POSITIONAL

RELEASE
ThERAPY
Assessmenr&r;-eannenr
Dys/unction

of Musculoskeletal

POSITIONALRELEASE
T
Assessment&freatment of
APY Musculoskeletal Dysfunction
iHER
1George B. Roth, B.Se., D.C., N.D.

Kerry]' D'Arnbrogio, B.Se., P.T

Faculty, Department of Post-graduate and

PresIdent, Therapeutic ystems, Inc.

Sarasota, Florida;

Continuing Education

Faculty, Dialogues in Contempornry Rehabilitation

Canadian Memorial Chiropractic College;

Hartford, Connecricucj

Director, Wellness Institute

Faculty, Northeast eminar.;

Toronto, Canada;

East Hampstead, New Hampshire;

President, Wellness Systems, Inc.

Director of Manual Thernpy, Upledger Insoitu,e

Caledon, Canada;

West Palm Beach, Florida

Industrial Injury Prevention Consulcant

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Library of Congress Cataloging.inPublication Data
D'Ambrogio, Kerry J.
Positional release therapy: assesment and rrea[(nenr of
musculoskeletal dysfunction

I Kerry J. D'Ambrogll>, George B.

Roth ;

with illustrations by Jeanne Rohertson.

p.

em.

Includes bibliographIcal references and mdex.

ISBN 0815100965
I. Manipulation (Therapeutics) 2. Soft tissue mJunes.
3. Muscul,,;keletal system-Wounds amlmjunes. I. Roth, George B.

II. TItle
IDNLM: I. Manipulation, Orthopedic-methods.

3. Soft TIssue Injuries-therapy.

RZ341.D18 1997
616.7'062----Jc20

2. Pain-therapy.

WB 535 D I56p 19971

DNLM/DLC

for library of Congress

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98 99 00 01 I 9 8 7 6 5 4 3

About the Authors

KERRY J. D'AMBROGIO, B.Sc., P.T.

Kerry D'Ambrogio, B.Sc., PT., graduated from the University of Toronto, Canada. He has
studied in a great number of manual therapy and exercise cOllrses from around the world in
the Osteopathic, Chiropractic, and Physical Therapy professions' This diverse back.
ground provides Kerry with an integrated approach in the evaluation and treatment of
musculoskeletal dysfunction and rehabilitation. Kerry has been actively involved in
teaching seminars and speaking at research, physical therapy, and athletic therapy ccnven
[ions throughout Canada, the United States, Europe, Australia, and South America. He is
the founder of Therapeutic Systems Incorporated (T.S.I.) and an international seminar
company. He is the Director of the Manual Therapy Curriculum at the Upledger Institute,
and he is also on faculty with Dialogues in Contempcrary Rehabilitation (D.C.R.) and
Northeast seminar group. Kerry has contributed a chapter in a published manual therapy
textbook and has been interviewed on radio [Q educate the public regarding manual
therapy. Kerry currently practices and lives in Bradenton, Florida with his wife Jane and
three children Carli, Cassi, and Blake.

GEORGE B. ROTH, B.Sc., D.C., N .D .

George Roth is a Doctor of Chiropractic and a Naturopathic Physician based in the
Toronto area. He has actively pursued the study of advanced musculoskeletal therapy with
a number of innovators in the field and has contributed to the field through several inno
vation . He has publi hed articles in several journals and is on the faculty in the depart
ment of postgraduate and continuing education at the Canadian Memorial Chiropractic
College. George has taught seminars through the Physical Medicine Research Foundation,
the American Back Society, the University of Western Ontario (Department of Athletic
Therapy). chiropractic. sports medicine. and physical therapy conventions and at
numerous educational and clinical institutions throughout North America. He has been in
practice since 1978 and is the founder of the Wellness Institute. He is also currently
involved as a consultant to industry regarding injury prevention and rehabilitation and in
the development of wellness programs. George lives with his wife and son in the Caledon
countryside. north of Toronto.

Dedication

The authors would like to dedicate this book to Dr. Lawrence Jones, D.O., FA.A.O.

(1912-1996) for his pioneering discoveries in the field of musculoskeletal treatment and
his contributions to the service of mankind. Dr. Jones spent over 40 years developing
StrainCounterstrain. During the process he gave his time, energy, and talent so that
future generations of practitioners could enhance the care of their pariencs. His contribu..
tions have gained the respect and admiration of a broad spectrum of health professionals
worldwide. Dr. Jones made it his life's work to share his knowledge for the benefit of
others. We hope that our contribution [Q this continuing work will do his memory justice.

vi

Forewords

The body is a symphony of movement orchestrated by the

problem and practitioner B is using method B to treat the

natural oscillations of its component parts. The beat starts

same problem as he or she perceives it, and they are both

at the cellular {probably subcellular} level with the oscilla

successful in their outcome, then they must both be doing

tions of the individual cells. The organs, the heart, the

the same thing to the same thing, no maner what they say

lungs, the brain and spinal fluid, the gut, kidneys, liver, and

they are seeing or doing. I suspect that we are all treating

muscles all contribute their rhythm, pitch, and timbre, fir.;t

mechanical discords of the musculoskeletal system, inter

to their organ system, and then to the orchestrated body.

ferences with the normal oscillations that we, somehow,

When it all functions together, it is a harmonic work of

may set right.

great complexity. When one of the players misses a beat it

George Roth and Kerry O'Ambrogio have put all these

can produce a discordant mess. The New York Academy of

thoughts together in an insightful book. They recognize the

Sciences has held conferences on the nature of biologic

oneness of the musculoskeletal system and have built on

rhythms and their dysfunctions and uses the terms dynamic

the work of others to devise a treatment method based on

diseases to describe the illnesses caused by these arrythmias.

scientific principles of nonlinear dynamic systems. If there

These are disorders of systems that can be described as a

is a musculoskeletal dysfunction, we may be able to facili

breakdown of the control or coordinating mechanisms, in

tate the normal rhythms of the system by stopping the

which systems that normally oscillate stop oscillating or

orchestra, giving it a downbeat, and allowing the natural

begin to oscillate in new and unexpected ways.

oscillations, built into the structure, to get things back in

To many of us in the field of musculoskeletal medicine it

tune. This is the principle used in defibrillating a dysfunc

has become apparent that what we treat is usually not

tional heart by shocking it still, and it seems to be the prin

pathology in the classic Vercovian model, where each dis

ciple underlying positional release therapy.

ease has a verifiable tissue injury or biochemical disorder,

Positional release therapy is remarkably simple and is

but rather a perturbation of the normal rhythms of the mus

guided by the recognized diagnostic duo of somatic dysfunc

tion (which is characterized as loss of joint play at the joint

culoskeletal system-a dynamic disease. New models that

can explain both the static and dynamic mechanical fune,

level and similar tissue restrictions at each level studied)

tions of the body as an integrated whole are being devel

and tender points (which are unrelated to local inflamma

oped. In these models the body is a nonlinear, hierarchical,

tion or injury). These appear to be the diagnostic sine qua

structural system with every part functioning indepen#

non of dynamic diseases of the musculoskeletal system.

dently and as part of the whole, like instruments in a sym

Learning is made easy by this copiously illustrated book that

phony orchestra. How do we fix what is out of tune?

Dynamic systems function nonlinearly. Linear processes,

is both a "how to" manual and a "why for" text. The mar

once out of whack, tend to stay out of whack. Nonlinear

therapy, makes this a particularly important book. However,

processes tend to be self-correcting. A slight nudge may

as pointed out by George and Kerry, this is a book for all

practitioner.; in the field of musculoskeletal medicine.

encourage a nonlinear process to correct itself. We take

riage of the two disciplines, chiropractic and physical

advantage of this when we jar a dysfunctional television set,

Because the technique is so simple, safe, and easy to learn,

scare away a hiccup, or defibrillate a heart. In the muscu

loskeletal system practitioners may treat similar problems

it can serve as an introduction to musculoskeletal tech

with a variety of interventions. Joint manipulation of var

niques for the less skilled and also as a valuable adjunct

technique for the more experienced practitioner. It is a pow

ious ilk, cranial manipulation, acupuncture, massage, exer

erful tool that should be included in every clinician's bag.

cise, and so on all seem to work, in the right hands and at

the right time, often for the same problem. John Mennell,

Stephen M. Levin, M.D., EA.C.S.

a pioneer in the field of musculoskeletal medicine, said that

Director, Potomac Back Center

if practitioner A is using method A to treat a perceived

Vienna, Virginia
vii

viii

FOREWORDS

Positional release therapy is an extraordinary means of

reducing hypertonicity, both protective muscle spasm and
the spasticity of neurologic manifes[ation. Irs great achieve
ments are correction of joint hypomobiliry. improvement of
articular balance (which is the normal relationship
between twO articular surfaces throughout a full range of
physiologic motion), elongation of the muscle fiber during
relaxation, and increase in soft tissue flexibility secondary
to reduced excessive sensory input into the central nervous
system. Pain and disability may be remarkably reduced with
this approach.
Therapists and physicians can use Positional Release
Thera/ry: Assessment arul Treatment of Musculoskelewl Dys
function with almost every patient, in all fields of health

carc. Orthopedic patients enjoy improved function and

decreased pain with increased motion. Chronic pain
patients experience decreased discomfort, possibly less
inflammation, and more functional movement. Neurologic
patients, when this approach is slightly adapted to meet
their unique requirements, attain positive gains in tone
reduction with improved function in all aspects of activities
of daily living. Positional release therapy is a comprehen
sive approach for all persons with stressinduced and dys
functioninduced muscle fiber contraction.
Dr. Lawrence Jones introduced the correction of muscu
10 keletal dysfunction by correlating tender points with
positions of comfort as described in his book Strain arul
Counrersrrain. He based his findings on the theory that the
treatment positions resulted in a reduction of neuronal
activity within the myotatic reflex arc. Kerry D'Ambrogio
and George Roth have extended and organized this
approach and have included several new theories to
account for the clinical manifestations. They have provided
a total body scanning process for increased efficiency in
practice management. Muscle and tissue references are
listed, to provide a clear and pertinent anatomic and kine
siologic basis for treatment. The phomgraphs and illustra
tions are remarkably supportive for the study and practice
of these techniques. Body mechanics, as it relates m the
reduction of strain on the patient and the practitioner, are
addressed in some detail.

Positional Release Therapy: Assessment arul Treatment of

Musculoskelewl Dysfunction is an exceptional textbook that

addresses neuromusculoskeletal dysfunction in an effective

and efficient manner. My belief is that their work will
enhance our goal of improving health care through the use
of manual therapy.
My personal thanks are extended to Dr. Lawrence Jones
for his landmark contribution of strain and counterstrain
technique. My patients will be forever grateful. And my
congratulations are extended to George Roth and Kerry
D'Ambrogio for this valuable new book.
Sharon Weiselfish, Ph.D., P.T.
Co-partner, Regional Physical Therapy
West Hartford, Plainville, and South Windsor, Connecticut
Copartner, Mobile Therapy Associates
Glastonbury, Connecticut;
Director, Dialogues in Contemporary Research (D.C.R.)
Hartford, Connecticut

Acknowledgments

Many people over the years have helped to develop my

Thanks to Jane D'Ambrogio, B.A., B.Ed., Conrad

belief system wid1 regard [Q my healing and treatment

Penner, P.T., and Sharon Weiselfish, Ph.D., P.T., for editing

intervention philosophies. It is sometimes difficuh to say

chapters and for construccive advice and support.

where specific ideas originated because all these people

I would like to thank Dr. George Roth, D.C., for his

shared similar beliefs. I would like to acknowledge this out

patience and guidance. I've enjoyed the collaboration,

standing group of professionals for helping me put this book

friendship, and learning experiences in the writing of

together. It has been an honor to be associated with those

this book.

who are

M>

dedicated to haTing their knowledge, thoughts.

and ideas over the years:

A special thanks to Sharon Weiselfish, Ph.D.,P.T., for

her friendship, contributions, incredible insight, and sup

John Barnes, P.T., Jean Pierre Barral, D.O.,

pOTC. Sharon is an innovative thinker with her finest

Paul Chauffeur, D.O., Doug Freer, P.T.,

accomplishmel'Hs yet to come.

Dr. Dan Gleason, D.C., Phillip Greenman, D.O.,

Dr. Vladmir Janda, M.D., P.T., Dr. Lawrence Jones, D.O.,

Most of all, I'd like to thank Illy loving wife Jane and Illy
family, who have provided me with the love and support

Dr. David Leaf, D.C., Goldie Lewis, PT.,

needed to write this book. They have comended with more

Frank Lowen, L.M.T., Edward Stiles, D.O.,

than anyone with regard to time spent and patience

Dr. Fritz Smith, D.O., John Upledger, D.O.,

required in ''''Titing this lxJok.

and Sharon Weiselfish, Ph.D., P.T.

Thanks again to Doug Freer who originally inspired me.

Sincere thanks to all of YOll.

Kerry J. D'Amhrogio

I would like to thank Harold Schwartz, D.O., for helping

Working with Kerry has been stimulating, and I feel

to resolve my back pain and for opening me up to a new

that, despite occasional challenges, we have become better

way of looking at the body. Dr. Lawrence Jones inspired me

(riends and developed a greater respect for each other

through his down[Qearth comlllon sense and his humility,

through this collaboration. It can truly be said lhal the

and I hope that he would find this book a worthy testament

whole is greater than the sum of each of our parts.

to his goal of bringing these therapies to the world.

Several gifted practitioners, whom I can also call friends,

Last, but not least, I wish to thank my loving wife Deb

orah and Illy son Joshua for their love and support. The

have been a continuing source of constructive criticism as

past 2 years has been a strain on them because of the long

positional release therapy has evolved over the years: Garry

hours I spent on this book, often hibernating away well

Lapenskie, P.T., Stephen Levin, M.D., EA.C.S., Iris Wev

into the night with my computer to write and edit the

ennan, P.T., Iris Marshall, M.D., Heather Hartsell, Ph.D.,

text. I cannot begin to express my gratitude for their

P.T., and

ecil Eaves, R.M.T., Ph.D. I am specifically

grateful to Garry Lapenskie, P.T., for his help in editing the

patience with their parttime husband and dad during

rhis time.

manuscript. Stephen Levin, M.D., has been a continuing

source of inspiration and a good friend.

George B. RDlh
ix

ACKNOWlEOOMENTS

Kerry and George would both like to thank the following:

Photographers Stuart Halperin and Matthew Wiley and

put in and an extra thanks to Robin and Mary-Ellen for the

illustrator Jeanne Robertson for their professionalism,

second photo shoot.

Mosby staff Amy Dubin, Kellie White, Catherine

patience, and remarkable talentS. They have created an

Albright, and Martha Sasser for their advice, support, and

incredible visual learning experience for the reader.

Models Mary-Ellen McKenna, N.D., Carol Fisher-Short,

patience with timelines.

R.M.T., and Robin Whale, D.C., for the long hours they

Preface

liThe magic is not in the medicine but in [he patient's body , in

the vis medicacrix naturae, the. recuperative or self,correcnve
energy of nature. \Vha( the treatment does is to stimulate nat,
ural functions ar to remove what hinders them."

Miracles, C.S. Lewis, 1940

The purpose of this book is to provide the practitioner
with a powerful set of tools to precisely and consistently
resolve difficult cases of soft tissue injury and muscu
loskeletal dysfunction. This text is an attempt [0 bring this
information co the reader in a format that is concise,
orderly, and user-friendly. We have formulated a system of
assessment and treatment that can be easily learned and
readily used to benefit patients. This material is appropriate
for physical therapists, chiropractors, osteopaths, medical
practitioners, occupational therapists. athletic trainers, and
massage therapists.
We acknowledge the pioneers in this field for their con
tributions and view this (ext as a step coward a greater
understanding of the complex nature of the human body.
We 3re hopeful that this work will represent a measure of
progress in the field of musculoskeletal therapy and enhance
the clinical applicability of these powerful techniques.
The basis of the treannen[ program described in this text
can be traced to related practices in antiquity. In this cen
tury, positional release therapy (PRT) has evolved through
the work of various clinicians, but the discovery of the clin
kal application of these principles is credited primarily to
Dr. Lawrence H. Jones, D.O. His dedication to uncovering
the basic principles of this form of therapy was a monu
mental achievement. Jones exemplifies the essence of
Thomas Edison's definition: "Intelligence is perseverance
in disguise." He is recognized as one of the great pioneers in
the field of musculoskeletal therapy.
Positional release therapy has had a powerful impact on
both of us in terms of clinical success and patient accep
rance. In addition, our personal experience in dealing with
our own painful conditions was instrumental in directing us
to the development of this art.
In George's case a severe, chronic condition of upper
back pain developed subsequent to a motor vehicle acci-

dent that occured during childhood. The condition was

exacerbated periodically on exertion. After becoming a
chiropractor, George began seeking more effective and
gentle methods of treatment, which eventually led him to
study with several prominent osteopaths. He read an article
by Jones that described counterstrain and subsequently met
Dr. Harold Schwartz, D.O. (a student of jones), who was
the head of the department of osteopathic medicine at a
prominent teaching hospital. At about this time, George
was experiencing an acute episode of his back condition
that prevented him from sleeping in a recumbent position.
It had proved resistant to several other modalities over the
previous J months and was relieved by Schwartz in less
than 10 minutes.
This experience motivated him to begin a concerted
quest to uncover the mysteries of this amazing therapy. He
spent the next 5 years commuting between Toronto and
Columbus in order to continue studying with Schwartz and
eventually with jones. George then began assisting and
coteaching with Jones and developed courses for chiroprac
tors, physical therapists, and other practitioners throughout
Canada. He also developed a specialized treatment table
that was designed to facilitate the application of this form
of therapy.
While playing varsity football at the University of
Western Ontario, Kerry D' Ambrogio experienced several
recurring injuries to his groin, hip flexors, and right knee.
These injuries plagued him during his 3 years at Western
and limited his activity. As a result, he spent some time in
the athletic injury clinic and received traditional therapy,
which consisted of cold whirlpools, ultrasound, and
stretching. While attending therapy Kerry observed other ath
letes being treated, and this exposure sparked an interest in
physical therapy. He decided to enter into studies at the Uni
vetsity of Toronto to become a physical therapist. Throughout
this period he continued to suffer from chronic pai.n.
Kerry was first exposed to counterstrain by his professor,
Doug Freer, and eventually attended a workship with jones.
At the workship, Kerry discovered several severe tender
points in his pelvic region and one on his right patellar
tendon. Upon treatment, he experienced a dramatic
xi

xii

PREFACE

improvement in the function of his pelvis, hip, and right

approach. The clinician is also encouraged to perform a

knee. Consequently. he was able to fully resume sports

number of reality checks to establish clinical indexes for

activities. This one treatment was able to accomplish morc

improved function. These can include standard orthopedic

than the countless previous therapy sessions. This extraoT'

and neurologic tests and specialized functional procedures.

dinary response motivated Kerry to pursue the study of

(See Chapter 7.)

countersrrain. He eventually assisted with Jones and then

The scanning evaluarion (SE), discussed in Chapter 5,

developed his own series of seminars so that he could share

and provided in its entirety in the Appendix, is designed to

facilitate the cataloguing of the tender points. The SE pro

this technique with other professionals.

Both of us had been exploring soft tissue skills over the

vides a system to organize assessment findings and serves as

past several years and found that our paths were inter'

a reference that quickly allows the practitioner [Q deter

seeting along synchronous lines as we pursued this knowl

mine a prioritized treatment program. This format can save

edge. We both became involved with teaching and writing

a great deal of time and provides an efficient method to

manuals for our seminars. When the idea to write a formal

track progress of the patient's condition and plan subse

text was presented to George. he contacted Kerry, who,

quem treatments.

suprisingly, had been thinking of writing a book as well.

Jones coined the terms CDunrfTsrrain aml strain and coun

The collaboration naturally evolved and was seen by both

terstrain (the latter being the title of his orginal text). Sev

of us as a unique opportunity co provide a greater degree of

eral authors, including Jones, have referred to the general

depth to the material and intergrate the concepts of chiro

therapeutic approach as release by positioning and posi

practic, osteopathy, and physical therapy.

tional release therapy. We feel that the term positional

We have attempted to provide a theoretical and histor

ical perspective for positional release therapy. This founda

release therapy best describes this form of therapy in its

broader. generic sense.

tion is intended to support the clinical experience and pro

With respect to the terminology used in the treatment

vide a level of confidence in the rationale for these

section, we have endeavored to keep this as simple as pos

techniques. An awareness and understanding of the under

sible while attempting to maintain a degree of structural

lying principles and context of a therapeutic model can

relevance. In certain cases, the terminology as coined by

play an important role in sustaining the perseverance

Jones is used; however, every attempt was made to correlate

required to develop the skills necessary for its application.

the treatment approach to the anatomic tissues involved.

The reader is provided with criteria for deciding whether

In a few instances, a positional reference is used where this

it is appropriate to lItilize PRT as a treatment modality.

has been determined to be the most logical format. Abbre

With the numerous emerging therapies available

the stu..

viations have been assigned for each treatment; these con

dent of musculoskeletal therapy, we felt that is was neces

sist of two to four letters plus numeral designations. For

[Q

sary to provide a "road map" in order to plot a course of

those trained in the Jones method, a cross-reference with

appropriate treatment. It should be noted that PRT is nor a

PRT terminology is provided (see the Appendix). There is

panacea and is best utilized within a complementary range of

also a crossreference in the Appendix that correlates mus

therapeutic options as indicated for each individual patient.

cles and other tissues with the appropriate PRT treatment.

An outline of genenll treatment principles and rules is

presented to provide a framework for consistent application

This can be used to quickly locate a particular treatment

according to the involved tissue.

of the procedures. These guidelines have been established

Modifications of treatment positions and changes in ter

during the past 30 to 40 years and can serve to increase effi

minology are intended to improve the efficiency of treat

ciency and save the therapist from repeating much of the

ment and simplify the recording and communication of

trial and error that was involved in the evolution of this

clinical findings. These changes should not detract from

PREFACE

pre\'iou discoveries but \\fill hopefully serve to continue

the development of this art ami science. Evolution is a pro'
cess of building on previously established foundations.
The descnption of the pomt locations and treatment
procedures represents the core of this text. The underlying
principle In the design of the illustration!'; and photographs
has heen to c1e;uly portray the location of the tender
pOInts, rhe anatomic structures Involved, and the general
ptlSltion of treatment. The treatment section is divided into
upper quadrant and lower quadrant sections. Each region of
the body (cranium, cervical spine, thoracic spine, upper
limb, etc.) b prefaced by an introduction to its clmicai rei,
evance and general guidelines for the application of PRT.
Each region is also headed by anatomic illustrations out,
lining the general location of the most common tender
fXllnt:,. Each lender point or group of tender points has a
separate page that consists of'1 photograph and illustrmion
With the speCific point location, detailed phorographs of

XIII

the treatment positions, anu written descriptions of the

location of the tender points and the position ofrreatll'lent.
Chapter 7 provides a realistic clinical context to rhe
application of PRT. Strategies to help refine the techniques
and optimize results arc provided, as well as mO<.!tfications
for dealing with special clinical challenges. This chapter
addresses the subtleties of the aTl of application of PRT
skills. Potential pItfalls and questions related to clmical
issues are also aJdressed.
We hope that this text will msplTe the reader to look at
musculoskeleml disorders in new way. The mhercnt, self#
healing potential of the body deserves our respect and sup
port in the spirit of primwn no nocere (first do no harm). We
believe thm positional release therapy is an approach that
embraces this ideal and is truly powerful In its gentleness.
We are hopeful that this wnrk will be of value to you, the
practitioner. The relief of pain anti the improved function
of your patients will be the ultimate measure of our success.

Contents
Chapter 1

Origins of Positional Release

Therapy,

Chapter 2 The Rationale for Positional Release

Therapy,

Chapter 3 Therapeutic Decisions,

Chapter 4 Clinical P rinciples,

19

27

Chapter 5 Positional Release Therapy Scanning

Evaluation,

35

Chapter 6 Treatment P rocedures,

39

Chapter 7 The Use of Positional Release

Therapy in Clinical P ractice,

Chapter 8 New Horizons,

Appendix,
Glossary,

22I

227

231

251

xv

POSITIONAL
RELEASE
ThERAPY
Assessmen t&frealmenf
of Musc,.loskeletal D,sfunction

1
Origins of Positional
Release Therapy
Body Positioning

Tender Points

Indirect Technique

History of Counterstrain

Recent Advances

Summary

The purpose of this chapter is to trace the development of

positional release therapy (PRT) and put it into historical
perspective. Positional release therapy is an indirect rech#
niquci it places the body into a position of greatest comfort
and employs tender points to identify and monitor rhe

lesion. Because PRT appears to be an effective modality, it

must be based on certain general principles that have a
sound physiologic basis. Several of the characteristics of
PRT, which may be shared with other therapeutic models,
can be identified. These include the use of body positioning,
the use of tender points to identify the lesion and to monitor
the therapeutic intervention, and an indirect approach with
re peer to tissue resistance.

, BODY POSITIONING
Body posture and the relative position of body partS has

been a subject of intense speculation and research

throughout history. From yoga to the martial arts to rhe
study of body language, the arrangement of the parts of the
human body has been deemed to have a certain mental,
physical, and spiritual significance. Several forms of yoga. a
discipline with over 5000 years of history, include the phys
ical practice of positioning the body to enhance function

Fig. I-I

Yoga pos(!(res. A,

Bow. B, Plough.

and release tension.1? These positions put certain parts of

the body under stretch while other parts are placed in a

therapy. somi. core stabilization, functional technic, and

position of relaxation (Fig. I-I). The benefits of this form of

exercise to relieve musculoskeletal pain are widely

counterstrain (Fig. I Z). These practices share a common#

accepted, and they are used successfully by a substantial

ment and posture with the general condition of the body.

ality in that they recognize the relationship of body move#

number of people.lo,n Modern derivations of this ancient

art may be seen in the practices of Feldenkrais. bioenergetic

'References 1,7.9,10,11,15,17.

CHAPTER I

Origins of Positional Release Therapy

Bioenergefic exercises. (Modified from Lowen A. Lowen L:

way 10 vibrant hhh: a manual o(tHotnergelk exercises. New York, 19704.
Harper & Row.)

Fig. 1-2
The

Several authors, both modern and ancient, elaborate on the

"energetic" properties of postures and body positions.3 0.31.3 5
Some of these phenomena have been noted regularly by
practitioners of PRT as part of the release process, which is
disclissed in later chapters. The mechanism responsible for
these effects is unknown.

'TENDER POINTS
Acupuncture points have been used therapeutically for at
least 5000 years. TI1CSC points correlate closely with many of
those "discovered" by subsequent investigators (Fig. 1-3).36
References in the western literature to the presence of pal;
pable tender points (TPs) within muscle date back to 1843.
Froriep described his so-called Muskelschwiele, or muscle
callus, which referred to the tender points in muscle that
were found to be associated with rheumatic conditions. In
1876 the Swedish investigatOr Helleday described tender
points and nodules in cases of chronic myositis. In 1904
Gowers introduced the term fibrositis to describe the pal
pable nodule, which he felt was as ociated with the fibrous
elements of the musculoskeletal system. Postmortem studies
by Schade, which were reported in Germany in 1919,
demonstrated thickened nodules in muscle, which served to
confirm that these histOlogic changes evolved into lesions
that were independent of ongoing proximal neurologic
excitation.]] In the 1930s Chapman' discovered a system of

reflexes that he associated with the functioning of the lym

phatic system (Fig. 1-4). He found that direct treatment of
these reflex tender areas resulted in improved circulation
and lymphatic drainage . Resolution of the underlying con
dition, whether visceral or musculoskeletal, reduced [he
tenderness of these areas. These reflexes have been
described as gangliform contractions within the deep fascia
that are about the size of a pea. More recently, Travell and
Simons33 have systematized the mapping and direct treat
ment of TPs in their two-volume series, M)'ofascial Pain
and Dysfunction. Jonesl reported on his discovery of tender
points associated with musculoskeletal dysfunction as
early as 1964. T he recognition of the tender point, or
trigger point, as an important pathophysiologic indicator
of musculoskeletal dysfunction has also been elaborated
by Rosomoff.2124
Bosey! states that acupuncture points are situated in pal
pable deprcssions--cupules-under which lie fibrous cones
containing neurovascular formations associated with con
centrations of free nerve endings, Golgi endings, and Pacini
corpuscles. Melzack and associates19 contend that there are
no major differences between tender points, trigger points,
acupuncture points, or other reflex tender areas that have
been described by different investigacors. The varying
effects reported with the use of different tender points may
lie in their relative location with respect to underlying tis
sues. ChaitOw3 points out that so-called spontaneous sensi
tive points arise as the result of trauma or musculoskeletal
dysfunction. The Chinese refer to these points as Ah Shi
points in their writings dating back to the Tang dynasty
(618-907 AD). Chaito\\A insists that these are identical to
the points used by Jones.
In summary, tender points have been recognized for
thousands of years as having diagnostic and therapeutic sig
nificance. Various investigatOrs have rediscovered these
points and have applied a range o( therapeutic interven
tions CO influence them. In general, any therapy that is able
to reduce the tenderness of these tissues appears to have a
beneficial effect on the health of the individual. Jonesli was
the first clinician to associate body position with a reduc
tion in sensitivity of these tender points.

, INDIRECT TECHNIQUE
The histOry of therapeutic intervention to affect
structures can be broadly divided into direct and indi#
reet techniques. Direct techniques involve force being
applied against a resistance barrier, such as stretching, joint
mobilization, and muscle energy.S,lO Indirect techniques
employ the application of (orce away from a resistance
barrier, that is, in the direction of greatest ease. Indirect
therapies, including PRT, have evolved in various forms
and share cerrain common characteristics and under
lying principles.
In 1943 Sutherland" introduced the concept of manip
ulation of cranial StrUCtures. His technique to treat cra-

Origins of Positional Release Theral'Y

//'
( AJ

K27

----;---_.

;; '

6110
6111

-+---jH

619

6147
6148
6149

'

6150

'J

K10

618

61 23
61 25

CflAPTER

---..

_ 61 53
61 54

6160

K3

fig. I]

61 67

Acupullcture lJOim5 related [0 A, the kidney meridian; and B, rhe blMder meridian.

nial lesions was to follow the motion of the skull in the

direction in which it moved most freely. By placing pres
sure on the bones of the head in the direction of greatest
ease, he found that the tissues spontaneously relaxed
and allowed (or a normalization of structural alignment
and function.
In the late 19405 Hooverl! introduced functional [echnic.
He found that when a body part or joint was placed in a
position of dynamic recityrocal balance, in which all tensions
were equal. the body would spontaneously release the
restrictions associated with the lesion. During that period.
the prevailing view of musculoskeletal assessment stressed
the position and morphology of body parts. Hoover empha
sizcd the impormnce of "listening" [Q the tissues, which
refers to the process of carefully observing, through palpa
tion, the patterns of tension within the tissues and paying
attention [Q their functional characteristics and structure.
He introduced the concept of functional diagnosis, which
takes into account the range of motion and tissuc play
within the structures being assessed.

Hoover advocated a treatment protocol that was

respectful of the wisdom of the tissues and the inherent
interaction of the neuromuscular, myofascial, and articular
components. The technique involves movement toward
least resistance and greatest comfort and relies on the
response of tissues under the palpating hand of the practi#
tianer. This dynamic neutral position attempts to reproduce
a balance of tensions, which is ncar the anatomic neutral
position for the joint, within its traumatically induced
range. A series of tissue changes may occur during the posi#
tioning that are perceived by the practitioner. The practj#
tianer attempts to follow this evolving pattern until the
body spontaneously achieves a state of resolution and the
treatment is complete.11
Joncsl5 found that specific positions were able to reduce
the sensitivity of tender points. Once located, the tender
point is maintained wim the palpating finger at a sub#
threshold pressure. The patient is then passively placed in a
position that reduces the tension under the palpating finger
and causes a subjective reduction in tenderness as reported by

CHAPTER I

Fig. 1-4

Origins of Positional Release Therapy

Chapman s reflexes.
I

(Modified from Chaltow L: Sofi tISsue manipulation, Rochener,

Vt, 1988.

Healing Aru

Press.)

the patient.l; This "specific" position is, nevertheless, fine

sleep for more than a few minutes was impossible. Jones

tuned throughout the treannent period (90 seconds), mllch in

decided that finding a comfortable position that would

the way that Hoover follows the lesion in his technique.

Chaitow' also alludes to the possibility that a therapeutic

allow the patient to sleep would at least provide some tern,

porary relief and some much,needed rest. After much trial

effect is exerted by maintaining contact with the tender point.

and error, they found a comfortable position. jones propped

In 1963 Rumney" described the basis for reestablish

ing normal spinal motion as "inherent corrective forces of
the body-if the patient is properly positioned, his own

the patient in this unusual, looking folded position with sev,

eral pillows and left him to rest. Upon his return some time
later, Jones suggested that the patient memorize the posi,

natural forces may reStore normal motion co an area." Other

tion in order to reproduce it when going to bed that night.

clinicians have used an indirect method co treat muscu

.The patient was then slowly taken out of the position and

loskeletal dysfunction by having patients actively position

instructed to stand up. Much to the amazement of the

themselves through various ranges of morion under the

patient and Jones. the patient stood erect and with drasti,

guidance of the practitioner and while being monitored for

maximal ease by palpation.BJS

cally reduced pain. In the words of jones, "the patient was

delighted and I was dumbfounded!""ll

, HISTORY Of (OUNTERSTRAIN

This discovery emphasized the value of the position of

comfort. Jones found that by maintaining these positions for
varying periods of time, lasting improvement would often

In 1954 Lawrence H. Jones, an osteopath with almost 20

be the result. He initially held the position for 20 minutes

years of experience, was called on by a patient who had

and gradually found that 90 seconds was the minimal

been suffering with low back pain of 2 months' duration

threshold for optimal correction of the lesion.

that had nOt responded to chiropractic care. The patient

As jones pursued the possible applications of this new dis

displayed an apparent psoas spasm with resultant antalgic

covery, which he referred to as counterstrain, he noted that

posture. Jones was determined that he could succeed where

many of the painful conditions that he was able to alleviate

others had failed. However, after several sessions with no

were

improvement, he was ready to admit defeat in the face of

points. The traditional approach to lesions of the spine was to

this resistant case. The patiem was in so much pain that

assess and treat on the basis of tender areas in the paraspinal

assoc

iated with the presence of acutely painful tender

Origins of Positional Release Therapy

tissues. These points, after positioning of the patient, became
decidedly reduced in tenderness and remained so even after
the treatment was concluded. Thus an important diagnostic
dimension was added to this fonn of therapy.
In many instances of back and neck pain, however, no
tender point could be found in the area of the pain within
the paraspinal tissues. Fate was once again to play a role. A
patient who had been seeing Jones for low back pain was
working in the garden when he was struck in the groin with
a rake handle. In pain and fearing that he may have induced
a hernia, he called on Jones. Jones examined the patient
and assured him that no hernia was present. Jones then
decided that the patient might as well stay and receive a
treatment that was scheduled for later in the week. After
the patient had been placed in the position for treatment of
his low back, in which he was supine and flexed maximally
at the hips, Jones decided to recheck the previously tender
area in the groin. To his surprise, the tenderness was gone.
This discovery answered the mystery of the missing tender
points, and shortly thereafter Jones was able to uncover an
array of anteriorly located tender points that were associ;
ated with pain throughout the spine.1J He noted that
approximately 30% to 50% of back pain was associated with
these anterior tender points. With this latter discovery,
much of the guesswork and trial and error in rhe application
of therapy was eliminated. The use of tender points became
a reliable indicator of the type of lesion being encountered,
and therapeutic intervention could thus be instituted with
increased confidence and reproducibility. Jones spent the
better part of 30 years developing and documenting his dis
coveries, which he first published in 1964.14 He later pro
duced a bock entitled Strain and Counterstrain.15

, RECENT ADVANCES
Positional release therapy owes its recent evolution to a
number of clinicians and researchers. SchwartzI9 adapted
several techniques to reduce practitioner strain. Shiowitz28
introduced the use of a facilitating force (compression, tor;
sian, etc.) [Q enhance the effect of the positioning. Ramirez
and othersll discovered a group of tender points on the pos;
terior aspect of the sacrum that have significant connec
tions [Q the pelvic mechanism. Weiselfish34 outlined the
specific application of positional release techniques for use
with the neurologic patient. She found that the initial
phase of release (neuromuscular) required a minimum of 3
minutes, and she also outlined protocols to locate key areas
of involvement with this patient population. She, along
with one of us (O'Ambrogio), outlined the twO phases of
release: neuromuscular and myofascial. Brownl developed a
system of exercise for the spine in which a painfree range
of motion is maintained. One of us (D'Ambrogio) devel
oped the scanning evaluation procedure to facilitate the effj
ciency and thoroughness of patient assessment,6 and one of
us (Roth) has developed improved practitioner body
mechanics to reduce strain and has correlated lesions with

CHAPTER I

specific anatomic structures. IS We have helped simplify the

terminology used to describe lesions and systematized the
educational program to help make the development of PRT
skills more efficient. In the next chapter we will help to
eStablish a physiologic basis for many of the clinical mani
festations of musculoskeletal dysfunction.

, SUMMARY
Positional release therapy has historical roots in antiquity.
The three major characteristics (body positioning, the use
of tender points, and the indirect nature of the therapy) can
be individually traced to practices established over the past
5000 years. Connections can be made with the ancient dis
ciplines of yoga and acupuncture and with the work of
investigators over the course of the past twO centuries. The
correlation of different systems that use tender points sug
gesrs a common mechanism for the development of these
lesions. Significant contributions to the development of
this art and science have been made by Jones121J.16 and
others. Positional release therapy is being continually
advanced and developed through the contributions of many
clinicians and researchers.

References
I.
2.
3.
4.

5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
I!.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

21.

Brown CW: Change in disc nearmem saves hockey star, Backlmer

)(Inl.I992.
Bosey J: The morphology of acupuncture points. Acupunc Electother

Res ),79,1984.
Chaitow L: Sofllimu! manipulation. Rochester, Vl, 1988. Healing
Arts Press.
ChaitOw L: The acupunclUre rreannem of pain, Wellingborough,
1976,Thorsons.
Chapman F. Owens C: Introduction 10 and endocrine inteT1Jreuwon of
Chapman's reflexes. self-published.
O'Ambrogio K: Strain/counterstrain (course syllabus), Palm Beach
Gardens, 1992,Upledger Insmure.
Fcldcnkmis M: Awareness through I7lOt.IeTlltn!: health exercises fCJr pe T
sonaigrowlh, New York, 1972, Harper & Row.
Greenman PE: Principles of manual m.edicine. Baltimore. 1989.
Williams & Wilkins.
HashImoto K: SOlai natural exercise, Oroville, Calif, 1981. George
Ohsawa Macrobiotic Foundation.
Hewitl J: The compiele yoga book , New York, 1977,Random House.
Hoover HV: Funcrionallechnic, AAO Year Book 47.1958.
Jones LH: FOOl nearment without hand tmuma.} Am Osteopath
As"" 120481,1913.
Jones LH: Missed anterior spinal lesions: a preliminary report. DO
6075, 1966.
Jones LH: Spontaneous release by positioning. 00 4:109,1964.
Jones LH: Strain and COU1l[CTStrain. Newark, Ohio, 1981. American
Academy of Osteopathy.
Jones LH: Str.tin and counterstrain lectures at Jones Institute,
I99Z-1993.
Lowen A, Lowen L: The way 10 vibranl health: a manual of bt'orner.
gelic exercises. New York, 1974,Harper & Row.
Maigue R: The concept of painlessness and opposite mmion in
spinal manipularions, Am} Phys Med 44:55,1965.
Melmck R. Stillwell DM. Fex EJ: Tngger points and acupuncture

points for pain: correlations and implications, Pain 3:3,1977.

Mitchell FL, Moran PS, Pruzzo HA: An e,-oaluacion and treatment
ml1IlIW of os/eopalhic muscle tnelD procedllres, Valley Park, Mo.
1979. Mitchell. Moran and Pruzw.
Ramirez MA. Haman J. Wonh L: Low back pain: diagnosis by six
newl' discovered sacml tender points and treatment WIth counter
strJ.in,} Am Osteopath Assoc 89:7,1989.

6
22.
23.
24.

25.
26.

27.
28.
29.

CHAPTER I

Origins of Positional Release Theral'Y

Ramnum M: Fundamtnwu of ;ioga, New York. 1972. l"\'uI('J3y.

R(\S(llUoff Hl: Do hcmlilh.-J UISC;. cause rain! elm} Pam 1:91. 1985.
Rus(lmnf( HL. Fihb.Jm DA, Goldberg M, StcdcRosomoff
ICOII finding!> In ratlcntS with chronic Introc.:wble hcniJ!fl rilln of the
m
..'Ck amI/or hack. Pam 37:279. 1989.

30.
31.

RI)[h GB: CounLm[Tlun: posifional release rhef'aJ1)' htudy U1dc).

T(lhlnto. 1992, Wdlnt-" IruILlU(C. -.elf-published,
Roth CiR: Tuw;!n.!" a umfu
-J mndel u( mU!>I.:ull",kderal J';,funC{Jon.
..
Prc..c.:nteJ at Canao.'1n Chlwpmtlc A'<"\(Xliltlon ,1000,,1 ",cetmn.
June. 1995.
Rumney Ie: Siructumi Jlagno;'l <lnd mampulatlve therapy.)
OSfcnpcuJry 70:21. 1961.
Schlowlt: S: Faelln,lted f"l.'.>ltlonal rcle. j Am O[CoplJ(h Assex:
2,141.1990.
Schwan: HR: The u...e of countersmun In an acutely illm-hmrnal
population.} Am Oleopalh .A.5.mc 86:4B. 19H6.

31.

31.

H.

15.
36.

Schwarr: JS HLmum L'TleTSO' .'mcms. New York. 19&), l\muo.

..
">fl: aguLJ.:. W('I1L'Tg)' mot't'1llc'fll tlnJ hlld'Y struclUTe,
Snuth FF: lnn
Adanta. 1986. HumallLc.
Sutherland WG: The cranL,ll huwl. } Am OSCt>j)palh AHf)( 2:348,
1944
Tnwcll JG. SLmon!) [X]: MyofrucidJ. t)(lln "oJ J'Y,fUIlCIIOIL rho: m,IW.'T
I)oin! manual, f\lhLmore, 1983, WtlIL.lIn& Willom,.
Weil(i.'ih S; Manual lheratry far !he OTlho/Jidsc and neumk panc11I
emt,,::mg SCTam and coun!rolTam lechmqLlf. Harrfmd. Conn. 1993,

RegLonal PhYMcal Therapy. 1f.pubIL"hcd.

Woodroffc
WOl,)lerron H, Mclean CJ: Acupuncllm t'nI..>rg:V In h.:>allh and ducase
a IW'Ck'Ufal gUide fm a,d,."anceJ snulcrtLS. NurrhamplOmhLrl.'. EnlanJ,
1979. ThuN,\Ils.

2
The Rationale for Positional
Release Therapy
Somatic Dysfunction

A New Paradigm

The Tissues

8
9

Therapy in Somatic Dysfunction

10

Positional Release Therapy

This chapter establishes a ra[ional basis of understanding

ociceptors: Pain Pathways

12

Crossroads

13

Fascial Dysfunction: Connective

The Role of Positional Release

Treatment

10

Feedback
The Facilitated Segment: Neural

The Significance of the Tender

Point

P r opr iocep tor s: Neuromuscular

Tissue Connections
Summary

14
15

10

have been supported by the advent of imaging devices such

for [he clinical phenomena associated with positional

as the x-ray and its modem derivations (CT scan, MRI).

release therapy (PRT). Somatic dysfunction is discussed in

The aim of therapies based on this model is to reshape the

the light of recem discoveries regarding the physiologic

stnlC(ure according to an architectural ideal. The assump#

properties of the variolls tissues of (he body. Several models

tion is that, by reestablishing the optimal physical relation

of dysfunction are introduced within the context of their

ship between body parts, everything will be restored to per#

possible role in explaining the effects of PRT. Certain pre

fect working order. The

vailing doctrines may be challenged by the arguments pre

designed to remodel the components of the body and to

sented, and we hope (hat the reader will keep an open mind

relieve perceived structural stress within the system.

and judge these theories on their rational merit and on the

Stretching shortened tissue, vigorously exercising hypo#

basis of how they fit with clinical experience.

tonic muscles and surgically refashioning osseous and artic#

, SOMATIC DYSFUNCTION
A NEW PARADIGM

aim of achieving this architectural ideal have had limited

Prevailing theories regarding the development of muscll

therapeutic intervention is

ular components of the musculoskeleml system with the

success. The belief that these procedures should work
because they are consistent with this model of the body

loskelctal conditions are undergoing intense scrutiny.

encourages persistence, even though the objective results

may contradict the underlying prernise.1718,45 Unfortu

Patients and insurers are demanding effectiveness and reli

nately, in many cases, the StruCture resists our efforts. The

ability in therapeutic intervention. If the underlying theory

result is often frustration (or the practitioner and torment

regarding the development of somatic dysfunction IS incon

for the patient.

sistenr with clinical anu physiologic realities, therapeutic

models based on these principles must be questioned.

