MIT - 16.

20
Fall, 2002

16.20 HANDOUT #5

Fall, 2002

Stability and Buckling

Bifurcation Buckling and Snap-Through Buckling

bifurcation point

BIFURCATION BUCKLING
Z

Perfect Column: X

EI = constant

d 4w d 2
w
• Governing Equation: EI 4 + P 2
= 0

dx dx

P P
• Solution: w = Asin x + B cos x + C + D x

EI EI

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 5-1

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

n 2π 2 EI nπ x
• Simply supported: Pcr = mode shape: w = Asin
l2 l
π 2 EI
Euler buckling load: Pcr =
l2

• General Case:
c π 2 EI
Pcr = c = coefficient of edge fixity
l2
• Various Boundary Conditions

– Simply-supported (pinned)
w=0

d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx
– Fixed end (clamped)

w=0

dw
= 0
dx

– Free end
d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx

d  d 2w 
S = EI 2  = 0
dx  dx 
– Sliding

d  d 2w 
S = EI 2  = 0
dx  dx 
dw
= 0
dx

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 5-2

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

– Free end with axial load

d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx
d  d 2w  dw
S =  E I 2  = − P0
dx  dx  dx

– Vertical spring

d 2w
M = EI 2 = 0
dx
d  d 2w 
S = EI 2  = kf w
dx  dx 

– Torsional spring
w=0

d 2w dw
M = EI 2 = − kT
dx dx

• Various Configurations

torsional
spring kT

c=1 c= 4 c = 0.25 1<c<4

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 5-3

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

• Important Definitions
12
- radius of gyration = ρ = (I A)
- slenderness ratio = L ρ
- effective length = L′ =
L
c
• Effects of Initial Imperfections

d 4w d 2w
Governing equation still: EI 4 + P 2 = 0
dx dx
--> Boundary Conditions Change: Primary Moment = -eP

  P  
 1 − cos EI l 
   P P 
w = e sin x + cos x − 1
 P EI EI 
sin l
 EI 
 

π 2 EI
Pcr =
l2

increasing eccentricity (e/ll)

  P  
  1 − cos l 
d 2w   EI  P P 
M = E I 2 = − eP sin x + cos x
dx  P EI EI 

sin l
 EI 

Paul A. Lagace © 2002  Handout 5-4 

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

BEAM-COLUMN

• Resultant Relations

dF d  d w
= − px − S  ≈ -px
dx dx  dx 
dS d  dw 
= pz + F
dx dx  dx 
dM
= S
dx

• Governing Equation:

d2  d 2w  d  d w
 EI  − F  = pz
dx 2  dx 2  dx  d x 

• Buckling of Beam-Column:

d 2w
EI 2 + P w = M primary
dx

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 5-5

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

OTHER ISSUES

• Fracture/Failure via “squashing”

Euler curve

compressive yield
actual behavior

P
σ = = σcu for “squashing”
A
compressive ultimate

• Progressive Yielding

use tangent modulus

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 5-6

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

• Nonuniform Beams

d2  d 2w  d 2w
 EI 2  + P 2 = 0
dx 2  dx  dx

• Plates

π 2 EI
Pcr = 2
Pin-sliding
l (1 − ν 2 )
simply-supported
isotropic plate

Free mπ x nπ y
w = wmn sin sin
a b

• Cylinders

local “crippling”

σcr(linear) = 0.606 E h (isotropic)

R
due to
imperfections: σ cr( actual ) ≈ (0.15 to 0.9) σ cr( linear )

• Reinforced Plates
Consider buckling/crippling of elements of stiffness as well
as of panels

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 5-7

MIT - 16.20 Fall, 2002

• Postbuckling
actual behavior w/post-
buckling capability

perfect linear behavior

behavior with imperfection

dθ 1 d 2w
large deformations curvature = = 2 2
ds  dw  ds
1−  
 ds 
Basic Equation:
2
 1  dw   d 2w P
1 + + H.O.T. + w = 0
 2  ds   ds 2
E I
Use Galerkin Method (minimize residuals)

Paul A. Lagace © 2002 Handout 5-8