 0.25 sec with 0.02 sec time lag defined by relay subsystem 01.

B.
Relaying setting and Action
The operational over current (DTOCs) relays must be in
proper coordination with time grading/discrimination of
action. For proper operation, relay sub-system 01 will
have to operate first as it is surety that the remaining
system is healthy. Symmetric ground fault occurred at
0.25 second simultaneously within the power system but
the time discrimination make the relay possible to operate
and functional nearest to load side. The time constant is
made different for proper time lag to be operational time
viz. Subsystem 01 will trip out first as its having lower
time lag value i.e., 0.02 sec (A case study is added). Simulink model is shown in fig. 4.1 for the operation of power system [16].
The DTOC relay is used as the primary scheme to protect
power systems. For DTOC characteristics, the relay starts
to operate after an intended time delay. The time delay is
also known as operation time. The advantage of the

Fig. 4.3: Scope 01 Output Results of coordination of Definite Time

Over current Relay action for three phase system protection

lab and simulink are in the same atmosphere, communication and testing is comfortable and can be
done easily. Especially that matrix lab has powerful
capabilities for statistical/arithmetic strong function
and graphics. It also has powerful capabilities for
graphical user interface and modeling for protection
Table: 3
Operation Time of the Overcurrent Relay from Matlab/Simulink Simulation

Amplitude
input
current (A)
213
227
500

According to
IEC standard

Simulation from
MATLAB/Simulink

329.9419
19.2614
0.9948

329.9
19.26
0.9948

scheme simulation of generation, transmission and distribution & utilization system of electric power network etc.
These advantages help the power engineer for industry/electrical network for effective protection to enhance
the performance of digital design sequence, protective
selection and the determination of the setup.
REFERENCES
[1]

fault & action for clearance of fault

1.2
1

[2]
fault time
trip value Subsystem
trip Value Subsystem 01

0.8
0.6

[3]

0.4
0.2

[4]

[5]

-0.2
0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25 0.3
time axis -->

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Fig. 4.3: Visualization of action taken by faults (black) at same time,

tripping of subsystems

E. Evaluation tests for transient analysis

Simulation results are added for visualization of differential protection with schematic colors. The three phase
fault current out of zone is not cleared by relay, that is at
0.2 second as shown here and similar decision for higher
level faults out-of-zone.

[6]

[7]

[8]

Table: 4
Execution Time for the Implemented Differential Relay on Simulink

Fault level
(RMS
values
being
shown)
0.25 e4

Time for
fault

Subsystem

Breaker
tripping

Trip
Value

Not action
Action
taken

*Not action

[9]

(s)
0.25

0.25

01

*2 e5

*0.25 to
0.25

01

* The values of input voltage source are changed for transient study.

[10]

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