The functional model of the musculoskeletal system

holds that biomechanical discurbances are a manifesta#

The structural model of musculoskeletal dysfunction is

tion of the intrinsic properties of the tissues affected.])

associated with gross anatomic and postural deformations

The tissue changes may be the result of trauma or inflam#

and degenerative changes (scoliosis, disc degeneration,

mation and are seen as a direct expression of fundamental

oSteophytes, etc.). The presence of these physical anomalies

processes at the ultrastructural and biochemical levels.

are considered a direct cause of sympcoms. These theories

These changes, which are collectively referred to as somatic

CHAPTER 2

The RatiOlUlIe for Positional Release Therapy

dysfunction, may be expressed as reduced joint play; loss of

tissue resilience, rone, or elasticity; temperature and trophic
changesi and loss of overt range of motion and postural
asymmetry. This model views the form of the body as an
expression of its function. Posture is seen as an outward
manifestation of the degree of balance within the tissues,
and greater emphasis is placed on the interaction of all of
the body parts during physiologic and nonphysiologic
mmion. This model emphasizes the role of the soft tissues,
especially the myofascial elements.
A growing body of knowledge supports the premise that
a large proportion of musculoskeletal pain and dysfunction
arises from the myofascial elements as opposed ro neural or
articular rissues.J8 Rosomoff and ochers35 have concluded
that over 90% of all back pain may be myofascial in origin.
In fact, they contend that one of the mOSt popular theories
for [he origin of back pain, that of pressure on a nerve, as in
disk degeneration or disk protrusion. would result in a so
called silent nerve. They state that "back pain must be con
sidered to be a non,surgical problem, unrelated to neural
compression." Pressure on a nerve results in reduced sensa
tion and motor function, not pain. This can easily be
proven by the common experience of placing the arm on
the back of a chair and noting how the arm "falls asleep."
During this episode, there is a sensation of numbness and
loss of mOtor control-not pain. Ir is only when the pressure
is relieved that pain is experienced. along with the gradual
return of motor function.
Saal and othersJa have proposed that, when disks are
injured or are in the process of degeneration, they release
water and proteoglycans. This material undergoes biochem
ical transformation through glycosylation and is subsequently
targeted by the immune system as a foreign substance. This
results in the initiation of an inflammatory response. As the
leakage of this Uforeign" protein into the epidural space
continues, there may be a significant rise in the levels of
phopholipase (a component of the arachadonic cascade),
leading (Q the production of nociceptive chemical mediators
and biochemically induced pain.Ja BrownS notes that disk
herniations may be a "red herring" in many cases of thoracic
pain and that, barring any significant indications of spinal
cord compression, a conservative approach to relieving the
myofasdal source of the pain is all that is required.
Rosomoff and others)5 point out that, in most cases of
musculoskeletal trauma, the accompanying soft tissue injury
and the resulting release of inflammatory chemical media,
tors produce the sensation of pain. Myofascial responses to
injury result from an increased level of proinflammatory
chemicals present because of the injury or from direct
trauma to the tissues.49 In the latter case it is postulated that
calcium is released from the disrupted muscle, which in tum
combines with adenosine triphosphate to produce sustained
contracture) Proprioceptive and neuromuscular responses
are other potentially important mechanisms associated with
somatic dysfunction. The sudden strain that accompanies
many injuries engages the mYOtatic reflex arc.n.5) These

events may account for the development of myofascial

trigger points, protective muscle spasm, reduced range of
motion, and decreased muscle strength, which consistently
accompany musculoskeletal injury.
The effect of trauma to the fascial matrix is also a subject
of much speculation. The discoveries of Levin2729 may shed
some light on this complex issue. He and others have
demonstrated that the underlying structure of all organic
tissue determines its responses to traumatic forces and may
account for certain properties that can lead to persisting
dysfunction. 1936.51
PRT, and other functional therapies, do not alleviate or
attempt to treat any tisslle pathology. The primary role of
these therapies is to relieve the somatic dysfunction, which,
according to Levin,29 is a nonlinear process. A nonlinear
process is one that exerts an influence over a relatively brief
period ohime. These processes tend to be functional rather
than pathologic and respond rapidly to functional therapy.
Functional restoration establishes an environment in which
the linear healing process of the pathologic component of
the injury may occur more efficiently.
Musculoskeletal dysfunction therefore appears to origi
nate and be maintained at the molecular and ultrastructural
level within the tissues. The intrinsic properties of tissue
and their inherent pathophysiologic response to trauma
seem to be consistent with many of the external manifesta,
tions associated with somatic dysfunction. It is imperative
that we examine our beliefs and hypotheses so that we can
accommodate this developing knowledge base within our
working model of somatic dysfunction. Effective therapy
must be congruent with these principles regarding the
response of the body tissues to trauma. We will now
examine PRT within the context of its influence on these
properties of tissue.

THE TISSUES
The body is composed of several major tissue types. For the
purposes of this discllssion, with respect to musculoskeletal
dysfunction, we will consider three main classes of tissue:
muscle, fascia, and bone. Even though these tissues are con
sidered separately and are often discussed in isolation from
each other in the literature, we should recognize that they
are interconnected functionally. The kinetic chain theoryli
and the rensegrity model of the body21-29 support the concept
that the effects associated with somatic lesions are trans
mined throughout the organism. Restriction or dysfunction
in one area or type of tissue can result in reactions and
symptoms in other areas of the body. Effective muscu
loskeletal therapy, including PRT, should address the source
of the dysfunction, and thus it is essential to have a thor,
ough understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology
of the somatic tissues.
The muscular system, despite its massive proportions, is
maintained in a subtle state of balance and coordination
throughout a wide range of postures and activities. The

The Rarionnle fCYT Posirionni Release Therapy

muscles are the source and the recipient of the greatest
amount of neural activity in the body. This includes sensory
and motor activity, vertical (conscious, cerebral) pathways,
and auronomic activity in relation to the metabolic, vis
ceral, and circulatory demands required during muscular
exertion. The muscles, according to Janda, are "at the cross
roads of afferent and efferent stimuli" and arc, in fact, "the
most exposed part of the motor system."zz Range of motion,
segmentally and globally, is largely dependent on the state
of balance ohhe muscles that cross the involved joints, and
restriction of motion may be directly auributed [Q abnor
maliries in the tone and activity of this system.
The response of muscle to injury is protective muscle
spasm, and this reflex is mediated by local propriocepcors
and monosynaptic reflexes at the spinal level. The neuro
muscular reflexes involved in this response will be discussed
in greater detail later in this chapter in the section on pro
prioceptors. Muscle is interwoven with collagenous and
elastic fibers and therefore shares certain characteristics
with fascial tissue. Fibrous tissue changes within the muscle
may thus be a feature of posttraumatic dysfunction.
The fascial system is a vaSt network of fibrous tissue that
contains and supports muscles, viscera, and other tissues
throughout the body. Injury or inflammation results in
adhesive fibrogenesis, which may result in the loss of
normal elasticity. According to Barnes! and Becker,] the
collagenous matrix of the fascia is in a state of dynamic
adaptation to changing conditions, including the effects of
strain, trauma, and inflammatory processes. Fascia contains
a higher percentage of inelastic collagen fibers than elastin
fibers and thus plays an important role in limiting excessive
motion and conmining inflammation and infection. Alter
ations in the electrochemical bonds between collagen fibers
results in the formation of crosslinkages in response to
chemical irritation related to inflammation, overstretch, or
other mechanical influences. As these crosslinkages form,
the elasticity of the fascia becomes reduced and the tissue
alters from a sol to a gel state within the area of involve
ment. The net effect is the development of an area of
restriction and reduced elasticity, or fascial tension . US
Neural tension and visceral dysfunction have also been
cited as separate foci of dysfunction.2,6 These lesions may
represent specific manifestations of fascial tension within
these tissues.
Osseous Structures have long been ignored as active ele
ments in the pathophysiology of mu culoskeletal dysfunc
tion. Recent evidence indicates that bone is much more
plastic and responsive than had been previously appreci
ated. Chauffour" states that fresh long bone has flexibility
of up co 30 degrees before the induction of fracture. The
collagenous matrix of bone and the periosteum exhibit
characteristics similar to fascia elsewhere in the body. In an
injury, bone is no less affected than any other component of
the musculoskeletal system and will display persisting injury
patterns depending on the nature of tile event. Many of
the therapeutic modalities used for muscle and fascia

CHAPTER 2

may, theoretically, be applied (Q the osseous component of

the dysfunction . IO,'ll

THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TENDER POINT

Tender points may arise in any of the somatic tissues:
muscle, fascia (including ligaments, tendons, articular cap
sule, synchondroses, and cranial sutures), periosteum, and
bone. The tender points in positional release therapy are
used primarily as diagnostic indicators of the location of the
dysfunction. The diagnostic and therapeutic utilization of
tender points is central to a wide range of therapies,
including PRT.' An understanding of their pathophysiology
and role in the etiology of somatic dysfunction will help us
in pursuing our study of PRT.
Myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) is defined by Travell
and Simons" as follows: "localized musculoskeletal pain
originating from a hyperirritable spot or trigger point (TrP)
within a tallt band of skeletal muscle or muscle fascia." A
thorough review of the literature with respect to MP
reveals a decided lack of objective criteria for evaluating
and treating this common condition. IS The tender point
(TP) is palpable as a small (0.25 co 1 .0 em) nodule, usually
located in the subcutaneous, muscular, or fascial tissues,
There appears to be a close association between the tender
points used in PRT and by Jones with the Ah Shi points as
described in Chinese writings,S the neurolymphatic points
as described by Chapman and Owens,9 and the neurovas
cular points described by Bennett.' (See Chapter I . )
The association o f myofascial trigger points or tender
points with musculoskeletal dysfunction has been estab
lished by numerous authors.' Sedentary lifestyles and occu
pational repetitiveness limit the number of muscles used on
a regular basis. Therefore a relatively small percentage of
our total muscle mass tends to be ovenvorked, while other
muscles become atrophied and reduced in their ability to
tolerate loads or strain, Postural stress, trauma, articular
strain, and other mechanical factors may excessively load
myofascial tissues, leading to the biochemical changes
involved in the production of TPs. Tender points are most
prevalent in mechanically stressed tissues, notably those
subject to increased postural demands, such as the upper
trapezius, the levator scapula, the suboccipitals. the psoas,
and the quadratus lumborum.l0 On deeper palpation, the
intrinsic muscles of the axial skeleton (the multifidus, rota
tOres, levator costorum, scalene, and intercostal muscles)
are also often found to contain active TPs. The "weekend
warrior" often strains the underused muscle groups and
demands phasic responses from muscles which have adapted
to a primarily tonic function.
inflammarion caused by the initiating injury releases
proinflammatory and vasoconstrictive chemical mediators
such as histamine and prostaglandins. Acute or repetitive
'Refecences 8, 22, 3 1 , 35, 39, 4Z, 45, 48.
'References 15, ZO, 35, 41, 45, 46, 5457. 58.

10

CHAPTER 2

The Ralionale for PoSItional Release Therapy

trauma may result In the rupturing of the sarcoplasmic

to 3 degrees." (See Chapter 4. ) It may be speculated that

reticulum. The ensumg loot! of calcium ions Into rhe toter

positionll1g heyond this Ideal range places the antagolllstic

stlrial compartment leads (0 uncontrolled actin anJ myosin

muscles or opposing fascial structures under increased

111

interaction and rhe development of the palpable taut bands

suetch, which

of muscle associated with myofascial Involvement. The

spillover, resulting in reactivation of the facilitated seg#

turn causes a proprioceptive/neural

result of these traumatic events is hypertonicity, inflamma

ment. The iueal position is dNermll1cd subjectively by the

[ion, bchemia, anti an increascu concentration of mcrabol

patient's perception of tenderness "nd objectively by the

ically active chemical mediators. This vicious cycle, which

reduction 111 palpable tone of the tender point. We refer to

will be further perpetuated by repetitive trauma, is thought

thIS change as the comfort zone (CZ). This mtrlnsic feed

to be responsible for rhe maimenance of these hypcnrri

back system assists In the diagnosis and treatment of mus#

tahle, constricted focal areas of inflammation (TPs) within

culoskeletal dysfunction and affords PRT a high level of

the tissues. Z J.4 1,1'1

reliahility within the c1l1lical setting.

Sensitization of nociceptive and mechanoreceptive

O'AmbroglO and Welselfish, in their lectures, descnbe

organs within the affected tissues appears to have a role In

twO major phases of the release phenomenon: the neuro#

mediating the formation TPs. Group I I I and IV nerve fibers

muscular phase, which lasts approxllnateiy 90 econds, and

are sensitive to chemically active compounds such as

the myofascial phase, which may last for up ro 20 minutes.

prosraglam.lllls, kinins, hbtamine, and potassium. Micro#

WeisclfishSl further Mates that the neuromuscular pha'oC in

scopic examination of muscular TPs reveals the presence of

neurologic patients usually lasts for approxllnately 3 mlll#

mast cells (source of histamine) and platelets (source of

utes. (See Chapter I .) Clrmcally, several phenomena occur

serotonin). These prolnflammatllry suhstances may con#

during the pOSitioning. As one approaches the ez, (he tis#

tribute to the local hypersensluvity that activates the TPs

sues 111 the area of the tenuer POInt soften and become less

when mechanical deformation or direct pressure occurs.'o

tender. After a period of time, several other observations

The myofascial tis:,ues are, in essence, a continuous net#

may he noted. There IS often an II1crease

II)

III

local tempera

work thar surrounds and penetrates all of the structures and

ture. Vibration and pulsation

organs of the body without IIlterruption. This can be com#

are also common findlllgs as the treatment progresses. The

the area of the tenuer point

pared wlrh a piece of woven fabric or a net. Any disruption,

breath may he observeJ to alter during the session,

pressure, or kink wlthm this net IS II1stantaneously trans#

becomll1g shallow and rapid, followed by several slow, Jeep

mitred to the entire structure and will create a distortion of

hreaths. This may occur several times during the treatment.

the previously symmetric architecwre.IU7,}.4 The tender

Fascial unwinding may he sensed extendtng from the area of

point may be conceived of as a focus of constriction of the

the tender point. The patient often reports several (ransient

myofascial tissues. These nodular focal points of tension

symptoms during: the course of the positionmg, includmg

(TPs) within the myofascial continuum may result 111 dis#

tort ions

111

the biomechanical integrity of thiS matrix. I

They may also play a role

111

generating Irritable stlilluil,

which Illaintain the dysfunction via a facilitated segment

(discussed later).

paresthesia. sensation of heat, fleeting pall1 in other areas

of the lxxJy, headaches, emotional episodes, and ultimately,
a sense of deep relaxation,
The ohserved phenomena associated With somatic dys#
function anJ the therapeutic effect of PRT may be
explained hy several pathophysiological mechanisms: pro

H HE R OLE OF POSITIONAL R ELEASE T HERAPY

IN S OMATIC D Y S F U NCTION

pnoceptlve systems, nOCiceptive pathways, the facilitated

segment, and fascial dysfunction.

The role o f PRT in the resolution o f somatic dysfunction i s

assessed within the context o f several o f the current theo#

PROPRIOCEPTORS: NEUROMUSCULAR FEEDBACK

ries of myofascial and neuromuscular pathophysiology. Each

In the 1 940s Denslowll and Korr!'U6 began investigating

of these pn.:lCesses may explain a certain aspect of the dys#

the role of neuromuscular feedhack sysrem> In the develop

function, and a combination of effects may account for the

ment of somatic dysfunction. In functional technic, as

range of manifestations found in clinical practice.

uescribed hy HrK.wer, UI range of motion I mOnitored for the

degree of ease or billd. He describes a lesion as having an
exceSSively resistant range of motion

POSITIONAL RELEASE THERAPY TREATMENT

111

one direction and

an excessively compliant range in another direction. These

Positional release therapy treatment is accomplisheu by

characteristics are nor ascribed to any p<lrticular (issue.

placing the involved tissues in an ideal position of comfort

Jones!! is specific in descnbing his technique as the placing:

(POe). The purpose of the POC is to reduce the irmability

of the body

of the tender point and to normalize the tissues associated

"arrest tnappropriate proprioceptor activity."

With the uysfunction. Precision is required

111

positioning

tn

the direction of greatest ease or comfort to

The proprioceptive organs that monitor the muscu,

111

the patient becau:)C the range within which the maxi#

loskeletal system are locateJ

mal relaxation of tissues occurs is small-usually

Ruffini receptors are founu in the jOll1t capsule ilnd report

three major areas. The

CHAPTER 2

The Rationale far PoSltioJ1llI Release Therapy

II

IntrafuSill
fibers
Extrafusal
muscle fiber

-rh",""""4''---

Encapsulating
connective
tissue

Annulospiral

Flower spray -----J;j':fp'

Fig. 21

Muscle

spmdle: and spmal segment.

position, velocity, and direction of motion. This infonna

change of length (type la sensory neurons). The veloCIty of

{ion IS trammitted directly to higher centers 111 the cere

change of length has great Significance in that it is a predic

bellum and the cerebral cortex and do not seem to have any

tive stimulus for potential injury to the muscle and related

JlTect mfluence at the local segmental level. The Goigi

tissues. This critical aspect of the sensory function of the

tendon organs arc located ncar the musculotendinous june

l11uliCle spindle appears to preJominate

tion and rerond to excessive tension and load on the

influence at the spinal level. Thus a force that produces a

muscle. Impulses from these reccproTs exert an inhibitory

rapid change

effect at (he spinal level (0 protect the tissues from over

will have a more powerful effect in generatmg protective

III

III

terms of neural

length, such as a sudden stretch on a muscle.

stretch. The muscle spindles are located between (he

reflexes via the monosynaptic connection to the alpha

Il1w;cie fiber.-; of all striated muscle. The mOnitoring system

nf this complex organelle i uiscu"iseti later.l5.1b.50

motor neuron. The gamma efferent neurons determine the

The muscle ...pindles are perhaps the most sensitive of the

stimulation of the sensory neurons. A predetermined resting

proprioceptive organ, to the moment[Qmoment changes

tonc, or gamlTlll bias, is maintained to ensure the ability of

length of the intrafusal fibers and establish the threshold for

position. load. and VelOCIty of body parts (Fig. 2 1 ). They

the somatic muscles to respond to changing demands. TI,e

are connected, threcrly and lIluirecdy, [0 the spinal segment

dynamic balance between the muscle spindle and somatic

III

hy gamma and alpha motor neurons, which supply the

muscle as mediated by the gamma system has been referred

intrafusal (mu,cle 'pmdle) fiber; and the extrafusal

to as a high#gain servomechanism.2s,l6 This system main

{somatic mU5Cle} fiher, respectively. Two types of receptors

tains ideal tone amI preparedness of the muscle and may also

Within d1C mule spindle gcnerate afferent impulses. The

be a mechanism for the development and perpetuation of

fIouer spray enJmgs locateJ near the enJs of the spinJles are

the response to myofascial inJUry.

stimulateJ by the Jegree of stretch on the intrafusal fibers

According to Jones." the muscle spindle apparatus plays

(type 1 \ sensory neurons). The annulospiral endings.

a predominant role in the development of somatic dysfunc#

IOGHed around the central nuclear bag of the inrrafusal

tion. In his book. Jones describes the effect of a strain on a

fihers, repOft not only degree of ..,trctch, but also the rate of

pair of antagonistic muscles (A amI B) on a joint. Figure 2#2,

12

CHAPTER 2

The Rationale far Positional Release ThfTaJry

I I I I I I I I II I I I II

I I II I I
Neutral

Dysfunction

Strain

which is divided into three sectiOns, illustrates this theory.

sion on the affected tissues and minimizes the stimulation of

Section I represents a joint at rest with approximately an

the affected proprir)Ceptors. By some mechanism, as yet nor

equal state of tone within both muscles. as displayed in the

understood, maintaming the POC for a minimum period of

electromyogram (EMG) schematic. Section 2 shows a con

approximately 90 seconds appears to neutralize this otherl

dition of joint stram. Muscle A is overstretched. causing an

wise nonaaapting reflex arc, which is responSible for the

increased rate of neural impulses to be generated withan the

continuing hypertonicity. This theory, however, fails to

gamma system. Muscle B is in a hypershorrened state,

explain some of the other observed effects associated wid,

resulting in a decreased rate of impulses. The sudden stretch

somatic dysfunction.

that occurs in muscle A results in a myotatic reflex con

traction and a rapid rebound from the initial direction of
strain. This produces a sudden stretching of the hypershort

NOCICEPTORS: PAIN PATHWAYS

ened muscle B. The annulospiral endings. which respond

Tissue injury is accompanied by the release of i.lf3chadonic

mainly to the rate of change of length. would theoretically

acid. ThIS mmates the so-called arachadonic cascade and

be hyperstimulated as muscle B is suddenly stretched.

results in the production of prostaglandin, thromooxanc,

resulting in me generation of a massive neural discharge in

monohydroxy fatty acids, and leukotrienes. which promotcs

relation co this muscle. Section 3 represents the joint subse#

the progression of the inflammatory response and the devel#

quent [Q the mjury. It is unable [0 rerum CO neutral because

opment of hyperalgesia. This in tum results in vasodilation,

of the hypershortened state of muscle B.22 Thus muscle B

the aUf3ction oflcukocytcs, the release of complcment acti#

may become a primary source of the persisting dysfunction.

This explanation may account for one aspect of the dys

vacors, and the release of pam;prcx.iucmg neuropepridcs

such as histamine, serotonin, and bradykinln.1411.9.51

function. and in theory it is at this level that PRT may exert

Van Buskirk" makes a compelling argument for the role

a major influence during the initial 90lsecond interval

of the small myelinated (type III) and unmyelinated (type

(approximately 3 minutes for the neurologic patient).

IV) peripheral neurons, which constitute the nociceptive

The POCo by movmg away from the restriction barrier and

system and which resrond directly to the chemtcal medta

in the direction of greatest ease, essentially reduces the ten#

tors associated with tissue trauma and hypoxia. TI)ese free

The Rationale far Positional Release Therapy

CHAPTER 2

I3

Cerebral centers

Central descending
pathways

to

alpha and

Skin

Triceps
(inhibited)
Phrenic

Biceps

nerve

liver. gallbladder,
and diaphragm

Su prasp inatus
Fig. 2-3

Faciliuued segment componen" (C5-7).

nerve endings are distributed throughout all of the connec

tive tissues of the body with the exception of the Stroma of
the brain. These receptors are stimulated by neuropeprides
produced by noxious influences, including trauma, chemical
irritation, metabolic or visceral disturbance, or pathology.
Impulses generated in these neurons spread centrally and
also peripherally along the numerous branches of each
neuron. At the terminus of the axons, peptide neurotrans;
mirrers such as substance P are released. The response of the
musculoskeletal system to these painful stimuli may thus play
a central role in the development of somatic dysfunction.
According to Van Buskirk48 and Schmidt,40 nociceptors
are known to produce muscle guarding reactions and the
autonomic changes associated with somatic dysfunction.
Because proprioceptors are not present in all of the tissues
that may be connected with somatic dysfunction (bone, vis
cera ). the role of nociceptors should be considered as poten
tial agents in the perpetuation of the irritable reflexes asso
dated with these conditions.
The action of PRT on the nociceptive system may be
exerted through the relaxation of the surrounding tissues
and the resulting improvement in vascular and interstitial
circulation. This may have an indirect effect on removing
the chemical mediators of inflammation. The subsequent
resolution of the guarding reflexes in the myofascial struc
tures may also contribute to a reduction in the release of
further nociceptive substances. Postional release therapy
may also act on this traumatic cycle by helping to resolve
"facilitated segments" within the central nervous system.

THE fACILITATED SEGMENT: NEURAL CROSSROADS

In 1 947, Denslow and Korr" introduced the concept of the
facilitated segment and described it as follows:
A lesion represents a facilitated segment of the spinal cord, main
rained in that stare by impulses of endogenous origin entering the cor
responding dorsal root. All structures receiving efferent nerve fibers
from that segment are, therefore, potentially exposed to excessive
excitation or inhibition.

The central nervous system (CNS) is continuously sub

ject to afferent impulses arising from countless reporting
stations (receptors) throughout the body. Within any given
segment of the spinal cord, there are a fixed number of sen
sory and motor neurons. Much like the relay centers in a
telephone exchange, there are limits to the number of
"calls" that can be handled. If the number or amplitude of
impulses from the proprioceptors, nociceptors, and higher
centers channeled to a particular segment exceeds the
capacity of the nonnal routing pathway, the electrochem..
ical discharges may begin to affect collateral pathways. This
spillover effect may be exerted ipsilaterally, contralaterally,
or vertically. Impulses may arise from any tissue (fascia,
muscle, articular capsule, meninges, viscera, skin, cerebral
cognitive or emotional centers, etc.). When these impulses
extend beyond their nonnal sensorimotor pathways, the
CNS begins to misinterpret the information because of the
effect of an overflow of neurotransmitter substance within
the involved segment. For example, afferent impulses
intended to register as pain in the gallbladder manifest as

14

CHAPTER 2

The Rationale for Positional Release Therapy

shoulder pain. The phrenic nerve and portions of the

to exert an influence in reducing the threshold within the

brachial plexus share common spinal origins. This may also

FS and may thus open a window of opportunity for the CNS

be the basis of so-called referred pain ."

to normalize the level of neural activity,4S

The resulting overload at the CNS level is referred to as

a facilitated segment (FS) (Fig. 2-3). Chronic irritation can
involve the sympathetic/autonomic pathways and lead [0

FASCIAL DYSFUNCTION: CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONNECTIONS

trophic and metabolic changes. which may be the basis for

In the late 1 970s, Stephen Levin, an orthopedic surgeon,

some of the local tissue changes associated with muscu

conceived of a model for the structure of organic tissue that

loskelctal dysfunction. The neuromuscular reflex arc is at

could account for many physical and clinical characteris

the crossroads for several sources of noxious stimuli, including

tics. Through a process of systematic evaluation of the basic

trauma, viscerosomatic reflexes. and emotional distress. as

physical properties of tissue, he arrived at the conclusion

well as the vast proprioceptive system reporting from stri ..

that all organic tissue must be composed of a type of truss

ated muscle throughout the body. According to Upledger,47

(triangular form) and that the essential building block of all

the facilitated segment is exemplified by the following:

tis ue must be the tension icosohedron.17.19 This model, also

I . HypersemititJiry. Minimal impulses may produce exces

referred to as the <emegriry model anJ the myofascial skeletol

sive responses or sensations because of a reduced

truss, has gradually emerged as a viable explanation for the

threshold (or stimulation and depolarization at the

nature of organic tissue. Recendy, this model has been con

level of the FS.

firmed by electron-microscopic methods and through phys

2. Overflow. Impulses may become nonspecific and spill

ical stress extrapolation experiments.19,S1 This model

over to adjacent pathways. Collateral nerve cells, lat

accounts for the concept of the kinecic chain , which recog

eral tracts, and vertical tracts may be stimulated and

nizes that lesions transmit tensions throughout the body

produce symptoms of a widely divergent nature.

and that symptoms can be traced back to their source and

Referred pain may be produced.

treated indirectly by aligning fascial lines of force in rela

3. Autonomic dystro/lhy. The sympathetic ganglia become

excessively activated, leading to reduced healing and
repair of target cells, reduced immune function,

tion to the primary focus of restriction { Fig. 2-4). ")4

The implications of Levin's model, from a clinical per
spective, are that all tissues share cerrain fundamental char

impaired circulation, accelerared aging, and deteriora

actcristics. Indeed, this model confirms that all tisslles are

rion of peripheral tissues. Digestive and cardiovascular

alike at the molecular and ultrastructural level. The tension

disturbances and visceral parenchymal dystrophy may

icosohedron helps clarify the properties of the tissues and

also develop over time.

may be predictive of the effects of any therapeutic system.

Because of the excessive discharge arising from a variety

The tensegrity model delineates the following properties of

of recepmrs, the facilitated segment may eventually become

somatic tissue: the forces maintaining the structure of the

a selfperpetuating source of irritation in its own right. An

body are tension and compression and have no bending

injury, for example, of the biceps produces an increase in

momentS (such as in the hinge mechanism ascribed to

high-frequency discharge ( i ncreased neural impulses),

joints); the structural integrity of the body is gravity inde

which is transmitted by way of the type la and II neurons,

pendent and is stable with flexible joints; the tissues of the

to the spinal segment at the level of CS. If the discharge is

body have a nonlinear stress/strain response to external

excessive,. other muscles connected to this segment

forces; and the body is a functional lInit, in that forces

(supraspinatus, teres minor, levator scapula, pectoralis

applied to it at one point are transmitted uniformly and

minor, etc.) may receive a certain amount of spillover dis

instantaneously throughout the entire organism.

charge. This results in an increase in the gamma gain to

This model implies that a perceived condition in one

these muscles. Thus several muscles supplied by the same

area of the body may have its origin in another area and

segment may have a generally increased setting of their

that therapeutic action at the source of the dysfunction will

gamma bias (background tone fed to the muscle spindle

have an immediate, corrective effect on all secondary areas,

apparatus), which leads to increased hypertonicity and sus

including the site of symptom manifestation. It also may

ceptibility to strain. Other tissues (skin receptors, viscera,

account for some of the physiologic effects that produce the

and cerebral emotional centers) may also feed into this loop

release phenomenon. I

either as primary sources of highfrequency discharge or sec

ondary to the neuromuscularly induced hyperirritability.50

Because of this interconnectedness of the entire fascial

system, restriction in one area may result in a reduced range

Positional release therapy appears to have a damping

of morion in a distal stnlcture.J10,14 The area of perception

influence on the general level of excitability within the

of pain by the patient, especially in chronic cases, may often

facilitated segment. Weiselfish5l has found that this charac

be remore from the area of the most sensitive tender points.

teristic of PRT is unique in its effectiveness and has utilized

Because the tender points represent areas of relative fixa

this feature to successfully treat severe neurologic patients

tion, these areas are, in essence, splinted, and this results in

even though the source of the primary dysfunction arose

lines of tension that extend to peripheral structures. As we

from the supraspinal level. Postional release therapy appears

move peripherally from the primary foclls of restriction, the

The Rauonnle frYr POSlClonnl Release Therapy

CHAPTER 2

15

reduce the exceSSive tissue ph.1Y and range of motion. Ther#

apies such as fusion or prolotherapy create relative fixation
of tI"ues.1l The reduced mechanical strain and the cnnse
quent diminishment in the release of nociceptive mediators
result In reduced pain. These approaches may, however, also
produce secondary lesions and an increase in aherrant
biomechanics.
It is hypothesized that PRT, hy reducing the tension on
the myofascial system, also engages the fascial componems of
the dysfunction. TIle reduction in tension on the collagenow,
crOS!).llnkages appears [Q induce a dic;engagemenr of (he elec
trochemical bonds and a conversion back to the sol state.
This fascial component of release during the roc appears to
require a maintenance of the positionmg for several mmures.
The 90 seconJ mterval espouoed by Jones theoretically
addresses only the neuromuscular aspect of thc dysfunction.
Some of the effects of the POC may be (brecdy
attrihutable to the changes in the condition of the fascial
matnx Itself. Othcrs may be due to aumnomic and electro
chemical associations betwecn the myofascial structures
and othcr systems."! The resulting reduction in tension at
the level of the pnmary lesion would, III accordance With
the tensegnty m<.xlel, create an equilibration of tension
throughout the orgaOism. The previous discrepancy between
hypomobile and hyperrnobde arcas woulJ be resolveJ, anJ
there would be a reduction in the abnormal hlOmechanical
stresses associated with the stimulation of pain receprors.
Positional release therapy thus appears to be capable of
initiating a release of tension patterns both at the neufU#
muscular level and at the f'lscial levcl. The determining fac#
tors are the preCision and skill exercised by the practitioner
In maintaining thc ideal position and the length of time
requireJ for the completion of the release prt'lCCSS.

, SUMMARY
New paradigms are emerging that are morc coru,I':otcnt with
clinical observation in the field of musculoskeletal dysfunc#
[Ion. Current m(K.lels recognizc the Intrinsic properties of
the tissues and how these arc affectcd at thc ultrastructural

Fig. 2-4

Represenuuion of fascial [erui(m pauems .

Icvcl. Somatic dysfunction may manifest within <-lny of the

tissues of the body. Each of these tissues expresses trauma
In

[cnl'gnty HuCtlirC of the tisslies transmits these forces,

and dysfunction

without any Imi of intensity, to an area of the body which

,)11 of the tissues of the body a part of a kinctic challl. Thus

interfaces with external mechanical influences.

TI'lC hoJy anempts to create a full range of gross motion

unique ways and is interconnected With

trauma to one part of the body may result III pe"l>ting dys'
function in any other pan.

by compenS3nng for arca of relative fixation. This results

The render poilU is a clinically recognized exprcs.o;ion

in excessive morton in regions of the hoJy that extend from

of somatic dysfunction and is used in PRT a a diagnn'tlc

the focus of dysfunction. Excessl\'c force, Jue to strain or

indicator.

repetitive motion against thc restriction barrier, may cause

Several pathophysiologic mechanisms may he respon

local mflammation amI pam. The mcreaseu mechanical

sible for the development of the c1mical manifesrations

deformation anJ strccch wlthu) these tissues may result in

associated

the release of pain-producing chemical mediacors. Thus

responses, mediated by monosynaptic reflexes and musculo

tendinous proprioceprors, can alter the length/tenSion rela#

pam may be exprc!lScJ within WiSUCS, which are, III fact,

with

somatic

dysfunction.

N curomuscular

secondary areas of Involvemem. The goal of treatment of

tionship of the muscular component of the dysfunction.

these hypermobile tissues (joints, ligaments, etc.) is [0

Tissue injury results in the release of proinflammltory

CHAPTER 2

16

The Rationale far Posirional Release Therapy

chemical mediators. which in tum stimulate the pain recep

tors within the involved tissues. This further promotes the
development and maintenance of protective muscle spasm
and may result in a persisting dysfunction, which can
become a focal point for reinjury and continuing pain. This
cycle of events feeds inm the neurologic phenomenon
referred to as the facilitated segment. Other, nonsomatic
stimuli may also interact with this pathway and lead to a
self#perpcruaring cycle of irritability. Fascial structures
respond to trauma and the ensuing inflammatory process
through the production of adhesive cross-fibers and fascial
tension, which may impair mobility throughout rhe
organism. The tensegrity model of organic tissue has given
new insight into the nature of tissue interactions and a
greater understanding of the pathophysiology of somatic
dysfunction.
Positional release therapy theoretically addresses neuro
muscular hyperirritability and muscular hypertonicity as
mediated by the proprioceptive system. It also appears to
reduce tissue tension, allowing for the resolution of the
inflammatory response and the release of the electrochem
ical bonds associated with fascial restriction. Any tissue may
be implicated in the pathophysiology of somatic dysfunc
tion. The clinician should be guided by tissue response
rather than by symptoms in the search for the underlying
cause and treatment of the dysfunction.

References
1.
2.
3.

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self.published.
Barral JP: Visceral manilm/acion , Scanle, 1988, Eastland
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Brown CW: Change in disc treatment saves hockey star.

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11.

Chauffour P: Lecrures (mechanical link}, Palm Beach, FL,

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Dorman TA, editor: Prolotherapy in the lumbar spine and
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Gray G: Functional kinetic chain rehabilitation: overuse

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Henriksson KG: Microscopic and biochemical changes in

fobromyalgia, Proc I " 1m Symp MP May 1 989 (abstract).

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Hey LR. Helcwa A: Myofascial pain syndrome: a critical

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Hoover HV: Functional technic, MO Year Book 47, 1958
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tectuml regulation o( histodifferentiation by physical forcel:
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Gahm CT. Kblom PE, editors: Gene expression during
nannal and malignanc difierenciation, New York, 198;, Aca
demic Press.
Jaeger B, Reeves JL: Quantification o( changes in myofas
cial lrigger point sensitivity with the pressure algometer fol
lowing passive metch, !'ain 27(2):203, 1986.
Janda V: Muscle and joint correlations. Proceedings. IV
FINN, Prague, 1974, Rehabilitation Suppl 10- 1 1 , 1 54
1 58, 1975.

Jones LH: Srrain and COIHucTSlrain, Newark, Ohio, 1 98 1 ,

American Academy o( Osteopathy.
23. KalyanRaman UP and mhers: Muscle pathology in pri
mary fibromyalgia syndrome: a light microscopic, histo
chemical and ultrastructural scudy, } Rheuma[01 2 :80B, 1984
24. Kanab R, Schaible HG. Schmidt RF: AC[iv3tion of fine
anicular afferent units by bradykinin, Brain Res 327:8 1 ,
22.

1985.

Korr 1M: Propriocepmrs and the behaviour of lesioned scg

ments, Osreopath Ann 2: 1 2, 1974.
26. Korr 1M: Proprioceptors and somatic dysfuncrion,} Am
Osreopa,h A.!soc 74:638, 1975.
27. Levin SM: The icosohedron as the threeimensional finitl
element in biomechanical supporr. Proceedings of the
Society o( General Systems Research on Mental Images.
Values and Reality, Philadelphirt, Society of General Sys
tems Research, May 1986.
28. Levin, SM: The space truss as a mooel for cervical spine
mechanics-a systems science concept. In Paterson JK,
Burn L, editors: BClCk pain: an international review, Boston,
1990, Kluwer Academic.
29. Levin SM: The importance of soft tissue for structural sup
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1995.
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31.

Lowe JC: Treatment-resistant myofascial pain syndrome. Ir

Hammer WI, editor: Functional sofr tissue examinaLion and
treatment by manual methods, Gaithersburg, Md, 1991.
Aspen.
Melzack R . tillwell OM, Fex EJ: Trigger points and
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Pain 3:3, 1977.

32.
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Mense S: Nervous outflow (rom skeleral muscle following

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Rosomoff HL and others: Physical findings in patients with
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Pain 37:279, 1989.

Roth GB: Towards a unified model of musculoskeletal dys

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discogenic lumbar radiculopathy: analysis of phospholipase

36.

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Imcrnatinn<1i Soclcty for Study of the Lumhar Spine,
Kyoto, J apan, 1989.
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wilnJte WI:>.!!Cn::.chafren. Munchen.
ScuJd!. RA, Ewart NK, Trahel L The (reJrtnem of
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Smith FF: Inner hridges: a guide w ('nerg)' mOl'emenl and body
srructllTt.'. Adant!,
.. 1986, Hunl<m ics New Age.
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manum mecJlOd.s, Gau hershurg, Md, 1991. Aspen.
Snow CJ and others: RanJomlzed controlled c1mical trial
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T",vei l JG, S,mon; D() MyofascIlII pam and dysjomcllon, the
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Travcll JG, Rimier SH: The myofasc ial genc:,is of pam ,
POSlgrad Med I I A25, 1952.
Upledger JE, The facoi l tatcJ segment, Massage Ther),
Summer 1 989.
Van Bukirk RL: NociceptIVe reflexes and [he somatic dys
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Vane JR: Pam of mflamm:mon: an introduction. In Bonica
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and dlL>ratry, vol 5, New York, 1 983. Raven Press.

50.

51.

52.

53.

54.
55.

56.

57.

58.

CIiAPTER 2

17

Wall PD: PhyslololCal mechanisms mvolved In the pro

duction and relief of pam. In Bonica J, Procacci P, Pagm
CA. editors: Recent admnces in pam pcuhophysiologrcal and
clonical aspects, SpnngflclJ, III, 1974, Charb C TI,0m<l>.
Wang N . Butler JP, Imgber DE: Mechanotransduction
across the cell surface and through the cytOskeleton, SCience
260, 1 1 24, 1993.
Weinstein IN: A natomy and neurophYSiologic mecho.lOl!)ms
of spinal pam. In Frymoyer JW, editor: The adult sl>me: prin,
ciples and practice, New York, 1 99 1 , Raven Prcs.
Welsclf"h 5, Manual rherapy for the ormol><d;c and ne"",
logic patient emphasiting sn-run and counterstram rc!chmque ,
Hartford, Conn. 1993, Reg ional Physica l Therapy,
self-pub l IShed.
Wolfe F: The clinical synJrome of fibro'>ltis, Am J Med
8U, 1 986.
Wolfe F: FibroSitis, flbromyalgla and mll"Culoskeleral dis
ease: the currenr status of the fibro:,tt1s syndrome, Arch Ph)s

Med Rehab 69'\27, 1 988.

Wolfe F and others: The fibromyalgm and myofascial paUl
syndromes: a preliminary study of tender POUlt'> and tngger
POUlrs in persons wilh fibromyalgia, myofascial p. u n syn,
d rome and 110 d isease, ) Rheuma,oI 1 9(6),944, 1 992.
Wolfe F and others: Cnteria for fibromyalgl<l , Anhnus
Rheum 32,547, 1989.
Yunus MB and others: Pathological changes III muscle III
rrimary fibromyalgia syndrome, Am J Med 81 :.38, 1986.

3
Therapeutic Decisions
Conditions of the Spine. Rihs.

What Is Positional Release

20

Therapy?

20

Release Therapy
Contraindications to the Use
of Positional Release Therapy

20

Which Conditions Respond Best

to PoSItional Release Therapy?

21

When Is It Appropriate to Use

21

Conditions of the Lower Quadrant 23

Motor Vehicle Accident Cases

23

Geriatric Patients

23

Pediatric Patients

23

Sporrs Injuries

23

Respiratory Patients

24

Amputees

24

Neurologic Patients

24

Summary

Who Can Benefit from

Positional Release Therapy?

22

Conditions of the Upper Quadrant 22

The Effects of Positional

Positional Release Therapy?

Pelvis. and Sacrum

24

22

The activities of daily living, work, and recreation provide

It IS evident that our lives provide Inany opportunities

many orpof[unitie for protective muscle spasm to flCcur.

for soft tissue mjury to occur. The human hody h"'1s an

Protective muscle spam or guardmg {muscle hypertonicity

incredible ability to adapt to several minor stresses, hut as

that (lecun; as the result of an injury, slich as a strain; in

soon as the number increases above a certain range, which

response (0 ahnormal biomechanics; or as a reaction to

may be Jifferent for each tndividual, the body ha, less room

emocional stress or a pmhologic process, such as inflamma

to adapt. Finally, it reaches a point where it cannot i.lJlPt

tion) may c)(:

. cur

any further. Once the physiologic adaptive range has been

through repetitive smaller movementS, or

1 5 ,
..

consequence

exceeded, there is a greater susceptibility to injury,s For

of bruising, straining. or tcaring,l Events that can result in

example, a person may bend over to pick up something, an

muscle guarJmg mclude falls. catching oneself while failing,

action the person has performed repeatedly without lIly

improper lifting, motor vehicle accidencs, throwing injuries,

problem. Today, however, the person's back "goe, out." The

and unexpected sudden movemencs. Most people experi;

injury is usually not caused by that particular movement but

ence severnl injuries over a lifetime. The injuries may be

the accumulated stresses to the body over a lifetime. This

cumulative, especially if nO properly neated. For example,

was the "straw that broke the camel's back."

most infanrs fall severnl times while learning how to walk.

Over the years the body may develop certain areas of

Children fall off tricycles, sliJes, and swings and usually

muscle guarding, joint hypomohility and fascial tension.

experience some TOugh;and;wmble play. As they grow older

ThIS affece, functional mohility and flexibility and can leaJ

they participate in a variety of sports and other rigorous

to faulty posture. When this dysfunctional body is put into

activitie:;. Adolescents and aJults enter the workforce, and

motion, such as in recreational or work;relateJ actiVities, or

their employment may require awkward positions that

is subject to an accident, [he preexisting uysfunction influ;

Involve lifting. Add to these common experiences any

ences the resulting condition of the body. For example, five

numher of severe injuries, stich as falls and motor vehicle

people involved in [he same car accident Inay suffer com;

accidents, and one can easily understand the presence of

pletely different mjuries. One may get low back pam, one

the numerous lesions that are observed clinically.

may experience shoulder pam, another may get cervical and

19

20

CHAPTER 3

Therapeuric Decisions

temporomandibular JOint (TMj) pam. The fourth person may

This appears to ease the tension around the jOint,

feel pain in all these areas and the fifth person may not expe

which allows it to move morc freely. Therefore proper

biomechal1lcal movement is restored to the jomt.

rience any pain or dysfunction. The extent of the current

injury relates to the condition of the tissues at the time of the

4. Increased circulation and reduced swelling. As the

accident and the dysfunctions that were previously present.

musculoskeletal structures are relaxed using PRT, pres

The aim of positional release therapy (PRT) is to identify

sure appears to be relieved on imcrvenmg structures

areas of dysfunction and nonnalie the somatic tissues to

such as blood and lymph vessels. The result may be

increased circulation, which m tum aids m the

improve the general condition and adability of the body.

healing of damaged tissue. The Improved lymphatic

drainage assists in the reabsorption of tissue fluids. thus

'WHAT Is POSITIONAL RE lEASE THERAPY?

Positional release therapy is a method of total body evalua

reducing the swelling associated with inflammation.

5. Decreased pain. The pam of Jomt dysfunction is posi

tion and treatment using tender points (TPs) and a position

[Jon oriented. from sc\'ere pain In one position to

of comfort (POe) to resolve the associated dysfunction.

almost complete comfort in the opposite position. The

PRT is an indirect (the body part moves away from the resis

patient has pain, which may be associated with muscle

tance barrier, I.C., the direction of greatest ease) and passive

guarding. fascial tension, and restriction of joint move..

(the therapist performs all the movements without help

ment. Positional release therapy appears to alleviate

from the patient) method of treatment. All three planes of

muscle spasm anu restore proper rainfree movement

movement are used co attain the position of greatest com

and tissue fleXibility. The patient may have some

fort. Once the most severe tender poims are found, they are

remaining discomfort because of residual mf1amma

palpated as a guide to help find the POc. The POC pro

tion, but the sharp pain is often slgI"Iificantly reduced.

duces optimal relaxation of the involved tissues.

6. Increased strength. By normalIZing the proprrocep

One theory holds that while in the position of comfort,

tive and neural balance withm muscle tissue and

there is a reduction and arrest of inappropriate propriocep'

removing inhibition caused by pam, PRT can help

rive activity.6 As a result of treatment using PRT, there is a

restore normal tone and function of the involved mus

decrease In mUM:le tenion. fascial tension, and joint hypo;

c1es. Thus PRT may optimIZe the blomechanical effi

mohility. These changes in (urn result m a Significant increase

ciency of muscle and Improve the responsiveness to

in functional range of 1110[ion and a decrease in pain.

prescribed conditioning exercises.

n HE E F FE CTS OF POSITIONAL RElE ASE THE RAP Y

The following are six treatment outcomes using PRT:

, CONTRAIN DICATIONS TO THE USE

OF POSITIONAL RE LEASE THE RAPY

1. Normalization of muscle hypertonicity, Clinically it

If the therapist is following the PRT general rules and prin

has been found that the first, or neuromuscular, phase

ciples as srated in Chapter 4. there are only a few con

of the PRT treatment lasts approximately 90 seconds

rraindications to be aware of. stich as maltgnancy. aneurysm,

for general orthopedic patients' and J minutes for

neurologic patients.11 Positional release therapy

and acute rheumatoid arthritis. The following are regional

contraindlcations to the use of PRT:

appears [0 affect inappropriate proprioceptive activity

Open wounds

during thiS phase, thus helping to normalIZe tone and

Sutures

set the normal length,rension relationship in the

Healing fractures

muscle. This results in (he elongation of the involved

Hematoma

muscle fibers [Q their normal sr3rc.6.1 J

2. Normalization of fascial tension. It is hypothesized

Hypersensitivity of the skin

Systemic or localized mfection

by D'Ambroglo' and Weiselfish 12.11 that the second,

The patient should always complete a thorough history

or fascial, phase of the PRT treatment begins after 90

and evaluation before beginning treatment. A complete

seconds for general onhopedic patiencs and after 3

diagnostic workup may also be necessary. Although a cer

minutes for neurologic patients. Durmg this phase, PRT

tain PRT technique may not be recommended for one area

apparently begins to engage the fascial tension patterns

of the body because of one of the aforementioned con

as:,()c13teU with trauma, inflammation, and adhesive

pathology.2.7111is process may Involve an "unwinding"

tramdications. it may be safe to use on other regions.

Always proceed with caution, taking Into account the emo

action in the myofascial tissue. I I A significant release

tional state of the patient. Allow the patient to make

response may be palpated during this phase.

informed decisions.2

J. Reduction of joint hypomobility. When the muscles

When placing the patient into the position of comfort,

crossing jOints become hypertonic or tight, the result

it is imperative that the tissues he allowed to relax. There

is joint hypomobility (i.e., joint stiffness). By using

should be no palpable tendemess or pam, and the patient

PRT, the affected muscles and fascial tissues relax.

should never be forced mto a position. It must be a com

Therapeutic Decisions
fortable process with the patient

10

a completely relaxed

position. Although It IS emphaSIZed that the patient should

experience no pain while being placed in rhe POC, pain or
paresthesia may develop

during

the treatment. This is

normal and usually lasts I to 2 minutes. It is part of the

release process, 10.1 I

CHAPTER 3

21

, WHE N Is IT ApPROPRIATE TO U SE POSITIONAl

RE lEASE T HE RAm
There are four phases of treaunent, which comprise struc
tural and functional rehabilitation.
Phase 1. This phase deals with treating patients

10

the

Problems tend to arise when the therapist tries to force a

acute phase of the injury. Positlonal rele.,e therapy is the

patient IOta a POC. If the patient is in immediate discorn,

treatment of choice in this phase and can be useJ imme

fort on being placed in the position, this may indicate rhe

diately after Injury because of ItS gentleness. Positional

presence of a conflicting lesion. In this case the therapist

release therapy helps reset the inappropriate propriocep

should search for another significant tender point or use

tive actiVity and decreases the amount of muscle spasm,

another modaltry.

joint hypomobtlity, and fascial tension. It can create a

Special care must be taken when working on the neck

better environment for healing to take place emu help

with regard to the vertebral artery.- When extending the

decrease the sharp pam and swelling that may develop.

patient's head and neck over the end of the table, it is essen

Positional release therapy can be extremely effective in

tial to go down the kinetic chain extremely gently, keeping

rhis phase of recovery and may significantly reduce

the suboccipital region in flexion and axial extension. The

downtime for athletes and help promote a rapid return to

patient's eyes must be kept open, and the therapist should

preinjury status. Once in the clinic, rhe therapisr can

monitor for signs of vertebral artery compression (such as

also integrate other modalities, such as icc, microcurrcnt,

nystagmus)- It is recommended that the therapISt keep

pulsed ultrasound, and taping, and use of assisrive

calking to the patient or questionmg the patient regarding

devices such as canes, crutches, and splints.

dizzmess. It is important to use sound judgment and [0

Phase II. This phase deals with treating structural dys

ensure that the patient is always taken into a position of

function with lx>th acute and chronic parients. With

ease. The therapISt should feel the tissues becoming relaxed.

chronic patients, there are w;ually several aretlS of long

As long as these gUideltnes are followed, the nsk of harm to

standing dysfunction. Positional release therapy by Itself or

the patient will be mmimized.

in conjunction With other manual therapies can he used [0

reduce spasm, jOint hypomobility, and fascial rension. This

, WHICH CONDITIONS RESPOND BEST

TO POSITIONAL RElEASE THE RAPY?

can result In improved postural alignment anu an Increase

As mentIOned earlier, PRT treats protective muscle spasm,

pain. This enables the patient to move much more easily

in functional mobility and flexibIlity In the spine, nbs,

pelvis, and penpheral jomts. There is usually a decrease

10

fascial tension, and JOtnt hypomobility, which are usually the

and comfortably. At this point, mobility and Strength

result of a physical tnJury. Therefore any patient who has a

ening exercises can be adJed to further facilitatc changc

distmct, phYSical mechanism of tnJury wtll respond favorably

and to progress the patient to the next phase. This phase

to PRT. These mclude injuries resultmg from falls; improper

prepares the patient's boJy for movement.

lifting;

throwing; motor vehicle accidents; sudden, unex

Phase Ill. Phase III deals with the restoration of hmc

peeted movements; and sports. The degree to which the

tionaI movement. Once the pauent has overcome (he

patient responds depends on the degree of dysfunction that

acute and srnlctural phase, he should be moving more

preceded the acute IIlJury.

easily with less dIscomfort and be ready to progress to a

Those patients whose pain commenced Insidiously with

more dynamic movement program. This Includes cardio

no obvious immediate mechanism of mjury but who have a

vascular fitness (aerobics), strengthening (weIght lifting),

hIStory of trauma also tend to respond well to PRT. In these

and a continuation of flexibility and mobility exercises

Ca5C>, the pain may be the result of surpassing a physiologic

from phase II. The patient at this stage should not be ex

adaptive range. So-called repemlve strain injunes (RSls) may

penencing any sharp pain, although Jull pam may occur

result from excessIve challenge to the acccumulated muscular

with the healing process. The patient's range of motion

guarding, fascial tension, anti/or Jomt restrictions. Treatment

should be relatlvely pain free. The focus of therapy is on

directed to these background dysfunctions may allow for res

improving functional movement, strengthening muscles

olution of these rypes of conditions. Those patients who have

for structural support, and improving cardiovascular fitness.

had acute or chroniC pam that arose insidiously with no clear

Phase IV. Phase IV deals WIth nonnalozatlon of lIfe activ

mechanism of injury or history of trauma tend not to respond

Ities. It takes mto consideration the patient's lifestyle and

as well. Their dysfunctIons tend to be related to stress, visceral

goals. Is the patient able to continue with hiS work, actIv

dysfunction, pathology (e.g., infections, tumours), or surgical

ities of daily living, and sports or recreational activities?

Intervention. Initial evaluation of the patient and subjective

Does he need retraining, lifesryle modification, or addI

findtng> should help identify these red flags. An appropriate

tional therapy? Appropriate refe<rals to other profeSSIonals

referral for further Investigation may be necessary to ascertain

or functIonal capacity evaluation shaulll be consiuereu to

underlying conditions.

facilitate thIS final transitional phase.

22

CHAPTER 3

Therapeutic Decisions

All four phases are important, and sometimes patients

must progress through all phases. However, each patient

CONDITIONS OF THE SPINE, RIBS, PELVIS, AND SACRUM

muSt be evaluated as an mdividual. For example. a patient

Patients with a herniated disk, facet Impmgement, stenosis,

may need only the wellness program because she is uccon#

fusion,

ditioned. Another patient might require only some mantlal

arthTltis, scoliosis, fracture, postsurgical lammectomy, post

therapy. Prohlcms can arise, for example. when a patient

surgical diskectomy, HarTington rods, sacroiliac pain, lum

spondylolisthesis,

degenerative

disk

disease,

who has low back pam is treated only as an acute patient in

bos",cral pam, lumbar strain, myofascial pain, or coccydynia

phase I. The patient may be treated with ultrasound, icc, or

have all benefitted from PRT alone or in conjunction

electrical sumularion for 3 months, and rhen when therc is

with other moJalities. Positional release therapy is not c()n

no improvement, she is thrown inm a work#haruening pro#

trallldicated in patients with osteoporosis, as trcatmcm IS

gram or functional capacity evaluation. She will likely fail

completely nontraumatic. As srated previollsly we feel that

miserably because she is nO[ conditioned and no one has

PRT does not repair these ratholgic or surgical conditions.

worked on the dysfunction in her !)opine or peripheral joint.

Positional Release

In some clinics, patient') are put into a wellness program

decreasing muscle hypertolllcity, reduclllg fascial tension,

Immediately, withollt any manual therapy being done.

anJ restoring jomt mobility. As a result, the patient will

Therapy treats the dysfunction hy

Patients must he prepared for exercises. Do they have some

begin to move more easily and with less pam. In cases of

ptnal Impairment! hi there some muscle guarding, fascial

severe restnctum of motion, It is possible to apply PRT only

tension, or Joint restriction which might impede them from

within this limited available range. The positioning will

exercising properly! Other clinics may treat a paticnt with

gradually approach the optimal POe; however, this may

only manual therapy and without including any exercise.

require several successive treatments. With the IIlcorpora

Consequently, it is a passive process, and the patient has no

tion of mobility, flexibility, strengthening, and cardiovas

responSIbilitIes. ThIS approach may also (ail with many

cular exercises, the patient should respond well.

patients because their dysfunction might be directly caused

hy a sedentary lI(estyle, which has not been addressed.
To achieve succe, It is essential that all patients be

OrthopedIC surgery dlles not "ddress the underlymg dys

function. There may be a postsurgical reuuction

III

s)lmp

toms; however, thi:; is not always the case, and relief is often

evaluated (() determine their !o.pecific requirement<;. Some

of only short duration.] In thee cases it is appropriate to

patients may require acute attention, such as icing or other

trear the dysfunctions uSlIlg comervative manual methods

modalities. Onc patient may reqUIre minimal handson

and other modaltties to normake the tissues and restore

treatment, whereas another may need extensive handson

optimal biomechanics.

therapy to alleviate restricted jOlllts, fascial restrictions, or

It is our opinion that in many cases ;]ttributeu to Ji5k

III

protective muscle spasm. After treatment the patient

pachology, arthritis, or stenOSIS, the symptoms may,

should progress IIlto a wellness program where his muscles

!)e caused by soft tissue uysfunction. What appears as a

arc being worked appropriately, and the therapist should

pathology on an xray may be the end result of abnormal

fact,

encourage hlln to exercise on hiS own. Finally, whether the

biomechanics, which is the result of the dysfunction."

pfltient can return to his previous employment must be con

Unfortunately, soft tissue or articular dysfunction cannot be

siucred. Each paticnt must be individually evaluated <.lnd a

visuali.:ed using currell( IInaging technology, and thus the

unique and !)pectalized plan followeJ.

patient's symptoms are oftcn atrthutcd to abnormalities

, WHO CAN BENE F IT F ROM

POSITI ONAL RE lEASE T HE RAPY1

therapies, such as PRT, should be considered before surgIcal

associated with an osseous Image. Conservative functional

A wide assortment of patients, from IIlfants to geriatric

patients, can henefit from PRT. The human frame may he

options are lIlitiateJ.

CONDITIONS OF THE UPPER QUADRANT

viewed as an evolutionary compromise. The bipedal posture

Patients who have been diagnosed wi(h burSitis, rotator cuff

and the WIde range of motion afforded the upper IlInbs have

tendinitis, impingement syndrome, thoracic outlet syn

allowed humans to dominate their environmem. n,ese

drome, acromioclavicular sprain, stcrOllClavicular sprain,

adaptations, however, have not been without a cot. A

rostfracture conditions, frozen shoulder, tennis elbow, and

higher center o( gravity and reduced stability in the upper

golfer's elbow have benefited from PRT.

quadrant cause humans to be more vulnerable to transla

TIle shoulder IS an inhcrently unstahle JOint and relies

[ional forces anu resulram musculoskeletal injuries. Posi

heaVily on the muscles that cro it for support. Careful

tlonal release therapy, because of its efficiency and gentle

examination of all of these tissues should be carried our

ness, is appropriate for a wide range of injuries to which

when locally assessmg this jomt. T he upper limb IS directly

humans are subject.

Imked to the cervicorhoracic spine and rib cage

Treatment IS always directed to the mdlvldual and the

III

relmion

to nerve supply, circulatory supply, and muscular and fascial

indlviuufll's unique set of dysfunctions as opposeu to a uiag

extenSions. It has been founu clinically that dlrJers of the

noscu condirion or group of symptoms.

shoulder, elhow, wrist, and hand may often arise from

Thera/Jeuric Decisions

primary dyfunc[lons of the axial skeleron. Commonly, sig,

nificant tender poinrs are present in the cervical spine, tho
racic spine, or rib cage, that, when treated according to the
general niles, help resolve many of the conditions that
cause primary symptoms in the upper limb.

CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER QUADRANT

Patiems with hip bursitis, tendinitis, rotal hip replacemem,
arthritis, jumper's knee, rotal knee replacement, patellar
tendinitis, chondromalacia, menisclls tears, ligament sprain,
capsu\itis, and plamar fasciitis have all responded success
fully to PRT. Positional release therapy addresses the flmc
tional component as opposed to the pathology. In cases of
total hip and knee replacements, the tissues will still be able
to guide the therapist. Sometimes the therapist may feel
that the hips arc being placed in a compromising position,
but ifrhe tension in the tissues is relaxing, the tenderness is
disappearing, and the patient states that it feels good, she
should continue with the treatment. Therefore it is impor
tant for the therapist to continually monitor for changes.
Muscle guarding, strains, and sprains are common in the
lower quadram. Positional release therapy can be effective
at treating injuries involving the hip, knee, ankle, and foot
and can help the patient progress to a weightbearing and
walking stage quickly.

CHAPTER 3

23

injuries. Most elderly patients feel that the pain in their hip
or knee is due to arthritis or is a factor of age. They do nOt
believe that much can be done for them. When confronted
with this argument, the therapist may wish to say to the
patient, "Your right and left knees are the same age, so why
did only one knee develop the arthritis?" This type of rea
soning may encourage them to reconsider their limiting
belief and thus allow them to cooperate more fully with the
treaunent program.
Usually, when elderly patients are exposed to PRT, they
quickly accept it because it is gentle and effective. Positional
release therapy may be able to release several chronic dys
functions that have been preventing the patient from
achicving a normal functional range of motion. These
patienrs are often surprised and excited with the results. They
find themselves moving more easily with less discomfort and
pcrfonning movements that they have not done in years and
assumed they had lost forever. These may include tying shoes,
looking both ways whcn driving, riding a bike, walking,
swimming, and other activities of daily living. Osteoporosis is
a consideration with this patient population. PRT may be the
treatment of choice in these cases and it is a gentle technique
which the elderly generally tolerate very well.

PE DIATRIC PATIENTS

Patients who have been involved in a mOtor vehicle acci

dent respond well to PRT, as in other cases where there is
a clear mechanism of Injury that is traumatic in nature. If
the accident is severe and there are many conflicting
tender points, a severe tender point in another area, as
determined by the scanning evaluation (SE) (see Chapter
5), may neeJ to be treated initially. Otherwise craniosacral
therapy, myofascial release, or other modalities may be used
as initial interventions. Once the conflicting protective
muscle spasm has diminished, PRT in the local area may be
instituted. If thc injury is minor to moderatc and it is pos
sible to localize a distinct tender point and find a POC, the
results with PRT will be good. Positional release therapy
alone has helped with cervical sprains and strains,
headaches, tinnitus, dizziness, and TMJ dysfunctions.
Therefore, depending on the severity of the accident and
which systems have been affected in the patient's body, an
integration of the various manual therapies is usually effec
tive. Early post#injury intervention has been clinically
found to reduce the incidence of secondary compensations
and conflicting tender points. This can simplify treatmenr
and speed recovery.

Infants and young children with torticollis, brachial plexus

injuries (Erb's or mixed palsy), and colicky babies have been
treated successfully with PRT. Sometimes it may be difficult
to communicate effectively with this patient population,
and there is a need to rely on observation and palpation
skills. For example, in the case of an infant with a right
sided torticollis (i.e., right side bent and left TOtated cervical
spine), evaluation of the movement restrictions may reveal
reduced left lateral flexion and right rotation. One may also
palpate hypertonicity in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM)
muscle on the right side. Treatment is a Simple matter of
reproducing the action of the SCM muscle. The child's
neck is treated by placing the child into flexion, right lat
eral flexion, and left rotation. The therapist feels for soft
ening of the involved SCM muscle as a guide. Clinically,
this technique is much more effective than stretching the
muscle. The child will likely be more cooperative because
the treatment is more comfortable than stretching.
Infants and very young children are best treated close (Q
their nap time or after feeding. The assessment may be per,
fanned during the initial visit without treatment, in order
to gain the child's confidence. This also provides an oppor
tunity to make the treatment session as short and efficient
as possible and to arrange it at an optimal time within the
child's schedule.

GE RIATRIC PATIE NTS

SPORTS INJURIES

Arthritic conditions may develop in one hip or knee

because of biomechanical imbalances arising from previous

Patients with sports injuries respond extremely well to PRT.

As mentioned previollsly, PRT works best when there is a

MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENT CASES

CHAPTER 3

24

Therapeutic Decisions

c1earcut mechanism of injury that is traumatic in nature.

release when treating individuals with hypertonicity sec

With the exception of the weekend athlete, this population

ondary to both upper and lower motor neuron lesions. T hese

is in good shape and responds quickly to PRT. The younger

patients include those With traumatic bram injury, cerebral

athletes who have fewer accumulated dysfunctions respond

vascular accident, multiple sclerosis, cerebral palsy, and

espeCially well. Weekend athletes wHi also respond, but If

spinal cord injuries. Patients with hypotonia or atonia (i.e.,

they have an accumulation of dysfunctions. they may not

flaccid ann and leg tone) are not appropriate for treatment

respond as quickly.

using

For the most parr, rhe treatments for this population

an

PRT.

This

is

regional

consideration

only;

individual may have flaccid patterns m one area of the

arc straightforwarJ. Common injuries such as sprained

body and a spastic pattern in another region. The hypertonic

ankles, hamstring or calf strains, knee ligament sprains,

or spastic region would be amenable to treatment using PRT.

pelvic or sacroiliac strains. and rotator cuff and elbow

Positional release therapy may be used to normalize tone

injuries can be treared effectively using PRT in conjunction

in order to assist with tfimk elongation, improve pelvic

with rangcofmotion exercises, strengthening exercises,

positioning, and increase mobility and functional movel

and other modalities.

ment. Posttonal release therapy helps create an improved

neuromusculoskeletal environment that allows for optimal

RESPIRATORY PATIENTS

implementation of a neurodevelopmental program.

Patients who have dIfficulty breathing can benefit from PRT.

ulation. Therefore it is essential to be aware of postural dys

Many respiratory patients are taught breathing exercises for

function and movement restriction patterns and be able to

It may be difficult to communicate With this patient por

energy conservation and to Improve their respiratory poten

tial. These are functional

10

nature. However, restricted rib,

palpate changes in tone of the affected muscles. As an

example, a neurologic patient has increased flexor tone in

splOe, pelVis, and hypertonic muscles may prevent these

the hIps. Palpation of the involved muscles and an evalua

patients from achieving full funwonal benefit. They can only

tion of the range of motion confinns this finding. This

achieve a certain potential with these breathing exercises.

patient will tolerate flexion and external rotation of the

Therefore by treating the restrictions in the spine, pelvis, ribs,

hips but may not tolerate extension. Treatment uSing PRT

and hypertonic muscles (I.e., diaphragm, psoas, quadratus

would involve hip flexion and external rotation. The therl

lumborum, and Intercostal muscles) the patient may be able

apist would follow the ease of movement of the tissues and

[Q expand the rib cage more fully and with greater ease and

palpate the hip flexors to be guided Into the POCo

may be able to perfonn breathing exercises to a greater poten

Remember that neurologic patients require an initial posi

tial and with more comfort. It is important to understand that

tioning of a minimum of 3 minutes for the neuromuscular

PRT does not treat the respIratory dISease but rather Improves

release. A fascial release will occur after rhis.

breathing mechaniCS, whIch may support the healing process,

For additional information regarding the treatment of

and makes the patient feel more comfortable.

the neurologic patient, refer to the Ii&t of common tender

AMPUTEES

pathokinesiologic model In the Appendix.

points for the neurologic patient and WClSelfish's postural

Some amputees with a history of trauma (e.g., car accident}

benefit from PRT. When the pelvis, sacrum, spine, and non
affected leg are treated, this may result in bener alignment

PoSItional release therapy has been found clinically to work

and comfort when sitting in a wheelchair. When the

best where there has been a clear mechanism of mjury,

patient has pain or exceSSive pressure on the stump, theral

either acute or chronic in nature. Therefore history of

rists often assume that the prosthetic device needs

trauma is Important in the patient's initial evaluation. Posi

adjusting. The practitioner should fil'>t evaluate for dys

tiona1 release therapy has been found to benefit a WIde

functions In the patient's pelvis, sacrum, spine, and other

assortment of patients. Positional release therapy is pri

sites and provide appropriate treatment. Often, this is

marily used

enough to realign the patient's body, decrease the pain, and

acute and Structural phases. It mu't be understood that PRT

III

the first two phases of rehabilitation, the

reJuce the excessive pressure or discomfon that the patient

does not change pathologic or surgical conditions. The

is experienCing. If pain or discomfort prevents these

therapist is not treating a "diagnosis." He is treating a

patients from exercising or walking, PRT can be used in

human being WIth dysfunctions. The alln of PRT is to

conjunction With other techniques such as mat exerCises,

remove restrictive barriers of movement m the body. This LS

and galt and balance training.

accomplished by decreasing protective muscle spasm, fascial

tension, joint hypomobtlity,

NEUROLOGIC PATIENTS
POSItional release therapy has been used successfully along
with craniosacral therapy, muscle energy, and myofascial

pain,

and swelling and

increasing circulation and strength. As a result the patient

begins to move more easily, with less pain and discomfort.
he can then be progressed to phases III and IV, the well.
ness and work reconditioning phases of rehabilitation.

Therapeutic Decisions

References
I.
2.

l
4.
5.

6.
7.

Anderson DL: Muscle pain relief in 90 seconds: {he fold and hold
method, Minnearoli. 1995, Chronimed.
Barnes J: Myofrucial release: the search JOT excellence, 1990,
self-published.

Brown CYI/: The narural hltor'i of thorncic uisc degeneration,

S()ine, (suppl) June 1992.
O'Ambrogio K: StTain/colinrermam (course syllabus), Palm Beach
Gardens. 1992, UpleJger In!olitutc.
Gelb H: Killing pam WIthoUt presrnpuon, New York. 1980,
Harper & Row.
Jones LH: Strain and COltntmrrain, Newark. Ohio, 1981, American
Academy of o..rcopadl)"
levin SM: TIle !cosohedron llS the thrcc-dimcnsion;li finile
clemcOi in hiomechanical support. Proceedings of the St.)Cicty

CHAPTER 3

zs

of Genern! Systems Research on Mcmal lmacs, Valves and

Reality, Philadelphia, Society o(Gcneral System.') RCSI..>arch, May
1986.
8.

Rosomoff HL and others: Physical findings In p3Ucnts with

chronic Intractable benign pain of the nl.'1:k and/or hack. Pam,

9.

Saunders HO; Eva/Italian, {rcatment and prevention of musculoslwlawl

disorders, Mmneapolis, 1989, Viki ng Press.
Smith FF: Inll>f bridge.s-a guUk 10 energy mOt-'t!meflf and body
mucwre, Atlanta. 1986. Humanics New Age.
UpleJgcr JE: CrlllniosacraI lherapy, Seattle, 1983,tli1nd Pr......
Weisclfish S: Manual therapy far the arcJwpedic and flt?urofogic patient
emphasjmg main and cOImlmrrain techniqcle. Harrfon.l. Conn, 1993,
Regional Physical Thcmpy, self-published.
Weis elfish S; Personal communication, 1995.

370279,1989.

10.
11.
12.

13.

4
C linical Principles
What Is the Clinical Significance
28

of the Tender Point ?

28

Where Are the Tender Points?

What Is the Comfort Zone?

29

of Comfort

Points Be Palpated during the

Assessment ?

Graded?

30

How Long Is the Position of

28

Comfort Maintained ?

How Is the Severity of Tenderness

30

The Immediate Posttreatment

28

Response

What Happens If the Patient Is

31

Frequency, Duration, and

28

Scheduling of Treatment

Preparing a Positional Release

Therapy Treatment Plan

29

Achieving the Optimal Position

How Hard Should Tender

Unable to Communicate?

General Principles of Treatment

32

Summary

29

31

This chapter outlines the clinical significance of the tender

For example, in Fig. 4, I a patient develops symptoms in

point (TP), identifies where to find TPs, and explains how

his right knee as a result of running. The patient has a

ro grade the severity of their tenderness. It explains how to

hypomobile right 5,1 joint that is causing excessive prona,

prioritize these tcnder points in order [Q prepare a treatment

tion in the right foot and ankle. If there is prolonged

plan and explains the general rules and principles to follow

pronation during toe off this will result in internal rotation

when performing positional release therapy ( PRT). The fre

of the tibia and external rotation of the femur, causing a

quency, duration, and scheduling of trearmenrs are dis#

torque through the knee Over time this can lead to the

cussed. It is important to understand the general principles

development of symptoms in the right knee. If one were

so

that the treatment sessions will be as efficient as possible.

to treat only the symptoms the problem would persist.

Before beginning treatment, it is important to undcf#

Trearing globally first (Le., the hypmobile right 5-1 joint)

global and local treatment. The

would reduce the torque on the knee and reduce the

stand the difference between

scanning evaluation (SE) will reveal the most clinically sig

chance of reoccurrence. After trearing the global dysfunc,

nificant lesions. There may be several significant lesions as

tion, the therapist may elect to treat the knee locally

the result of successive injuries, creating a layering effect of

for symptomatic relief.

the dysfunction pattem. This pattem of interrelated lesions

is referred to as the global dysfunction.

I AGGRAVATING FACTORS I

Given the presence of several possible significant lesions

within the global dysfunction, the practitioner must never,
theless find a place to begin therapy. By comparing these
lesions in a sequential manner, the practitioner will be able
to determme the one or two dominant lesions, each of
which is represented by a dominant tender point (DTP).
The primary aim of therapy is to treat the global dysfunc
tion via the DTPs because this pattern represents the source
of the patient's symptoms.

ICAusel
(e.g.. S-I hypomobility)
Fig. 41

""r""

" I

(e.g.. Knee pain and swelling)

Global

tlerSlloS

local treatment.
27

CHArTER 4

28

Clinical Priniciples

, WHAT Is THE CLIN ICAL SIGNIF ICANCE OF THE

TENDER POINT?

A lender point may be defined as a remiC, tender, edema

mCll[S, fasc ia, or bone. I t can measure I

elll

acro&> or less,

Tension IS abo felt In the tissues surrounding the [cnJer#

Extremely sensitive

e Very sensitive

tOllS region that is located Jeep in muscles, tendons, "ga

With the most acute pOint being about 3 !TIm in diameter.

Fig. 4-2

Moderately sensitive
No tenderness

System used [0 grade the el't"TU:'l of lender POUlts.

ness. The tenLier poil)[ is usually four times as sensitive as

normal tissue. S As mentioned

III

Chapters I and 2, the

tender pOints associated with PRT share common charac#

tcrhrics and locations with trigger poinrs,R neurolympharic
POIlHS, J neurovascular pOints, U and acupuncture (Ah Shi
POints) Most people feel that the tenJer point itself IS the

, H ow Is THE SEVE RITY OF TENDERNESS

G RADED?

dysfunction. l lowever, it is only an outward manifestation

When evaluating the body fot tender pomb, a grtluing

of the reaction of the tisslies (() an underlying lesion.

:'::Iystem is necessary In order to measure the seventy of each

Patient!) orten find it IIHeresnng to learn that there I::' ten

ucrne:,::,

In i.l

body region thac is nO( obviously paln(ul for

them. They often have no palpable renJernes!'! in rhe area

of pam.

point, In thb text, four clrcle with various amounts of

shading as shown

111

Fig. 42 are u"ied to graue the seventy

of the tender points.

When palpating a patient who hl.ls an extremely sensl
[lve tender POll1t, there IS

Visual Jump sign, and the

, WHERE ARE THE TENDER POINTS?

patient will express extreme senulvity to touch. ThiS point

Tender poims are found throughout the body, anteriorly,

is shaJed (e). If the point is very tenJer hut there IS no Jump

is labeled extremely seruirit'e, and

111

the SE the entire circle

posteriorly, meJlally, and laterally. A diagram of these

SIgn, the point is IabeleJ very serulli.'e and only the top half

tender points i!'i ::,hown in the Appendix. As illustrated,

of the clTcle is fdled in (e). The pattent srates that the pOint

thc:,c lcnucr point!'i arc founu on muscle origin!'! or in5cr

is very tenuer but does not flinch or jump away when TP

tions, within the muscle belly, over the ligaments, tendons,

is wuched.

fascia, and bone.

, H ow H ARD SHOULD TENDER POINTS B E

PALPATED DURING T H E ASSESSME NT?
When documentlllg the tender points, the tissue should

If the patient notices some tenderness of the point

but there is no jump sign, it is labeled moderme anu
only the bonom half of [he mcle IS (tIleJ

In

( ). If there

IS no tenderness at all, the mcle " left hlank ( 0 ). The

Scannll1g Evaluation

Rccordmg Sheer

hown

the AppenJix.

not be pressed so hard that tenderness on all the POllltS IS

elicited. Likewise, If the touch IS toO light tender points
may he misseJ. There is no suhstitute for clinical experi
ence and objective trial and error. We recommend that the

' W HAT HAPPENS IF THE PATIENT Is U NABLE

TO COMMUNICATE?

practitioner find one tender point on the patient and then

The mabillty to directly communicate the severity of ten

uetermine how hnle pressure is required ro elicit the Jllmp

derness is a (acOr With certam neurologic patients and

siKn. A Jump sign is characterized by certain responses,

infmus, among others. Occasionally a Jump sign mtly he

such lS a sudden Jerking motion, grabblllg of the therapist\

detected with palpation. If nm, other cues must be used.

hanu, a facial grimace, or the expression of a vocal exple

Posture, range of motion, and tenSIOn In the muscle must he

tive. Through practice, the precise degree of pressure will

evaluMed and used as " gUIde. Wel'ellish has developeJ a

be learned. The depth of the ti"ue bemg palpated must

chart ro evaluate movement anu poturtll restriclions assn

also he considercJ. Deeper tissue requires more pressure

ciateu with tender point!'! to as.''i[st thempists treating these

than "iuperficial tissue, but It must be done gently and with

types of pattent>. (Sec p. 243

finesse. It IS Important to he firm when palpating, but

example of the postural pmhokineslologic l11odel'CI for

tIue mut he entered gently, and only necessary pre:,sure

determination of treatment.) For example, If a patient has a

III

the AppenJIX for an

mur he used to palpate through the layers of tissue. The

TIght protracted shoulJer, she Intght be able to horizontally

patient being evaluated should be taken into account.

adduct WIth ease hut finJ Jifficulty with horizontal abduc

Bahle"

tion. TenSion may abo be founu on palpation o( the right

chddren, athletes, anJ elJerly patients may

respond differently to touch. Patients' belief systems, how

pectoralis minor. In (hi:, Situation, hypertonicity of the right

much pam they are m, <lIld how frail their bodies are can

pectoralis minor woulJ be Indicatcu hased on observation of

all be (actors in dcterminmg the amount of pressure that

the patient's posture, evaluation of movement restrtctions,

may be lIsed to palpate.

and palp:nion of tension within the muscle belly Itself.

Clinical Principles

Some neurologIc patients who have significant hIp flexor

tone are able to flex their hips with ease but find great
dIfficulty extending their hips. Common points for
these patients would be the iliacus point or the medIal
hamstring pOInt. This technique may be used duoughour
the boJy.
Weiselfish, who speciailzes 10 the treatment of neuro
logIC patients. has compiled a lISt of common PRT points
for neurologIc pattents for both the upper and lower quad
rants. These are found on p. 242 10 the Appendix.

, PREPARING A POSITIONAL RElEASE THERAPY

TREATMENT PLAN
Before prepanng a treatment plan, the body must be
scanned for tender pomts. The Appendix contains an
example of the Scanning Evaluation and Tender Point
Body Chart. Once all these points have been recorded. the
general rules ant! principles are used to prioritize the TPs
and to ulttmately determme the DTP. which WIll be treated
first. These general rules and pTlnciples were developed by
Dr. Jones from over 40 years of c1mlcal experience. By fol
lowing these guidelines. treatments will be much more
effectIve and effiCIent.
The most 1I11pormnt rule IS to treat the most severe tender
POint first The secont! most important rule is treat proximal
w diswl ' The second rule is required If there are equally sen
sitive tender pomts proximally and distally. For example. if
there is a tender pomt In the neck and the shoulder. and
they are equally sensitive, the neck is treated first. If it is
found that the shoulder is more sensitive, the proximal/distal
rule IS superceded by the first rule. which is to treat the most
severe tender rOlOt first.
A third type of situation can arise. If there are several
areas of extremely sensitive tender POints, treat the area
with the greatest number of TP's first. If several equally
sensitive tender points are found in a row (for example. on
the anterior aspect of the sternum. i.e., if the anterior first
to anterior seventh points are all equally tender), the one
in the Imddle is [Tea ted first. This wtll be the pOint that is
monltoreu for this group of tender pOints. If there are only
two points. side by side. and they are equally tender. they
can be monitored together. The key is to pick onc point in
the mIddle to represent the rest of the group. and III gen
eral " WIll be found that they wtli all shut off with the
same treatmenr position:t.5 Based on this hierarchy, the
therapISt should be able to identify one or more DTPs.
whIch will be the focus of treatment.
General Rules for PrepaTlng a PRT Treatment Plan:
I . Treat the most severe render point first.
2. Treat the more proximal or meuml tender points before
those that are more uistal or lateral.
3. Treat the area of greatest accumulation of tender points first.
4. When tender pomts are in a row, (reat the one near the
Imddle of the row first.

CHAPTER 4

29

, GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TREATMENT

Jones's general treatment procedure was basically to folu the
body part over the tender point to shorten and relax the
affected muscles and other soft tissues. This has been found
to be a useful guide in many cases. However. there arc lJome
exceptions. and these are identified in Chapter 6. Following
are four basic rules developed by Jones that should be
observed when attempting to treat a tender poinr.
1 . Anterior tender points are usually treated in fleXIOn.
For example. see the treatment position for IL on
p. 1 5 1 of Chapter 6.
2. Posterior tender points are treated in extension. For
example. see the treatmem position for PL3 on p. 1 62
of Chapter 6.
3. If a tender point is on or near the midline, it is treated
with more pure flexion for anterior points and with
more pure extension for posterior points. For example,
see treatment position AT I AT6 on p. 86 (Chapter
6) and the treatment position of UPL5 on p. 164 of
Chapter 6.
4. If the tender point IS lateral to the midline. It is [Tea ted
with the addition of side bending, rotation. or both.
The anterior/flexion or posterior/extension rule mUSt
also be followed. For example. see the treatment posi
tion AR3- 1 0 on p. 93 of Chapter 6.5

, WHAT Is THE COMFORT ZONE?

A key concept to understand i s that PRT i s a n indirect
technique. meaning the body is taken imo a poSItion of ease
away from the resistance barrier. For example, if the patient
has hypertonicity of the long head of the biceps. the patient
will fee l tension in that muscle if the elbow is extended.
The patient will find it more comfortable to flex the elbow,
causing shortening of the biceps. whereas extension would
challenge the resistance in the affected muscle. Therefore
in PRT the painful and restricted position IS avoioed, and
the goal is to find a position of ease. The optimal poSition
of ease is the comfort zone (CZ). Figure 4-3 illustrates the
relationship of the CZ to the positIon of the boJy and the
method used to find tho comfort zone for the long head of
the biceps. The vertical axis represents the severity of tcn
derness and palpable tissue tension or tone for the long
head of the bIceps tender POint. The scale ranges from 0 to
1 0, with 0 representing complete comfort with no tenuer
ness and minllnal tissue tension and 1 0 representing
extreme tenderness and maximal palpable tissue tension.
The horizontal axis represents the range of motion of the
elbow from 0' to I SO' of elbow flexion. It IS apparent that
large movements from 0 to 1 10 of flexion produce little
change in the tenderness level. However. with movement
from 1 1 50 to 1 20, which is only a 50 range. there is a dra
matic change in the tem.lcrncssjtcnsion level. A position is
then reacheJ at which there is no renucrness and the tissues
are completely relaxed; this is the comfort zone. Moving to

Clmical Priniclples

CIIAPTER 4

30

maintain contact with the tender point being treated. Con

Extreme 1 0
Tenderness

tact is maintained by keeping a gentle touch on the tender

POint, no! by applying adJitlOnal pre""ure.' A. the comfort
zone is approached, increased pressure must be applieu peri
odically to rhe tender poilU to monitor Irs progress. How

Severity of
Tenderness
(0- 1 0 scale)

ever, as soon as the comfort zone is reached, cunmct should

he mamtamed but no additional pressure applieu. It is the

position

111

which the patient has been placed that is the

treatment, not the pressure on the tender point, which IS

primarily a monitor to help locate this position of ca')C.
(Chaitow2 contends that even light pressure on the tender
point may exert a therapeuttc effect.) While the patient b
in the POC, prcsure may he added intermittently to con

No Tenderness 0

firm that rhe ideal pOSition IS being properly maintained.

o

45

1 200

Extension

1 50

Flexion

Elbow ROM
Fig. 4-3

ComfoTl one of lhe long head of the biceps. (M",b/I,'J from

)m,,,' LH StrtUll t1nJ (fmnt<-"f'StTllIn, N.:u<ll'k. Oluu, 19S1 Am.'ric"n
A(tklmi'l.1j <.>sI.... '{Itlln:t,)

An important point to note IS that as the patient is being

placeJ IOtO the POe he sholllJ he pain free. If any palO "
experienced while the patient is being JX1sItioned, it is not
the correct position for him. For example, although an
anterior tender point may Improve by flexing the patient, a
posterior tender point may be stressed, which is morc sig
nificant, thus reqUIring primary treatment. A thorough
evaluation before treatment wdl reJuce the hkchhooJ of
this occurring. Discomfort or other sen:;attons ariSing after

the left of the CZ on the diagram, into extension, will

the POC has been achieveJ (generally after 30 to 60 sec

induce increased tenderness and tension in the tissues. With

onds) are usually a parr of the normal release process and

movement further to the right of the comfort zone, into

tend to subside after another I to 3 minutes. It has been

flexion, an Increase In tenderness and tension in the tissues

found that having the patient take a deep breath in anu out

will agam he encoumcreJ. In the latter case, the response of

releases tension in the affecteu tissues. The use of either trac

the (i!)Sues may he the result of engaging the antagonist (for

tion or compression In small amounts may also help with the

example, the triceps), placing It IOto relative stretch and

complete resolution of the tender JX1int. Once the j:X)sltton

thus creatlllg an IIlcrease in proprioceptive stimulation that

is close to the comfort mne, It is important to make the

woulJ then fcoJ back to the agonist (hicep.) '

movements as small as IXlsslble to fine-tunc rhc posi{Jolllng.

' ACHIEVING THE O PTIMAL POSITION OF COMFORT

Achieving the optimal POC IS rhe ultimate goal of trear

, H ow LONG Is THE POSITION OF

COMFORT MAINTAINED?

mcn[ anJ the one that requires the greatest uegrce of e1in,

Once the patient IS i n a poSition of comfort, the difficult

ical finesse. ThiS will uctermmc rhe ultimate success of the

phase of the treatment is over. Now It is a walttng game.

therapeutic intervention. The comfort zone is specific and

According to Jones, 90 seconds is sufficient for release of

is uifferent for each of the treatment I)sitions. As the pTac,

tension In the muscle tissue, and this has been backed up by

ririoncr treat.s [he panel)( amJ 3ncmprs co inJ rhe comfon

zone, the lISC of fine movements will he necessary as the CZ

and D'Ambrogio, there are two phases to the release of the

30 years of chmcal experience.' According to Weiselfish

111

is approached, In order [0 avoid missing the small range of

tender points. The first phase is a length-tension changc

motion In which It appear.;. The signals that tn<.i1carc that

the optimal CZ has been attamed mcluue a dramatic

the muscle tissue Itlf, which takes approxl1ll<1tely 90 sec

onds for routine orthopedic paticnts. Weiselfih has found

reuucrinn in tenucrncss anu a Significant, palpable soft,

that the change in the length-tenSion relationship with the

cnmg of the tissues in the area of the tender point. A posi,

muscle Will take approximately J minutes with neurologic

patients '" Whde in the POC the patient may be surprISed

tion will be reached at which there is no tenderness and

the tissue IS completely softened around the palpating

that the point is no longer tenJer anJ will frequently a.k If

finger. The response of the tender point can vary from

the therapist is still on the same I'omt. The seconJ phase of

patient to patient. Some patients have easily ueteeted

treatmcnt is a fascial release component and may take any

comfort zones; in others the response will be mOfe difficult

where from 5 to 20 minutes to resolve. Times vary from

to (l')cermin. When tT)"lI1g to shut off a tender point, the

patient to patient depending on the dysfunction.

key is perseverance.
It IS Impormnt to remember that it IS essential, while
moving the patient's htxJy Into the treatment pOSition, [0

Therefore in answering the lIlitial question, "How long

do we hold a patient

III

the position of comforc?" the answer

" "The patient's hoJy will tell you." This approach to [X>si-

CliniC1l1 Principles

ClIAPTER 4

31

tiona I release was referred to by such pioneers as Hoover as

I t is extremely important to explain to all patients that

early as the 1 940,. (See Chapter I . ) While the patient is in

there may be some increased soreness. It may be explained

the comfort zone, the tissues are being palpated for a release

as a natural part of the body's healing process and the soft

phenomenon.7.? The release phenomenon, which can be felt

by both the patient and the therapist, signifies a normaliza

warned of the possibility of soreness, confidence in the ther

tion of the tissues. The therapist monitors for relaxation

apist may be diminished.

tissue reorganization taking place. If the patient is not

and softening in the tissues. pulsation. vibration, heat, and

changes in perspiration. Changes in breathing rhythm,
heart rate, and eye motor activit), may also be detected.
These responses occur during the treatment, and once these

, F REQUENCY, D U RATION, AND SCHEDULING

Of TREATMENT

changes cease the treatment is over and the patient often

It i s important t o b e thorough o n the initial evaluation

experiences a deep sense of relaxation. The therapist can

because this will save much time and frustration later on. If

help the patient feel these sensations by identifying them as

the patient has several areas of dysfunction, that is, has had

they occur. The patient may also experience some achiness,

surgeries, fractures, mOtor vehicle accidents, or pain that is

paresthesia. Reassure the patient that these sensa

chronic in nature, an evaluation without treatment is rec

{ions are transitory, tending to dissipate within a minute or

ommended during the first visit. This is both to save time

two, and are usually followed by a further release of tension.

and to minimize sensory overload because the examination

pain,

or

Each patient will be different, and the patient's body will

itself may temporarily activate several of the dysfunctions.

dictate how long the patient needs to be in the JX,lsition of

After an evaluation, a treatment plan is prepared for future

comfort. While the patient is in the POC, it is up [Q the

sessions. If the patient does not possess multiple dysfunc

practitioner to monitor for the release phenomenon. If

tions (for example, if the injury is acute or involves a spe

there is pain while getting into the position of comfort, that

cific mechanism of injury), treatment may begin immedi

is a contraindication for that position.

atcly after evaluation. It is recommended that a thorough

HHE IMMEDIATE POSTTREATME NT RESPONSE

on the initial visit.

It is important [Q mention that once the point has been

patient's body, and the aim is to treat dysfunction. Pain is

PRT scanning evaluation of the patient's body be performed

Remember, tender points represent dysfunctions in the

fully released the body must return to a neutral position

the end result of dysfunction. If only the painful areas are

slowly especially for the first 1 5' of motion. It is hypothe

examined, the treatment will not be as effe ctive or efficient.

sized that the ballistic proprioceptors will be reengaged by

The goal is not to treat all the patient's tender points bur to

returning [Q neutral too quickly. This may result in the

use the general rules and principles to help find the most

reestablishment of the protective muscle spasm. After

dominant point in the patient's body, treat it, and then

returning to neutral, the tender point must be rechecked.

move on to the next most dominant point.

DUring this entire process, the therapist's finger should

Positional release therapy treatment differs from that

remain over the tender point. This point should be either

described by Jones and other practitioners. With conven

fully eliminated or at least 70% improved.' There should

tional counterstrain and other forms of positional release, a

also be immediate changes in the patient's pain level,

patient with shoulder pain is treated using the same general

posture, muscle tension, joint mobility, and biomechan

rules and principles. Therapy is mainly localized to that

ical movement. After treating this point, the other signif

upper quadrant, and six to eight points might be treated for

icant points noted in the screening evaluation should be

a total of 90 seconds each. With global PRT sessions, only

rechecked. Some of the other points will be found to

one to three points are usually treated. The goal is to spend

have been completely released or significantly reduced

more time on evaluation and less time on treatment. If the

in severity. Then, using the general rules and principles,

most dominant point of the body is located and treated, a

the practitioner should decide which is the next most

majority of the other tender points (which may be adapta

severe point to be treated, and then the whole process

tions to the dominant lesion) will often be eliminated. The

is repeated.

dominant point may be located anywhere in the body, often

After the treatment, the patient will feel a sense of relax

remote from the area of symptoms. To achieve maximal

at ion in that area. She will often find that she is able to

benefit, both a muscular release and a fascial release should

move more easily and with less discomfort.

In the next 24 to 48 hours, clinical experience has

be obtained. This can take from 5 to 1 0 minutes and occa

sionally up to 20 minutes in the position of comfort. Each

demonstrated that approximately 40% of patients feel some

patient is different, and the release phenomenon mUSt be

increased soreness. This soreness may be found not only in

felt. By persisting until a complete release is achieved, much

the region treated but also in areas remote from the treat

time and needless treatment will be saved because many of

ment area. For example, if the sacmm was treated, the

the secondary tender points will be eliminated. The patient

patient might experience some pain in his neck or shoulder

may not come in for another manual therapy session for

for the next few days.

another week or longer. During that time. the patient may

CIIAPTER 4

32

Clinical Prinicip/e,

be seen twO to three times per week for local PRT sessions,

continues to monitor the tender POInt the entire

which are held for 90 seconds, exercise therapy, the appli

time. It should be monitored for a decrease In tension

cation of modalities, correctIOn of body mechanics,

and tenderness. ThIS feedback IS necessary III orJer to

ergonomic education, and orher forms of supportive care.

assist in the fine tunmg required to locate the precise

n,. goal with PRT is to help decrease pain, muscular hyper

comfort zone.

tolllciry, fascial tension, and jomt hypomobility and to

4. Maintain contact on the tender point while in the

encourage the parienr to take an active role in recovery.

position of comfort. The tender point should be

Clinically it has been found that it is better to perform

monitored thmughout the treatment. Attention

In

manual therapy once a week and use the other Jays for exer

should be given to the changes takmg place

cise, moJaliries, and education, This allows the patient's

area of the TP, such as pulsation, heat release, vibra

the

body to adapt to the changes made during the manual

tion, unwinding, and the release m rhe patient's body

therapy session. It has been found c1mically that approxi

that indicates when treatment is lwer. Once the treat

mately 40% of patient, wlil experience a degree of soreness

ment is over, contact should be maintained [0 be cer

for a few days following the treatment. For thiS reason,

tam that the same spot that was evaluateJ before

modality and movement therapies may he beneficial during

treatment is being reevaluated. When patient!) notice

the remainder of the week follOWing mitial treatment. (This

that the point IS no longer tender, they will often ak,

usually only occurs after the first onc or two visits.) When

"Are you sure you are on the same poind"

the patient returns for the next manual therapy session In

5. Hold the position of comfort until a complete

one week to ten days, a re-evaluation should be performed

release is felt. The position of comfort is held as long

USing the general rules anu principles to find the next most

as necessary to obtain a complete release in the body

dominant lesion and treat it if necessary.

In the Scanning Evaluation Recordmg Sheet (see

( i .e., a sense of relaxation in the muscle, a decrease in

the heat emitted, an elimination of achiness, cessa

p. 232) there are five circles, which represent five treatment

tion of pulsation, vihratlon, or unwinding taking

days. Thee five circles represent each of the manual

place in the tissue, and a relaxation ofthc hreathing).

therapy days. If PRT has not made any significant changes

If the patient is removed from the position of comfort

in three to five visits, there may be another system involved

too S<.)()n, the results will be more short term and the

or It Inay he a red flag for a fracture, dislocation, tom tissue,

tender POint may reappear and reqUire further treat

infection, malignancy, or emotional stress. The patient

mcnt. It is llTIportant to remember that when treating

should then be reexamined. It is important to understand

globally, the POe i, usually held longer (e.g., 5 10

that PRT is not a panacea.

min) and will have a more profound effect on the

body. Local treatments are u,ually helJ for approxI

SUMMARY
There arc nine Important points to remember when per
formmg PRT:
I . Scan the body, grade the severity of the tender

points, and record the findings.

2. Follow the general rules. It " Important that the

mately 90 seconds.
6. Return to neutral slowl y It is Important to memion
.

that once a tender point has been treated ucces.!)fully,

the patient's body muM be returned 1O neutral slowly.
The first 1 5 is the most important range. If the
patient is taken out of the comfort :onc roo quickly,
the ballistic propnoceptors may then be reengaged

therapist treat the most severe tender pOInt first

and the protective muscle spasm can return. These

regardless of where the pain IS. Remember that the

tissues are often connected to a faci htated segment,

tender pomt represents the patienc's dysfunction. The

which renders them more vulnerahle to reinjury and

aim is to treat that dysfunction. Pain is a result of dys

to the reestablishment of mflammation and spasm.

function. Once the tender pomt is treated and move

(See Chapter 2.)

7. Recheck the tender point and use other reality

ment " re>tored, the pam will eventually subside. The

second most Ilnportant rule is to treat proximal to

checks after treatment. After succesfully treating a

distal. If there are two equal tender points, treat prox;

tender point, it IS unportant for the thcrapiM and the

Imally before distally. This often e1unmates most of

patient to note what change.!) have taken place. The

the distal tender points. With several areas of extreme

patient may he eXCited that there is a significant

sensitivity, treat the area with the greatest number of

reduction

TP's first. Lastly treat the tender point in the middle

not be enough. It is important to have several reality

of a row of equally tender pomts. By following these

checks. A reality check is finding a pOSItiOn, move

simple niles, the efficiency and effectiveness of treat

ment, or specific jOll"lt, fascial, or muscle evaluation

ment will be enhanced.

that IS objective, can be measured, and WIll reproduce

3 . Monitor the tender point while finding the position

III

tenderness. However, this by itself may

the patient's pain or complalllt. For example, a low

of comfort. It is important that while placing the

back patient might have limitation

patient into the poSition of comfort, the therapist

left side hending In the quarter range, which might

III

extension and

Clinical Principles

CHAPTER 4

33

increase the pain to 9 out of 10. A knee patient may

9. Treat only once per week, and allow the body to

have limitation in knee flexion to approximately 30

adapt to the treatment. Use PRT to remove barriers

with pain at 8 out of 10. A shoulder patient may have

to movement, which w i l l allow the patient to

limitations of abduction to 60 and external rotation

progress with activities of daily living and a func

(Q 30 with

tiona I rehabilitation program.

9 out of 1 0 pain rating on bmh at the end

of rhe available range. Afrer treating with PRT, it is

important (Q recheck these movements (Q see if the
patient is functionally moving better with less dis

References
I.

comfort. If these changes are not demonstrable, the

treatment may nO( have addressed a primary lesion.
These tests are an important source of feedback and
can help the practitioner determine the future direc
tion of the tre3nnent program. They are also useful in
encouraging the patient and engaging her coopera
tion in the recovery process.

8. Warn the patient of possible reactions and to avoid

strenuous activity after treatment. The patient who
is forewarned of the possible reactions to treatment
will not only cooperate with the therapy program, but
will also gain an appreciation for the power of this
apparently simple and painless technique. The avoid
ance of Strenuous activity for 24 (Q 48 hours after
treatment will help ensure a more efficient recovery
and reduce unnecessary discomfort. Failure to warn
the patient may result in a loss of confidence in and
cooperation with the rehabilitation program.

Bennett R: In Chapman's Reflexes. In Martin R, ediror:

Dynamics

of c:oTTccLion of abnormal function, Sierre Madre,Calif, 1977, self

2.
J.
4.
5.

6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

published.
Chaitow L: The acupuncwre eTeatmenr of pain . Wellingborollh,
1976. Thorsons.
Chapman F. Owens C: fnLf'OducLion to and endocnne mrerprewuon of
Chapman's reflexes. selfpubltshcd.
O'Ambroglo K: S(T(un/counrersLTam (course syllabus), Palm Beach
Gardens, 1992, Upledger Institute.
Jones LH: SeTaln and coumt!wrain, Newark. Ohio, 1981, American
Academy of Osreopathy.
O'Connor J. Bevsky 0: AcupuncLure: a com/1l'ehensit1e rext. Seattle,
1988, Easdand Press.
Smith FF: fnner bridges-a guide to energy move-men! and bod] struc
fIIre, A tlanta , 1986, Humanics New Age.

Travell JG, Simons lXi: M]ofascial pain and d]sfunction: w. trigger

/X>IIlL manual, Baltimore. 1983, Williams & Wilkms.

Upledger JE: CT"allio.sacrai Ute:ralry , Seattle, 1983, Easlianu Press.

Weiselftsh 5: Manual therapy for Uu.> orLhopedic and JU!ltroLugic patient
emphasivng SeTaln and cOllllterseTain rechniqlU? Hartford, Conn, 1993.
Regional Physical Therapy, selfpublished.

5
Positional Release Therapy
Scanning Evaluation
Purpose of the Scanning

35

Evaluation
How to Prepare a Treatment Plan

37

Case Study I

37

Case Study 2

38

Summary

38

The Scanning Evaluation (SE) outlined in this chapter

tender point (DTP), and the treatment plan can then

was designed by one of us (D'Ambrogio). The SE record

be implemented.

ing sheet and tender point body chartS in the Appendix

The SE should be considered an assessment tool [0 work

are very simple co use and are crossrefcrenced with

in conjunction with the normal battery of orthopedic and

6, the treatment section of this book. These

ncurologic rests (range of motion, strength testing. nerve

can be photocopied and used to assist in the evaluation

conduction, pain questionnaires, etc.). Because this book

of patients.

deals mainly with positional release therapy (PRT), these

WURPOIE OF THE SCANNING EVALUATION

already adequately covered in sevcral other books.

The purpose of the SE is to evaluate the entire body for

PRT techniques, treatments will be much morc effective

tender points (TPs) and to prioritize rhem according to

and efficient. Several patients may have the same com

their severity. In this context the TPs represent muscu

plaint (e.g., knee pain, shoulder pain, or low back pain) but

loskelctal dysfunction. As in most other techniques, treat

the source of the condition, as revealed by the SE, may be

Chapter

other evaluation methods will not be reviewed. They are

If time is taken [0 understand and implement the SE and

ment is the easy part. The difficult question is, "Where

different for each. No twO patients are the same, no matter

does one begin treating?" The SE, if used properly, will pro

how similar their presentations may be. The PRT scanning

vide a clear, visual representation of the location of the

evaluation will precisely reveal the source of rhe dysfunc

dysfunctions that are contributing to the sympmffiS. I n

tion through to DTP. By identifying the location of the key

Chapter 4, the term

render point was defined, and a n expla

dysfunctions (which may have different locations than the

nation was given of where and how [0 find these points.

perceived pain) and treating restrictive muscular and fascial

The prioritization of the TPs using the general rules and

barriers, the pain will begin to subside. As we continue to

principlcs was also discussed. By recording the severity of

use the SE, we may begin [0 reexamine our thoughts about

rhe tender points in the SE, the practitioner will have crc

the body, where pain originates, and how dysfunction and

ated an organized chart of the most significant tender

pain interact. Let us now look at the SE recording sheet in

points,

categorized

detail. If you turn to the Appendix you will see a full view

according to their clinical significance. This information

of the SE. You can refer back to the SE as we break it down

will allow the practitioner [0 dctermine the dominant

into its components and explain step by step the nuts and

which can

then

be specifically

35

36

Positional Release Therapy Scanning E.aluation

HAPTER 5

bolts of how to record tender points, prioritize your findings

using the general rules, and prepare a treatment plan.

Positional Release Therapy Scanning Evaluation

Pauem's Name
Da!es '

_______

Practitioner

____
_

_ 2_3_4_5 _

If an extremely sensitive tender point is found equally on

both points, fill in the circle and do not put any lines under
neath (e). If an extremely sensitive tender point is found
on both sides, but the right side appears more tender, draw
slashing lines to the left and the right and place a crossing
line through the one on the right. If the point is extremely

o Extremely senSitive 0 very 0 moderate 0 no tenderness

\ nghr I left + most sensuive 0 rrcatmem

sensitive on the right but only moderately or very sensitive

on the left, it is recorded in the same manner.

At the [OP of the scanning evaluation, fill in the patient's

and practitioner's name. We have included five treatment
dates. These five treatment dates correspond [0 the five cir

When a point is treated during a session, place a small dot

cles that you see beside each of the number> and abbrevia

over the filled-in circle (,o). It is important to identify which

tions of the treatment names. For example, no.

40 in Chapter
6, Section IV, Anterior Thoracic Spine, looks like this:

point was treated so that the effects of those treatments can

be observed during reevaluation of the patient at subse,
quent sessions. Finding and treating the most severe tender

40. AT I

point often results in the elimination of many of the sec

00000

ondary tender points. which may have been adapting around

The five circles are used to help us evaluate the extent
of the dysfunction for each area of [he body. The circles
should be filled in with a pen or pencil appropriately

the primary dysfunction. This procedure is what affords

PRT such a high degree of efficiency and effectiveness.
There are approximately

2 1 0 points, and each point has

a number, an abbreviation, and five circles to the right.

as follows:

During the initial evaluation, palpate the patient's body for

e Vcry

e.Exuemely sensitive

QModernte

O-No tenderness

tender points and record them on the recording sheet. Use

the key given at the beginning of this section to grade the

The key is lIsed to record the severity of the tender

tender poims. On the initial evaluation, fill in only the first

points. If a point is palpated and there is an observable

circle of each number. If there is no tenderness, leave the

jump sign

(wherein the patient responds with a jerking

point blank (0). In the example below, it is found that no.

motion, pulling away from the contact, with facial grimace

40, ATI, is the most severe tender point. the recording

or vocal expletive), label that point

would appear as follows:

exrremely sensitive and

fill in the whole circle (e). If the patient feels that the
point is very tender but does not have the jump sign, the

IV.

point is .ery ,ender and the top part of the circle is filled in

( e ) . If the patient has no jump sign and feels only a mod

40. AT!

erate amount of tenderness, the point is

41. AT2

moderately semi,

li.e and the bottom part of the circle is filled in ("). If the
patient experiences no tenderness whatsoever, the point is
left blank (0).

Anterior Thoracic Spine

eoooo

[po 85]

iJ. AT; ecoco

46. AT)00000

SO. ATtOOOOOO

QOOOO

H. ATS00000

47. AT8 QOOOO

SI ATiI 00000

4l. ATJ eooco

45. AT600000

48. AT9

52. ATI200000

Once the therapist has identified the DTP from the

After recording the severity of the tender point by filling

SE using the general rules and principles, [he position of

in the circle, its location is noted. If, for example, a central

treatment should be looked up in Chapter

point is found on the superior aspect of the manubrium and

page reference is provided in the SE recording sheet in

it is extremely tender, the circle for no.

40, ATI, is marked

6. The exact

brackets to the right of the section heading that is cross ref

as follows: e. However, if a tender point is found on either

erenced with Chapter

side of the body (for example, no.

ATI. If you look to [he right of [he heading IV Anterior

170, MK), the following

Thoracic Spine you will see the page reference (p.

keys are used to label it properly:

\ Right

/ Left

Most sensitive

6. In this example the DTP is no. 40

YOll tum to p.

Treated

85). If
85 you will see an illustration of all the ante,

rior thoracic tender point . If you rum the page over and
look up No.

40, which is found on p. 86, you will see:

- A sketch of the involved anatomy with the TP super-

For example:

imposed on it

1 70. MK,

1 70. MK,

This means that the extremely sensitive

- A photograph of the location of the TP

tender point is found on the medial

- A description of how to find the location of the TP

aspect of the lef[ knee.

- A photo of how to perform the treatment

This means that the extremely sensitive

- A description of how to position the patient in the

tender point is found on the medial

aspect of the right knee.

treatment

PositiolUll Release Therafry Scanning Evaluation

CHAPTER

37

As you can see the SE is very user friendly and will assist

AT4 and ATIO were moderately sensitive. AT7 was treated

you in the planning and implementation of YOUT treatments.

during the first visit. As a result of the treatment, we 3re left

Therefore onc can quickly appreciate the simplicity of

with AT! extremely sensitive and AT7 and AT12 very sen

the scanning evaluation. First u e the Tender Point Body

sitive. AT I was treated during the second visit, and, as a

Chart showing all of the tender points as a guide. Then

result, all the points were resolved.

record the tender points on the SE recording sheet, using

There are a total of five circles, representing five treat

the keys given on p. 232 to grade the severity. Then use the

ment days. Normally this is sufficient to eliminate all of the

general rules and principles from (Chapter 4) to prioritize

tender points. The scanning evaluation will also help iden#

the tender points. Once the tender points that require treat

tify any red flags. For example, if a tender point persists in

ment have been located, refer to the page number for the

being extremely sensitive after each visit and PRT does not

6). In the treat#

seem to be shutting off that point, there may be another

ment section, you will find a sketch of that particular part of

point in the body which is also extremely sensitive that

the body, with the dysfunction indicated by name, a descrip

must be treated before this. There may also be a pathologic

tion of the location of the tender point, and the position of

condition or visceral disorder causing this dysfunction. This

corresponding treatment section (Chapter

treatmenc. Any necessary clinical nQ[es are also included. A

is explained in greater detail in Chapter 7, which will iden

photograph demonstrating the most common position of

tify different treatment strategies.

treatment is also provided to help visualize the correct pro

If the time is taken to do a full evaluation of the patient

cedure. Therefore the scanning evaluation, when combined

on the first visit, a clear picture will form showing the loc<l#

with the treatment section of the text, provides a user

tions of all the dysfunctions. Then, by using the general

friendly road map to an effective treatment program.

rules and prioritizing the tender points. a treatment plan

How TO PREPARE A TREATMENT P LAN

important to

may be formulated. It is worth repeating that it is very

treat (he most severe tender point first no matter

where the pain seems to be because a tender point repre

Follow these steps t o prepare a treatment plan:

sents the dysfunction. The objective is to treat dysfunctions

I. Scan the body for TP using the TP body chart as a guide,

rather than symptoms. By using the scanning evaluation to

and record your findings appropriately on the SE re

assist in pinpointing dysfunctions, the number of dysfllnc

tions will be reduced significantly, proper functional move

cording sheet using the key provided.

2. On the first visit, record the date and fill in only the first
circle for each point that is tender. The other four circles

ment will be restored, and eventually the pain will subside.

Following are two case studies to illustrate how to use the
scanning evaluation.

are used on subsequent visits.

3. Determine the DTP using the following four general rules
and principles:
a. Treat the most severe tender point first.
b. Treat the more proximal or medial tender points
before those that are more distal or lateral.
c. Treat the area of the greatest accumulation of tender
points first.
d. When tender points are in a row, treat the one
nearest the middle of the row first.
4. Once the DTP has been found look up the position of
treatment in Chapter

6 from the page reference provided

in the SE recording sheet.

5.

On the subsequent visit repeat steps I to 4 and use the

CaseSwyl

________
________________

Patient: Male in his early rhircies.

Diagnosis: Medial collateral ligament strain. second degree,
right knee.

Mechanism of injury: Patient states that four days prior he

jumped off a 5 fc. high wall, experiencing a valgus stress

to

his

right knee before landing on his back. Patient experienced

immediate pain and swelling

[Q

his right knee.

Weight-bearing status: Patient was weight bearing as tol

erated with crutches and was wearing a knee immobilizer on
his right knee.

second circle to record the findings. This is continued

Range of motion: Knee extension _8, knee flexion 25-.

Pain: Patient was in constanr pain that varied in intensity. He

until all five circles have been used up or patient's symp

would always feel a baseline of soreness and stiffness at approx

imately

toms have subsided.

10/10

For example:

IV.

Anterior Thoracic

5/10

on the pain scale. TIlis pain could increase [Q

if he was on his feet for a prolonged time, which meant

more than one half hour, or if he made a quick rotational

movement or tried [0 move his knee beyond its available range.

[po 85)

Palpation: Patiem was tender in the medial aspect of the

knee with some warmth and swelling evident. On specific posi

43. AT4

46. AT?

eeooo

49. AT!O QOOOO

41. An eoooo

44. AT5 00000

47. AT8

50. ATII 00000

was found to be in the paraspinal muscles at L3 posteriorly

4z.AT3eoooo

45.AT600000

48.AT900000

51.ATlz.eooo

(PL3). Even [hough there was some soreness and palpable ten#

On the first visit ATI, AT2, AT7, and AT I 2 were all

the observable jump sign he had on palpation of [he paraspinal

40. AT!

000

tional release PRT evaluation, his most dominant tender point

demess in and around the knee, there was no comparison

extremely sensitive; AT3 and ATB were very sensitive; and

muscles at L3 posteriorly.

to

Positional Release TheraJry Scanning EvalWltion

CHAPTER 5

38

Treatment: The PU tender point was treated on one occa;

sian, in a position of comfort lasting approximately 7 minutes.
As a result, the patient was able
(rom ;8

(0

[0

increase his knee extension

4 and his knee flexion from 2So [Q 125-, and he

was able to bear much morc weight on his right knee with less
discomfort. The knee immobilizer was not used after the first
visit, The patient returned for one more visit that week and
two visits the next week, then was discharged after a towl of
four visits. One visit was used for positional release thcrapy and
three visits for exercise prescription,.)[ which time an exercise
program to work on the mobility, flexibility, and strength of his

, SUMMARY
These case studies show how two different people can have
similar problems with range of motion, swelling, and pain in
the knee. The source of their problem was two different
regions. In the first case, it was coming from the low back;
in the second case, it was coming from the pelvic region. A
patient with knee pain may have the dominant point in the
knee. In many cases, however, the dysfunction is completely
removed from the area of pain. These cases reinforce the

knee. pelvis, and low back was srancd. This patient was off his

importance of a thorough evaluation of the patient to

cnltches after the first visit and regained functional range of

detect the location of the dysfunction instead of lIsing pain

as a guide. Remember that positional release therapy is only

motion by his second visit.

one mode of treatment. To improve the efif ciency

This case study clearly indicates that if we had proceeded

ment, incorporation of other treatment modalitie

is

directly to the area of the patienes pain, his right knee, we

required. Various modalities are necessary to assist in the

would have found some tenderness to treat. However, the

treatment of inflammation, atrophied muscles, and pain

severity of tenderness at the knee was minor compared with

management. Other manual therapies may be needed to

the tenderness that the patient had in his low back. By fol

evaluate and treat articular or fascial tension. Finally, an

lowing the general rules and principles and by treating the

exercise program should be instituted to improve strength,

most dominant tender point, the effectiveness and effj

mobility, flexibility, cardiovascular fitness, and functional

ciency of treatment was improved. The patient did have a

movement. The integration of the different modalities is

low back problem as a result of the fall, and this dysfunction

discussed in more detail in Chapter> 3 and 7.

was affecting the muscles of his right lower extremity. This

can be explained from the facilitated segment model dis
cussed in Chapter

Case Swdy 2

2.

____________
_

Patient: Female in her early rhirries.

Diagnosis: Medial collateral ligament strain, second degree,
left knee.

Mechanism of injury: One wcek prior, patient fell and

twisted her knee whilc skiing.

Weight-bearing status: Weight bearing as rolerarcd with

crutches and knee immobilizer.

Range of motion: Extcnsion I 0$, knec flexion 30.

Pain evaluation: Patient is in consmnt pain that varies in

intensity. Most of the time she feels a lot of soreness and s[iff
ncss, approximately 5/10. It can get as high as 10/10 with
sudden movemcnt and movement beyond her available range.

Palpation: Swelling, heat, and rendemess noted on the

medial aspect of the knec. On specific PRT evaluation, the
dominalu point was found to be the gluteus minimlls, which is

1 cm lateral to d,C anterior inferior iliac spine. This point lics

at the origin of thc rectus femoris Illuscle.

Treatment: The gluteus minimus tender point was treated

for approximately 6 minures. As a result, knec extension was
incrcilsed from 10- to 4 and knee flexion from 30- to 128-.
This patient was able to get functional range of morion within
the next 3 days and was able to tolerate full weight bearing
without crutches or the knee immobilizer. Her therapy lasted
anorher 3 weeks because she had some ligamentous damage,
which gradually healed.

6
Treatment Procedures
I.

UPPER QUADRANT

II.

Cranium

43

Cervical Spine

64

Anterior Cervical Spine

Anterior Medial Cervical

LOWER QUADRANT
143

Lumbar Spine, Pelvis, and Hip

Anterior Lumbar Spine

144

65

Anterior Pelvis and Hip

150

74

Posterior Lumbar Spine

159

Posterior Pelvis and Hip

166

Posterior Sacrum

174

Lateral First Cervical

75

Posterior Cervical Spine

77

Lower Limb

181

85

Knee

182

Anterior and Medial Ribs

90

Ankle

193

Posterior Thoracic Spine

95

Foot

204

Thoracic Spine and Rib Cage

Anterior Thoracic

pine

Posterior Ribs

84

100

Upper Limb

104

Shoulder

105

Elbow

126

Wrist and Hand

/33

Thumb

/38

Fingers

139

This chapter is divkled into twO sections. Section I covers

of the body arc headed by a drawing of the pertinent

the positional release thcrapy (PRT) assessment and treat

anatomy of the area showing the common tender points

ment program for the upper half of the body: the cranium,

associated with that area. These subsections include the

the cervical spine, the thoracic spine and rib cage, and the

anterior cervical spine, the posterior cervical spine, the

upper limb. Section II deals with the same topics for the

anterior thoracic spine, the knee, the shoulder, and

so

on.

11Imblr spine, pelvis, hip, sacrum, and lower limb. A scan#

Each treatment is associated with one or morc tender

ning evaluation (SE) for the entire body can be found in

points and is displayed on a single page. The treatment

the Appendix. The SE may be used once the student has

name is given with the appropriate abbreviation and the

mastered PRT for the whole body. In this chapter, separate

area of anatomy considered as being treated by that position

SEs are provided for sections I and II, to allow the begin

of comfort (POe). This page includes a smaller drawing

ning student to be able to concentrate on one section at a

indicating the location of the specific tenuer points under

time or SO a local treatment may be perfonned, (or example.

consideration. A photograph or photographs demonstrate

for an acute injury.

the commonly used techniques, and the text describes the

Each major region of the body is introduced by a discus

sion of some of the clinical and functional considerations
for the area of the body in queStion. This includes a per

techniques in detail, with variations that may be used in

special circumstances or as preference dictates.
Note that tender points not directly over the tissue of

spective on pertinent functional anatomy, typical clinical

involvement, which may be considered

manifes[ations. and special treatment considerations.

because they may be somewhat distant from the area of dys

Within each section the reader will find that separate areas

function, are designated with an asterisk

reflex

points

(*).
39

40

CHAPTER 6

Trearmenl Procedures

In the AppendIx. the reader will find an anatomic cross

reference that can help detennine which treatment may be
most pertinent to a given area of the body. There is also a
cross reference of PRT termmology wIth that given by Jones
No text can hope to replace educational workshops. We
encourage you [0 pursue the further development of your
skills and to experiment with the technique and modify it
(() the needs of the presenting condition and to the greatest
advantage of your patient.

, DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT PROTOCOLS

The diagnosis of soft tissue involvement IS based on sev#
eral objective and subjective criteria. A careful hiStory,
Including a clarification of any trauma or repetitive strain
ac[tvincs, is essential. It is important to differenriare 1"101"1#
musculoskeletal factors, such as viscerosomatic reflexes,
malignancy, infectious processes, and psychologic involve
ment. Postural and structural asymmetry are significant
mdicators of mvoluntary antalgic stratcgies (0 reduce irri
tability of involved tissues. In general, an individual will
adopt a posture that mmimizes tension or loading of hyper
tonic or Inflamed tissue."/) Range-of-mollon (ROM) assess
ment wtll heIr confirm and localIZe the Involvement of
flexors, extensors, roratofS, latcral flexors, or related liga.
ments and fascia.lo Local tissue changes (tension, tex(Ure,
temperature, tenderness) and reduced joim play are also
nared because these may indicate underlYing dysfunction. I\
The tender point is a discrete. localized. hyperirritable region
associated wnh thc dysfunction and is used as a monimr
durmg (fearment.ZI
It is recommended that the user follow the outlined
(featment positions as closely as poSSible because they have
been carefully assessed over many years and have been
determmed to be efficacious in a large percentage of cases.

Once attempted, the user may then wish to adapt the tech.
nique to the needs of the individual if It is found that the
prescribed method is less than satisfactory. The scanning
evaluation will help the practitioner prioritizc the (feat
ment program.1 We suggest that the practitioner use the fol
lowing protocol for the most efficient use of thIS text:
l. Scan the paticm's body for tendcr points and record
them appropriately on the scanning evaluation.
2. Determme the most dominant tender pomt (DTP)
using the general rules and prinCiples.
3. Look up the appropriate treatment for the DTP. The
page reference is provided m the scanning evaluation.
4. Treat accordmg to the deSCription provided 10 the
treatment section in Chapter 6.
Treatment consists of precise positionmg of the body
part or joint in order to maximally relax the involved tis
sues. The descriptions of the poSitions of comfort are pre
sented in their gross form. The ideal position is achieved
through the use of micromovemenrs, or finetuning.8 This
typically reduces the subjective tenderness and objective
finnness of the associated tender point. Careful attention to
the subtle changes occuring in the area of the tender point
is necessary m order to obtam thc opomal release. Once
this Ideal position IS achieved. It IS held for a period of no
less than 90 seconds. During the pOSItioning. whIch may
last for 5 minutes or more, further softening, relaxation, pul.
sation, vibration, or unwinding of the tissues is often noted.
The position 109 is followed by a passive return of the
body part or jOlllt to an anatomically neutral poSition.
Reevaluation may then be carried out to confirm the em
cacy of the therapeutic intervention. This approach will
suffice for the majority of cases and will provide valuable
experience m the development of the kills necessary to
refine this art.

I UPPER
PRT

QUADRANT

Upper Quadrant Evaluation

Practitioner

Patient's name

; Extremely sensitive

\ - Right
I.

OM
0CC
PSB
LAM
SH

; Most sensitive

No tenderness

0; Treatment

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

6.
7.
B.
9.
10.

DG
MPT
LPT
MAS
MAX

NAS
SO
FR
SAG
LSB

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

16.
17.
lB.
19.

AT
PT
TPA
TPP

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

26. AC7
27. ACB
2B. AMC

00000
00000
00000

29. LCI
30. LC
30. LC

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

37. PC6
3B. PC7
39. PCB

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

46. AT7
47. ATB
4B. AT9

00000
00000
00000

49. ATlO
50. AT lI
51. AT l2

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

62.
63.
64.
65.
66.

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

67. MRB
6B. MR 9
69. MRIO

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

76. PT7
77. PTB
7B. PT9

00000
00000
00000

79. PT lO
BO. PTlI
B1. PT l2

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

II.
12.
13.
14.
IS.

00000
00000
00000

23. AC4
24. AC5
25. AC6

00000
00000
00000

34. PC3
35. PC4
36. PC5

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

43. AT4
44. AT5
45. AT6

Anterior Ribs. Medial Ribs (pages 90-94)

52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
VI.

/ - Left

AnteriorThoracic Spine (pages 85-89)

40. AT l
41. ATZ
42. AT3
V.

" - Moderately sensitive

Posterior Cervical Spine (pages 77-83)

31. PCI-F
32. PCI-E
33. PC2
IV.

Anterior. Medial. Lateral Cervical Spine (pages 65-76)

20. ACI
21. AC2
22. AC3
111.

e Very sensitive

Cranium (pages 43-63)

I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II.

Dates

ARI
AR2
AR3
AR4
AR5

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

57.
5B.
59.
60.
61.

AR6
AR7
ARB
AR9
ARlO

MR3
MR4
MR5
MR6
MR7

PostenorThoracic Spine (pages 95-99)

70. PTI
71. PT2
72. PT3

00000
00000
00000

73. PT4
74. PT5
75. PT6

41

Vll.

Posterior Ribs (pages 100103)

82. PRI
83. PR2
84. PR3
Vlli.

Shoulder (pages

94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
IX.

TRA
SC L
AAC
SSL
BLH

Elbow (pages

114. LEP
liS. MEP
x.

85. PR4
86. PR5
87. PR6

00000
00000
00000

88. PR7
89. PR8
90. PR9

00000
00000
00000

91. PRIO
92. PRII
93. PRI2

00000
00000
00000

105125)

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

99.
100.
101.
102.
103.

SUB
SER
MHU
BSH
PMA

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

104.
105.
106.
107.
108.

PMI
LD
PAC
SSM
MSC

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

109.
110.
Ill.
112.
113.

ISS
ISM
lSI
TMA
TMI

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000

118. MCD
119. LCD

00000
00000

120. M O L
121. LOL

00000
00000

00000
00000

126. CMI
127. PIN

00000
00000

128. D I N
129. IP

00000
00000

126132)
00000
00000

Wrist & Hand (pages

122. CFT
123. CET

42

00000
00000
00000

116. RHS
117. RHP

133137)

00000
00000

124. PWR
125. DWR

C RANIUM
, CRANIAL DVSFUNGION
It is not within the scope of this text to delineate an exhaus#
[lve treatise on the complex functional anammy of the era,
mum. TI1.C reader houkl refer to the resources listed in the
Appendix (0 obtain training In thi important and clini#
cally relevant region. It is recommended that an anatomy
text and the drawings at the beginning of this section be
reviewed In order (0 familiarize oneself with the basic
anaromlC relationships.
For many practitioners. cranial lesions may present ehal,
lenges 111 terms of diagnosis and treatment. Mobility and
motihty (self,actuared movement) within the cranium has
now been well established, although it is not fully accepted
10 all circles. Sutherland," Upledger," and others have
useJ various mcrhoJs of diagnosis and [rcarmenr [Q nor'
malize the function of this important area of the body. Cra
nial function may have il significant bearing on the circula
tion of the cerehrospinal fluid (CSF) to the central nervous
syrem and thu:, on the functioning of the entire nervous
system.!l Dysfunctions caused by injuries, including birth
trauma and persisting lesions resulting from childhooJ
inJUries, <lre nm uncommon. MoLlem methods of birthing
may h.we a slgnlfic,uH effect on the prevalence of lateral
strain lesions of the sphenoid and compression lesions of
the temporoparietal suture.

Cramal dysfunction may manifest as headache, earache,

tinnitus, vertigo, recurring sinusitis, lachrymal dysfunction,
dental symptoms, dysphasia, temporomandibular jOint
(TMJ) dysfunction, seizure activity, and certain neurologic
and cognitive conditions.22
With any cranial treatment, it is recommended that
certain precautions be taken. Symptoms and signs of space
occupying lesions and acute head trauma are clear con
traindications. A history of seizures or previous cerebrovas
cular accident should be approached With caution; If In
doubt, a colleague with more experience In cranial therapy
should be consulted.
n,e PRT approach to cranial therapy is preCISe and
effective and can have an important role along with other
techniques in the armementarium for addressing the
cranial region.

HREATMENT
Commonly used methods of cranial manipulation involve
direct force against the movement barrier. Positiomll release
therapy uses primarily indirect movement. Tender points
are usually located in the vicinity of the cranial suture, With
certam exceptions. The amount of force is in the range o( 1
to 2 kg (2 to SIb).

4^

eRANIU M

Tender Points

_________
_

FR
LAM

SO

PSB

NAS

OCC

MAX

OM

MAS
MPT

Anterior View

---.----

PT

TPP

Posterior View

TPA

....f-I
. c++-'- LSB
-\----"l
E)"t-----.,.,-SAG

Lateral View

44

Superior View

Treannem Procedures

1 . Occipitomastoid ( OM )

--r-------<;
Parietal bone

OCCipital
bone

LAM
ace

45

Tentorium Cerebelli
Sagittal
suture

PSB

CHAPTER 6

Lambdoidal
suture

--\r--''''

1'''irl--

OM

OM
Mandible

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

(Unilaleral
tenderness)

Position of
Treatment

(Bilateral
tenderness)

This tender point is located on the oCcipitomastoid suture just medial and superior
to the mastoid process. Pressure is applied anterosuperiorly.

Patient lies supine. The therapist sits at the head of the table and grasps the cranium
laterally with both palms. Pressure is applied medially. and counterrotation of both
temporal bones is produced around a transverse axis. The direction of the rotary
force is determined by the comfort of the patient or by the response of the tender
point (which may be difficult to palpate). (See photo above left.)
The patient lies supine. The therapist sits at the head of the table. The therapist
grasps the occipital bone and applies an anterior and caudal pressure and with the
other hand applies pressure posteriorly and caudally. The occipital hand exerts a
greater force. (See photo above right.)

46

CHAPTER 6

Treacmem Procedures

CRANIUM

2. Occipital ( OCC)
Sagittal
suture

--r------<;
Parietal bone

Occipital
bone

LA M
PSB
oee

Lambdoidal
suture

----'<'r

OM
Mandible

Tender Point

Position of

Location of

Treatment

This tender point is located medial to the lambdoid suture approximately 3 cm (1.2
in.) lateral to the posterior occipital protuberance just cephalad to the OM tender
point. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is supine. The therapist is at the head of the table and grasps both mas
toid processes with the heel and fingertips of the same hand or with the heels of
both hands. Gentle pressure is applied medially. (See photo above left.)
Alternatively. the palpating hand is placed under the occiput. the other hand is placed
on the anterior aspect of the frontal bone. and an anterior-posterior (AP) pressure
is applied. (See photo above right.)

Treaunent Procedures

3 . Posterior Sphenobasilar ( PSB)

CIIAPTER 6

47

Sphenobasilar Rotation

Sagictal
suture

Parietal bone
PSB

OCcipital
bone

LAM
PSB

OCC

Lambdoidal
suture

OM
L

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Mandible

This tender point is located just medial to the lambdoid suture approximately 3 cm
( 1 .2 in.) superior to and 3 cm (1.2 in.) lateral and slightly superior to the posterior
occipital protuberance. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is supine. The therapist sits at the head of the table and grasps the
cranium with one hand on the frontal bone and one hand on the occipital bone.
Pressure is exerted in a counterrotary direction around the AP axis. The direction
of the rotation is determined by the comfort of the patient or by the response of
the tender point (which may be difficult to palpate during the treatment).

CHAPTER 6

48

Treatment Procedures

CRANIUM

4. Lambda ( LAM)

Occipital Rotation

Sagittal
suture

Parietal bone
LAM

Occipital
bone

LAM

PSB
OCC

Lambdoidal
suture

OM

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located medial to the lambdoid suture approximately 2 cm (0.8
in.) inferior to the lambda. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is supine. The therapist applies anterior pressure to the occipital bone, at
the level of the tender point, on the opposite side.

Treatmenl Procedures

CHAPTER 6

49

5 . Stylohyoid (SH)
TPA

Temporalis

FR

LSB

Lateral
pterygoid

PT

TPP

AT
Styloid
process
MAS
- - - - DG
-

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

- MPT

Mastoid
process

SH

Masseter
Digastric
(anterior belly)
bone

This tender point is located on the styloid process just anterior and medial to the
mastoid process (pressure is medial).

The patient is supine. The therapist flexes the upper cervical spine, opens the
patient's mouth, and pushes the mandible toward the tender point side.
Alternatively, the hyoid bone is pushed from the opposite side toward the tender
point side (not shown).

CHAPTER 6

50

Treatmenr Procedures

CRANIUM

6. Digastric ( DG)
Sphenoid

--'V-""':'/1'I

Zygomatic
process

Lateral pterygoid

process
Digastric -->.,;
(posterior belly)

f----f- Medial

pterygoid

S<ylohyoid
Hyoid bone
Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Digastric
(anterior belly)

This tender point is located in the anterior belly of the digastric muscle just medial
to the inferior ramus of the mandible and anterior to the angle of the mandible.
Pressure is applied in a cephalad direction.

The treatment is that for stylohyoid (SH).

Alternatively, the hyoid bone is pushed from the opposite side toward the tender
point side (not shown).

Treatment Procedures

5I

CHAPTER 6

7. Medial Pterygoid (MPT)

Sphenoid
TPA

PT

TPP

_---.l0___- MAS
LC
- - MPT

MastOid;;-::X&'
proc:ess
Digastric: -
(posterior belly)

V,II----f- Medial

pterygoid

MPT

Stylohyoid
Hyoid bone

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Digastric:
(anterior belly)

This tender point is located on the medial surface of the ascending ramus of the
mandible, just superior to the mandibular angle. Pressure is applied laterally.

The patient is supine with the therapist at the head of the table. The therapist
pushes the mandible away from the tender point side while applying a stabilizing
force on the contralateral side of the frontal bone.

Note:

This point is found inferior and medial to AC I .

CHAPTER 6

52

Treatment Procedures

CRANIUM

8. Lateral Pterygoid ( LPT)

Sphenoid

TPA
ZygomatiC
PT
:-,.-_-AT

TPP
SH
OM --

- - - LPT
.....

--'i'-- MAS

LC

....
. - - - - DG

- - MPT
l

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

'

- - - - LPT

process
Digastric -
(posterior belly)
Stylohyoid

ii:Medial
,
pterygoid

Hyoid bone

I . Intraorally, medial to the coronoid process of the mandible in the posterior and
superior aspect of the cheek pouch on the lateral aspect of the lateral pterygoid
plate. Use a gloved finger. Pressure is applied posteriorly.
2. Extraorally, with the mouth slightly open, just anterior to the articular process of
the mandible and inferior to the zygomatic arch.

The patient lies supine. The patient's jaw is opened slightly and the head is supported
and placed in a position moderate flexion, rotation, and side bending away from the
tender point side.

Note:

This position is similar to the treatment for AC3.

Treatment Procedures

9. Masseter (MAS)

PT
AT
MAS

- - MPT

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

53

Masseter, Temporalis

TPA
TPP
SH
OM

CHAPTER 6

Temporalis

Styloid
process
Mastoid
process

lateral
pterygoId
Masseter
Digastric
(anterior belly)

This tender point is located on the anterior border of the masseter muscle over the
anterior edge of ascending ramus of the mandible. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

The patient is supine. The therapist braces the patient's head against the therapist's
chest. The jaw is pushed toward the side of the tender point, and closure pressure is
applied on the mandible toward the tender point side while applying a counterforce
on the ipsilateral aspect of the frontal bone toward the opposite side.

CHArTER 6

54

Treatment Procedures

CRANIUM

1 0. Maxilla (MAX)

Frontal bone
FR
SO
NAS ===---

MAX

MAS

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

......

Temporal
bone -.u-\-;;!)1i
Nasal bone

Parietal bone
.:T-H+ Sphenoid bone

Zygomatic bone
'w-r-N'Y'{Y1.,;::;'t- Maxilla

This tender point is located in the region of the infraorbital foramen. Pressure is
applied posteriorly.

The patient is supine. The therapist interlaces his or her fingers and compresses
medially with the heels of both hands on the zygomatic portion of the maxillary
bones.

Treatment Procedures

1 1 . Nasal (NAS)

CIIAPTER 6

55

Internasal Suture

Frontal bone
Parietal bone
Temporal---,bone ","u
Nasal bone -I:!--'G,..
NAS

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Ih.t::t-t-;f-'- Sphenoid bone

Zygomatic bone

This tender point is located on the anterolateral aspect of the nose. Pressure is
applied posteromedially.

The patient is supine. The therapist pushes medially on the portion of the nose con
tralateral to the tender point.

CHAPTER 6

56

Treatment Procedures

CRANIUM

1 2. Supraorbital ( SO)

Frontonasal J oint

Frontal bone
Parietal bone

_-i\CT SO

Temporal
bone
Nasal bone -lrQ"i

IhMf' Sphenoid bone

Zygomatic bone
,""""'NV\IV\;:;:;Ifflt-- Maxil a

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located in the region of the supraorbital foramen. Pressure is
applied posteriorly.

The patient is supine. The therapist places his or her forearm on the patient's fore
head and pulls in a cephalad direction while pinching the nasal bones with the fingers
of the other hand and pulling in a caudad direction.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

57

1 3 . Frontal (FR)

TPA
PT
:...:..-_- AT
- - - LPT

Parietal bone
Temporal bone
OCcipital bone

_
_
---,_

FR

Sphenoid bone
.!<t'k.':-" Nasal bone
;:';-'7F--= Maxi
Zygomatic bone
la

t1

_-ir---

MAS
IIIiIIJIooi - - - - DG
-, MPT

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Mandible

This tender point is located above the lateral portion of the orbit on the frontal
bone. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient is supine. The therapist pushes the top of the frontal bone caudally (see
photo above left) or compresses the frontal bone bilaterally (see photo above right).

CHAPTER 6

58

Treatment Procedures

CRANIUM

1 4. Sagittal Suture ( SAG)

Falx Cerebri

Frontal bone

SAG
Sagittai -+
suture

--1-3

_
_
_

-If-

Parietal
bone

OCCipital bone

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the superior aspect of the head just lateral to and
along either side of the sagittal suture. Pressure is applied caudally.

The patient is supine. The therapist pushes caudally on the parietal bone just lateral
to the sagittal suture on the opposite side of the tender point.

Treatment Procedures

1 5 . Lateral Sphenobasilar ( LSB)

TPA
PT
AT
MAS

CHAPTER 6

59

Sphenobasilar Lateral Strain

Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Occipital bone

<

'--,

<:

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
LSB
Zygomatic bone
Maxilla

- MPT

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the lateral aspect of the greater wing of the sphenoid
in a depression behind the lateral ridge of the orbit. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient is supine. The therapist applies a lateral pressure on the opposite greater
wing of the sphenoid toward the tender point side. A counterpressure is used on
the frontal bone and the zygoma of the involved side using the fingers and heel of
the hand.

60

CHAPTER 6

Treatmenl Procedures

CRANIUM

1 6. Anterior Temporalis ( AT )

TPA
__ PT

Parietal bone

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

MAS

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
....,'"
... '
><' Nasal bone

Temporal bone

=-_- AT

_----,IF--

_
-.
-__

OCCipital bone

Zygomatic bone
:;;;o-;f'-1i:.: Maxi
la

r1

AT

This tender point is located in the anterior fibers of the temporalis muscle approxi
mately 2 em (0.8 in.) posterior and lateral to the orbit of the eye and superior to
the zygomatic arch. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient is supine. The therapist is on the side of the tender point and grasps the
frontal bone with one hand and applies a force around an AP axis toward the tender
point. The heel of the other hand is placed under the zygomatic bone. and pressure
is exerted in a cephalad direction.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

61

1 7. Posterior Temporalis (PT)

TPA

Parietal bone

AT
MAS

-,

Occipital bone

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
-<{:':V Nasal bone
;-::.-:rL Zygomatic bone
Maxilla
...,

Temporal bone
PT

-?

Mastoid process

- MPT
l

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

PT

Mandible

This tender point is located in the posterior fibers of the temporalis muscle approxi
mately 3 cm ( 1 .2 in.) anterior to the external auditory meatus superior to the zygo
matic arch. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient is supine. The therapist is on the side of the tender point. grasps the
parietal bone with one hand. and applies a force to rotate the skull around an AP
axis toward the tender point. The heel of the other hand is placed under the zygo
matic bone. and pressure is applied in a cephalad direction.

Note:

AT and PT are treated using a similar technique.

62

CHAPTER 6

Treatmem Procedures

CRANIUM

1 8. Temporoparietal ( Anterior) (TPA)

Parietal bone

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone

Temporal bone

_
_
.::---

MAS
.!':: - - - DG

OCCipital bone

;:;;;-.:/'-1s: Zygomatic bone

(i

Maxil a

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

(Unilateral
tenderness)

Position of
Treatment

(Bilateral
tenderness)

This tender point is located cephalad to the ear, on or just above the temporopari
etal suture. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient lies on the unaffected side with a small roll under the opposite zygo
matic area. The therapist sits near the head of the patient, grasps the parietal bone
with the fingers, and pulls the parietal bone cephalad and medially away from the
tender point side. Alternatively, the therapist may stand and apply the force with the
heel of the hand. Counterpressure is applied with the other hand in a medial direc
tion on the mastoid process on the same side as the tender paint.
The patient is supine with the therapist seated at the head of the table. The therapist
grasps the patient's cranium on both sides, just cephalad to the temporoparietal
suture on the parietal bones. A medial pressure is applied bilaterally (see bottom
right photo on p. 57).

Treaonem PmcedHre.

CIIAPTER 6

63

1 9. Temporoparietal ( Posterior) (TPP)

TPA
PT
AT

SH

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

(Unilateral
tenderness)

Temporal bone
TPP

OCCipital bone

<

Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Nasal bone
Zygomatic bone
Maxil a

MAS
,

Parietal bone

Position of
Treatment

(Bi lateral
tenderness)

, MPT

Mandible

This tender point is located at the junction of the lambdoid the temporoparietal
sutures approximately 3 cm ( 1 .2 in.) posterior to the external auditory meatus, in a
depression on the skull. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient lies on the unaffected side with a small roll under the opposite zygo
matic area. The therapist applies a force superior to the tender point, on the parietal
bone, in a cephalad and medial direction in order to rotate the skull away from the
tender point side. Counterpressure is applied medially on the ipsilateral mastoid pro
cess with the other hand.
The patient lies supine with the therapist at the head of the table. The therapist
applies bilateral compression with the palms on both sides of the skull posterior to
the ears (see bottom right photo on p. 57).

C E RVI C A L S P I N E
be traced to dennatomal patterns associated with the nerve

, CERVICAL DYSFUNGION

rOOt distribution of the brachial plexus.

Bipedal posture has afforded human beings numerous evolu,

tionary advantages, including an increased range of visual
surveillance of the surroundings and an improved ability to
manipuitnc the materials in the environment. However, the
raised center of gravity also causes greater translational forces
and resultant trauma to the poswral supportive tissues. The
head and neck are particularly vulnerable to horizontal
forces, which can be induced by falls or blows to the body.

To locate specific segments of the cervical spine, the fol

lowing list of landmarks may be a helpful guide:
C I : Transverse process just inferior to mastoid process
and posterior to the earlobe.
CZ: Spinous process is located approximately 1 . 5 to Z
cm (0.6 to 0.8 in.) inferior to the midline of the
occiput. This is a wide, bifid spinous process.
C3: Located at the level of the hyoid anteriorly. On

The relatively large mass of the head is a source of significant

extension, spinous process remains palpable.

inertial force in the event of trauma to the cervical region.

C4: Located at the level of the superior border of the

The bane of modem existence, the automobile, provides

unique opportunities for especially severe trauma to rhe rela,

thyroid cartilage anteriorly. On extension, spinolls

process is not palpable.

tively delicate supportive elements of the cervical spine.

C5: Located at the level of the inferior border of the

Parnspinai muscles in the anterior, posterior, and lateral com,

thyroid cartilage anteriorly. Spinous process

partmcntsj the suboccipital musculature; the paravertebral,

capsular, and ligamentous elements; and the superficial fascia
may be variously compromised depending on the direction

remains palpable on extension.

C6: Located at the level of the cricoid cartilage anteri
orly. Spinous process is easily palpable on extension
and is often bifid.

and magnitude of the displacing forces .l1

It appears that the deep, intrinsic tissues related to the

C7: Prominent bifid spinous process. To differentiate

intervertebral segment arc the particular focus of persisting

from T I , perform cervical extension. The C7

dysfunction, and it is [Q this level that therapeutic interest is

spinous moves anteriorly Inore than T I . J,I'1

directed. I The multifidus and rotatores posteriorly, the

scalenes anteriorly and laterally, the longus capitis and longus
colli anteriorly, and the suboccipitals are the active tissues

, TREATMENT

that have the greatest scgmental motor and sensory effect on

Positioning of the cervical spine involves using the tcnder

the cervic..1 1 spine, I I Palpation of the tender points on the

point as a fulcrum about which all of the componenr move

posterior, infcrior aspect of the spinous processes may ncccs

ments {flexion, extension, rotation, and lateral flexion} are

sitate slight flexion of the neck, and both sides of the bifid

focused. Treatment of anterior lesions consists of precise

proccs> should be examined.

flexion of the cervical spine ar the level of the tender point.

Clinical expressions of cervical dysfunction include neck

With scalene involvement, the addition of contralateral

pain, restriction of cervical motion, upper limb symptoms

rotation and a variable amounr of lateral flexion are also

(pain, paresthesia, paresis), upper thoracic pain, headaches,

induced. Posterior dysfunction may involve the posterior

dysphagia, nonproductive cough, vertigo, and tinnitus. The

suboccipitals, multifidus, or rota[Qres. These are treated

neck seems especially prone to stressrelated responses and

using varying degrees of extension and often the addition of

patients who arc anxious should be evaluated for psychologic

rotation and lateral flexion away from the tender point side.

factors.16 Headache patterns, according to Jones,9 follow a

Occipital flexion, by retracting the patient's mandible,

segJ1'lental pattern,

should be maintained throughom any positions involving

with C 1 , 2 associatcd with frontal

headache, C3,4 with lateral head pain, C4 with occipital

cervical extension. The sternocleidomastoid may need to be

pain, and C5 with whole head pain. Joncs9 also points out

pushed laterally or medially in order to palpate the anterior

that dysfunction at the level of C3 is often

assoc

iated with

earache, tinnitus, or vcrtigo.9 Upper limb involvement may

64

tender points. The patient's neck should be relaxed during

palpation and treatment.

ANT E RI O R C E R V I C A L S P I N E

Anterior View

AC I

Lateral View

Tender Points

Anteri or Cervi cal S p i n e

20. Anterior First Cervical ( AC l )

TPA
TPP
SH

location of

Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

66

Rectus Capitis Anterior

Coronal suture
Parietal bone ---..c
Frontal bone
Temporal bone
Sphenoid bone
...... "" Nasal bone
Lambdoidal
J
t--"d-- Lacrimal bone
suture
;;;-.::;f'-1'1::: Maxi
Zygomatic bone
Occipital bone
la
r1

_--....---

MAS

"-;'1__+----""""""_'+-- AC I

Mental
foramen
ZygomatiC Mandible
arch

This tender point is located on the posterior aspect of the ascending ramus of the
mandible approximately I cm (0.4 in.) superior to the angle of the mandible. Pres
sure is applied anteriorly.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the sides of the patient's head and rotates the head markedly away from
the tender point side. Fine-tuning may include slight cervical flexion, extension, or
lateral flexion.

Treac:ment PrOCedtTes

2 1 . Anterior Second Cervical (AC 2 )

ACl
AC4 --e
ACS --e
AC6 --e

AMC

Position of
Treatment

capitis -1-1"-1...dl lb
Sternocleido
mastoid
Middle scalene

'-AC7
--ACe
Tender Point

Longus Colli

Rectus capitis
anterior
Rectus capitis
lateralis

AC2

Location of

67

CHAPTER 6

AC2

Clavicle
First rib
Second rib

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the tip of the transverse pro
cess of C2. This is located approximately I em (04 in.) inferior to the tip of the mas
toid process. Pressure is applied posteromedially.

The patient is supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The therapist
grasps the sides of the patient's head and rotates the head markedly away from the
tender point side. This treatment is similar to that for AC I except that slightly more
flexion is used.

CHAPTER 6

68

Trearment Procedures

Antenor Cervical Spine

2 2 . Anterior Third Cervical ( AC3 )

Longus Capitis, Longus Colli

Rectus capitis
anterior

Rectus capitis
lateral is

;'l

AC2

LOngUs
capitis --\-'
\'!LC/!'f"fi.,

":::' C I
..-I
n-:;,
"
C2
C3
Sternocleido
mastoid
C4 ACJ
WIr!IiCO;S Longus Colli
. 1It::,::Ii>!

ACJ
AC4 -ACS

__

AC6 __

Clavicle

Posterior
scalene
O-AC7
- -AC8

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

First rib
Second rib

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the tip of the transverse pro
cess of C3 at the level of the hyoid. This area may usually be found directly posterior
to the angle of the mandible. Pressure is applied posteromedially.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and produces marked flexion to the level of C3, rota
tion away from the tender point side, and lateral flexion away from or toward the
tender point side.
Note:

The therapist may support the head on the therapist's forearm by passing it
under the head from the non-tender point side and resting the palm of the
hand on the patient's anterior shoulder on the tender point side.

Treatment Procedures

23. Anterior Fourth Cervical ( AC4)

CHAPTER 6

69

Scalenus Ant., Longus Capitis,

Longus Colli
Rectus capitis
anterior

---\::r

Rectus capitis
lateralis
AC2

Longus
fl'lj,y'
capitis -;-..c:;

AC3

Sternocleido
mastoid

AC4 ___
ACS ___

Middle scalene
Anterior sCailene_

AC6 ___

Posterior
scalene

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

First rib
Second rib

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the tip of the transverse pro
cess of C4 at the level of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage. This area is
usually found just inferior and posterior to the angle of the mandible. Pressure is
applied posteromedially.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and produces moderate cervical flexion to the level of
C4 (cervical extension may be required for this segment), rotation, and lateral
flexion away from the tender point side.
Note:

The therapist may support the head on the therapist's forearm by passing it
under the head from the non-tender point side and resting the palm of the
hand on the patient's anterior shoulder on the tender point side.

CHAPTER 6

70

Treatment Procedures

Antenor Cervical Spine

24. Anterior Fifth Cervical ( AC5 )

Scalenus Ant., Longus Capitis,

Longus Colli
Rectus capitis
anterior

AC2

capitis -i-'a

AC3
AC4 _

AMC

fJs>_

Sternocleido
mastoid

ACS _
Middle scalene

AC6 _

Posterior
scalene

Clavicle
First rib
Second rib

O-AC7
--ACe

",

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the tip of the transverse pro
cess of CS at the level of the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage. Pressure is
applied posteromedially.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and produces cervical flexion down to the level of the
tender point and rotation and lateral flexion away from the tender point side.
Note:

The therapist may support the head on the therapist's forearm by passing it
under the head from the non-tender point side and resting the palm of the
hand on the patient's anterior shoulder on the tender point side.

Treatment Procedures

25. Anterior Sixth Cervical ( AC6)

71

CIIAPTER 6

Scalenus Ant., Longus Colli

Kectus capltJs
anterior

AC2

capitis -""t-\"I...c.:'Dt Y.

AC3 _
AC4

AMC

Sternocleido
mastoid

AC5
Middle scalene
Anterior ,c.,lon.,_

AC6 _

Posterior
scalene

First rib
Second rib

::'-AC7
- -ACe
l

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the tip of the transverse pro
cess of C6 at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Pressure is applied posteromedially.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and produces cervical flexion down to the level of the
tender point and rotation and lateral flexion away from the tender point side.

Note:

The therapist may support the head on the therapist's forearm by passing it
under the head from the non-tender point side and resting the palm of the
hand on the patient's anterior shoulder on the tender point side.

72

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Anterior Cervical Spine

26. Anterior Seventh Cervical ( AC 7 )

Sternocleidomastoid
Rectus capitis
anterior

Rectus capitis
lateralis
AC2

Longus
capitis -1-fl.":;flil"'r::;'

AC3
AC4

AMC

ACS __
AC6

Sternocleido
mastoid

;:;::!- Longus Colli

AC7

__

Clavicle
First rib
Second rib
- -ACS

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the posterior superior surface of the clavicle approx
imately 3 cm ( 1 .2 in.) lateral to the medial head of the clavicle. Pressure is applied
anteriorly and inferiorly.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist supports the patient's midcervical area and markedly flexes and laterally flexes
the cervical spine toward the tender point side, rotating the cervical spine slightly
away from the tender point side.

Treatmenr Procedures

27. Anterior Eighth Cervical (AC8)

CHAPTER 6

73

Sternohyoid, Omohyoid

Rectus capitis
Basilar part of
anterior
occipital bone
Rectus capitis
lateralis
AC2

Longus
capitis -"i-'JJ

AC3
AC4 _

AMC

AC5 _

,,.....::;;:)

Sternocleido
mastoid
Middle scalene
Anterior swlene_

AC6 _

Posterior
scalene

First rib
Second rib

--Ace

'1

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the medial surface of the proximal head of the clav
icle. Pressure is applied laterally.

The patient lies supine with the therapist at the head of the table. The therapist grasps
the patient's head and flexes the cervical spine slightly, laterally flexes slightly away from
the tender point side, and rotates markedly away from the tender point side.

CHAPTER 6

74

Treatment Procedures

A N TERIOR MEDIAL CERVICAL

28. Anterior Medial Cervical ( AMC )

Longus Colli, Infrahyoid

Rectus capitis
Basilar part of
anterior
occipital
bone
Rectus capitis
lateralis

AC2

Longus
capitis -i-'C4

AC3
AC4 __

Sternocleido
mastoid

ACS __

Middle scalene

AC6 __

Posterior
scalene

WJ.iIl:::;?- Longus Colli

AMC

Clavicle
First rib
Second rib

O-AC7
Ace
_
_
_
.....I
Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

These tender points are found along the lateral aspect of the trachea. The trachea is
pushed slightly to the side to palpate the point. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and markedly flexes the neck while adding slight side
bending toward and rotation away from the tender point side.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

75

LATERAL CERVICAL

29. Lateral First Cervical (Le I )

LC I----'

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

...-+

- MAS

= --cl
AC I

Rectus Capitis Lateralis

- - . MPT

This tender point is located on the lateral aspect of the transverse process of C I .
Pressure is applied medially.

The patient is supine with the therapist sitting at the table. The therapist grasps the
patient's head and laterally flexes the head toward or away from the tender point
side depending on the response of the tissues.

Trearmem Procedures

CHAPTER 6

76

LATERAL CERVICAL

30. Lateral Cervical ( LC26)

Scalenus Medius

LCI

LC2
LC3

SH

ce'--Cl
ACI

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

- - - LPT
MAS
--. MPT

C4

cs

C6

LC4
LCS
LC6

These tender points are located on the lateral aspect of the articular processes of
the cervical vertebrae. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient is supine with the therapist at the head of the table. The therapist grasps
the patient's head and side bends the head and neck toward or away from the
tender point side depending on the response of the tissues. Flexion, extension, or
rotation may be needed to fine-tune the position.

P 0 S T E RI O R C E R V I C A L S P I N E Tender

Points

Posterior
Rectus minor
capitis Posterior
major
PC 2

::S;

Transverse
process of C I

PC3
PC4

PC6
PC7
PCB

,,", -/

:\''"it't---f- :Superior

'- '-_ Inferior

-rl-i]

Obius
capitis

Lonus Rotatores
BrevIs
cervicis

==:::-

Letor

77

Posteri o r Cervi cal S p i n e

3 1 . Posterior First Cervical-Flexion (PC 1 ,F)
Rectus Capitis Anterior

PCI
PCI-t--_

PCI-E

..
PC6
PC7

___
pca -Location of

Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

78

This tender point is located on the base of the skull on the medial side of the inser
tion of the semispinalis capitis approximately 3 cm ( 1 .2 in.) inferior to the posterior
occipital protuberance. Pressure is applied laterally and superiorly.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head by putting one hand on the occiput and pulling in a
cephalad direction and the other hand on the frontal bone pushing caudad. This will
create marked occipital flexion. Fine-tuning may include slight side bending toward
and rotation away from the tender point side.

Treatment Procedures

HAPTER 6

79

32. Posterior First Cervical-Extension ( PC l E)

Obliquus Capitis Superior

PCI

PC I -E

PC I -E -_--'
PC2 ---

PC6----
PC7

.----.
PC8 -

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on a flat portion of the occipital bone approximately
I to 1.5 em (0.4 to 0.6 in.) medial to the mastoid process. Pressure is applied in a
cephalad direction.

The patient lies supine with the head resting on the table. The therapist sits at the
head of the table. The therapist then places the hand under the patient's head with
the fingers pointing caudally. With pressure from the heel of the hand, the therapist
pushes caudally on the head in such a manner as to induce a local extension of the
occiput on C I . The therapist can also add moderate rotation and slight side bending
away from the tender point side to fine-tune.

Note:

One hand may be used to palpate the tender point and to apply caudal pres
sure on the top of the posterior aspect of the head; the other hand is posi
tioned on the frontal bone to assist the movement (not shown).

80

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Postenor Cervical Spine

3 3 . Posterior Second Cervical ( PC 2 )

Rectus Capitis Posterior

Major/Minor

1,.-;;...--r PC2

PC I -F

....

PCI-E-----.;
PC3

PC6

. . .
_
..
.

--

PC7 -

Pce------

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
'
Treatment

This tender point is located on the base of the skull on the lateral side of the inser
tion of the semispinalis capitis. Pressure is applied medially and superiorly. Another
tender point may be found on the superior surface of the spinous process of C2.
Pressure is applied inferiorly.

The patient lies supine with the head resting on the table. The therapist sits at the
head of the table. The therapist then places the hand under the patient's head with
the fingers pointing caudally. With pressure from the heel of the hand, the therapist
pushes caudally on the head in such a manner as to induce a local extension of the
occiput on C I . The therapist can also add moderate rotation and slight side bending
away from the tender point side to fine-tune.
Note:

One hand may be used to palpate the tender point and to apply caudal pres
sure on the top of the posterior aspect of the head; the other hand is posi
tioned on the frontal bone to assist the movement (not shown).

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

34. Posterior Third Cervical ( PC3 )

Rotatores, Multifidus, Interspinalis

PCI-F
PC I-E--_-.:

J...-- PC3

PC6----
PC7

___

pca--

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the inferior surface of the spinous process of C2
(pressure applied superiorly) or on the articular process of C3 (pressure applied
anteriorly). Slight flexion may be needed to allow the tender point to be accessible.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and extends the cervical spine to the level of C3 and
laterally flexes and rotates it away from the tender point side. This lesion may
require flexion, in which case the treatment is identical to that for AC3.

81

82

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Posterior Cervical Spine

3 5 3 8. Posterior Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh Cervical

(PC4 7 ) Rotatores, M u ltifidus, Interspinalis

-..
PC6-
PC7
____
pcs--

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

PC4
PC5
PC6

r_

------I
--: t:2
PC7 ----:;:;
-

This tender point is located on the inferior surface of the spinous process of verte
brae above (pressure applied superiorly) or on the articular process of the involved
vertebral segment (pressure applied anteriorly). Slight flexion may be needed to
allow the tender point to be accessible.

The patient lies supine with the therapist sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and extends it moderately and laterally flexes and
rotates it away from the tender point side. Extension is increased progressively as
one treats progressively caudal lesions.

Trearmenr Procedures

39. Posterior Eighth Cervical (PCB)

CHAPTER 6

83

Levator Costorum

PCI-F
PCI-E-_-.:
PC3 ---:-

PC6-----

---. . .
___

PC7 -

PCB

pcslocation of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

The therapist palpates anterior to the upper portion of the trapezius to locate the
upper border of the first rib_ The tender point is found by palpating medially toward
the base of the neck until the transverse process of C7 is encountered and then
moving onto the posterosuperior surface of the transverse process_ Pressure is
applied anteriorly on the posterior surface of the transverse process of C7_

The patient lies supine with the therapist Sitting at the head of the table. The thera
pist grasps the patient's head and induces marked lateral flexion and slight rotation
away from the tender point side along with slight cervical extension.

THO R ACIC S PIN E AN D RIB C AG E

HHORACIC DYSFUNCTION
The thoracic spine and rib cage contain no less than 84 syn;

syndrome, carpal tunnel-like syndrome, and respiratory and

ovial joints. They form a protective housing for several vital

cardiovascular dysfunction. It is important to assess for and

organs. are the site of the origin of the sympathetic nervous

treat any significant thoracic lesions when there is upper

system, and are an important structural link with the upper

limb involvement. In general. treatment of the thoracic

limb. Although gross motion of the thoracic spine is limited

spine and rib cage may be determined by postural distortion,

by the presence of the ribs, physiologic and nonphysiologic

if present. Therefore a hyperkyphotic upper back will usu

mocion arc crucial [0 the respiratory, cardiovascular. and

ally be treated in flexion, and a hypokyphotic ;pine will

digestive organs. Trauma. postinfectious visceral adhesive

usually be treated in extension.2J The rules of priority, as

pathology, and surgical intervention are possible causes of

detennined by the scanning evaluation and by the applica

local lesions.7 Assessment of spinal and rib mmion may be

tion of the rules of treatment, will ultimately dC[ermine

useful in determining the site of clinically significant areas

where and how to treat.

of fixation.
Posterior tender points may be found on the spinous pro;
cesses, in the paraspinal musculature, on the transverse pro

HREATMENT

cesses, over the rib heads, or on the posterior angles of the

Posterior lesions are treated in extension, and head and

ribs. Anterior tender points are usually found on the ante

shoulder position is used to localize the release of the

rior aspect of the ternum, over the sternocostal joints, on

involved tissues at the level of the dysfunction. From

the anterior angles of the ribs, or on the anterolateral mar

appearances, it may seem, in some cases, that the area being

gins of the ribs. The tender points on the sternum are

treated is under stretch; however, review of the pertinent

reflexly related to the anterior aspect of the thoracic spine,

anatomy will clarify the rationale used. Through its myofas

which is of course inaccessible to direct palpation.

cial connections to the rib cage, the ipsilateral arm, when

As a guide to palpation, it should be noted that T2 is

elevated, causes the ribs to elevate, which in turn elevates

usually located at the level of the superior, medial angle of

the lower attachments of the levator costOTUm or multifidus

the scapula, TJ at the level of the spine of the scapula, and

toward their insertions on the lamina of the vertebrae one

T7 at the level of the inferior border of the scapula. The

or twO segments above.17 Anterior lesions are treated with

eleventh rib is usually found at the level of the iliac crest.J"

Clinical manifestations of thoracic dysfunction include
back pain, neck pain, shoulder and arm pain, thoracic outlet

84

varying degrees of flexion with the addition of rotation or

lateral flexion to fine-tune the position.

AN T E RIO R THO R AeI C S PIN E Tender

Points

Upper Anterior Thoracic Region

Lower Anterior Thoracic Region

85

Anterior Thoracic Spine

40,42. Anterior First, Second, and Third Thoracic (ATl,3)
Internal Intercostal, Sternothyroid
..

ATI

Internal
intercostals
Transversus
thoracis
External
intercostals

Location of

Tender Point

(All)

Location of
Tender Point

(An)

Location of
Tender Point

(All)

Position of
Treatment

ATl

This tender point is located on the superior surface of the suprasternal notch. Pres
sure is applied inferiorly.

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the manubrium. Pressure is
applied posteriorly.

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the sternum on or just infe
rior to the sternomanubrial joint. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

The patient sits in front of the therapist with knees flexed and hands on top of the
head. A pillow may be used between the patient and therapist for comfort. The ther
apist places his or her arms around the patient and under the patient's axillae. The
patient leans back toward the therapist, and the therapist allows the patient to slump
into marked flexion down to the level of the tender point. The patient's trunk is
folded over the tender point. Fine-tuning is accomplished with the addition of rota
tion or lateral flexion.
Note:

86

ATl

AT 1-6 may be performed in the supine or lateral recumbent positions with

minor modifications.

Treatment Procedures

87

CHAPTER 6

43A5. Anterior Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Thoracic (AT4,6)

Internal Intercostal

ATI
An
AT3

AT4
ATS
AT6

AT7

location of
Tender Point

Internal
intercostals
Transversus
thoracis
External
intercostals

AT4
ATS
AT6

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the sternum at the level of
the fourth interspace. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

(AT4)
location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the sternum at the level of
the fifth interspace. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

(ATS)

location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the sternum at the level of
the sixth interspace. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

(AT6)

Position of
Treatment

The patient is seated in front of the therapist with the knees flexed and the arms
extended off the back of the table. A pillow may be used between the patient and the
therapist for comfort. The patient leans back toward the therapist. The therapist
places pressure on the patient's upper back to create thoracic flexion down to the
level of the tender point. The flexion is progressively increased as the level of treat
ment proceeds caudally. Local flexion may be augmented by grasping one or both of
the patient's arms and applying caudal traction and internal rotation or by having the
patient clasp his or her hands behind the therapist's knee. Fine-tuning is accomplished
with the addition of rotation or lateral flexion (see photo above left). The photo
above right illustrates an alternate, lateral recumbent position.

88

CHAPTER 6

Treacment Procedures

Anterior Thoracic Spme

4648. Anterior Seventh, Eighth, and Ninth Thoracic (AT7 9)

Diaphragm, Diaphragmatic Crura

ATI

Location of
Tender Point
(AT1)

Location of
Tender Point
(AT8)
l

Location of
Tender Point
(AT9)

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the inferior, posterior surface of the costochondral
portion of the seventh rib (pressure applied anteriorly and superiorly), approximately
I cm (0.4 in.) inferior to the xyphoid process and I cm (0.4 in.) lateral to the mid
line. Pressure is applied posteriorly.
This tender point is located approximately 3 to 4 cm (1.2 to 1.6 in.) inferior to the
xyphoid process and 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) lateral to the midline. Pressure is applied
posteriorly.
This tender point is located approximately
and 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) late
.

1.5 cm (0.6 in.) superior to the umbilicus

Assume, for the purposes of illustration, that the tender point is on the right side.
The patient sits in front of the therapist with the therapist's left foot on the table to
the left side of the patient. The patient rests his or her legs on the table with the
knees pointing to the left while the left arm rests on the therapist's left thigh. The
therapist flexes the patient's trunk down to the level of the tender point and side
bends the trunk to the right by translating it to the left. The therapist then rotates
the patient's trunk to the left by having the patient bring the right arm across the
body and grasp the left wrist.
Note:

A physical therapy ball or chair may be used to support the arm for AT 7-9.

Treacmem Procedures

CHAPTER 6

89

49,51. Anterior Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Thoracic

(ATI0,12) Psoas, Iliacus

::-;Jr+- AT7

'-F-f- AT8
An

ATI

ATiO
ATII

location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located approximately 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) caudal to the umbilicus
and I .S cm (0.6 in.) lateral to the midline. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

(ATlO)
1

location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located approximately 4 cm (1.6 in.) caudal to the umbilicus and
2 cm (0.8 in.) lateral to the midline. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

(ATlI)

location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the inner table of the crest of the ilium at the midax
illary line. Pressure is applied caudally and laterally.

(ATl2)

Position of
Treatment

The patient is supine and the therapist stands on the tender point side. The head of
the table may be raised or a pillow may be placed under the patient's pelvis. The
patient's hips are markedly flexed and may be rested on the therapist's upraised
thigh. The thighs are rotated toward the tender point side, and lateral flexion may be
toward or away from the side of the tender point.

Note:

Treatments for AT I 0-12 are similar, with slight variation in fine-tuning. A phys
ical therapy ball may be used to support the legs. AT7-9 may be performed in
the supine or lateral recumbent position.

AN T E RIO R AN D

M E D I A L RIB S

Tender Points

----1t

AR2
AR3--....w...

ARS -_
AR6- . ...._-AR7---\,e
ARB ----'Ie'___
AR9 --,.::.;
ARlO

--1i;,:L..._i==k1).J
Anterior Rib Cage

Posterior view of anterior chest wall

Relationship of tender points

90

MR3-IO

Anterior, Medial Ribs

52. Anterior First Rib (ARl)
ARI

:::---..

AR2 __
AR3_
AR4-.-.
ARS
AR6
AR7
ARB
AR9
ARlO

ARI

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Scalenus Anterior, Scalenus Medius

MR3-IO

Internal
intercostals
Transversus
thoracis
External
intercostals

This tender point is located on the first costal cartilage immediately inferior to the
proximal head of the clavicle. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

The patient may be supine or sitting. The therapist grasps the head and places the
patient's neck in slight flexion, marked lateral flexion toward the tender point, and
slight rotation (usually toward the tender point) to fine-tune the position.

91

92

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

Antenor Medial Ribs

53. Anterior Second Rib (AR2)

Scalenus Posterior

AR I :::::----..

AR2 __

AR3_
AR4-.
AR5
AR6
AR7
ARB
AR9
ARlO

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

MR3-IO

Internal
intercostals
Transversus
thoracis
External
intercostals

This tender point may be found in two locations. One is on the superior surface of
the second rib inferior to the clavicle on the midclavicular line (pressure is applied
inferiorly and posteriorly). Another tender point may be found on the lateral aspect
of the second rib high in the medial axilla (pressure is applied medially).

The patient may be supine or sitting. The therapist grasps the head and places the
patient's neck in slight flexion, marked lateral flexion toward the tender pOint, and
slight rotation (usually toward the tender point) to fine-tune the position.

Treamlenr Procedllres

CHAPTER 6

93

54,61. Anterior Third through Tenth Ribs (AR3,lO)

Internal Intercostal

ARI _____

AR2 __
AR3_
AR4_ MR3IO
ARS-

AR6
:
AR7

AR8

AR9

ARlO

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

;;[2r
-AR3
to::::;S:;Q,
:; c AR4
""""f3 l -ARS

Internal intercosta Is
T
thoracis
External
intercostals""-..":>---7
ransversus>

AR6

tJL
"""
-AR7
'
AR8
ctf'-AR9
\."'l
\'<!Ii/'---ARI 0

j;",q:j=",\L-

These tender points are located on superior aspects of the ribs from the anterior
axillary line to the midaxillary line at the corresponding levels for ribs 3 through 10.
Pressure is applied inferiorly and posteromedially or medially.

Assume, for the purposes of illustration, that the tender point is on the right side.
The patient sits in front of the therapist with the therapist's left foot on the table to
the left side of the patient. The patient rests his or her legs on the table with the
knees pOinting to the left while the left arm rests on the therapist's left thigh. The
therapist flexes and side bends the patient's trunk to the right down to the level of
the tender point by translating it to the left. The therapist then rotates the patient's
trunk to the right.
Note:

A physical therapy ball or chair may be used for support.

94

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Anterior Medial Ribs

62,69. Medial Third Through Tenth Ribs (MR3,lO)

Transversus Thoracis, External Intercostal

ARI
AR2 __
AR3_
AR4ARS
AR6
AR7
ARB
AR9
ARlO

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

MR1-1

MR3-IO

These tender points are located on or between the costal cartilages near the ster
nocostal joints just lateral to the sternum at the corresponding level for each rib.
Pressure is applied posteriorly.

Assume, for the purpose of illustration, that the tender point is on the right side. The
patient sits in front of the therapist with the therapist's left foot on the table to the
left side of the patient. The patient rests his or her legs on the table with the knees
pOinting to the left while the left arm rests on the therapist's left thigh. The therapist
flexes and side bends the patient's trunk to the right, down to the level of the tender
point, by translating it to the left. The therapist then rotates the patient's trunk to
the left by having the patient bring his or her right arm across the body and grasp
the left wrist.

Note:

A physical therapy ball or chair may be used for support.

P 0 S T E RIO R THO R AeI C S PIN E Tender

Points

PT I-2

9S

Posterior Thoracic Spine

70, 71. Posterior First and Second Thoracic (PTl,2)
Interspinales, Multifidus, Rotatores

PRI
PR2
PRJ
PR4
PRS
PR6
PR7
PR8
PR9
PRIO
PRI
PRI I
Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

.---- PTI
_PTl

.-PTJ
'-PH
-PTS
-PT6
..--PT7

PT8

PT9
PTIO
. PTI I
PTI

!::

Scapula

Multifidi
External

intercostals

Levator costae
Brevis Lev.tores
Longus costarum

These tender points are located on the side of the spinous process (pressure is
medial), in the paraspinal area (pressure is anterior), or on the posterior aspect of
the transverse processes (pressure is anterior) at the corresponding levels for each
segment_

The patient lies prone with the arms alongside the trunk or abducted to 90 off the
sides of the table. The therapist stands at the head of the table and supports the
patient's head on the therapist's hand and forearm. The therapist extends the
patient's head to the level of involvement and rotates and laterally flexes the head
away from the tender point side.

Note:
96

PTI-2

PT I , 2 may be treated in the supine position by extending the head off the end
of the table and rotating and laterally flexing away from the tender point side.

Treaunenr Procedures

97

CHAPTER 6

72,74. Posterior Third, Fourth, and Fifth Thoracic (PT3,5)

Interspinales, Multifidus, Rotatores

PRI
PR2
PRJ
PR4
PRS
PR6
PR7
PRe
PR9
PRI O
PRI2
PRI I

"I

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

PTI
_PT2

.-

._PTl
_PT"
-PTS

. . -PT6
--
___ PT7
. . ......

PT8
.. m
PTI O
. PTI I

Scapula
PTJ
PT4
PTS

Interspinales
Multifidi
External
intercostals
Levator costae
BreviS Levatores
Longus costarum

These tender points are located on the side of the spinous process (pressure is
medial), in the paraspinal area (pressure is anterior), or on the posterior aspect
of the transverse processes (pressure is anterior) at the corresponding levels for
each segment.

The patient lies prone with the arms on the table along the side of the head to
create more spinal extension. The therapist stands at the head of the table and sup
ports the patient's head with the therapist's hand and forearm. The therapist extends
the head to the level of involvement, markedly rotates, and moderately laterally
flexes the head away from the tender point side.

98

CHAPTER 6

Treatmem Procedures

Posterior ThoraCic Spine

75,78. Posterior Sixth through Ninth Thoracic (PT6,9)

Multifidus, Rotatores

PRI
PR2
PR3
PR4
PRS

PR8

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Clavicle
..-

PTI
_PT2
..-PT3
"-PT4
-PT5
-PT6
---. PT7
........
...
____.... PTa
PT9
PTIO
. PTII
PTll

Scapula

External
intercostals
Levator costae
Brevis Levatores
Longus costarum

These tender points are located on the side of the spinous process (pressure is
medial), in the paraspinal area (pressure is anterior), or on the posterior aspect of
the transverse processes (pressure is anterior) at the corresponding levels for
each segment.

The patient lies prone with a cushion under the chest and with the arm on the
tender point side resting alongside the head. The opposite arm is abducted to 90
resting off the side of the table or is placed alongside the trunk. The therapist stands
near the head of the table between the patient's head and shoulder on the side
opposite the tender point. The therapist grasps the axilla on the affected side and
pulls the shoulder posteriorly and in a cephalad direction, producing traction, exten
sion, rotation, and lateral flexion away from the tender point side.

Note:

The more lateral the tender point, the more flexion and rotation will be used.

Treafmem Procedures

79,81.

PRI I
Location of
Tender Point

99

Posterior Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Thoracic

(PT10, 12) Multifidus, Rotatores, Quadratus Lumborum

PRI
PR2
PR3
PR4
PRS
PR6
PR7
PRB
PR9
PRIO

HAI'TER 6

Position of
Treatment

....-PTI
..-PT2
PT3
PT4
-PTS
-PT6
.. --

.. ..-

Clavicle
Scapula

:r;:o.,...;:-c-""""')\- Levacor costae

____

PT7
......... PT8

PT9
..
. PTI

Incerspinales
_ Multifidi
Excernal
incercostals
Brevis L Levacores
costarum

ilW..."....,...,,,,,- LongusJ
PTI 0 --\iW:7Z:;1
PT I I -jj
'fi';;z;..o'b

PTI 2

-f,

These tender points are located on the side of the spinous process (pressure is
medial), in the paraspinal area (pressure is anterior), or on the posterior aspect of
the transverse processes (pressure is anterior) at the corresponding levels for
each segment.

The patient lies prone with the head end of the table raised or with cushions under
the patient's chest. The therapist stands at the level of the patient's pelvis opposite
the tender point side. The therapist reaches across the patient and grasps the ante
rior ilium on the involved side and pulls posteriorly and toward the therapist, cre
ating a rotation of the pelvis of 30 to 45. For lateral tender points additional lateral
flexion may be needed. This is accomplished by moving the patient's legs along the
table away from the tender point side (see photo above left).
Alternatively, the hip on the tender point side may be abducted and flexed (see
photo above right.)

P 0 S T E RIO R RIB S

Tender Points

PRI

PR2I O

100

Posterior Ribs
82. Posterior First Rib (PR1)
PRI

PR2
PR3
PR4
PRS
PR6
PR7
PR8
PR9
PRI O
PRI 2
PRI I

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

PTI
_PT2
..-PTJ
"-PT4
-PTS
-PT6
..-

.........

____.
____.

PT7
PT8

PT9
PTI
O
.PTI

Scalenus Medius, Levator Costorum

Scapula

Multifidi
External
intercostals
levator costae
Brevis Levatores
Longus costarum

This tender point is located on the superior aspect of the first rib deep to the ante
rior margin of the upper portion of the trapezius. Pressure is applied inferiorly.

The patient is sitting with the therapist standing behind the patient. The therapist
places his or her foot on the table at the side of the patient opposite the tender
point side. The patient's axilla rests on the therapist's thigh, and the therapist trans
lates the patient's trunk away from the tender point side. The therapist supports the
patient's head against the therapist'S chest and places the neck in slight extension
and fine-tunes the position with lateral flexion (usually away) and rotation (usually
toward) the tender point side.
1 01

1 02

CHAPTER 6

Treatment ProcedlTes

Posterior Ribs

8391. Posterior Second through Tenth Ribs (PR210)

lntercostals, Levator Costorum

PRI
I
PR __ ..--PTI
PRJ ___ -__ PT2
-- _ PTJ
PR4-... - -_ PT4
I'K"i
r-_
_ --_ PTS
PR'7-jI----__
_..;. -__
PR,'-ir--_-...:. -- ---. PT6
PT7
__
__
PTa
__
PRln-lIl- -- PT9
.... -PTI O
PR 12 -1-1;--. -PTI I
PRI I

Clavicle

- -

!:::::

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

PR2IO

i I
!r Multifidi
External
intercostals

'D'Y.-,\-

Levator costae
Brevis L Levatores
-rti\- LongusJ COStarum

These tender points are located on the posterior angles of the ribs. To access ribs 2
through 10 it may be necessary to protract the ipsilateral scapula by adducting the
involved arm across the chest. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

Assume, for the purposes of illustration, that the tender point is on the right side.
The patient sits in front of the therapist with the therapist's right foot on the table
to the right side of the patient. The patient rests the legs on the table with the knees
pointing to the right while the right arm rests on the therapist's right thigh. The ther
apist side bends the patient's trunk to the left by translating it to the right. The ther
apist then rotates the patient's trunk to the left.

Treatmem Procedlres

CHAPTER 6

103

92, 93. Posterior Eleventh, Twelfth Ribs (PRll,12)

Intercostal, Levator Costorum, Quadratus Lumborum

PRI
PR2
PR3
PR4
PR5
PR6
PR7
PRB
PR9
PRIO
PRI
PRII

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Clavicle
PTI

...- _PT2
e-

PT3
e-PT4
-PTS
-PT6
.........
PT7
......
____... PT8
PT9
PTIO
. PTI

Multifidi
External
intercostals

Scapula

These tender points are located on the tips of ribs

posteriorly or medially.

Levator costae
Brevis Levatores
Longus costarum

I I

and 12. Pressure is applied

Assume, for the purposes of illustration, that the tender point is on the right side.
The patient sits in front of the therapist with the therapist's left foot on the table to
the left side of the patient. The patient rests the legs on the table with the knees
pointing to the left while the left arm rests on the therapist's left thigh. The therapist
flexes and side bends the patient's trunk to the right, down to the level of the tender
point, by translating it to the left.

UPP E R LIMB
elmical presentations involving the upper limh Include

UPPER LIMB DYSFUNCTION

pain, pareMhesia, weakness, restriction of morian, repetitive

Pam and resfric[(on of motion 10 the upper limb can

arise from Jr,my sources. Local articular changes and syn
ovialfcapsu:ar mOammatory processes can produce reflex

strain injuries, thoracic outlet symptoms, hursltis, arthritis.

tendonitis, and "frozen shoulder."
With peripheral joint mvolvement, (he tender point will

any of the soft

often be found on the opposite side of the perceived ten

tisues: joint capsules. tendons. musculotendinous regions,

demess. In general, it is advised that significant thoracic

muscle. fascia, and even in intraosseous lesions of the long

and cervical lesions be treated first according to the general

honcs.'i

rules and principles. (See Chapter 4.)

muscular hypertonicity. Pain can originate

III

The wide range of motion mherent in the upper limb

aff",ded by the bipedal posture of the human has allowed
for increased case of manipulation am.! control of the cnvi#
rooment. As

111

all of nawre, every advamagc has its price.

'hEATMENT

Essentially, PRT is "applied anatomy" and trc..llment is

ThiS IIlcreased range of motion exposes us to an increased

directed toward reproducing the action of and shortenmg

risk of trauma. The myriaJ uses of this versatile limh (in

the involved tissues. In many cases the position IS accom#

the quadruped ItIi

use

is limited primarily to iOCOll'lOtion)

pllShed simply by folding the body over the tender pomt.

..;,ubjecl<; uS [0 a variety of potential strain forces. Sudden

Careful attention to the local anatomy will clarify and facil

trauma such

as

falls, blows, and rapid, overextended mOtion,

Itate the position of comfort. It is strongly recommended

well as repetitive stram injuries, can re."iulr in reflex hyper;

that significant lesions of the thoracic spine and rlh cage,

tonicity and tlysfunction. This vulnerability to trauma is espe

when of equal or greater tenderness than the lesion in the

cially prevalent in the region of the shoulder.

upper limh, be treared first. Thi will greatly improve [he

Dysfunction of the upper limb is assessed on the basis of

active and pa..;,sivc ranges of motion ant! treng(h .lO

ment of the higherpriority thoracic lesion resolves the

as

Assuming that strength

IS

within normal "mits, restricted

range of morion anti the assessment of jomt play affords the

most preCise mformation with respect to the specific tissues
Involved in the dysfunction.

104

efficiency of the treatment program. In many cases, treat

tender point in the upper Iimh.

SH0U L0ER

Tender Points

YIii/-f-- MHU
- SUB
,eI-+--I-

Anterior Shoulder Region

MSC
SSM PAC

1:

+lSs SSL
ISS
"'>'-f-- ISM
TMI
'-+-ISI
TMA

J?:""

LD

Posterior Shoulder Region

105

Shoulder
94. Trapezius (TRA)
SCl

Trapezius (Upper Fibers)

TRA

MC

TRA

BlH

BSH
PMI

Subclavius

Deltoid
Pectoralis
minor (cut)

PMA --
SER

Biceps
brachii

+4J-h/...jf.4- \

long
head

Short
head
Serratus
anterior

Location of

These tender points are located along the middle portion of the upper fibers of the

Tender Point

trapezius. Pressure is applied by pinching the muscle between the thumb and fingers.

Position of

The patient is supine with the therapist standing on the side of the tender point. The

Treatment

patient's head is laterally flexed toward the tender point side. The therapist grasps
the patient's forearm and abducts the shoulder to approximately 90 and adds slight
flexion or extension to fine-tune.

106

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

107

95. Subclavius (SCL)

SCl

TRA

AAe
BLH

BSH

PMI

SCL

Deltoid

---

SER

Pectoralis
minor (cut)

PMA

Subclavius

Subscapularis

Biceps
brachii

-\,1HHJICt

ong
head

Short
head

Serratus
anterior

"I

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the undersurface of the middle portion of the clav
icle. Pressure is applied superiorly and somewhat posteriorly.

Position of

I . The patient is supine and the therapist stands on the opposite side of the tender

Treatment

point. The therapist adducts the arm obliquely across the body approximately 30
and adds slight traction caudally. (See photo above left.)
2. The patient is lateral recumbent with the tender point on the superior side. The
therapist stands behind the patient and places the affected arm in slight extension
behind the patient's back. Pressure is applied to the affected shoulder to cause it
to be adducted in the transverse plane. R etraction or protraction and flexion or
extension are added for fine-tuning. (See photo above right.)

108

Trearmenr Procedures

CHAPTER 6

Shoulder

96. Anterior Acromioclavicular (AAC)

Pectoralis Minor
SCL

Anterior Deltoid,

TRA

AAC
AAC

BLH

BSH
PMI

Deltoid

PMA

--

SER

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Pectoralis
(cut)

minor

Biceps
brachii

-+-\f-IHJR-

ong
head

Short
head

This tender point is located on the anterior aspect of the acromioclavicular joint
near the distal end of the clavicle. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

I . The patient is supine. The therapist stands on the opposite side of the tender
point and grasps the patient's affected arm above the wrist. The therapist then
slightly flexes and adducts the arm obliquely across the body at an angle of
approximately 30 and adds a moderate amount of caudal traction in the direc
tion of the opposite ilium.
2. The patient is supine and the therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The
therapist grasps the affected forearm and flexes the arm to approximately 90
and fine-tunes with slight adduction and internal rotation.

Treatment Procedures

97. Supraspinatus Lateral (SSL)

SSL

CHAPTER 6

109

Supraspinatus Tendon

----

h;:"-"<lI_ SSl

"I

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located deep to the belly of the lateral deltoid muscle just infe
rior to the acromion process. The therapist must flex or abduct the arm to approxi
mately 90 in order to slacken the deltoid sufficiently to allow for palpation of the
tender point. Pressure is applied inferiorly.

Position of

The patient is supine. The therapist produces a combination of flexion and abduction

Treatment

of the arm to approximately 120 and adds slight external rotation to fine-tune.

liD

Treatment Procedu.res

CHAPTER 6

Shoulder

98. Biceps Long Head (BLH)

SCL

TRA

MC
Subclavius
Subscapularis

BLH

BSH
PMI

Deltoid

PMA

---

SER

Pectoralis
minor (cut) -\-%I-.fF;'-\; \
ong
Biceps head
brachii Short
head
Serratus
anterior

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the tendon of the long head of the biceps in the
bicipital groove. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

Position of

The patient lies supine with the therapist standing on the side of the tender point.

Treatment

The therapist flexes and abducts the patient's shoulder and flexes the elbow, and the
dorsum of the patient's hand is placed on the patient's forehead. The therapist grasps
the patient's elbow and fine-tunes the pOSition by varying the amount of abduction
and internal or external rotation.

Treatmem Procedures

CHAPTER 6

III

99. Subscapularis (SUB)

Subscapularis
Deltoid

SUB

Pectoralis
minor (cut)

Biceps
br;achii

SUB

ong
head
Short
h..d

Serraws
anterior

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the lateral border of the
scapula. Pressure is applied medially and then posteriorly.

Position of

The patient is supine with the lateral aspect of the trunk on the involved side even

Treatment

with the edge of the table. The therapist stands or sits on the tender point side and
grasps the forearm of the patient and places the shoulder in approximately 30 of
extension. adduction. and internal rotation.The shoulder may be elevated to fine
tune the position.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

liZ
Shoulder

100. Serratus Anterior (SER)

TRA-_----,
SCL

AAC-_.1A
BLH

Subscapularis

Deltoid

BSH
PMI

Pectoralis
incr (cut) ---+4fJ-H.P"t

PMA---

SER

Location of
Tender Point

SER

These tender points are located on the costal attachments of the serratus anterior
on the anterolateral aspects of ribs 3 through 7. Pressure is applied medially.

Position of

The patient is seated or supine. The therapist contacts the tender point with his or

Treatment

her ipsilateral hand and then grasps the involved arm anteriorly with the other hand.
The arm is drawn across the chest in horizontal adduction and flexion.

Note: These tender points are located on the lateral aspect of the ribs, whereas the
anterior rib tender points are located on the superior aspect of the ribs.

Treatment Procedures

101. Medial Humerus (MHU)

CHAPTER 6

113

Glenohumeral Ligaments

Subclavius
Subscapularis
Deltoid
SUB

Pectoralis
minor (cut) -'c--tf;fHlI"t
ong
Biceps head
brachii Short
head

MHU

Serratus
anterior

"I

location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located high in the axilla on the medial aspect of the head of the
humerus. Pressure is applied laterally.

Position of

The patient is supine with the therapist standing on the side of the tender point. The

Treatment

therapist applies a cephalad compressive force on the elbow through the long axis of
the humerus. This position results in increased adduction of the glenohumeral joint
by reducing the scapulohumeral angle.

Note: This lesion may be associated with frozen shoulder.

Treacmem Procedures

CHAPTER 6

1 14
Shoulder

102. Biceps Short Head (BSH)

SCL

TRA

MC

Subclavius
Subscapularis

BLH

aSH

Deltoid

PMI

PMA--SER

aSH

Pectoralis
minor (cut) -+'W-IHj'

Biceps
brachii

ong
head
Short
head
Serratus
anterior

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the inferior lateral aspect of the coracoid process.
Pressure is applied superiorly and medially.

Position of

The patient is supine. The therapist stands or sits on the side of the tender point,

Treatment

flexes the patient's shoulder to approximately 90 with the elbow flexed, and adds
moderate horizontal adduction.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

115

103. Pectoralis Major (PMA)

SCL

TRA

AAC

Subclavius
Subscapularis

BLH
?

Deltoid

BSH
PMI

Pectoralis
minor (cut) -\-wtf-ll"i"

PMA---

SER

;;:;:::;;::J

ong
Biceps head
brachii Short
head

PMA

Serratus
amerior

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located along the lateral border of the pectoralis major muscle,
just anterior to the anterior axillary line. Pressure is applied medially.

Position of

The patient may be seated or supine. The therapist stands or sits at the side of the

Treatment

patient on the side of the tender point. The therapist flexes and adducts the patient's
involved arm across the chest and pulls the arm into hyperadduction. The therapist
fine-tunes with variable flexion.

116

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Shoulder

104. Pectoralis Minor (PMI)

SCL

TRA

AAe

BLH
BSH

PMI

PMA

Subclavius
Subscapularis
Deltoid

Pectoralis

PMI

minor (cut) -I-ffi-l-ll."""

ong
Biceps head
brachii Short
head

---

SER

Serratus
anterior

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the medial inferior aspect of the coracoid process
(pressure applied superiorly and laterally) or on the anterior aspect of ribs 2. 3. and
4 just lateral to the midclavicular line (pressure applied posteriorly and medially).

Position of

The patient is sitting in front of the therapist.The therapist grasps the forearm

Treatment

and pulls it behind the patient in a hammerlock position in order to extend and
internally rotate the shoulder.The therapist then protracts the shoulder by pushing
the elbow or shoulder forward. abducting slightly and pushing anteriorly on the
involved shoulder.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

117

105. Latissimus Dorsi (LD)

"--{
"I

Location of
Tender Point

IlISSSSMI
TMI
TMA
LD

This tender point is located on the anterior medial aspect of the humerus just
medial to the bicipital groove (pressure applied posterolateraliy). Another point may
be found 2 to 3 em (0.8 to 1.2 in.) lateral to inferior angle of the scapula. Pressure is
applied anteriorly.

Position of

The patient is supine with the lateral aspect of the trunk on the involved side, even

Treatment

with the edge of the table. The therapist stands or sits on the tender point side,
grasps the forearm of the patient, and places the shoulder in approximately 3D of
extension, adduction, and internal rotation. Long-axis traction is then applied to
the arm.

1 18

CHAPTER 6

Treatmenr Procedures

Shoulder

106. Posterior Acromioclavicular (PAC)

----ISS
e-----t- ISM
lSI
TMI

_---;=
=

AC Ligament

r--- Levator
scapulae
Supraspinatus
rfI.PAC Infraspinatus

e-ilf---LD

Teres minor
11---t-T
- eres major

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the posterior aspect of the acromioclavicular joint
near the distal end of the clavicle. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

Position of

The patient is prone and the therapist stands on the side opposite the tender point.

Treatment

The therapist grasps the patient's involved arm and pulls it obliquely across the body
approximately 30 and applies caudal traction toward the opposite hip.

Treatment Procedures

107. Supraspinatus Medial (SSM)

-{
MOC

---1- 55
1 ISM
----+
_---.1..,. 51
e--_TMI

CHAPTER 6

1 19

Supraspinatus Muscle

c---

Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

,.f.17

Teres minor

04-- T."., major

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located in the belly of the supraspinatus muscle in the
supraspinous fossa or at the musculotendinous junction just medial to the posterior
aspect of the acromioclavicular joint. Pressure is applied anteriorly and inferiorly.

Position of
Treatment

The patient lies supine. The therapist is on the side of the tender point. The therapist
grasps the forearm near the elbow and places the shoulder into 45 of flexion,
abduction, and external rotation.

120

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Shoulder

108. Medial Scapula (MSC)

e-/o

---{

SSM

Levator Scapula, Rhomboid

PAC

---.--- ISS
e----T ISM
_
= ISI
-;=

TMI

_--r----'TMA
"'f--.....- LD

1\--- Levator scapulae

C5:?;4
MSC

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

1"":>1-+-Teres major

Location of

These tender points are located on the superior vertebral angle of the scapula and

Tender Point

along the medial border of the scapula. Pressure is applied caudally, laterally, or both.

Position of

I . The patient is prone and the therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The

Treatment

affected arm is grasped above the wrist, extended 20 to 30, internally rotated,
and tractioned caudally.
2. The patient is prone and the therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The
patient's forearm is flexed at the elbow and the hand is placed under the affected
shoulder. The therapist pushes the lateral aspect of the inferior angle of the
scapula medially and cephalad.
3. The patient is supine. The therapist flexes the shoulder to approximately I 10
to 120 with the elbow flexed and fine-tunes the position with internal or
external rotation.

Treatment Procedures

109. Infraspinatus Superior (ISS)

:;;- PAC
-..
-.- 155

---- ISM
151

_-;:==:,
TMI
__-+ --'
e-#-----,,- LD

CHAPTER 6

121

Infraspinatus (Superior Fibers)

,---- Levator
scapulae
Supraspinatus
rfi Infraspinatus

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Teres minor
;.4-+-- Teres major

This tender point is located along the inferior border of the spine of the scapula.
Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is supine and the therapist is on the side of the tender point. The thera
pist grasps the forearm and flexes the shoulder to approximately 90 to 100 with
moderate horizontal abduction and slight external rotation.

CHAPTER 6

122

Treannent Procedures

Shoulder

1 1o. Infraspinatus Middle (ISM)

Infraspinatus (Middle Fibers)

55M PAC
1\---- Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

-----0-155

---- I S M
_--;==3151

TMI

'--r-'T
-- MA

Mf---L- D

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

ISM

-++-\L--..

Teres minor
04'--+-T
- eres major

This tender point is located in the upper portion of the infraspinous fossa. Pressure
is applied anteriorly.

The patient is supine and the therapist stands on the side of the tender pOint. The
therapist grasps the forearm and flexes the shoulder to approximately I 100 to 1200
with moderate horizontal abduction and slight external rotation.

Treatment Procedures

111. Infraspinatus Inferior (lSI)

H-{

Location of
Tender Point

ISS
ISM

Infraspinatus (Inferior Fibers)

Levator scapulae
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

1TMS
51
TMA
LD

123

CiIAI'TER 6

Teres minor
IS

Teres major

This tender point is located in the central or lower portion of the infraspinous fossa.
Pressure is applied anteriorly.

Position of

The patient is supine and the therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The

Treatment

therapist grasps the forearm, flexes the shoulder to approximately 1300 to 1400, and
fine-tunes with slight abduction/adduction and internal/external rotation.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

124
Shoulder

1 12. Teres Major (TMA)

1\---- Levator scapulae

--- 155
--- 15M
-- 151

--TMI

--,

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus

--

Teres minor
TMA -t-t--<.\

1-/-- Teres major

latissimus
dorsi

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located along the lateral aspect of the inferior angle of the
scapula. Pressure is applied anteromedially.

The patient sits in front of the therapist. The therapist grasps the patient's forearm,
bends the arm at the elbow, and produces marked internal rotation, adduction, and
slight extension (hammerlock position). Internal rotation may be augmented by
pulling the forearm posteriorly.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

125

113. Teres Minor (T MI)

SSM PAC

E:8'l-- Levator scapulae

........-

.e---ISS
e-----.-ISM
_---..) lSI

Infraspinatus

ee---TMI

TMA
H-- LD

e--...r--

Teres minor

TMI

;4--l---- Teres major

dorsi

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the upper third of the lateral border of the scapula
or along the posterior, inferior border of the axilla. Pressure is applied anteriorly,
medially, or both.

Position of
Treatment

The patient sits in front of the therapist. The therapist grasps the involved forearm,
which is bent at the elbow. The shoulder is extended to approximately 30,
adducted, and markedly externally rotated.

E L BO W

Tender Points

LEP -'"

MEP

LCD --H-.... 1fII.<--- MCD

RHS. RHP --t'<'\.\

MOL----I, u)--- LOL

126

Elbow
1 14. Lateral Epicondyle (LEP)

"I

This tender point is located on the supracondylar ridge superior to the lateral epi

Location of

condyle. Pressure is applied medially.

Tender Point

RHS
RHP

LEP __
-.II

__

Position of
Treatment

lE P ---,
,.1

Treatment is directed to the first thoracic segment or the first rib. (AT I . PT I .AR I .
PR I). Check for tender points in these areas and treat according to the general
rules. Monitor the LEP tender point during and after the treatment.

127

118

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Elbow

1 1S. Medial Epicondyle (MEP)

l

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the supracondylar ridge superior to the medial epi
condyle. Pressure is applied laterally.

LEP ___..
RHS
RHP
__
_

MEP

Position of

Treatment is directed to the fourth thoracic segment or the fourth rib. (AT4. PT4.

Treatment

AR4. PR4. MR4). Check for tender points in these areas and treat according to the
general rules. Monitor the MEP tender point during and after the treatment.

Treatment Procedures

1 16. Radial Head Supinator (RHS)

CHAPTER 6

129

Supinator

Brachialis

LEP
RHP

___I.

RHS

__

RHS

Supinar.or """",!}Y

Pronator
teres

j
Pronator ____
quadratus 1.

(..u

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the proximal head of the
radius. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

Position of

The patient may be seated or supine. The therapist grasps the patient's forearm and

Treatment

elbow, markedly supinates the forearm, and mildly extends the elbow. Abduction
(valgus) is used to fine-tune the position.

130

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Elbow

117. Radial Head Pronator (RHP)

Pronator Teres

',
,

Brachialis

RHP

Supinator -""g[

Pronator
teres

Pronator ---f':a
quadratus

location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the proximal head of the
radius. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

Position of

The patient is sitting or supine. The therapist grasps the forearm and elbow and pro

Treatment

duces marked pronation and flexion at the elbow with the dorsum of the patient's
hand coming to rest on the patient's lateral trunk.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

118, 119. Lateral/Medial Coronoid (MCDjLCD)

Brachialis

II

,,

,,

Brachialis

,,
,

RHS
RHP

__
_

13 1

LCD

MCD

$upinator"""""Mi--M

Pronator
teres

de
Pronator
,

quadratus -IT.--,
b

Location of
Tender Point

These tender points are located on the medial and lateral aspects of the coronoid
process of the ulna. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

Position of

The patient is sitting or supine. The therapist markedly flexes the elbow, pronates the

Treatment

forearm to turn the palm forward, and externally rotates the humerus.

CHAPTER 6

132

Treatmem Procedures

Elbow

120, 121. Lateral/Medial Olecranon (MOL/LOL)

Triceps

,,,I/a+-1+-- Medial head

Long head -++,1'
II! ,n'. 4J4.-- Lateral head

Medial head -t-;,

MC'L-t.f.r-- LOL
"IIl-l--- Anconeus

Tender Point

Position of

The patient is seated or supine. The therapist hyperextends and adducts (varus) or

Treatment

abducts (valgus) the elbow and adds slight supination to fine-tune.

Location of

These tender points are located on the lateral and medial aspect of the olecranon
process. Pressure is applied medially or laterally.

W R 1 S T AND H AN 0

Anterior (Palmar) View

Tender Points

Posterior (Dorsal) View

133

Wrist and Hand

122. Common Flexor Tendon (CFT)

eFT

RHS
RHP

__
_

Flexor carpi ---/-i,1,.,

radialis

Common
flexor tendon
Palmaris longus

Opponens
pollicis
Abductor pollicis
(cut)

f--- Palmar aponeurosis

(cut)
,k(/fJ.:l!interossei
Palmar

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the anterior medial aspect of the forearm, just distal
to the medial epicondyle. Pressure is applied posterolaterally.

The patient is supine or seated. The therapist markedly palmar flexes the wrist with
the greatest force being exerted on the hypothenar side. Pronation/supination and
abduction/adduction are used to fine-tune the position.

134

Treatment Procedures

HAPTER 6

135

123. Common Extensor Tendon (CET)

"_ ;
carpi
I
radialis
_ longus
Extensor
carpi ulnaris

Extensor carpi
radialis brevis

Extensor
digitorum--lr:-.11!t\"-Ir- Extensor pollicis longus

Extensor_-,...".,
indicis

DIN

Extensor pollicis
brevis

Interossei --O!f:ti:t\Jn
IP

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the posterior lateral aspect of the forearm, just distal
to the radial head. Pressure is applied anteromedialiy.

The patient is supine or seated. The therapist markedly extends the wrist, with the
greatest force being exerted on the thenar side. Pronation/supination and abduc
tion/adduction are used to fine-tune the position.

136

CHAPTER 6

Trearmem Procedures

Wnst and Hand

124. Palmar Wrist (PWR)

RHS
RHP

__
_

Location of
Tender Point

Wrist Flexors

These tender points are located along the palmar surface of the carpals. Pressure is
applied posteriorly.

Position of

The therapist faces the dorsum of the patient's wrist. The therapist palmar flexes the

Treatment

wrist over the tender point. Fine-tuning is accomplished with siding, pronation or
supination, and radial/ulnar deviation.

Treatment Procedures

125. Dorsal Wrist (DWR)

CHAPTER 6

137

Wrist Extensors

DIN

IP

Location of
Tender Point

These tender points are located along the dorsal aspect of the wrist. Pressure is
applied anteriorly.

Position of

The therapist doriflexes the wrist with slight side bending toward the tender point.

Treatment

Fine-tuning is accomplished with pronation or supination and radial/ulnar deviation.

138

CHAPTIR 6

Treatment PTocedltre

Thumb

126. First Carpometacarpal (eMl)

Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Opponens Pollicis

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located in the thenar eminence on the palmar surface of the
first metacarpal. Pressure is applied posterolaterally.

The therapist flexes (see photo above left) or opposes (see photo above right) the
thumb over the tender point and fine-tunes the position with abduction/adduction
and internal/external rotation.

Treatmenr Procedures

CHAPTER 6

139

Fingers

127. Palmar Interosseous (PIN)

Metacarpophalangeal Joints

MEP

eFT

_
RHS __

RHP

PIN

location of
Tender Point

These tender points are located within the palm of the hand, on the medial and lat
eral sides of the shafts of the metacarpals. Pressure is applied posteromedially or
posterolaterally.

Position of

The therapist markedly flexes the fingers over the tender point with the addition of

Treatment

lateral flexion toward the tender point and rotation to fine-tune the position.

140

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Fingers

128. Dorsal Interosseous (DIN)

Metacarpophalangeal Joints

DIN[

...._IP
...

Location of
Tender Point

These tender points are located on the dorsum of the hand. on the medial and lat
eral sides of the shafts of the metacarpals. Pressure is applied anteromedially or
anterolaterally.

Position of

The therapist markedly extends the finger over the tender point with the addition of

Treatment

lateral flexion toward the tender point and rotation to fine-tune the position.

Note: The metacarpophalangeal joints may also be treated in a similar manner.

Treatment Procedures

129. Interphalangeal Joints (lP)

CHAPTER 6

141

Capsular Ligaments
Leo

.
-'r.

eFT

'i

RHS __
_

tendon
Flexor carpi
radialis

RHP

,..

flexor

MEP

OJ',

Common

Meo

Palmaris
longus

Opponens

"' ..

pollicis
Abductor
pollicis

carpi
ulnaris
Palmar

(cut)

PWR

"'
.

PIN

..

}IP

- J \.- IP
.

Location of
Tender Point

..-l._

These tender points are located on the capsule to the proximal. middle. or distal
interphalangeal joints. Pressure is applied over the tender point toward the center of
the finger.

c+

Position of

The therapist folds the more distal phalanx over the tender point. and rotation and

Treatment

lateral flexion are added to fine-tune the position.

Note: The metacarpophalangeal joints may also be treated in a similar manner.

II

LOWER QUADRANT

PRT Lower Body Evaluation

Patient's name

Practitioner

Dates

. Extremely sensitive
\
Xl.

e . Very sensitive

/-

- Right

- Moderately sensitive
+

Left

- Most sensitive

- No tenderness

(; - Treatment

Anterior Lumbar Spine (pages 144-149)

130_ All
131. ABL2
XlI.

00000
00000

132. AL2
133. AL3

00000
00000

134. AL4

00000
00000

140.SPB

00000
00000
00000

150.PL3-1

135. AL5

00000
00000

00000
00000

Anterior Pelvis & Hip (pages 150-158)

136.IL
137.GMI
XIII.

00000
00000

138.SAR
139.TFL

141.IPB

00000
00000

142.LPB
143.ADD

00000
00000

Posterior Lumbar Spine (pages 159-165)

144.PLl
145.PL2
146.PL3
XIV.

00000
00000
00000

147.PL4
148.PL5
149.QL

151.PL4-1
152.UPL5

00000
00000
00000

153.LPL5

00000
00000
00000

160.GME

00000
00000

Posterior Pelvis & Hip (pages 166-173)

154.SSI
155.MSI
XV.

00000
00000

156. lSI
157.GEM

00000
00000

158. PRM
159.PRL

00000
00000

161.ITB

Posterior Sacrum (pages 174180)

162.PSI
163. PS2
XVI.

00000
00000

164.PS3
165.PS4

00000
00000

166.PS5

00000
00000
00000

174.PES

00000
00000
00000

I S4. FDL

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

200.PCN3

167.COX

00000
00000

Knee (pages 182-192)

168. PAT
169. PTE
170.MK
XVII.

00000
00000
00000

171.LK
172.MH
173. LH

175.ACL
176.PCL

00000
00000
00000

177.POP

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

IS7. EDL

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

206.PMTI

Ankle (pages 193-203)

17S. MAN
179.LAN
180.AAN
XVlll.

00000
00000
00000

lSI. TAL
182.PAN
183.TBP

185.TBA
186.PER

Foot (pages 204-219)

ISS. MCA
189. LCA
190. PCA
191. DCB
192.PCB
193.DNV
142

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

194.PNV
195.DCNI
196.DCN2
197.DCN3
19S.PCNI
199.PCN2

201.DMTl
202.DMT2
203.DMT3
204.DMT4
205.DMT5

207.PMT2
208.PMTJ
209.PMT4
210.PMT5

00000
00000
00000
. 00000
00000
00000

LUMB A R S PINE, P E LV I S, AN D

H I P

, LUMBAR AND PELVIC DYSfUNCTION

and weihthearing mechanism and also as a hou..,mg for the

Low back pam " a lead 109 cause of dlSab,"ty and lost pro

pelVIC vIScera. Ir should be borne in mind that uterine,

ductivity in our IDCicry. The lumbar spine has been the sub

ovarian, prostate, bladder, and lower howcl dysfunction or

jeer of extensive !-.tudy and a wide range of medical inter#

mflammation may have an Important heaTIng un the fllnc

vemions. Modem unagmg methods arc able to detect

tion of the pelvis. These organs have direct contact With

structural abnormalities with great resolution. Surgical can ..

the mtTlnsic muscles and ligaments of the pclvi'l, notahly

oiuarcs are seiecreJ much more carefully, and many sur ..

the levator am and the piriformis.614

geons recognize th,n the detection of significant structural

Clinical manifestations of lumbar and pclvic involvc

pathology is no guarantee of causation or a positive surgical

ment mclude low back pain, scoliosis, hip and lower lllnh

outcome.l It is gradually becommg accepted that myofascial

pain, bursitis, paresthesia, and numerous reflex visceral

dysfunction IS the cause of (he vast majority of painful can ..

symptoms, mcludmg cystitis, irTltable bowel syndrome, and

dltions of the low back anu that surgical procedures arc

dysmenorrhea.

11,e major focus of soft tissue therapy has been the pos

, TREATMENT

inappropriate in most cases. 16

terior musculature of the lumbar spine. These therapies

have met With some degree of success. This type of mter
ventlon often recommends the

use

Posterior lumhar tender pomts are locatcd on thc spmous

of extension, which IS

proces-<;cs, m the paraspmal area, or on thc tips of the trans

also an Importam part of the therapeutic approach 10 PRT

verse processes (attachment of the quadratus lumhorum).

assoc

In certam cas. TI'lC diagnostic method used 10 PRT, how

Accessory reflex tender points

ever, is precise 10 providmg ,iIrection to the use of extension

are al located in the gluteal region. Postcrior Icsion lre

or

flexion dcpendmg on the presemation and the location

of the primary tender pomts.

treated

III

iateU with Ll, 4, and 5

extension, With the addition of rot<uion or side

bending away from the side of the tender pomt.

Modem human; ,pend the majority of the" waking l,ves

Anterior lumbar tender points arc found in relation ttl

m the seated JXlsition. The effect on the lumbar flexor),

the anterior aspect of the pelvis. The tender points for the

over time, Will be an accommodative shortening. TI'le effect

second, third, and fourth lumbar are located on the P""lS ilS

of sudden or excessive extension in the case of intermittent

It pas,o,es over the anterior inferior diac spine. Trcatment IS

exertion or trauma on these shortened flexors is often mag

accomp"shed by varying degrees of flexion WIth the addI

ntfleU because of the lowered proprioceptive threshold and

tion of rotation and side bendmg. These positions are

the contracted state of the fascia. Positional release therapy

accomplllhed by uSing the lower "mbs as lever> to mduce

provides a powerful tool to address this common and often

lumber and pelvic movement.

overlooked cause of low back pain.

Weight-bearing problems associated with abnormal

Pelvis and hip tender points are located antcriorly and

postcTlorly on the pelViS, on the greater tnx:hantcr, or on

function of the feet may also have an Impact on the spine

the femur.

and pelv". The human foot dlStrtbutes weight throughout

Involved muscles, and the leg, are used for added leverage.

Positioning reproduces the action of the

1[5 length, from heel [0 mc, by way of an energyefficient

The sacral tender points were discovercd by MauTlce

longitudinal arch. It should be noted that humans are the

Ramirez, D.O., a brilliant osteopath whom one of us (Roth)

only 31l1mai that walks on its heels. Unfortunately, the ..uti

met while both were studymg with Harold Schwanz,

ficial. hard, flat walkmg surfaces present in modern urban

D.O.," at an osteopathic hospital in Ohio. These lender

settings afford no support for this structure. am.! the detcri

points are associated with the levator am, and lesions are

oration of the arches of the feet may, in time, destabilize the

treated by simply toggling the sacrum by compressmg ante

biomechalllcal effiCiency of the entire pelvis and spine.2Q

The pelvII is pre<enteU here along with the hIp because
the mu<;(.ularure berween the two IS mterdependent. The

riorly on an area across from the tender pemt. The coccyx

IS treated by compressing the sacral apex antenorly and
toward the tender point. IS

pelvis has chnical significance as an Important locomotion

143

ANT E R IO R

L U MB A R

lliacus --\<H\\

144

S PIN E

Tender Points

ALI
AL2
.rla!!_ AL3
- AL4

Anterior Lumbar Spine

130. Anterior First Lumbar (ALI)

ASIS
SAR
GMI

(landmark)

ADD
"I

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Iliacus

AL3
AL4
SPB
LPB
ALS
IPB

This tender point is located medial to the anterior superior iliac spine. Pressure is
applied posteriorly just medial to the ASIS and then laterally on the ASIS.

I . The patient is supine. The therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The
patient's hips are flexed markedly, rotated to the side of the tender point, and lat
erally flexed toward or away from the tender point side.
2. The head of the table may be raised, pillows placed under the patient's pelvis, or a
physical therapy ball used to support the legs to facilitate the treatment (see
photo above right).
145

CHAPTER 6

146

Treatment Procedures

Anterior Lumbar Spine

131. Abdominal Second Lumbar (ABL2)

IL
ASIS
SAR?
GMI

Psoas

(landmark)

ADD
Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

AL4

,..--,..--+--- SPB

'----;-- LPB

----f-- ALS
==t-- 1PB

This tender point is located in the abdominal area approximately 5 em (2 in.) lateral
and slightly inferior to the umbilicus on the lateral margin of the rectus abdominus.

The patient is supine. The therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The ther
apist flexes the hips to 90 and rotates the hips approximately 60 toward the tender point side. and laterally flexes the hips away from the tender point side by
elevating the feet. The head of the table may be raised. or pillows placed under the
patient's pelvis.

Treatmem Procedures

13Z. Anterior Second Lumbar (ALZ)

IL """f--.
ASIS
(landmark)
SAR?
GMI
ADD
Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

CHAPTER 6

147

Iliopsoas

AL4
--+-- SPB
--+L- PB
ALS
---:--- IPB

r---"';-

This tender point is located on the medial surface of the anterior inferior iliac spine.
The hips may be flexed 45 to facilitate location of the point. Pressure is applied pos
teriorly just medial to the AilS, then laterally on the bone.

The patient is supine. The therapist stands on the opposite side of the tender point.
The therapist flexes the patient's hips to approximately 90, rotates the hips approxi
mately 60 away from the tender point side, and allows the feet to drop toward the
floor to produce lateral flexion away from the tender point side. The head of the
table may be raised, or pillows placed under the patient's pelvis.

CHAPTER 6

148

Treatment Procedures

Antenor Lumbar Spine

133, 134. Anterior Third and Fourth Lumbar (AL3,4)

IL
ASIS
(landmark)
SAR?
GMI

AL4
""""'S-1-- PS
'----,,- LPB
-:"'-' -'--- ALS
'--IPS
-

ADD
l

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Iliopsoas

':--

The tender point for AL3 is located on the lateral aspect of the anterior inferior iliac
spine. The hips may be flexed 45 to facilitate location of the point. Pressure is
applied posteriorly just lateral to the AilS, then medially on the bone. The tender
point for AL4 is located on the inferior aspect of the anterior inferior iliac spine. The
hips may be flexed 45 to facilitate location of the point. Pressure is applied posteri
orly just inferior to the AilS, then superiorly on the bone.

The patient lies supine. The therapist stands on the side opposite the tender pOint.
The therapist flexes the patient's hips to approximately 70 to 90 and rests the
patient's legs on the therapist' thighs or on a physical therapy ball. The hips are later
ally flexed away from the tender point side by pulling the legs toward the therapist.
Fine-tuning is added by slightly rotating the hips toward or away from the tender
point side.

Treatment ProcedHres

135. Anterior Fifth Lumbar (ALS)*

CHAPTER 6

149

Iliopsoas

IL

ASIS
SAR -/
GMI

(landmark)

ADD
Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

AL4
SPB
LPB
ALS
IPB

This tender point is located on the anterior surface of the pubic bone approximately
1.5 em (0.6 in.) lateral to the symphysis pubis. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

The patient lies supine with the therapist standing on the side of the tender point.
The therapist flexes the hips to approximately 900 to 1200 and rotates the hips
toward and laterally flexed away from the tender point side.

ANT E RIO R

P E L V I S AN D HI P

GMI --#J.

Anterior View

TFl

Lateral View
1 50

Tender Points

Anterior Pelvis and Hip

136. Iliacus (IL)
Iliacus
IL

IL

ASIS

(landmark)

GMI

ALl
AL4
SPB
LPB

ADD

IPB

SAR

ALS

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

IL

Gluteus
minimus and
medius
Tensor
fasciae
latae
Iliopsoas

Rectus
femoris

This tender point is located approximately 3 cm ( 1.2 in.) medial to the ASIS and
deep in the iliac fossa. Pressure is applied posteriorly and laterally.

The patient lies supine with the ankles supported on the therapist'S thighs (see photo
above left) or on a physical therapy ball (see photo above right) or chair. The therapist
stands on the tender point side and produces extreme flexion and external rotation
of both hips. Rotation toward the tender point side may be added to fine-tune.

151

152

CHAPTER 6

Treannen! Procedures

Antenor Pelvis and Hlp

137. Gluteus Minimus (GMI)

ASIS
(landmark)
SAR
GMI

Gluteus Minimus (Anterior Fibers)

GMI

....

GMI

-;;:;

ADD
1

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located approximately I cm (0.4 in.) lateral to the anterior infe
rior iliac spine. The hips may be flexed 45 to facilitate location of the point. Pressure
is applied posteriorly.

The patient is supine. The therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The ther
apist flexes the hip markedly (approximately 130) with no abduction or rotation.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

153

138. Sartorius (SAR)

IL
ASIS

(landmark)

SAR?
GMI
ADD
1

------'

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located approximately 2 em (0.8 in.) lateral to the AilS. The hips
may be flexed 45 to facilitate location of the point. Pressure is applied posteriorly.

The patient is supine with the therapist standing on the side of the tender point. The
therapist flexes the hip to 90 and adds moderate abduction and external rotation.

154

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

Anterior PelvIs and Hip .

139. Tensor Fascia Lata ( T FL:

TFL

GME

..,
TFL

ITB

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Lateral and inferior to the ASIS and superior to the greater trochanter. on the ante
rior border of the tensor fascia lata. Pressure is applied posteriorly and medially.

The patient lies supine. The therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The
therapist then flexes the hip to 90 and adds moderate abduction and marked
internal rotation by pulling the ipsilateral foot laterally.

Treatment Procedures

140. Superior Pubis (SPB)

CHAPTER 6

l55

Pubococcygeus

IL
ASIS

(landmark)

SAR
GMI

ADD

____

Tender Point

Position of

Location of

Treatment

AL4
--4-- SPS
"'"----::---LPS
r-':
'- ALS
_--".'--- IPS

SPB

Puborectalis
Pubococcygeus Levator Ani
Iliococcygeus

This tender point is located on the superior aspect of the lateral ramus of the pubis
approximately 2 cm (0.8 in.) lateral to the pubic symphysis. Pressure is applied poste
riorly above the pubic bone and then inferiorly.

The patient is supine. with the therapist standing on the same side as the tender
point. The therapist flexes the hip to 900 to 1200 with no abduction or rotation.

156

CiIAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Antenor PelvIs and HIp

141. Inferior Pubis (IPB)

ASIS

(landmark)

SAR
GMI

-/

Puborecta lis
Pubococcygeus LevatorAni
Iliococcygeus

ADD

lliococcygeus

Location of
Tender Point

This tender point is located on the medial surface of the descending ramus of the
pubis. Pressure is applied superiorly and laterally.

Position of
Treatment

The patient is supine, and the therapist stands on the tender point side. The thera
pist flexes, abducts, and externally rotates the affected hip.

Treatment Procedures

142. Lateral Pubis (LPB)

CHAPTER 6

157

Obturator Extemus, Pectineus

_
ILi--+::-ASIS

(landmark)

SAR
GM I

-?

AOO ---.......

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

AL4
o------i-- SPB
'----I- LPB
r--!.-- ALS
----i- IPB

This tender point is located on the lateral surface of the body of the pubic bone on
the medial margin of the obturator foramen. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient is supine. The therapist stands on the same side as the tender point and
flexes the patient's hips to approximately 90. The therapist places his or her foot on
the table and rests the patient's legs on the therapist's thigh. The unaffected leg is
crossed over the affected leg. The therapist then uses the affected leg to internally or
externally rotate the femur.

Note:

A physical therapy ball or a chair may be used to support the patient's legs.

158

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Anterior PelvIs and Hip

143. Adductors (ADD)

IL
ASIS

(landmark)

SAR
GMI

ADD

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

AL4

"-:---:lI!-- SPS
"---'+--- LPB
e--'::';-_ ALS
"",*
--

-- IPS

This tender point is located on the anterolateral margin of the pubic bone and the
descending ramus of the pubis (pressure applied posteromedially) or on the lower
third of the adductor muscle belly on the medial aspect of the thigh (not shown).

The patient is supine with the therapist standing on the side opposite the tender
point. The therapist reaches across the patient and grasps the patient's distal tibia
(extended knee) or the lateral aspect of the involved knee (flexed knee) and adducts
it by pulling the leg medially.

P 0 S T E RIO R

L U MB A R

S PIN E

Tender Fbints

Posterior View

G luteus medius
PL3-1 --#..
PL4-1 --li'qW,-,)
Gluteus
maximus ---'"""
(cut)

Tensor

-,1,,..1- fasciae

latae

Iliotibial --I---l+
tract

Lateral View

159

Posterior Lumbar Spine

144, 148. Posterior Lumbar (PL 1,5)
Interspinales, Rotatores, Multifidus

QL {
PS3PS2
PS4PSS
151

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

-PLI
-PL2
-pu
_ L4

PSIUPLS
....SSILPLS
PL3-1
_PL4-1
-MSI
_PRM

These tender points are located on the lateral aspect of the spinous processes
(pressure applied medially), in the paraspinal sulcus or on the posterior aspect of the
transverse processes (pressure applied anteriorly).

The patient lies prone. The head of the table is raised, or pillows are placed under
the patient's chest. The therapist stands on the side opposite the tender point. The
therapist grasps the anterior aspect of the pelvis on the tender point side and pulls
it posteriorly to create rotation of the pelvis of approximately 30 to 45.

Note:

160

Rotatores

Tender points closer to the midline of the body are treated with more pure
extension; lateral tender points are treated with the addition of more lateral
flexion and rotation.

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

16 1

149. Quadratus Lumborum (QL)

--__
--

PS2
PS3

PS'I

-PlI
-Pl2
-PLl
-PL4
-Pt.5

=====:i

PSs------'
ISI ------..,,,.,

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

These tender points are located on the lateral aspect of the transverse processes
from L I to L5. Pressure is applied anteriorly and then medially.

I . The patient is prone with the head of the table raised or a pillow placed under
the patient's chest. The therapist stands on the side opposite the tender point and
reaches across to grasp the ilium of the affected side. The therapist then instructs
the patient to flex and abduct the ipsilateral hip to approximately 45 (see photo
above left).
2. The patient is prone with the trunk laterally flexed toward the tender point side.
The therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The therapist places his
or her knee on the table and rests the patient's affected leg on the therapist's
thigh. The patient's hip is extended and abducted, and slight rotation is used to
fine-tune (see photo above center).
3. The patient is lateral recumbent on the unaffected side with the hips and knees
flexed to approximately 90. The therapist stands behind the patient and grasps
the ankles and lifts them to induce moderate side bending of the torso. The
patient's shoulder on the affected side is protracted or retracted to fine-tune (see
photo above right).

162

CHAPTER 6

Treatment Procedures

Posterior Lumbar Spine

150. Posterior Third Lumbar, Iliac (PL3I)*

- -PLI
-- -Pl2
-- -PL3
-PL4
- -PLS

======1

Multifidus, Rotatores

PS 2
PS3

PS4

PS5
IS I -----::"'"
---

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

UPLS
LPl5
....
.SSI

PU.I

.-PL41
e___MSI
e___ PRM
PRL
GEM

This tender point is located approximately 3 cm ( 1.2 in.) below the crest of the ilium
and 7 cm (2.8 in.) lateral to the posterior superior iliac spine. Pressure is applied
anteriorly and medially.

The patient lies prone while the therapist stands on the same side (see photo above
left) or the opposite side (see photo above right) of the tender point. The therapist
then extends the thigh on the affected side and supports it with the therapist's leg
or a pillow. The therapist then moderately adducts and markedly externally rotates
the thigh.

Treatment Procedures

163

CHAPTER 6

15 1. Posterior Fourth Lumbar, Iliac (PL4,I)*

Multifidus, Rotatores

QL
PS2

_
-

-PLI
-Pl2
-PLJ
-PL4

151 ---4

PL41

PSI

PSPSS3 =======1

PS4

Gluteus medius

551
PL3-1

"

.-PL4-1

.--

Gluteus
maximus
(cut)

Tensor
fasciae
latae

PL4-1

Iliotibial --1-4'1-
tract

"I

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located approximately 4 cm (1.6 in.) below the crest of the ilium
and just posterior to the tensor fascia lata.

The patient lies prone while the therapist stands on the same side of the tender
point. The therapist then extends the thigh on the affected side and supports it with
the therapist's leg or a pillow. The therapist then slightly adduces and moderately
externally rotates the thigh.

Note: Pl31

and

PL41

may also be performed in the lateral recumbent position.

HAI'TER 6

164

Treannenr PTocedlTes

Postenor Lumbar Spine

152. Upper Posterior Fifth Lumbar (UPL5)

Multifidus, Rotatores, SI Ligaments

---

PS2
PS3
PS4

PS5
lSI

-PLl
-Pl3
-Pl4

PSI
LPl5
SSI
PL3-1
.-PL4-1
MSI
PRM

==== -PL5

location of
Tender Point

-PLI

Position of
Treatment

"

This tender point is located on the superior medial surface of the posterior supe
rior iliac spine. Pressure is applied inferiorly and laterally.

The patient lies prone with the therapist standing on the opposite or same side of
tenderness. The therapist extends the hip on the affected side and supports the
patient's leg on the therapist's thigh. The therapist then slightly adducts the patient's
leg and adds mild external rotation to fine-tune the position.

Note:

The primary movement is extension. The treatment may also be performed in

the lateral recumbent position.

Treatment Procedures

153. Lower Posterior Fifth Lumbar (LPL5)

QL
PS 2
PS3
PS4

- e e e-PLI
- -pu
- -PlJ
- e e e -Pl4
- eee

CIIAPTER 6

165

Iliopsoas, SI Ligaments

PSI

====:=
s
"'
SSI

...-P-.- L3-1
e-PL4-1

PS5

_MSI

ISI ---

LPLS

"I

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located approximately 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) inferior to the posterior
superior iliac spine in the sacral notch. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

I.

The patient lies prone. The therapist. seated on the tender point side. asks the
patient to move to that side of the table so that the affected leg can be dropped
off the edge of the table. The therapist then grasps the ipsilateral leg. flexes the
hip to approximately 90. and adds slight adduction and internal rotation. The
opposite ilium may be retracted slightly to fine-tune.

2. The patient lies prone. The therapist stands on the opposite side of the tender
point and grasps the ilium. at the level of the ASIS. on the side of the tender
point. The patient is instructed to flex and abduct the leg on the affected side. The
ilium is then retracted and rotated toward the tender point side.

Note:

This is a flexion dysfunction with a tender point located posteriorly.

P 0 S T E R IO R P E L V I S AN D H IP Tender

SSI

GME
Gluteus
minimus
/; .,-"-+- MSI
;;:;5--;- Piriformis
", .q- PRM
Superior
gemellus

PRL
Quadratus
femoris
Obturator
internus

Posterior View

.---I--".l'!f- ITS

166

Lateral View

Points

Posterior Pelvis and Hip

154. Superior Sacroiliac (SSl)
--

-Pll

-PLI
-PL3
-PL4

PSI

UPLS
LPLS
PS2
PS3 :====::::jJ 'SSI
PL3-1
PS4

Gluteus Medius

PS5------'
ISI -------::"""

PL4-1

Gluteus

",.y..- minimus

----i't- Piriformis

Superior
'---!-.;) gemell
us
internus

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Inferior
gemellus

Quadratus
femoris

This tender point is located on the lateral aspect of the posterior superior iliac
spine (PSIS). Pressure is applied anteriorly approximately 3 cm ( 1.2 in.) lateral to the
PSIS and then medially.

The patient is prone, and the therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The
therapist places his or her foot or knee on the table and supports the patient'S
extended thigh on the therapist's thigh. The hip is moderately extended and slightly
abducted.

167

CHAPTER 6

168

Treatment Procedures

Posterior Pelvis and HIp

155. Middle Sacroiliac (MSI)

- -Pl.1
-- -PL2
-- -PL3

-Pl.4
- -Pl5

PSI

UPL5
LPL5
PS2 :====3 "551
PS3
PS4

PSS

151-----:

PL3-1
PL4-1

Gluteus Minimus

Gluteus
minimus

t-."---f-- MSI
""'--""'!--:fl-- Pirifor mis

'-r----) gemel
Superior
lus

Quadratus
femoris

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located in the center of the buttocks. Pressure is applied anteri
orly and medially.

The patient is prone, and the therapist stands on the side of the tender point. The
therapist grasps the patient's leg and markedly abducts the thigh. The therapist fine
tunes the position with a slight amount of flexion/extension or internal/external
rotation.

Treatment Procedures

156. Inferior Sacroiliac (lSI)

...
-

PS4

151

169

Coccygeus, Sacrotuberous Ligament

-P\.3

-PLI
-Pl2

PSILPLS
UPLS

-P1.4
-P\.5

=-====
PS5-----'

PS2
PS3

HAPTER 6

"

551
PL3-1

---7"lI

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located in a line along the sacrotuberous ligament from the
ischial tuberosity to the posterior aspect of the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum.
Pressure is applied anteriorly and laterally.

The patient is prone with the therapist on the side opposite the tender point. The
therapist reaches across to grasp the leg on the involved side and extend. adduct.
and externally rotate it across the uninvolved leg. This position may be performed in
the lateral recumbent posture with the involved side up.

170

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

Postenor Pelvis and H,p

157. Gemelli (GEM)

-QL{ --

PS2
PS3
PS4
PSS

-PI.I
-PLl
-PlJ
-Pl4
-PlS

Gemelli, Quadratus Femoris

151

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on a line from the lateral inferior surface of the ischial
tuberosity to the medial aspect of the posterior surface of the greater trochanter of
the femur. This is along the gluteal fold. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

I . The patient is prone. The therapist stands on the opposite side of the tender
point, places the patient's ankle in the therapist's axilla, and grasps the patient's
flexed knee. The therapist extends, adducts, and externally rotates the hip. (See
photo above left.)
2. The therapist stands on the same side as the tender point and supports the
patient's thigh on the therapist's thigh (which is resting on the table) and pro
duces extension, adduction, and external rotation. (See photo above right.)

Treatment Procedures

CHAPTER 6

171

158, 159. Piriformis-Medial (PRM) Piriformis

Piriformis-Lateral (PRL) Piriformis Insertion

-{ ---

QL

PS2
PS3

PS5
151

Tender Point
(PRM)

Location of
Tender Point

...

PS4

Location of

Pll

-Pll
-P\.3
-PL4

PSI
UPL5
LPLS
551
PL3-1
.-PL4-1
____M
__ 51

PRM
PRl

PRM
PRL

This tender point is found in the belly of the piriformis approximately halfway
between the inferior lateral angle of the sacrum and the greater trochanter. Pressure
is applied anteriorly.
This tender point is located on the posterior, superior, lateral surface of the greater
trochanter. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

(PRL)

Position of
Treatment

I . PRM: The patient is prone, and the therapist is seated on the tender point side.
The ipsilateral leg is suspended off the table with the bent knee resting on the
therapist's thigh. The hip is flexed to approximately 60 to 90 and abducted.
Internal/external rotation is used to fine-tune the position. (See photo above left.)
2. PRL: The patient is prone, and the therapist stands on the tender point side. The
ipsilateral thigh of the patient is extended and abducted and supported on the
therapist's thigh, which is resting on the table. The therapist brings the patient's
thigh as close as possible to the therapist's hip and then rolls the patient's thigh
down toward the table to produce marked external rotation. (See photo above
right.) (This treatment may also be used for PRM.)
Note:

Piriformis is an external rotator when in extension and an abductor when in

flexion.

172

Ci IAfYrER 6

Treacment Procedures

Posterior Pelvis and Hip

160. Gluteus Medius (GME)

::><:::..

GME

GME

__-.
Ifh-TFL

ITS

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

These tender points are located on a line approximately I em (0.4 in.) inferior to
the iliac crest and 3 to 5 em ( 1. 2 to 2 in.) on either side of the midaxillary line. Pres
sure is applied medially.

The patient lies prone, and the therapist stands on the same side as the tender
point. The therapist extends and abducts the hip and supports the patient's leg on
the therapist's thigh. The hip is pOSitioned in marked external rotation for tender
points located posterior to the midaxillary line (see photo above left) and in internal
rotation for those located anterior to the midaxillary line (see photo above right).

Treatment Procedures

CIIAPTER 6

173

161. Iliotibial Band (ITB)

GME ---...
..
.....,
..
"r-- TFL

hl---fjl- ITB

ITB

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

These tender points are located on the iliotibial band along the lateral aspect of the
thigh on the midaxillary line. Pressure is applied medially.

The patient may be supine or prone. The therapist stands on the side of the tender
point, grasps the patient's leg, and produces marked hip abduction and slight hip
flexion with internal or external rotation to fine-tune the position.

P 0 S T E R IO R

S AC RU M Tender

Points

----- 2
;------- 3
4

Posterior View

Pubis

Puborecta lis
Pubococcygeus Levator Ani
Iliococcygeus
Obturator internus

=-----JT- Ischium

Piriformis
Coccygeus
Superior View

174

Posterior Sacrum
162. Posterior First Sacral (PS1 )

QL{

PS2
PS3
PS4
PSS

-P1.1
-Pll

-P1.4
-PLS

PU

Levator Ani
Short posterior
sacroiliac ligaments

PSI

s::s:/

151
Long
posterior
sacroiliac
ligament

Sacrotuberous
ligament
Sacrococcygeal
ligaments

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

Tendon of
biceps femoris

This tender point is located in the sacral sulcus. medial and slightly superior to the
PSIS. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is prone. The therapist applies an anterior pressure on the inferior
lateral angle opposite the tender point side. resulting in rotation around an oblique
axis.

175

176

CHAPTER 6

Trearment PrOCedtlTeS

Posterior Sacrum

163. Posterior Second Sacral (PS2)

QL{

Levator Ani

-Pl.1

-PL2

-PlS

PlJ
Pl.4

PS3
PS4
151

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the midline of the sacrum between the first and
second sacral tubercles. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is prone.The therapist applies an anterior pressure on the sacral apex in
the midline. producing rotation around a transverse axis.

Treatment Procedures

164. Posterior Third Sacral (PS3)

-

QL

PS2

CHAPTER 6

177

Levator Ani

-PLI

P1.2
PLJ

-PL

-PLS

PSS
151

"I

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located in the midline of the sacrum between the second and
third sacral tubercles. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is prone. The therapist applies an anterior pressure on the apex (or
occasionally the base) of the sacrum in the midline. resulting in rotation around a
transverse axis. Alternatively. the patient may be placed in sacral extension by raising
the head end of the table and the foot end of the table or by using pillows to sup
port the patient's trunk and lower limbs in extension. with the third sacral segment
as the fulcrum.

CHAPTER 6

178

Treatment Procedures

Posterior Sacrum

165. Posterior Fourth Sacral (PS4)

QL{

PS2
PS3

Levator Ani

...-
..

,-
-PLl
-
Pl."
-

-PLS

PSS
lSI

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located in the midline of the sacrum just above the sacral hiatus.
Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is prone. The therapist applies an anterior pressure on the sacral base in
the midline. producing rotation around a transverse axis.

Treatment Procedures

166. Posterior Fifth Sacral (PS5)

-

QL

PS2
PSJ
f>S.4

CIIAf'fER 6

179

Levator Ani

-PI.I
-pu
-pu
-PL4
-PLS

151

Location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located approximately I cm (0.4 in.) superior and medial to the
inferior lateral angle of the sacrum. Pressure is applied anteriorly.

The patient is prone. The therapist applies an anterior pressure on the sacral base
on the side opposite the tender point, resulting in rotation around an oblique axis.

CHAPTER 6

180

Treatment Procedures

Posterior Sacrum

167. Coccyx (COX)

Pubococcygeus, Sacrotuberous Lig., Sacrospinous Lig.

QL{

PS2
PS3
PS4
PSS
151

cox

location of
Tender Point

Position of
Treatment

This tender point is located on the inferior or lateral edges of the coccyx. Pressure
is applied superiorly or medially.

The patient is prone. The therapist applies an anterior pressure on the sacral apex in
the midline. Rotation or lateral flexion of the sacrum, usually toward the tender
point side, may be added to fine-tune the position.

DMT2,3

7
The Use of Positi onal Release
Therapy in Clinical Practice
Can Po itional Release

How to Incorporate Positional

Therapy Address Repetitive

Release Therapy with

221

Other Modalitie
The Use of Reality Checks

222

222

222

How Do You Treat

223

Any Suggestions When Working

with Obese Patient ?

223

Regard to Ergonomics and

223

Does Positional Release

Sensations Occur during the

Treatment while the Patient Is
in a Position of Comfort?

225

What Activities Can the

Patient Perform after a
Positional Release Therapy

225

What Can Patients Do about

Posttreatment Soreness?

225

Do You Offer Any Home

Therapy Specifically Treat

Soft Tissue Damage?

224

Treatment Session?

Any Further Sugge tions with

Proper Body Mechanics?

Has Pain?
What Happens If Pain or Other

What Happens If a Tender Point

Conflicting Points?

What Happens If You Are Unable

Points and Yet the Patient

Patients Regarding Positional

Does Not Shut Off?

224

to Locate Significant Tender

How Do You Communicate with

Release Therapy?

Strain lnjurie ?

224

Programs to Your Patients?

Summary

225
225

, How TO INCORPORATE POSITIONAL RElEASE

THERAPY WITH OTHER MODALITIES

reduced in the first few visits so that the patient can

progress with cardiovascular fitness, strengthening,

Positional release therapy helps normalize inappropriate

used for pain management and swelling or to help promote

mobility, and range#of,motion exercises. Modalities may be

proprioceptive activity and promotes the release of muscle

soft.tissue healing. Positional release therapy may not be

guarding and fascial tension, thus increasing soft tissue flex#

the primary treatment for all conditions, but it will help

ibiliry, improving joint mobility, decreasing pain, increasing

many patients overcome certain aspects of the dysfunction.

circulation, and decreasing swelling. By using PRT, the

Based on the evaluation and determination of the calise

patient's muscle, fascia, and articular components are struc#

of the dysfunction, other modalities may be introduced. In

rurally normalized to a point where the therapist can start

the case of persisting articular restriction, these may include

to implement a functional rehabilitation program. It is

manipulation, mobilization, or muscle energy. If the cranial

essential to perform a thorough reevaluation at each visit.

structures are not fully corrected or the dural tube is under

In most cases the patient's pain level will be dramatically

(ension, cranial osteopathy

or

craniosacral (herapy may be

221

222

CHAPTER 7

The Use of Positional Release Therapy in Clinical Practice

applied. With visceral or fascial involvement, the appro

tion that either through various injuries sustained in the

priarc soft tissue technique is used. If the patient demon

past or from the present injury, the tissues may have become

s[rares muscle weakness, a strengthening program should be

injured and are in a shortened, tense position. This can

instituted. Frequently, massage and general exercise pro

result in the tissues being tender to the touch. If these tis,

grams can further release tight, overused muscles, ease fas#

sues (muscles, ligaments, etc.) become short and tense, they

cial tension, and help promote increased circulation.

will create joint stiffness and limit movement.

Modalities slich as ice, heat, and electrical stimulation can

Patients will realize that trauma obtained in the past can

aid in relaxing the patient and can help resolve inflamma

result in accumulated restrictions throughout the body. To

rion, posureatment soreness, and other reactions.

explain areas of dysfunction that are remote from the per,

HHE USE OF REALITY CHECKS

a sweater or blouse, can be used. This demonstrates that fas,

Reali!y checks are orthopedic and functional tests used to

radiate from the source and thus cause strain in surrounding

confirm various Outcomes. These tests must be objective

"reas. (See Chapter 2, Fig. 2-4.)

ceived symptoms, the analogy of a pulled garment, such as

cial restrictions, like fabric, can cause lines of tension to

and measurable. The pain scale from 0 to to may be used

Once the patient understands the purpose of the full,

(0 being no pain and 10 being the most severe) or a range

body evaluation, the therapist should proceed to explain

of,motion test (the patient lifts his arm over his head while

what the patient can expect during and after the treatment

the practitioner uses a goniometer to measure the range in

session. It is suggested that the therapist find a tender point

degrees). Joint hypomobility tests (spinal

to demonstrate the PRT technique and gently bring the

or

sacral spring

tests) and functional tests (doing a deep squat or going up

patient into and Ollt of the position of comfort. This shows

and down stairs) can also be used. If a patient has low back

the patient that the tenderness will disappear in the posi

pain, the range of motion should be evaluated in each of the

tion of comfort and demonstrates that the treatment is

three planes. If it is found that there is pain at *0 on left side

gentle and safe. It is important to explain that the patient

bending and extension at X range, these are two reality

may experience release phenomena consisting of pulsation,

checks that can be used to confirm the outcome of treat,

vibration, paresthesias, pain, or heat while in the position of

ment. Therefore when using PRT it is now possible to mon,

comfort. These sensations will dissipate when a release in

itor left side bending and extension after treatment to see if

the soft tissues is completed. The patient should be

there is a change in the pain level or range of motion. Thus

informed that there should be a significant reduction in

it is important to find two or three objective measurements

tenderness. The patient should be relaxed, more comfort,

throughout the treatment program. It is also important to

able, and able to move more freely. During the 24 to 48

make the patient aware of these reality checks because this

hours after the first treatment, approximately 40% of

will be helpful in motivating the patient as changes occur.

patients report some increased discomfort. Reassure the

patient that this discomfort will disappear after a day or two

, How Do You COMMUNICATE WITH PATIENTS

REGARDING POSITIONAL RELEASE THERAPY?

and that an improvement in the original symptoms will be

Communication is one of the most important aspects in

felt elsewhere. For example, if the sacrum is treated, the

noticed. It is helpful to advise the patient that the discom,

fort may be felt directly in the area treated or that it may be

dealing with the public. On the first visit, it is crucial that

patient may feel discomfort in the sacrum, neck, shoulder,

the subjective evaluation of the painful areas be recorded. It

or other areas of the body.

should also be noted whether the pain is constant, periodic,

If these pretreatment discllssions are omitted, the proba,

or occasional. Have the patients grade pain from 0 to 10,

bility of future problems with the patient is extremely high.

with 0 being no pain and 10 being the most severe. What

Thus it is necessary to prepare the patient and make Sllre that

do they expect to get from therapy? As health care

he is aware of the different sensations he may experience.

providers, we must keep our patients focused on their own

When the practitioner clearly explains what is to be ex

goals. Also, they must decide what they are prepared to do

pected, the patient feels respected and included in the treat'

to obtain these goals. How will they know if they have

ment program. He appreciates that the technique is gentle

obtained their goals? What reality checks will be used? It

and that immediate results may be felr. The pariem values

must be made clear [Q patients how their bodies will move

the time taken, and this ensures satisfaction and confidence

and what they should feel. Some patients have no idea what

with both the practitioner and the rehabilitation program.

wellness feels like. Each patient's expected outcome of

therapy should be discussed and recorded by the practi
tioner to ensure that the goals will be met.
It is important to discuss the rationale of PRT. The

'WHAT HAPPENS IF A TENDER POINT

DOES NOT SHUT OFF?

patient must understand why a full,body evaluation is crit,

ClinicaHy, this has been found to be a rare occurrence. From

ical even when a specific site is so obviously painful. Men-

our experience, when a therapist is unable to shut off a

The Use of Positional Release Therapy in Clinical Practice

CIIAPTER 7

223

tender pOint, she must first establish if she is palpatmg the

tender TXllnt, The practitioner shllulJ he alert to this

exact location of the tcnder point. Some pomL'; aTC close

possibility if the tissues UO not responu as expected.

rogcrher. For example. the anterior third lumbar, which is on

Further ilwestigations or an appropnate referral may

the lateral aspect of the amerior mferior lilac spme. is In

he required.

close proximity [0 the [cm.lcr point for (he gluteus minnnus,

which is I em lateral to the anterior inferior iliac spine. To
treat an anterior

, How Do You TREAT CONFLICTING POINTS?

c,,1 hIp l1exlon of 90 Jegree, anJ siJe bent ,harply away

A paticnt who has experienced a whiplash rype of mJury, for

from the tender pom[ siJe (p. 148). To treat a gluteus

example. may have tender pOints

mmimus. only the involved hip is flexed [0 approximately

rior aspects llf the neck. The practitioner may find that an

DO degrees with 0 degrees of abduction and rmarion

attempt to treat the anterior lesion hy flexing the patient's

111

third lumbar.

the anteTlor and rx)stc

(p. 152). In this situation, these two points are In close prox#

neck ll"'I<ly cause the posterior pam ur tenderness to I11tcnsify.

Imiry. yet their treatments arc different. It is essential that

This IS a case of conflictlllg tenuer points and may he dlf(j

the practitioner know exactly which point is being treated.

cult [0 treat. This situation may warrant searching elsewhere

Second, the practttioner may be on the desired pOint but

in the boJ.y for an equally scn....itive tender pt.lint. Trci.1ting

the [echniquc is not being perfonneJ properly, or palpation of

another equally sensitive tendcr p{)lnt remote from thl"'l area

the comfort zone has not been successfully auamed to

may cause one of the conflicting P1l1l1tS m release, and [reat

achieve the ideal polnon of relaxation. Standard procedure

ment may then continue. If treatment of an eqwllly :;en!)l

might call for only 90 degrees of l1exlon, but a particular

tive tender point docs not facilitMe a change, the theri-Ij1lst

patient may need 120 degrees of flexion to shut that point off.

shoulu rry other treatment modalities. such a craniosacral

important that the camforl zone be carefully

therapy, myofascial release, or muscle energy technique. It is

Therefore It

IS

palpated and that the therapist he aware of the maximal tis.l:iue

IInpornlllt to remember that the patient mUSt he comfnrr

relaxation, uSlIlg thIS as a guide to finetune the technique.

ahle anJ rdaxeJ whtle betng trcateJ, anJ If there IS any paIn

TI'lfd, are all the general rul", beIng followOO properly? Is

the most severe tender P01l1t or area of greatest accumulation

wI-Hie being placed mto the pO"'ltion of comfort. it is n con

traindlcation to that particular rreatment.

of tender P01l1ts being treated first? Is the treatment being

perforrnOO from proXImal to Jista!! Maybe the POInt being
treated will not shut off because there is another point that is
dominant and must be treated before thiS one.
Fourth, there Will be occasions when the ue:sireu POInt

' ANY SUGGESTIONS WHEN WORKING

WITH OBESE PATIENTS?
The size of the patient must be considereu. Aistivc device.

has been Identified anu the appropriate treatment is

such a a physioball or chair on which to ret the patlcnt's

attempteu, but for some reason It does not work. It is Impor

leg.', should be employeJ to prevent the thempl;t from

tant to remember that "the panent is always right." The

hearing the weight. In some cases, an assistant may be helpful

panent's body knows mure about its needs than the thera

for the treatment, The rherapist should never try to support"

pis[ docs, and It IS vital [Q liMen to what It tells you, The

the weight with only hIS hanus or arms. lie should Imng the

treatment positions have evolved from over 40 years of clln

weight in close to his l:x"Kly and usc the larger muscle groups,

Ical experience and were developed by testing different

such as the trunk and legs, for upport, It is important to be

positions on patients and finding which positions seemed to

sure that the table is at an appropriate height to prevent

decrease the tenderne and relax the tissues. In most cases

injury [0 the therapist. The safety of the therapist mu.,t

there will he a position thlt will shut the tender point off

always remalll a consideration. Specialized posltlonmg

and relax the pattern's tISSUCS. (See the followmg section on

table., ,uch a. the one JC\'e!opeJ by one of us (Roth), may

conl1icting pom[s.) The [herapist shoulJ start off WIth

he of great vi:lluc in reducing stram (.see the Appendix),

flexion Jmi extension anu determine which relaxes the tis

With regard [0 palpation of tender pom( on ohese

sues more. Then she shoulu add rotation to the left and to

people, a thorough grar of anatomy j:., mandatory. Gently

the right. To which movement does the patient's boJy

smk the fingers into the tlS.!lUC, sprc<1C..llIlg some of the fat our

responJ better? Next the therapist .hould adJ ,iJe henJ

of the way to locate the ucslrcd point. Palpation may be

IIlg to [he left and right and then fine tune the position,

slightly more difficult and time consummg, but It IS fl(]sslhle,

As the therapist learns to uialogue with the tissues amI gain

expertence through her hands, she will be able to develop
new treatment poSitions for ptlillts that are not covered

III

thIS book.
If the lender poinr returns Immediately after treatment,

'ANY FURTHER SUGGESTIONS WITH REGARD TO

ERGONOMICS AND PROPER BODY MECHANICS?
Throughout the treatment section in this hook, rccommen

there may be a facihtateu segment, suggesting that an

Jations are mauc [hat will help the therapi( ergonomically.

Inflammation or pathologic process is accentuating the sen

The height of the practitioner, the size of the pmient, and

sitivity of the myofascial ti......ues

..
and creating a seconuary

the height of [he tahle may vary. I[ " imperative that [he

The Use of Positional Release Therapy in Clinical Practice

CHAPTER 7

224

praclitioner always remam an a comfortable (reatment posi

the part of the employee. Repetitive motion and sustained

tion. An adjustable table is ideal; however, a footstool can

posture on production lines within the manufacturing

compensate for some differences. It is important to employ

sector and clerical and technical occupations associated

proper fulcrums and bear the weight properly without Oi5#

with the use of computer terminals are common factors

comfort. The therapIst should never try to support weight

causing high risk for CfD. Muscular, (ascial, articular, and

wIth outstretched hands or arms. The weight should be

neural inflammation have been Implicated as the sources

hrought in as close to the therapist's body as possible and

of symptoms.

the larger muscles used (or support. A large physioball or

It is the opinion of the authors that symptoms often arise

chaIT may be used to support the patient's legs. The ball or

In a certain part of the body because of the complex inter

chaiT can be moved easily to assist the patient in side

actions of the tissues. This IS m response to an aberrant dis

bending and rotation. Differenc#sized wedges, pillows. and

tribution of forces related to background centers of fixation.

chairs may be employed to support the patient's body

These areas o( fixation (dysfunction) would result m com

weight. When using the hands to apply pressure, the wrists

pensatory hypermobiliry o( structures

should be locked in extension, elbows extended, and shoul

body. These secondary areas would be subject to excessive

other areas o( the

ders placed directly over the hands when performing com

motion and stretching of tissues (strain). This excessive

pression so that the larger muscle groups are used to deliver

motion, especially if repetttlve, could lead to the micro

the (orce and not the hands.

In the event that a heavy body part requires lifting, the

trauma and the ensuing release of nociceptive chemical

mediators

associated

with

the

production

of

palO.

therapist should extend the elbows, lean back, and use her

Depending on the pattern of compensation. certain activi..

own I:x:'k.ly weight (0 create mechanical advanrage.

ties may directly engage muscular tissues resulting in over'

stretching of these structures. This would lead to a myo..

, DOES POSITIONAL RELEASE THERAPY

SPECIFICALLY TREAT SOFT TISSUE DAMAGE?

ischemia, anaerobic metabolism, metabolic waste accumu'

Positional release therapy mamly treats inappropriate propri

stances. Depending on the pattern o( dysfunction, this

ocelnive acriviry and fascial tension and thus decreases pro,

reflex contraction may result in direct impingement of a

tective muscle spasm. increases strength, decreases swelling,

nerve tract, leading to parasthesia and weakness.

static reflex response of IOcreased contraction, tissue

lation, and the release of pam producing chemical sub

Increases circulation, and improves joint mobility. It

Positional Release Therapy can help to address the com

removes many barriers to allow the body to use more of ics

plex pattern o( symptoms associated with CfD by re"evlng

resources to assist the healing process. If there is tom tissue,

the background myofascial dysfunction, which can set the

PRT may (acilitate a berrer environment (or healing, but

stage for the onset of this disorder. Ir is important to empha

the technique docs not directly repair the tissue damage.

size that, with CfD or RSI as with any other clmical

TI1e tissues require time to heal on their own or may require

disorder, it is the dysfunction rather than the symptoms

surgical Intervention

that must guide the therapeutic intervention. Postural eJu

111

rare cases.

According to Levin, neuromusculoskelc[31 dysfunction

cation, proper ergonomics, job management, and preventa..

is a nonlmear event. This means that it is mediated by

tive exercise, along with the appropriate application of

neural and clectrochclnlcal changes that require a minimal

therapeutic principles such as those presented in this text,

amount of time to develop (i.e., a sudden strain) and almost

can help to address this significant source of absenteeism,

no time to resolve once a corrective intervention is applied.

reduced productivity, and unnecessary drain on health

linear processes, such as fractures, tears, and lacerations,

care resources.

require a suhstantial time interval for the healing process to

effect a repair of the tissue damage. Positional release
therapy is

nonlinear therapy and addresses the nonlinear

aspect o( the inJUry.

, CAN POSITIONAL RElEASE THERAPY

ADDRESS REPETITIVE STRAIN INJURIES?

, WHAT HAPPENS I F You ARE UNABLE TO

LOCATE SIGNIFICANT TENDER POINTS AND
YET THE PATIENT HAS PAIN?
It is important to remember that we have listed more than

ZOO tender points. These are by no means all the tender

The is,ue of repetitive strain injury (RSl), also referred to as

points in the body, bur these are the ones that are explained

cumulative traUlna tfuorder (CfD), is in the forefront o(

in detail, because they appear most conSIstently. I( none o(

industrial health care and is a subject o( much speculation.

these points is found to be tender, it may be necessary to

Symproms of pain, parasthesia, and weakness are associated

reevaluate the patient for tender points

with repetitive occupational activities and are seen in many

In these cases, the general rules should be used t<l treat any

til

other locations.

Industrial settings. These conditions appear to be associated

new point that is found. If no tenderness is found, other sys

With a combination of ergonomic and behavioral factors

terns may be screened (the craniosacral system, myofascial

mcluding sustained posture and poor body mechanics on

system, articular system, etc.), or a more thorough diag

The Use of PositimUlI Release Therapy in Clinical Practice

CHAPTER 7

225

no tic workup or appropriate referral may be required to

accumulated metabolites such as histamines. Other tech#

rule out possible pathology or infection.

niqucs that encourage circulation, the efficient elimination

of toxins, and mental and physical relaxation may be
extremely valuable in minimizing posttreatment reactions.

'WHAT HAPPENS IF PAIN OR OTHER

SENSATIONS OCCUR DURING THE TREATMENT WHILE
THE PATIENT Is IN A POSITION OF COMFORT?

contrast or epsom salt baths, and alternating hot and cold

If a patient complains of pain while the therapist is seeking

to patients. The application of therapeutic modalities, such

Hydrotherapy, in the form of ice and heat, whirlpool baths,

showers, has been effective in providing relief to many
patients. Relaxation and breathing exercises can be taught

a position of comfort, some ti ue that is in dysfunction is

as ultrasound, interferential current, diathermy, and

being stressed and the patient should not be kept in this

microcurrent, may be useful in treating possible reactions.

position. This is a contraindication [0 that position. If it is

In certain cases, over#the#counter analgesics may be neces#

possible [0 get the patient in[Q a position of comfort

sary to help diminish the inflammatory process.

without pain bur a pain, ache. or paresthesia develops

than a few minutes. The patient may also feel heat, vibra,

'00 You OFFER ANY HOME PROGRAMS

TO YOUR PATIENTS?

[ions. pulsations, or an internal movement of the myofas,

Yes. For example, if a patient has a psoas muscle that has

while the patient is being treated, this is acceptable. It is

oftcn part of the release phenomena and will not last more

cial component. Upledger calls this unwinding. If any of

been in spasm for several years and that docs not fully

these sensations occur, it is important CO maintain the

release during the treatlllent session, the patient will be

position of treatment until the sympcoms subside and a

given home positional release exercises to further relax that

release is felt. The patient may experience these various

muscle. A patient who keeps stressing a certain muscle

sensations spontaneously in different regions of the body

because of the type of repetitive action or positioning at

throughout the treatment session. It is important to reas,

home or work could also benefit from a home program.

sure the patient that these sensations are part of the release

These home PRT exercise programs are also highly recom#

phenomena and will not continue after the release has

mended for those individuals who experience muscle ten#

sion because of traveling or muscle soreness resulting from

been completed.

exercise or athletics. Instead of doing stretching exercises,

the patient will perform tissue#shortening exercises and

, WHAT ACTIVITIES CAN THE PATIENT

PERFORM AFTER A POSITIONAL RElEASE
THERAPY TREATMENT SESSION?
Clinically it has been found that a cessation of

then a series of other exercises to strengthen the muscles

and mobilize the jOints.
Home exercises also give some responsibility to patients
for their own wellness. This can help focus their attention

strenuous

in a positive wayan their bodies, instead of the negative

activity for the next 24 to 48 hours is recommended. The

association with pain. This combination can provide a

body is still extremely sensitive, and the protective muscle

valuable source of motivation for continuing the rehabilit3#

spasm can easily return. The tissues may also be connected

tion program and returning CO norlllal activities more

to a facilitated segment that may be vulnerable to reactiva,

quickly. Patients who experience an acute flare#up will be

tion and require time to resolve. The patient may benefit

able to help themselves until they can obtain medical

from heat, massage, gentle mobilization, "aquabics," and

attention, if necessary.

range#of,morion exercises, as well as cardiovascular exer#

cises, such as treadmill, bicycle, or upper#body cycle. These
forms of treatment help increase circulation, mobility, and
flexibility; help decrease stiffness; and may alleviate post

This chapter has outlined several commonly asked ques

treatment soreness, as long as the exercises are gentle and

tions that we have had to address during seminars. We have

there is no strenuous component.

provided a quick reference guide for solutions to problems

that therapists frequently encounter. This chapter has also

'WHAT CAN PATIENTS 00 ABOUT

POSTTREATMENT SORENESS?

cation and the need to identify treatment goals and expec#

Posttreatment soreness usually lasts for approximately a day

been discussed, and specific ergonomic suggestions have

addressed the importance of patient-practitioner communi

tations. Measures to reduce practitioner strain injury have

or two and can be somewhat relieved by gentle exercise and

been provided. In addition, we have outlined specific clin

consuming water to assist the body in the elimination of

ical challenges and methods to facilitate optimal results.

8
New Horizons
Listen ing

to

the Tissues-Treating

the Dysfunction

227

Adaptability and the Role

of Exercise

228

Developing the Art and Science

of Positional Release Therapy

, LISTENING TO THE TISSUES

TREATING THE DYSFUNCTION

228

indirectly related to the source of the condition. In acute

cases, however, treatment directed to the area of symptoms
IS often at least partially appropriate.

The goal of posititional release therapy (PRT) is to be able

The appearance of symproms is a dilemma to the thera

to identify the primary dysfunction and to direct therapy to

pist. We listen to the history of the patient and would like

the source of the dysfunction. The scanning evaluation is a

to remove the discomfort or pain. This, for many of us, is

useful tool that al!ows the practitioner [0 develop an objec

OUf raison d'(Te. We live for the moment when we can

rive basis for determining the primary tender points, which

come to the rescue and alleviate the suffering of our

are an indication of the primary dysfunctions. This makes it

patiems. We are, however, not always as successful as we

possible to unravel the compensatory patterns that manifest

would like to be. In many cases, when symptoms do abate,

the presenting condition of the patient. Positional release

we would like to believe that it was through our efforts, but,

therapy is one of a growing group of therapies that have

if we are honest with ourselves, we mUSt acknowledge thar

evolved in recent years which recognize the inherent prop

there may have been several orher factors responsible fOf

as

erties of organic tissue and attempt to work in harmony

the apparent change. To be symptom oriented in practice is

with them co restore optimal function.

to be set up for failure. We are in constant doubt of ollr SUC

The primary dysfunction is exemplified by fixation and

cesses and failures because of the very nature of symptoms,

loss of physiologic and non-physiologic motion. Fascial and

which are the elusive and changeable outer manifestations

neuromuscular 111echanisms have been altered to resist

of dysfunction.

deformation in the body's attempt to limit furrher destruc

Symptoms are variable, often self-limiting, and subjec

tive potential from ongoing or subsequent trauma. These

tive by their very definition. However, the underlying dys

changes result in the development of an area of persisting

function does not vary, is not selflimiting, and is totally

hypomobility. Over time, this area of relative fixation cre

objective by definition. Efficient diagnosis and appropriate

ares a new, abnormal center of motion in the body and rhus

therapeutic intervention directed toward the dysfunction

induces overstretch, aberrant motion, and hypermobility in

should be the goal of therapy. For example, any firefighter

surrounding tissues. Pain rarely arises in tissue that is fixed.

will teli you that when confronted with flames, the extin

Putting a cast on a broken bone attests to this. It is the tis

guisher should be directed to the base of the flame, and if

sues and joints above and below the cast that become

fuel is feeding the flames, this should be turned off first. This

uncomfortable. Overstretched, straineJ, and hypermobile

is an appropriate analogy to our clinical experiencei m.uch

tissues around the area of fixation become inflamed and

of the frustration and failure to which we have all been

symptomatic. Thus, when we focus our attention on the

subject could be greatly reduced if we would adopt a sim

area of symproms in chronic conditions, we are usually

ilar attitude-that is, focus on the cause of the condition:

dealing with secondary compensations and decompensation

the dysfunction.

227

228

CHAPTER 8

New Horizons

The implications of the tensegrity model (see the

Appendix, p. 246) from a clinical perspective are that all

cific exercise programs, requires the active participation and

cooperation of the patient.

tissues share certain characteristics and that the artificial

Most people acknowledge the importance of exercise as

separation of tissue types and the application of particular

part of a program to restore function after an injury and to

therapeutic interventions to an isolated tissue may be COlm

maintain optimal health. Many, however, find it difficult to

terproductive. Indeed, this model clearly confirms that all

motivate themselves to follow through on this aspect of their

tissues are alike at the fundamental level and arc in[ercon

rehabilitation program. The active component of therapy is

neeted in terms of the transmission of (orces and possibly

often introduced before structural restoration has occurred,

the conduction of electrochemical impulses. With regard to

and these patients frequently experience an aggravation of

the usc of PRT, we feel that any tissue may be implicated in

their symptoms. This is a common mistake in therapy and

the produccion of the apparent clinical presentation.

is a significant reason for failure of the rehabilitation pro

Focusing on the dysfunction. no maner where it may

cess. Positional release therapy and other structural thera

appear, will liberate us from the tyranny of the elusive

pies are necessary to prepare the tissues so that they can tol

symptom and allow us to direct our energies co the cause of

erate exercise. It may be difficult to motivate patients to

the condition rather than the effects.

incorporate exercise into their lives. However, education

and diligence in formulating programs that are achievable

, ADAPTABILITY AND THE ROLE Of EXERCISE

and enjoyable are keys to overcoming this obstacle.

Positional release therapy is a form of structural therapy

necessary to perform certain activities in a smooth and effi#

A sedentary individual may also lack the coordination

that can help restore freedom of motion and functional

dent manner. This can be a factor leading to an increased

integrity to the body. This is accomplished by releasing ten

susceptibility to injury. An athletic individual, on the other

sion in the fascial, muscular, and articular sy tems. Posi

hand, may have a much greater tolerance to exercise. The

tional release therapy removes barriers that restrict normal

active program must therefore be matched to the patient's

elasticity and tone of the tissues, thus allowing the patient

fitness level: gradual and progressive in the case of the

to tolerate more easily, and benefit from, other aspects of

sedenmry person and challenging enough to motivate the

the rehabilitation program.

athlete and the physically fit subject.

The body has the ability to adapt to minor stresses but,

A person who is flexible, strong, coordinated, and in a

as the number is increased, the body has less room to adapt

general state of optimal health is less vulnerable to the

until, a point is reached where the body cannot adapt any

development of dysfunction as the result of injuries. Such a

further. These stresses include environmental factors, emo

person may, indeed, be less likely to be injured in the first

tiona I stress, and the effects of a sedentary lifestyle (i.e., lack

place because of a heightened state of mental alertness and

of physical fitness).

a higher level of physical coordination. An individual who

A sedentary lifestyle tends to make a person more vul#

is fit has a greater adaptable range in the ability to compen

nerable to injury. Lack of physical activity is associated with

sate for the effects of an injury and therefore is more likely

reduced flexibility and strength within the musculoskeletal

to recover quickly and has a reduced tendency to have per

system and a deterioration of the posture. It is also associ#

sisting dysfunction.

ated with diminished cardiovascular fitness and disturbances

Although PRT is a passive therapeutic intervention, it is

in other systems (hormonal balance, glucose regulation, cir

possible to incorporate it into the active part of the pro

culation, digestive function, etc.). Restriction of motion

gram. Certain PRT treatments can be adapted to be per

and joint fixation result in an uneven distribution of forces

fonned by the patient, especially in cases where repetitive

throughout the body during activities such as gait, exercise,

trauma (RSI) may be unavoidable in the patient's occupa

lifting, and repetitive movements. This imbalance in forces

tion or lifestyle. This aspect of the program can be intro

may result in a reduced ability of the body to sustain

duced once the major dysfunctions have been addressed.

injuries, crearing a greater possibility for the development of

These exercises may be gradually augmented by progressive

dysfunction. Emotional stress, metabolic disturbances, and

mobility exercises and strengthening regimens.

visceral pathophysiology mediated by a facilitated segment,

may also feed into the panern of dysfunction and further
reduce the adaptability of the individual.
A complete rehabilitation program should include both

srrucCI<raL and functional therapies. The goal of stnlctural

, DEVElOPING THE ART AND SCIENCE Of

POSITIONAL RELEASE THERAPY
A new paradigm is emerging in our understanding of the

therapy is to restore symmetry and freedom of motion to the

structure and function of the musculoskeletal system and

body. The goal of functional therapy is to develop strength,

how this relates to the etiology and resolution of dysfunc#

balance, and vitality within the tissues and restore optimal

tion. The underlying nature of the body tissues, both under

function within the COntext of the individual's occupation

normal conditions and as they express dysfunction, reflect

and activities of daily living. Structural therapy is a passive

an inherent wisdom and order beyond our inadequate

process, whereas functional rehabilitation, including spe#

attempts to force them into our models or belief systems.

New Horizons
We are beginning to appreciate the dynamic, selfregulating,

CHAPTER 8

229

As with any skill. diligent practice will gradually lead to

and imerdependem nature of all living tissue. This new

proficiency. We urge the practitioner to learn the scanning

paradigm represents an acknowledgment of the intrinsic

evaluation, which when mastered can be completed in a

wisdom of the body and its inherent. self-healing potential.

few minutes. This will reveal the hidden truth behind the

As our understanding of the nature of dysfunction has

presenting symptoms. Practicing the treatment positions

evolved, we are adapting our therapies into greater congru

and developing good body mechanics take time. The posi

ency with this evolving reality.

tive response of your patients will, we hope, motivate your

Several clinicians and researchers have been instnlmental

in revealing the nature of the human body and directing us to

persistence in developing these skills.

In conclusion, we recommend that this text be lIsed

as

open a dialogue with the tissues in order to access these

handy desk reference. The scanning evaluation can be

truths. Instead of forcing the patient's body into compliance,

copied and used for each patient. and the tcnder point body

when it resists, we now have several powerful techniques that

charts can be copied and laminated for quick reference. The

work in harmony with the natural, self-corrective processes

treatment section of the book can be readily referred to by

inherent in the tissues. These methods have been gradually

nipping it open to the appropriate page and following the

gaining acceptance in many branches of physical medicine

directions for the dominant tender points. We urge you to

because of their effectiveness and non traumatic nature.

wear this book out. By the time that occurs, you may find

Positional release therapy has the potential to address

that you no longer need to refer to it. For those imerested in

many resistant cases of musculoskeletal dysfunction. The

hands-on instruction and the development of advanced

use of the tender points affords it a high degree of diagnostic

skills, the authors present seminars internacionally. For infor

accuracy and predictability. Achieving the comfort zone is

mation about these programs please contact the authors.

readily discernible by the practitioner and the pmiem, and

attention to the release process will ensure consistent results.

Appendix
Positional Release Therapy Scanning Evaluation

232

Tender Point Body Charts

234

Anatomy/Positional Release Therapy

Cross-Reference

236

Strain/Collnterstrain/positional Release Therapy

Cross-Reference

239

Application of Strain and Counterstrain (or

Positional Release Therapy) to the Neurologic
Patient-Sharon Weiselfish, Ph.D., P.T.

242

The Importance of Soft Tissues for Structural

upport of the Body-Stephen M. Levin, M.D.
Osteopathic Positioning Table

244
250

Positional Release Therapy Scanning Evaluation

Practitioner:

Patient's name:

\
I.

Extremely sensitive

e, Very sensitive

Q. Moderately sensitive

Right

Left

Most sensitive

No tenderness

Treatment

Cranium (p.45)
I. OM
2. 0CC
3. PSB
4. LAM
5. SH

II.

20. ACI
22. AC3
III.

6. DG
7. MPT
8. LPT
9. MAS
10. MAX

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

11. NAS
12. SO
13. FR
14. SAG
15. LSB

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

16. AT
17. PT
18. TPA
19. TPP

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

23. AC4
24. AC5
25. AC6

00000
00000
00000

26. AC7

00000
00000
00000

37. PC6

00000
00000
00000

46. AT7

27. AC8
28. AMC

00000
00000
00000

29. LCI
30. LC

30. LC

00000
00000
00000

Posterior Cervical Spine (p. 78)

31. PCIF
32. PCIE
33. PC2

IV.

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

Anterior. Medial. Lateral Cervical Spine (p. 66)

21. AC2

00000
00000
00000

34. PC3
35. PC4
36. PCS

38. PC7
39. PC8

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

AntenorThoracic Spine (p.86)

40. ATI
41. ATZ
42. AD

00000
00000
00000

43. AT4
44. ATS
45. AT6

47. AT8
48. AT9

00000
00000
00000

49. ATIO
50. ATII
51. ATl2

00000
00000
00000

Antenor and Medial RJbs (p.9 1)

V.

52. ARI
53. AR2
54. AR3
55. AR4
56. AR5

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

57. AR6
58. AR7
59. AR8
60. AR9
61. ARlO

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

62. MRJ

00000
00000

134. AL4

00000
00000

140. SPB

00000
00000
00000

174. PES

63. MR4
64. MRS
65. MR6
66. MR7

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

67. MR8
68. MR 9
69. MRIO

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

Anterior Lumbar Spine (p. 145)

VI.

130. ALI
131. ABU
VII.

137. GMI
VIII.

00000
00000

132. AU
133. AU

135. AL5

00000
00000

00000
00000

Anterior PelvIS & Hip (p. 15 I)

136.IL

00000
00000

138. SAR
139. TIL

141. IPB

00000
00000

142. LPB

00000
00000
00000

177. POP

143. ADD

00000
00000

Knee (p. 183)

168. PAT
169. PTE
170. MK

232

Dates:

00000
00000
00000

171.LK
In.MH
173. L H

175. ACL
176. PCL

00000
00000
00000

IX.

Ankle (p. 194)

178. MAN
179. LAN
180. AAN

X.

189. LCA
190. PCA
191. DCB
192. PCB
193. DNV

95. SCL
96. AAC
97. SSL
98. BLH

114. LEP

123. CET

71. PTZ

n. PT3

83. PR2
84. PR3

144. PLl
146. PL3

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

194.PNV
195.DCNI
196. DCN2
197. DCN3
198. PCNI
199.PCN2

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

200. PCN3
201. DMTl
202.DMTZ
203. DMT3
204. DMT4
205.DMT5

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

206.PMTl

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

207.PMTZ
208.PMT3
209.PMT4
210.PMT5

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

99. SUB
100. SER
101. MHU
102. BSH
103. PMA

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

104. PMI
105. LD
106. PAC
107. SSM
108. MSC

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

109. ISS
110. ISM
I I I. lSI
112. TMA
113. TMl

00000
00000
00000
00000
00000

00000
00000

116. RHS
117. RHP

00000
00000

118. MCD
119. LCD

00000
00000

120. MOL
121. LOL

00000
00000

00000
00000

124. PWR
125. DWR

00000
00000

126. CMI
127. PIN

00000
00000

128. DIN
129. IP

00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

73. PT4
74. PT5
75. PT6

00000
00000
00000

76. PT7
77. PT8
78. PT9

79. PTlO

00000
00000
00000

80. PTlI

00000
00000
00000

92. PRII

81. PTl2

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

85. PR4
86. PRS
87. PR6

00000
00000
00000

88. PR7
89. PR8
90. PR9

91. PR10
93. PRI2

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000
00000

147. PL4
148.PL5

149.QL

00000
00000
00000

150. PL31
151. PL41
152. UPL5

00000
00000
00000

153.LPL5

00000
00000
00000

160.GME

00000
00000

Posterior Pelvis & Hip (p. 167)

154. SSI
155.MSI

XVIII.

187.EDL

Posterior Lumbar Spine (p. I 60)

145. PL2

XVII.

186. PER

00000
00000
00000

Posterior Ribs (p. 10 I)

82. PRI

XV I.

185. TBA

Posterior Thoracic Spine (p.96)

70. PTl

XV.

184. FDL

Wrist & Hand (p. 134)

122. CFT

XIV.

183.TBP

00000
00000
00000

Elbow (p. 127)

115. MEP

XIII.

182.PAN

Shoulder (p. I 06)

94. TRA

XII.

181.TAL

Foot (p.205)
188.MCA

Xl.

00000
00000
00000

00000
00000

156. lSI
157. GEM

00000
00000

159.PRL

00000
00000

167.COX

158. PRM

00000
00000

161. ITB

Posterior Sacrum (p. 175)

162. PSI
163. PS2

00000
00000

164. PS3
165.PS4

166. PS5

00000
00000

00000
00000
233

N
'"
...

--.

t
.I'
.-n-__f\ '<

15 .LSB
2S . A M

16.AT

5.SH
29.LCI

4 0.ATI

30.LC

41.AT2
20.ACI

42ATJ
43.AH

Lateral

'
J\

21.AC 2
22.AC3
23.A C 4
24.A C 5
2S.AC6
27ACS

12.S0

--t:;--.

----1,f-\-l
I O.MAX '-r'e
9.MAS - ".",,,',,,..--u

55.AR4

57.AR6

'\:.-

I 32.AL2
--I33.AL3
IH.AL4

4LAM
3.PSB

Z
---1

73.PH
74.P T5
75.PT6

c:P

76 . P Tl

o
o
-<

77 . P TS
7S.PT9
79.PTIO
SO.PT I I
SI. PTI2

()
I

:::u
---1

160.GME
154 .sSI
155.MSI

(J)

15S.PRM

2.0 C C

7.MPT

Posterior

:::u

71.PT2
72.PTJ

162.PSI

130.ALI 150.PL 3- 1

\J

70.PTI

149.QL

S3.-93.

( '01":j !WI),

I.OM

.J>

61.ARIO

PI f.'I1; o

nr
-{

1i0l;r-

60.AR9

5 1.ATI2

1t''<Q''0{

59.ARS

0-

5 0.ATII

/\

iil

5S.AR7

49.ATIO

14.SAG

, F

56.AR5

47.ATS

Anterior

"t::-r
:\l

54.AR3

cA!n-

4S.AT9

=--=::::
I

S2.PRI

53.AR2

46.AT7

II.NAS

<

26.AC 7

52.ARI

45.AT6

---lv'r-

C 2-6

:: 0
lL

44.AT5
13.FR

Z
o

32.PCI-E

e-+- 13.FR

17.PT

---1

Spine/pelvis/Rib Tender Points

Cranial Points

140.

141.IPB

159.PRL

I 35.AL5

142.LPB

SPB
I 64.PS3

6. D G

166.PS5

Anterior

165 . P S4

Posterior

:/,

143.ADD

Knee Tender Points

-;
m
Z
0
m
;IJ

Shoulder Tender Points

Ankle/Foot Tender Points

17S.ACl

"

106.PAC

I 7 6PCl
173.l H

107.s 5M

109.15 5

I72.M H

I 13.TMI-r1I'
IIO.l5M

Lateral

I 77.PO P

94.TRA
9S.S
Cl
96 . A A
104.PMI

102.B SH

----r-r-T

II I.ISI

9B.Bl H

-=::t::t=-:

112.TMA

103.P MA

IB3.TBP

Posterior

G:ll

"---'\

IBO.AAN

1 6B.PAT

206.207.

209.210
'1"
PMH.S

t-t-rI-t-I--

120M
. Ol
121.l0l

170M
. K--

I
n
0
z
--1

201.202 .

PMTI.2

I 94.PNV

IB7E
. Dl

114.l EP
IIBM
. CD

116.R H S

119.lCD

117.R H P

DMH.S
PCNI .2.3

IBS.TBA

t" t

IIS . M EP

DMTI.2

204.205.
19B-2oo.

I 92.PCB

Anterior

190P
. C

S --

203 . 204. DMT3.4

- -IB6.PE R
IB2.PAN

Posterior

n
I

Elbow/Wrist/Hand
Tender Points

207 .20B.PM T2.3

N
'-'

0
-<

Medial

Anterior

IH.P E

V>

100.sER

I84.FDl

169.P TE

tp

-;

10S.lD

Z
-;

Plantar

Dorsal

Dorsal

Palmar

236

ApPENDIX

'ANATOMy/ POSITIONAL RELEASE THERAPY CRoss.REFERENCE

Muscles are listed by name only; other tissues are specified (bone,joint,etc.).

Anatomic Reference

Positional Release Therapy Reference

Acromioclavicular joint
Adductor hallucis
Adductors
Anconeus
Anterior cruciate ligament
Biceps
Brachialis
Coccygeus
Common extensor tendon
Common flexor [cndon
Coracoacromial ligamenr
Coron",1 suture
Cuboid (bone)
Cuneiform (bones)
Deltoid anterior
Deltoid ligament
Diaphragm
Digastric
Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament
Dorsal cuneounavicular ligament
Dorsal interossei
Extensor digitorum longus

AAC, PAC
PMTl
ADD
LOL,MOL
ACL
BLH, BSH
LCD,MCD
ISI,COX
CET
CFT
AAC
FR
DCB, PCB
DCN 1-3, PCN 1-3
AAC
MAN
AT7-9
DG
DCB
DCN 1-3
DIN, DMT2,3, DMT4,5
AAN, EDL
DMT2,3, DMT4,5
AAN,DM T l
PMT4,5
PCA, DMT2,3, DMT 4,5
FDL
CMI
FR
SO
PAN
GEM
MHU
GME,SSI
GMI,MSI
LH
MH
IL, ALI
IPB, LPL5
AL2-5, LPL5
ITB
ISS,ISM,151
MRJ-IO
ATI-6, AR3-10
IP
PC3-7
PLI-5
PTI-12
LAM,acC
LK

Extensor hallucis longus

Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Flexor digiwrum brevis
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor pollicis brevis
Frontal bone
Frontonasal joint
Gastrocnemius
Gemelli
Glenohumeral ligaments
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Hamstrings, latcral
Hamstrings, medial
Iliacus
IIiococcygeus
Iliopsoas
Iliotibial band
Infraspinatus
Intercostal, external
Intercostal, internal
Interphalangeal joints
Interspinalis, cervical
Interspinalis, lumbar
Interspinalis, thoracic
Lambdoid suture
Lateral collateral ligament

Page
108,118
217
158
IJ2
190
110,114
131
169,180
135
134
108
57
208, 209
212,213
108
194
88
50
208
212
140,215,216

196,203,215,216
196,214
219
207,215,216
200
138
57
56
198
170
113
172, 167
152, 168
188
187
151, 145
156,165
147,165
173
121,122,123
94
86, 87, 93
141
81, 2
160
96
48,46
186

ApPENDIX

237

Page

Anatomic Reference

Positional Release Therapy Reference

Lateral pterygoid
Latissimus dorsi
Levator ani
Levator cestaTum
LevatOr scapula
Longus capitis
Longus colli
Lumbricals (foor)
Masseter
Maxilla (bone)
Medial collateral ligament
Medial pterygoid
Metacorpophalangeal joints
Metatarsal (bones)
Multifidus,cervical
Multifidus,lumbar
Multifidus,thoracic
Nasal bones
Navicular (bone)
Obliquus capitis superior
ObruramT extemus
Occipital bone
Occipimmasroid suture
Opponens pollicis
Palmar interossei
Patellar retinaculum
Patellar tendon
Pectineus
Pectoralis major
Pectoralis minor
Peroneus
Peroneus tertius
Piriformis
Plantar calcaneocuboid ligament
Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
Plantar cuneonavicular ligament
Popliteus
Posterior cruciate ligament
PronatOr teres
Psoas
Pubococcygeus
Quadratus femoris
Quadratus lumborum

52
LPT
LD
117
PSI-5
175
PC8, PRI-12
83,101
120
MSC
6
AC3-5
67,74
AC2-6, AMC
218
PMT2,3
53
MAS
54
MAX
185
MK
51
MPT
139,140
PIN,DIN
214,217
DMT,PMT
81
PC3-7
160, 162,163,164
P L l -5,PL3,PL4-1,UPL5
96
PTI-12
55,56
NAS,SO
210,211
DNV,PNV
PCI-E
79
157
LPB
46,48
OCC,LAM
45
OM
138
CMI
139
PIN
183
PAT
184
PTE
157
LPB
115
PMA
116
PMI
195,202
LAN, PER
216
DMT4,5
171
PRM,PRL
209
PCB
211
PNV
213
PCN
192
POP
191
PCL
130
RHP
89,146
ATIO-12,ABLZ
180,ISS
COX,SPB
170
GEM
ATI2, QL, PL3-I, PL4-1, PT IO-12,UPL5,
89,161,162,163,99,164,103
PRI I ,12
207
PCA
183,184
PAT,PTE
66,78
ACI,PCI-F
75
LCI
PC2
80
120
MSC
81
PC3-7
160,162, 163, 164
PLI-5, PL3,PL4-1,UPL5
96
P T I-12
164,165
UPL5,LPL5

Quadratus plantae
Quadriceps femoris
Rectus capitis anterior
Rectus capitis lareralis
Rectus capitis posterior
Rhomboid
Rotatores, cervical
Rotatores,lumbar
Rotatores,thoracic
Sacroiliac ligaments

2,8

ApPENDIX

Anatomic Reference

Positional Release Therapy Reference

Sacrospinolls ligament
Sacrotuberous ligament
Sagirtal suture
Sartorius
Scalenus anterior
Scalenus medius
Scalenus posterior
Serratus anterior
Soleus
Sphenobasilar suture
Sternocleidomastoid
Sternothyroid
Stylohyoid
Subclavius
Subscapularis
Supinator
Supraspinatus
Talocalcaneal joint
Talofibular ligament
Talonavicular ligament
Temporalis
Temporomandibular jOint
Temporoparietal joint
Tensor fascia law
Tentorium cerehclli
Teres major
Teres minor
Tibialis anterior
TIbialis posterior
Transversus [horae is
Trapezius
Triceps
Wrist extensors
Wrist flexors
Zygomatic bone

cox
COX,ISI
SAG
SAR
AC46
LC26, ARI
AR2,PRI
SER
PAN
PSB, LSB
AC7
ATI
SH
SCL
SUB
RHS
SSM,SSL
MCA, LCA, PCA
LAN
DNV
MAS, AT, PT
00, MPT, LPT, MAS, MAX
TPA,TPP
TFL
OM
TMA
TMI
TAL,TBA
TBP
MR3IO
TRA
LOL,MOL
DWR
PWR
AT,PT

Page

180
180,169
58
153
69
76,91
92,101
112
198
47, 59
72
86
49
107
I II
129
119, 109
205,206, 207
195
210
53,60,61
50,51,52,53,54
62,63
154
45
124
125
197,201
199
94
\06
132
137
136
60,61

239

ApPENDIX

, STRAIN/COUNTERSTRAIN/POSITIONAL RELEASE THERAPY CROSS-REFERENCE

Strain/Counterstrain Terminology

Positional Release Therapy Terminology

Abdominal second lumbar (Ab2L)

Adductors (ADD)
Anterior acromioclavicular (AAC)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Anterior eighth cervical (A8C)
Anterior eighth thoracic (A8T)
Anterior eleventh thoracic (A II T)
Anterior fifth cervical (A5C)
Anterior fifth lumbar (A5L)
Anterior fifth thoracic (A5T)
Anterior first cervical (A I )
Anterior first lumbar (AI L)
Anterior first rib (AIR)
Anterior first thoracic (AI T)
Anterior fourth cervical (A4C)
Anterior fourth lumbar (A4L)
Anterior fourth thoracic (A4T)
Anterior lateral trochanter (ALT)
Anterior medial trochanter (AMT)
Anterior ninth thoracic (A9T)
Anterior second cervical (A2C)
Anterior second lumbar (A2L)
Anterior second rib (A2R)
Anterior second thoracic (A2T)
Anterior seventh cervical (A 7C)
Anterior seventh thoracic (A7T)
Anterior sixth cervical (A6C)
Anterior sixth thoracic (A6T)
Anterior tenth thoracic (A lOT)
Anterior third cervical (A3C)
Anterior third lumbar (A3L)
Anterior third thoracic (A3T)
Anterior third to sixth rib
(A3R-A6R)
Anterior twelfth thoracic (A12T)
Bursa (BUR)
Coccyx
Coronal (C)
Cuboid (CUB)
Dorsal cuboid (DCU)
Dorsal fourth, fifth metatarsal (DM4,5)
Dorsal metatarsal (DM)
Dorsal metatarsal (DM)
Dorsal wrist (DWR)
Elevated first rib
Elevated second to sixth ribs
Extension ankle (EXA)
Extension carpometacarpal (ECM)
First carpometacarpal (CMI)
Flexed ankle (FAN)
Flexion calcaneus (FCA)
Flexion medial calcaneus (FM

Abdominal second lumbar (ABL2)

Adductors (ADD)
Anterior acromioclavicular (AAC)
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Anterior eighth cervical (AC8)
Anterior eighth thoracic (AT8)
Anterior eleventh thoracic (ATI I )
Anterior fifth cervical (AC5)
Anterior fifth lumbar (AL5)
Anterior fifth thoracic (AT5)
Anterior first cervical (ACI)
Anterior first lumbar (AL l )
Anterior first rib (AR I )
Anterior first thoracic (ATI)
Anterior fourth cervical (AC4)
Anterior fourth lumbar (AL4)
Anterior fourth thoracic (AT4)
Sartorius (SAR)'
Gluteus minimus (GMI)'
Anterior ninth thoracic (AT9)
Anterior second cervical (AC2)
Anterior second lumbar (AL2)
Anterior second rib (AR2)
Anterior second thoracic (AT2)
Anterior seventh cervical (AC7)
Anterior seventh thoracic (AT7)
Anterior sixth cervical (AC6)
Anterior sixth thoracic (AT6)
Anterior tenth thoracic (ATIO)
Anterior third cervical (AC3)
Anterior third lumbar (AU)
Anterior third thoracic (AT3)
Anterolateral third to tenth rib
(AR3-10)'
Anterior twelfth thoracic (ATI 2)
Supraspinatus lateral (SSL)'
Coccyx (COX)
Sagittal suture (SAG)'
Plantar cuboid (PCB)'
Dorsal cuboid (DCB)"
Dorsal fourth, fifth metatarsal (DMT4,5)
Dorsal first metatarsal (DMTI)'
Dorsal second, third metatarsal (DMT2,3)
Dorsal wrist (DWR)
Posterior first rib (PRI)'
Posterior second to tenth ribs (PR2-10)'
Posterior ankle (PAN)'
Dorsal interossei (DIN)'
First carpometacarpal (CM I)
Anterior ankle (AAN)'
Plantar calcaneus (PCA)'
Tibialis posterior ( TBP)"

Page
146
158
108
190
73
88
89
70
149
87
66
145
91
86
69
14
87
153
152
88
67
147
92
86
72
88
71
87
89
68
148
86
93
89
109
180
58
209
208
216
214
215
IJ7
101
102
198
140
138
196
207
199

240

ApPENDIX

Strain/Countmtrain Terminology

Positional Release Therapy Terminology

Page

Frontal (F)
Frozen Shoulder (F H)
Gluteus medius (GM)
Gluteus minimus (GMI)
High flareout 51 (HFO-SI)
High ilium-sacroiliac (HISI)
High navicular (H.NAV)
Iliacus (lL)
Infraorbital (10)
Inguinal ligament (lNG)
Inion
Interossei (lNT)
Interspace rib (4 Int-6 Int)
Lambdoid (L)
Lateral (1C)
Lateral ankle (LAN)
Lateral ankle (LAN)
Lateral calcaneus (LCA)
Lateral canthus (LC)
Lateral epicondyle (LEP)
Lateral hamstring (LH)
Lateral/medial coronoid (LCD/MCD)
Lateral meniscus (LM)
Lateral olecranon (LOL)
Lateral trochanter (LT)
Latissimus dorsi (LD)
Long head of biceps (LH)
Low ilium-flareout (LIFO)
Low ilium-sacroiliac (L1SI)
Lower pole fifth lumbar (LP5L)
LTS2
Masseter (M)
Medial ankle (MAN)
Medial ankle (MAN)
Medial calcaneus (MCA)
Medial coracoid (MC)
Medial epicondyle (MEP)
Medial hamstring (MH)
Medial meniscus (MM)
Medial olecranon (MOL)
Metatarsal
Midpole sacroiliac (MPSI)
MTS2
Nasal (N)
Navicular (NAV)
Occipitomastoid (OM)
Patella (PAT)
Patellar tendon (PTE)
Pes anserinus (PES)
Piriformis (PIR)
Point on spine (POS)
Posterior acromioclavicular (PAC)
Posterior auricular (PA)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCR)

Frontal (FR)*
Medial humerus (MHU)*
Gluteus medius (GME)*
Tensor fascia lata (TFL)*
Inferior sacroiliac (151)*
Superior sacroiliac ( 5 1)*
Dorsal navicular (DNV)*
Iliacus (lL)
Maxilla (MAX)*
Lateral pubis (LPB)*
Posterior first cervical. flexion (PCI-F)*
Palmar interossei (PIN)*
Medial third to tenth rib (MRJ-IO)*
Lambda (LAM)*
Lateral first cervical (LCI)
Lateral ankle (LAN)
Peroneus (PER)*
Lateral calcaneus (LCA)
Anterior temporalis (AT)*
Lateral epicondyle (LEP)
Lateral hamstring (LH)
Lateral/medial coronoid (LCD/MCD)
Lateral knee (LK)*
Lateral olecranon (LOL)
Iliotibial band (lTB)*
Latissimus dorsi (LD)
Biceps long head (BLH)*
Inferior pubis (lPB)*
Superior pubis (SPB)*
Lower posterior fifth lumbar (LPL5)*
Infraspinatus superior (1 5 5)*
Masseter (MA )*
Medial ankle (MAN)
Tibialis anterior (TBA)*
Medial calcaneus (M A)
Pectoralis minor (PMI)*
Medial epicondyle (MEP)
Medial hamstring (MH)
Medial knee (MK)*
Medial olecranon (MOL)
Plantar metatarsal (PMTl-5)*
Middle sacroiliac (MSI)*
Medial scapula (MSC)**
Na al (NAS)*
Plantar navicular (PNV)*
Occipitomastoid (OM)
Patella (PAT)
Patellar tendon (PTE)
Pes anserinus (PES)
Piriformis medial (PRM)*
Infraspinatus middle (lSM)*
Posterior acromioclavicular (PAC)
Temporoparietal. post. (TPP)*
Posterior cTuciate ligament (PeL)

57
113
I7Z
154
169
167
210
151
54
157
78
139
94
48
75
195
202
206
60
127
18
131
186
132
173
117
110
156
155
165
III
53
194
ZOI
205
116
128
187
185
l3Z
217
168
120
55
211
45
183
184
189
171
122
liB
63
191

ApPENDIX

Strain/Counterstrain Terminology

Positional Release Therapy Terminology

Posterior eighth cervical (P8C)

Posterior fifth to seventh cervical
(P5C, P6C, P7C)
Posterior fi"t cervical (PIC)
Posterior fi"t, second lumbar (PI-2L)
Posterior fi"t, second thoracic (PI-2T)
Posterior fourth cervical (P4 )
Posterior fourth lumbar (P4L)
Posterior medial trochanter (PMT)
Posterior occipital (PO)
Posterior sacrum I (P I)
Posterior sacrum 2 (PS2)
Posterior sacrum 3 (PS3)
Posterior sacrum 4 (P 4)
Posterior sacrum 5 (PS5)
Posterior second cervical (P2C)
Posterior sixth to ninth thoracic
(P6-9T)
Posterior tenth to twelfth thoracic
(PIO-I 2T)
Posterior third cervical (P3C)
Posterior third lumbar (P3L)
Posterior third to fifth thoracic (P3-5T)
Posterolateral trochanter (PLT)
Radial head (RAD)
Radial head (RAD)
Short head of biceps (SH)
phenobasilar (SB)
Sphenoid (SP)
Squamosal (SQ)
Stylohyoid (SH)
Subclavius (SUBC)
Subscapularis (SUB)
Supraorbital (SO)
Supraspinatus (SPI)
Talus (TAL)
Teres major (TM)
Teres minor (TMI)
Tracheal (TR)
TS3
Upper pole fifth lumbar (UP5L)
Wrist (WRI)
Zygoma (Z)

Posterior eighth cervical (PC8)

Posterior fifth to seventh cervical (PC5-7)

*Change In tennmoIOb'Y_

241

Page
83
82

Posterior first cervical, ext. (PCI-E)*

Posterior first to fifth lumbar (PLI-5)**
Posterior first, second thoracic (PTI-2)
Posterior fourth cervical (PC4)
Posterior fourth lumbar, iliac (PL4-1)*
Gemelli (GEM)*
Occipital (OCC)*
Posterior sacrum I (PSI)
Posterior sacrum 2 (PS2)
Posterior sacrum 3 (PS3)
Posterior sacrum 4 (PS4)
Posterior sacrum 5 (PS5)
Posterior second cervical (PC2)
Posterior sixth to ninth thoracic (PT6-9)

79
160
96
82
163
170
46
175
176
177
178
179
80
98

Posterior tenth [Q twelfth thoracic

(PTI 0-12)
Posterior third cervical (PC3)
Posterior third lumbar, iliac (PL3-I)*
Posterior third to fifth thoracic (PT3-5)
Piriformis lateral (PRL)*
Radial head pronator (RHP)*
Radial head supinator (RHS)*
Biceps short head (B SH)*
Posterior sphenobasilar (PSB)*
L"eral sphenobasilar (LSB)*
Temporoparietal, ant. (TPA)*
Stylohyoid (SH)
Subclavius (SCL)*
Subscapularis (SUB)
upraorbital (SO)
Supraspinatus medial (SSM)*
Talus (TAL)
Teres Major (TMA)*
Teres minor (TMI)
Anterior medial cervical (AMC)*
Infraspinatus inferior (ISI)*
Upper posterior fifth lumbar (UPL5)*
Palmar wrist (PWR)*
Posterior temporal is (PT)*

99
81
162
97
171
130
129
114
47
59
62
49
107
III
56
119
197
124
125
74
123
164
136
61

242

ApPENDIX

'ApPLICATION OF STRAIN AND COUNTERSTRAIN (OR POSITIONAL RELEASE

THERAPY) TO THE NEUROLOGIC PATIENT
Adapted from Sharon Weiselfish, Ph .D., P.T.

I COMMON STRAIN AND COUNTERSTRAIN OR PRT TECHNIQUES FOR THE

NEUROLOGIC PATIENT
Upper Quadrant
The muscles of the upper quadrant. which, when treated with strain and CQunrcrsrrain [Cch
niques, (or PRT) most efficiently affect spasticity, are as follows:
SCS Terminology

PRT Terminology

Page

Anterior cervicals

AC

65-74

Lateral cervicals (scalenes)

LC

75,76

Anterior first thoracic

ATI

86

Elevated first rib

PRI

101

Second depressed rib

AR2

92

Pectoralis minor

PMI

116

Subscapularis

SUB

III

Latissimus dorsi (subluxed hemiplegic shoulder)

LD

117

Third depressed rib

AR3

93

Biceps

BLH, BSH

110,114

Lower Quadrant
The muscles of the lower quadrant, which, when tceated with strain and coumerstrain tech
niques, (or PRT) most efficiently affect spasticity. are as follows:
SCS Terminology

PRT Terminology

Page

Sacral tender points

PSI-PS5 COX

175-180

Quadratus lumborum

QL

161

Iliacus

IL

151

Piriformis

PRM,PRL

171

Adductor

ADD

158

Medial hamstrings

MH

187

Quadriceps

PAT

183

Gastrocnemius (extended ankle)

PAN

198

Medial ankle

MAN

194

Flexed calcaneus

PCA

207

Medial calcaneus

MCA

205

Talus

TAL

197

ApPENDIX

243

I I PATHOKINESIOLOGIC MODEl
EXAMPLES
I.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.
7.

8.

9.
10.
II.
12.

13.
14.
IS.

I f the patient has a protracted shoulder girdle and there is a limitation in hori
zontal abduction, it is assumed that the pectoralis minor is hypertonic with short'
ened and contracted muscle fibers. The technique of a second depressed rib would
be utilized to decrease the gamma gain of the pectoralis minor.
I f the patient has an anteriorly displaced humeral head with an internally rotated
shoulder joint and limitation in external rotation, the technique for subscapularis
would be utilized.
If the patient has a limitation in shoulder abduction and a depressed humeral he," or
a caudal subluxation/dislocation of the glenohumeral joint, the techniques for the
latissimus dorsi and the third depressed rib would be utilized.
If the patient has an elevated shoulder girdle and there is a limitation 10 cervIcal
side bending to the opposite side, the lateral cervical techniques would be utili zed,
to decrease the gamma gain for the medial scalenes, which elevate the first rib.
If the proximal head of the first rib is elevated, rib excursion with respiration is inhlb,
ired. and lower cervical range of motion-especially rotation-is limited, the tech,
nique for an elevated first rib {PRO can be utilized.
I f the patient has a flexed elbow joint and a limitation in elbow extension, the
technique for the biceps can be utilized.
If the patient has a pronated forearm and a limitation of forearm supination, the
pomts for the medial epicondyle can be utilized. Often the proximal radial head is
displaced anterior, as a compensatory movement. The technIque for the rodial head
(RHS, RHP) can be utilized.
If the patient has an elevated pelvic girdle with a limitation of lumbar side bending
to the opposite side, the technique for the quadratus lumborum (the anterior
twelfth thoracic tender point) can be utilized.
If the patient has a hip flexion tightness or contracture with a limitation of hip exten#
sion, the technique for the iliacus can be utilized.
If the patient has an adducted and internally rotated hip and there is a limitation
of external rotation of the hip, the technique for the adductor can be utilized.
If the patient has a flexion synergic pattern of spasticity at the knee and there IS a
limitation of knee extension, the point for the medial hamstrmgs can be utilized.
If the patient has an extensor synergic pattern of spasticity at the knee with a Iimlta#
tion of flexion, the technique for the quadriceps (patella extenso,,) can be utilIZed.
If the patient has an equinus posture with a plantar flexed foot and a limitation in
dorsiflexion, the technique for the medial gastrocnemius (PAN) can be utilized.
If the patient has an equinovarus foot posture with a limitation in eversion. the
technique for the medial ankle and medial calcaneus can be utilized.
If the patient has a clubfoot with an internal rotated and dropped talus, the tech
nique for [he talus can be utilized.

244

ApPENDIX

'THE I MPORTANCE OF SOFT TISSUES FOR STRUCTURAL

SUPPORT OF THE BODY
Stephen M. Levin, M.D.
from the Potomac Back
Center
Vienna, Vlrglnlil
Reprint requests to:
Stephen M. leYln. M.D.
Director
PotoC Back Center
1 S77 Springh ill ROild
Vienna. VA 22182

Most of us view the skeleton as rhe frame upon which the soft tissues are draped. The POS[
andbeam construction of a skyscraper is the favored model for the spinel! and is used for all
biologic structures-the upright spine is regarded as the highest biomechanical achievement.
The soft tissues are regarded as stabilizing "guy wires," similar to the curtain walls of steel
framed buildings (Fig. I).
Skyscrapers are immobile, rigidly hinged, high-energy--consuming, vertically oriented
structures that depend on gravity to hold them together. The mechanical properties are New
tonian, Hookian, and Iinear.4.S A skyscraper's flagpole or any weight that cantilevers off the
building creates a bending moment in the column that produces instability. The building
must be rigid to withstand even the weight of a flag blowing in the wind. The heavier or far;
ther Out the cantilever, the stronger and more rigid the column must be (Fig. 2). A rigid
column requires a heavy base to support the incumbent load. The weight of the structure pro;
duces internal shear forces that are destabilizing and require energy just to keep the structure
intact (Fig. 3).

FIG. I (left). Adult thoracolumbar ligamcmous

spine, fixed m the base and {ree at top, under tier;
tica/loading, and restramed (It midthoracic and
midlumbarleels in the antero/X)sterior plane. A,
before loading. 8, during loading. C, stability
failure occuring under a load of 2.04 kg. 0, /ateral
view showing amerolX)sterior reSlrainr.s. (From Morris

0.9 Meters

JM. Mukolk Kl: Biomechanics of the lumbar spine. In Amer

iean Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Adu of Orthotics:
Blomechanical Principl es and Application. St. louis, Mosby,

1975: with permission.)

0.9 Meters

11

FIG. 2

(Above, left).

[J
[J

Befuiing stresses in a beam. (From Gallleo: Discord e dlmonstnzioni matematiche lI'ltomo

due nuove sdenze. leiden. 1638.)

(Above, right). \Vhen simple coml}Tessitle load is apt>lied, bofh coml}Tessive wui shear smsses 1fI1L'if
cxist on t>/anes that are oriemed obliquely fO fhe line of application to fhe load..

FIG, 3

SPINE: State of the Art Reviews-Vol. 9.

Phil adel phia. Hilnley & 8elfus. Inc.

No.

2 May 1995
.

ApPENDIX

FIG. 4. A log of 200 kg Iocaced 40 em from the ful

crum requires a muscle reacrion farce of 8 x 200
kg. The erectores spinae group can generate a farce of
abow 200-400 kg, whc
i h
du! force Utal is necessary. There/ore, muscle power
alone cannm. lift such a load, and another Slt/>(>OTting
member is reqtlircd. (Courtesy of Serge Gr.tcovetsky, PhD.)

245

FIG. 6.

Bird

Skeleton.

(Courtesy of Califomia Aademy

of Sciences, San Francisco.)

""

FIG. 5.

.......... ,"

FIG. 7.

""

"'"

frame.

Loading a squlIre and a triangular (lnUS)

Balancing comtJTe5siw loads.

Biologic structures are mobile, flexibly hinged, lowenergy-consuming, omnidirectional

structures that can function in a gravityfree environment. The mechanical properties arc non
Newtonian, non-Hookian, and nonlinear. S If a human skeletal system functions as a lever,
reaching ou[ a hand or casting a fly at the end of a rod is impossible. The calculated forces with
such acts break bone, rip muscle, and deplete energy (Fig. 4). A post-and-beam
cannot be lIsed to model the neck of a flamingo,the tail of a monkey, the wing of a bat,or
rhe spine of a snake (Fig. 5). Because invertebrates do nOt have bones,there is no satisfactory
model to adequately explain the structural intergrity of a worm. Postand;beam modeling in
biologic Structures could only apply in a perfectly balanced,rigidly hinged,upright spine (Fig. 6).
Mobility is out of the equation. The forces needed to keep a column whose center of gravity
is constantly changing and whose base is rapidly moving horizontally are overwhelming to
contemplate. If we add that the column is composed of many rigid bodies that are hinged
together by flexible,almost frictionless joints, the forces are incalculable.2 The complex can;
tilevered beams of horizontal spines of quadrupeds and cervical spines in any vertebrate
require tall,rigid masts for support1 that are not usually available.
Since postand;beam construction has limited use in biologic modeling, other structural
models must be explored to determine if a marc widely applicable construct can be found.
Thompsonli and,later,Gordon" use a truss system similar ro those used in bridges for modeling
the quadruped spine. Trusses have clear advantages over the postand;lintel construction of
skyscrapers as a structural support system for biologic tissue. Trusses have flexible,even fric
tionless hinges with no bending moments about the joint. The support elements are either in
tension or compression only. Loads applied at any point are distributed about the truss as ten;
sian or compression (Fig. 7). In post-and-beam construction, the load is locally loaded and

246

ApPENDIX

A, tetrahedron, B, ocwhedron, (, icosahedron,

(ensionvectored icosahedron tuirh compression ele
menrs wi!hin Ute tension shell.
FIG. 8.

and D,

creates leverage. There are no levers in a truss, and the load is distributed throughout the
structure. A truss is fully triangulated, inherently stable, and cannot be bem without pro
dueing large deformations of individual members. Since only trusses are inherently stable
with freely moving hinges,it follows that any stable structure with freely moving hinges must
be a truss. Vertebrates with flexible joints must therefore be constructed as tfusses.
When the tension elements of a truss 8rc wires or ropes, the truss usually becomes uni#
diredtional (see Fig. 7); the element that is under tension will be under compression when
turned topsy[Urvy. The tension elementS of the body (the soft tissues-fascia, muscles,liga;
ments,and connective tissue) have largely been ignored as construction members of rhe body
frame and have been viewed only as the motors. In loading a truss the elements rhat are in
tension can be replaced by flexible materials such as ropes,wires, or in biologic systems,liga
ments, muscles, and fascia. Therefore, the tension clements are an imegral part of rhe con
struction and not just a secondary support. However, ropes and soft tissue can only function
as tension elements, and most trusses constructed with tension members will only function
when oriented in one direction. They could not function as mobile, omnidirectional struc;
rures necessary for biologic functions. There is a class of trusses called censegrityJ structures
that are omnidirectional so that the tension elements always function in tension regardless of
the direction of applied force. A wire bicycle wheel is a familiar example of a tensegrity struc
ture. The compression elements in tensegrity structures "float" in a tension network JUSt as
the hub of a wire wheel is suspended in a tension network of spokes.
To conceive of an evolutionary system construction of tensegrity trusses that can be used
to model biologic organisms, we must find a tensegriry truss that can be linked in a hierar
chical construction. It must start at the smallest subcellular component and must have the
potential, like the beehive, to build itself. The structure would be an integrated tensegrity
truss that evolved from infinitely smaller trusses that could be, like the beehive cell, both
structurally independent and interdependent at the same time. This repetion of forms,like in
a hologram, helps in visualizing the evolutionary progression of complex forms from simple
ones. This holographic concept seems to apply to the truss model as well.
Architect Buckminster FullerJ and sculptor Kenneth Snelsonu described the truss that fits
these requirements,the tensegrity icosahedron. In this structure,the outer shell is under tcn
sian, and the vertices are held apart by internal compression !istrutS" that seem to float in the
tension network (Fig. 8).
The tensegrity icosahedron is a naturally occurring, fully triangulated, three-dimensional
truss. It is an omnidirectional, gravity-independent, flexibly hinged structure whose mechan
ical behavior is nonlinear, non-Newtonian, and non-Hookian. Independently, Fuller and

ApPENDIX

FIG. 9.

FIG. 1 0.

247

The icosahedral slTUcture of a virus .

Indefinieely extensive array of tensegriry icosahedra. (From

Fuller RB: Synergetics. New York. Macmillan. 1975: with permission.)

Snelson use this truss [0 build complex structures. Fuller's familiar geodesic dome is an
example, and Snelson 12 has used it for artistic sculptures that can be seen around the world.
Ingber7.16 and colleagues use the icosahedron for modeling cell construction. Research is
underway [Q use this structure in more complex tissue modeling, 16 Naturally occurring exam#
pies that have already been recognized as icosahedra arc the selfgenera[ing fullerenes
(carbon 0 organic molecules),S viruses,17 clemrins,' cells, IS radiolari3,6 pollen grains, dandelion
6
balls. blowfish. and several other biologic structures (Fig. 9).
Icosahedra are stable even with frictionless hinges and, at the same time, can easily be
altered in shape or stiffness merely by shortening or lengthening one or several tension ele
ments. Icosahedra can be linked in an infinite variety of sizes or shapes in a modular or hierar
chical pattern with the tension elemems (the muscles, ligaments, and fascia) forming a con
tinuous interconnecting network and with the compression elements {the bones} suspended
within that network (Fig. to). The structure would always maintain the characteristics of a
single icosahedron. A shaft, such as a spine, may be built that is omnidirectional and can fune..
rion equally well in tension or compression with the intemal stresses always distributed in
tension or compression. Because there are no bending moments within a tensegrity structure,
they have the lowest energy COSts.

248

ApPENDIX

f'iiCt

___ shoulder

humerus

ulna

/'

elbow

radius

Fig. I I .

lco.ro arm.

FIG. 1 2.

E#C column. (Courtesy of Kenneth Snelson.)

Viewed as a model for the spine of human:, or nny vertehrate :-,pecics, the tl'llsion Icoahe#
lIron space truss (Fig. II) with the hones acting

ilS

rhe compressive tdcmcnr and the soft ris

MIl'S as the tenSIOn elements will be swble in <lny position, even With muluple Joint.... They

can be vertical or horizontal ami assume any posture from ramrod slraight [() a !oiigmllid curve
(Fig. 12). Shortening one soft tissue element has a Tlpplmg effect throughout rhe structure.
Movement IS crc<.Ucu and a new, Instantly stahle shape IS achicvcu. It IS highly mohile, (lmrll
directional, and consumes low energy. TenSIOn icosahedrons arc unique S[fUelures who!'.c con
MTtlctS, when used a a hiologlc model, would conform t() the nawral law!'. of Icast energy, law"!

of mechanic!<!, and the distinct characteristics llf hioll)glc tISUCS. The icosahedron space trus
is present in biologic struc[Ure at the cellular, subcellular, and multicellular Icvcl.... Recent
research on the molecular structures of organisms such as Vlfuses, subcellular org.mel lcs, md
whole orgarHsms has shown them to be Icosahedra. The very hudding block o( lXlIlC, hydroxy
apatite, is an icosahedron. In the spine, each subsystem ( vertebrae, dbks, sort tissues) would
be suhsystems of the spme metasystem. Each would function as ;.In Icosahedron IIldepcndcntly
and as part of the larger system, as in the beehive analogy.
The icosahedron space tru spmc model is a universal, illl:xiuhu, hicmrdHcal ystCill that

has the widest application with the least energy cost. As the simplest <lnd least cnergy-cnn

suming system, It becomes the metasystem to which a l l other systems and suhsystem!'. must he
judged and, if they are not simpler, more adaptable, and less energy con!'.Ullllllg, rejected.
Smce this system always works With thc least energy requirement'l, there would he no benefit
to nature for spines to function sometimes as a post, sometimes as a hearn, sometimes a"i a tnl"iS,
or to function thfferenrly for dif(erenr species, conformmg to the minimal IIwcnrory-m..lx#
imum diverSity concept of Pearce10 and evolutionary theory.
The Icosahedron space truss model could be extended to lI'lCorpOT'cltc other ilnatOlniC and
physiologic systems. For example, as a "pump" the icoaheJron functions rem<lTkahly like Glr#
diac and respiratory models, and,

so,

may he im even more fund<llncmal mer<1sy!'.tem for hio#

logic modeling. As suggested by Kroto,S the icosahedron template is "mysterious, uhll.luitolls.

anJ all powerful."

ApPENDIX

249

References
1.
2.

J.

4.
5.
6.
7.

8.
9.

10.

I I.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.

de Dlive C: A Guided Tour of the LIving Cell. Vol. 1. New York, Sciemific Books. 1984.
Fieldmg Wj. Burstem AH, Fr::mkel VH: The nuchal ligament. Spme 1:314, 1976.
Fuller, RB: Syncrgcllcs. New York, Macmillan, 1975.

Gordon. JE: Structures or Why Things Don't Fall Down. New York, Dc C'lpa Press, 1978.
Gordon, JE: The Science of Structures and Marcri;lls. New York. Scientific American library, 1988.
Hacckel E: Report on the scientific result:. of the voyage of [he H.M.S. Challenger. Vol 18. pt XL. Radio
lana, Edinburgh, 1887.
Ingber DE, Jamieson J : Cells as rcnsegriry Sfructures. Architectural regulation of hisrodiffercmiation by phys
ical (orces transduced over basement membrane. In Andersonn LL, Gahmberg eG. Kblom PE (cds): Gene
Expression Dunng Normal and Malignant Differentiation. New York, Academic Press, 1985, pp 1 330.
Ktoto H: Space, smfS, C6Cl, and soot. Science 242: 1 1 391 145, 1988.
levin SM: The icosahedron as {he three-dimensional finite clement in bio-mechanical support. Procccdmg

of the Society of General S's(ems Research Symposium on Mental Images, Values and Reality, Philadelphia,
1986. St. Louis, Society of General Systems Research. 1986, pp G 14-G26.
Pearce PL: Structure in Nature as a Strategy for DeSign. C1mbridgc. MA, MIT Press, 1978.
Schultz AB: Biomechanics of the spine. In Nelson L (ed): Low Back Pain and Industrial and Social Disable
ment. London, American Back Pain Association, 1983, pp 20-25.
Schult! DO, Fox HN: Kenneth Snelson, Albnght-Knox Art Gallery (catalogue), Buffalo. 1 98 1 .
Snelson KD: Continuous tension, dlscontmuous compression structures. U.S. Patent 3 , 1 69,6 1 1 . Washington.
OC, U.S. Patem Office, 1965.
Thompson D: On Growth and Fonn. Cambridge, Cambridge UmvcrsllY Press, 1961.
Wnng N, Butler JP. Ingber DE: Microtranuction across the cell surface and through the cytoskeleton. Sci
ence 260, 1 1 2 4- 1 1 27. 1993.
Wendling S: Personal communication. L1boratory of Physical Mcchalllcs, Faculty of Science and
Technology, Paris.
Wildy P, Home RW: Srructure of animal Virus particles. Prog Med Virol 5: 1 -42, 1963.

250

ApPENDIX

, OSTEOPATHIC POSITIONING TABLE

Designed by Dr. George Roth and built by Hill Laboratories Co.

This table was specifically designed to reduce practitioner strain and facilitate the practice of PRT. It is available through
Hill Laboratories' in Frazer Pennsylvania. A few of the features and possible applications are listed below.

Multi#scctional
Mocorized elevation 22" to 3Sn

Motorized thoracic elevation to 85

Leg section flexes to 75

. iI

'
- ./

-_
..
- -

Head piece adjustable through 135'

Removeable pelvic section

Wide "'nge of possible positions

Anterior/posterior cervical

Rib treatment

Posterior thoracic

Posterior lumbar

Anterior lumbar/thoracic

lliacu

----'
[;II LabornlOdes Co., 3 Bacton H;II Rd., F""e<. Penn., 1 9355 , (6 1 0) 644-2867.

G lossary
active myofascial trigger point: A focus of hyperirri
tability in a muscle or its fascia. An active trigger point is
always tender, prevents full lengthening of the muscle,
weakens the muscle. usually refers pain on direct com
pression, mediates a local response of muscle fibers when
adequately stimulated, and often produces specific
referred autonomic phenomena. generally in its pain
reference zone.
acute somatic dysfunction: Immediate or short-term
impairment or altered function of related components
of the somatic (body framework) system. Characterized
in early stages by vasodilation, edema, tenderness, pain,
and contraction.
adaptation: The process of attaining homeostasis with
respect to changing internal or external circumstances.
Adaptation uses the capability of the organism to operate
efficiently under altered conditions.
anatomic barrier: The limit of motion imposed by
anatomic structure.
articular strain: The result of forces acting on a joint
beyond its capacity to adapt. Refers to stretching of joint
components beyond physiologic limits, causing damage.
barrier (motion barrier): limit of unimpeded motion.
biomechanics: The application of mechanical laws to
living structures. The study and knowledge of biologic
function from an application of mechanical principles.
chiropractic: The science of treating human ailments by
manipulation and adjustment of the spine and other struc
tures of the human body. The uses of such other mechan
ical, physiotherapeutic, dietetic, hygienic, and sanitary mea
sure. except drugs and major surgery, as are incident to
the care of the human body.
chronic somatic dysfunction: Long-standing impair
ment or altered function of related components of the
somatic (body framework) system. Characterized by ten
derness. itching. fibrosis. paresthesias. and contracture.
comfort zone: The optimal position of ease. It is a posi
tion where there is no tenderness and the tissues are
completely released. Also called a position of comfort
compensation: Counterbalancing or making up for a
defect in structure or function in the body. It may employ
mechanisms that meet the definition of adaptation. but it
more likely implies adjustment at the expense of efficiency
and with greater likelihood of fatigue and wear and tear.
Both functional and anatomic breakdown are more likely
to occur in a compensated situation
counterstrain technique: An indirect technique devel
oped by Lawrence Jones, D.O.The operator moves the
patient or part passively away from the motion barrier
toward and into the planes of increased motion. always

searching for the position of greatest comfort in order to

normalize inappropriate proprioreceptive activity.
cranial technique: A descriptor suggested by W. G.
Sutherland. D.O.. that refers to management and care
(therapy) using manipulative skills applied to the cranio
sacral mechanism. This form of treatment purports to
create shifts in circulation and pressure dynamics of the
cerebrospinal fluid and change or normalize pathophysio
logic reflexes. structure. and body mechanics.
craniosacral therapy: John Upledger developed
craniosacral therapy. which integrates both the osseous
and membranous (i.e .. meningeal) environment of the
central nervous system (I.e., brain and spinal cord). The
cranial bones are used as handles to influence the
meninges and restore fleXibility to the dural tube and its
related structures.
craniosacral mechanism: A term used by W.G. Suther
land, D.O., to describe the synchronous movement of the
sacral base with the cranial base. This synchrony is accom
plished by the attachment of the dural tube to the
foramen magnum and sacral canal, probably aided by cere
brospinal fluid fluctuation.
direct technique: Engagement of the restrictive barrier
carrying the lesioned component toward or through the
barrier. Thrust, articulatory, and muscle energy are exam
ples of direct techniques.
dysfunction: A state of continuing. though not neces
sarily static, impaired function of a part of the body. Usu
ally involves many local and distant anatomic structures
(muscle. fascia. ligaments. viscera. vascular components).
facilitated segment: The altered physiologic state of
the neural spinal segment such that it has a lowered
threshold to stimulation, being hyperirritable to any
stimulation and causing abnormal function in parts it
normally affects.
facilitation: (I) An increase in afferent stimuli such that
the synaptic threshold is more easily reached; thus there is
increase in the efficacy of subsequent impulses in that
pathway or synapse. The consequence of increased efficacy
is that continued stimulation produces hyperactive
responses. (2) A clinical concept used by osteopathic
physicians to describe neurophysiologic mechanisms that
create or are created by somatic dysfunction. Most often
used to describe enhancement or reinforcement of neuronal
activity caused by increased or abnormal afferent input to a
segment or segments. Increased activity is often triggered
or enhanced by adrenergiC and sympathetic stimulation.
fine-tuning: Small increments in movement adjustments
(I.e., flexion, extension, rotation, lateral flexion. compres
sion. or distraction).
251

252

GLOSSARY

flat palpation: Examination by finger pressure that pro

ceeds across the muscle fibers at a right angle to their
length while compressing them against a firm underlying
structure, such as bone, Used to detect taut bands and
trigger points.
f10werspray endings: Muscle spindle sensory end
organs.
gamma efferent: Autonomic nervous system fibers car
rying signals from the pyramidal centers, causing alter
ations of sensitivity and length in the action of muscles via
special organs called muscle spindles,
golgi endings: Sensory organs found in tendons of mus
cles. Act as muscle stretch overload protectors via the
spinal reflexes.
homeostasis: ( I ) Maintenance of static or constant
conditions in the internal environment. (2) The level of
well-being of an individual maintained by internal physio
logic harmony. Result of a relatively stable state or equi
librium among the interdependent body functions.
indirect technique: Any manual technique in which
the treating force is directed away from the motion
restriction. Sutherland. functional, counterstrain, and posi
tional release therapy are examples of indirect techniques.
inhibition, reflex: ( I ) In osteopathic usage, a term that
describes the application of steady pressure to soft tissues
to effect relaxation and normalize reflex activity. (2) Effect
on antagonist muscles due to reciprocal innervation when
the agonist is stimulated.
joint hypermobility: Signifies increased joint movement.
joint hypomobility: Signifies joint stiffness or relative
restriction of motion.
jump sign: A general pain response of the patient
(wincing, crying out, or withdrawal of a body part) in
response to pressure applied on a trigger point.
latent myofascial trigger point: A focus of hyperirri
tability in muscle or its fascia that is clinically quiescent with
respect to spontaneous pain. Painful only when palpated.
manipulation: Therapeutic application of manual force.
Also known as a therapeutic movement usually of a small
amplitude; accomplished at the end of the available range
of motion but within the anatomic range, at a speed over
which the client has no controL
mobilization: Therapeutic movement of variable ampli
tude accomplished within the available range of motion at
a speed over which the client has control.
muscle energy technique: A direct technique devel
oped by Dr. Fred Mitchell, Sr., D.O., used to treat joint
hypomobility. This technique involves passively positioning
the patient using muscle barriers in a precisely controlled
position. Once in this position, a gentle isometric contrac
tion in a specific direction against a specific resistance is
required. This results in increased mobility of the pelvis,
spine, ribs, and peripheral joints.
muscle spindles: The special neuromuscular organs
scattered through the mass of muscle fibers that act not
only as a feedback sensor to allow spinal reflexes to adjust

intentional or higher reflex muscle contraction orders, but

also have senSitivity, or "gain control," which allows them
to adapt to new load or new intentional signals from
higher centers.
myofascial release: A whole body, hands-on approach
for the evaluation and treatment of the fascial system. A
three-dimensional soft tissue technique that addresses
tension in the connective tissue system and can be either
direct or indirect.
myotatic reflex arc: Stretch reflex of the muscle.
osteopathy (osteopathic medicine): A system of
health care founded by Andrew Taylor Still ( 1 82B- 1 9 1 7).
Based on the theory that the body is capable of making its
own remedies against disease and other toxic conditions
when it is in normal structureal relationship and has favor
able environmental conditions and adequate nutrition.
Uses generally accepted physical, pharmacologic, and sur
gical methods of diagnosis and therapy; places strong
emphasis on the importance of body mechanics and
manipulative methods to detect and correct faulty struc
ture and function. Structure governs function: disturbances
of structure. in whatever tissue within the body. lead to
disturbances of function in that structure. and in turn of
the function of the body as a whole. Supports the body's
inherent abilities to maintain homeostasis and to establish
a protective response to disease or injury.
osteopathic lesion (osteopathic lesion complex): A
disturbance in musculoskeletal structure or function, as well
as associated disturbances of other biologic mechanisms.
pain analog scale: Scale used to assist patients
with determining level of pain (0 = no pain; 1 0 =
extremely painful).
pathologic barrier: A functional limit within the
anatomic range of motion, which abnormally diminishes
the normal physiologic range. May be associated with
somatic dysfunction.
physical (manual) therapy: Usually part of a multidisci
plinary approach using a variety of maneuvers and manual
techniques in conjunction with conventional physical
therapy modalities. Directed at restoring normal function
and arthrokinematics of the somatic system.
physiologic barrier: Functional limits within the
anatomic range of motion. Soft tissue tension accumula
tion, which limits the voluntary motion of an articulation.
Further motion toward the anatomic barrier can still be
induced passively.
physiologic motion: Normal changes in the position of
articulating surfaces taking place within a jOint or region.
positional release therapy: A passive and indirect
technique that places the patient's body, utilizing all three
planes of movement. into a position of greatest comfort.
While in this position of comfort. there is a reduction and
arrest of inappropriate proprioceptive activity and a
release of fascial tension. This results in decreased hyper
tonicity, relaxation, and elongation of involved muscle
fibers. Decreases myofascial tension and helps restore

GLOSSARY

joint mobility. The result is increased functional mobility

and flexibility and decreased pain.
position of comfort: The optimal position of ease. A
position where there is no tenderness and the tissues are
completely released. Also called the comfort zone.
proprioception: The sensing of motion and where the
body is positioned in space.
proprioceptor: Sensory nerve terminals that give infor
mation concerning movements and position of the body
or posture.They occur chiefly in the muscles, tendons,
joints. and the labyrinth and provide information with
regard to changes in equilibrium and the knowledge of
position. weight. and resistance of objects in relation to
the body.
protective muscle spasm guarding: The muscle is in
a state of contraction. incapable of allowing full resting
length due to an inability to relax and elongate. Muscle will
resist passive elongation or stretch.
reality check: A positional movement or specific joint.
fascial. or muscle evaluation or a pain scale that is objec
tive and can be measured. It reproduces the patient's pain
or complaint. Used as a reference point to measure the
success of treatment.
reciprocal innervation: The inhibition of antagonist
muscles when the agonist is stimulated.
referred pain: Pain that is perceived at some distance
from the location of the cause.
release phenomena: A normalization or softening of
the tissue. During this process the patient may experience
some or all of the following: pain. paresthesia. pulsations.
Vibrations, heat. perspiration, change in breathing or heart
rate. and eye motor activity.
restriction: A resistance or impediment to movement.
segment: A portion of a larger body or structure set off
by natural or arbitrarily established boundaries. Often
equated with spinal segment. ( I ) A portion of the spinal
cord contained between two imaginary sections, one on
each side of a nerve pair. (2) A portion of the spinal cord
to which a pair of spinal nerves is attached by dorsal and
ventral roots. Also used to describe a single vertebra.
namely, a vertebral segment.
somatic dysfunction: Impaired or altered function of
related components of the somatic (body framework)
system: skeletal, arthrodial. and myofascial structures and

253

related vascular, lymphatic. and neural elements. The posi

tional and motion aspects of somatic dysfunction may be
described using three parameters: the position of the
element as determined by palpation, the direction in
which motion is freer, and the direction in which motion
is restricted.
spasm: An involuntary sudden movement or convulsive
muscle contraction. Spasms may be clonic (characterized by
alternate contraction and relaxation) or tonic (sustained).
spasticity: Increased tone or contractions of muscles
causing stiff and awkward movement. The result of an
upper motor neuron lesion.
spindle afferent (fibers): Pick up information from the
muscle spindle through annulospiral endings and flower
spray endings about the length and contraction of the
spindle (and therefore the skeletal muscle fibers). which
allows spinal reflex adjustment of muscle tasks desired by
higher intentional or reflex centers in the brain.
strain: An overexertion trauma to a portion of the con
tractile musculotendinous unit or its attachment to the
bone (tendinoperiosteal junction). Force that deforms a
body part or changes its dimension.
stress: Any force that tends to distort a body. It may be
in the direction of either pulling apart or pressing
together. Thus skeletal structures (bones. ligaments. and
muscles) may be subject to stress or may transmit a stress.
stretching: Separation of the origin and insertion of a
muscle or attachment of fascia or ligaments by applying
constant pressure at a right angle to the fibers of the
muscle or fascia.
tender point: A tender edematous region located deep
in muscle, tendons, ligaments, fascia, and bone. It can mea
sure I cm across or less, with most acute points being
about ] mm in diameter.
trigger point (myofascial trigger point): A small
hypersensitive site that when stimulated consistently pro
duces a reflex mechanism that gives rise to referred pain or
other manifestations. The response is specific. in a constant
reference zone. and consistent from person to person.
visceral manipulation: A soft tissue technique devel
oped by lean Pierre Barral. D.O. Involves locating and
treating areas of fascial tension in the chest. abdomen,
and pelvic cavities to improve functional mobility and
visceral function.

Index

Acromioclavicular render points

anterior, 105, 1 08

see

aLso Cervical spine; Lumbar

spine; Thoracic spine

posterior, 105, I 1 8

pain, 1 43 ;

Acupuncture poims, 2 , 3 ;

see

also Ah

Shi points; Tender points;

Trigger poims
Adhesive (ibrogenesis, 9
see

see

also Pain

also

Acupuncture points; Tender

points; Trigger points
Ampulce patients
treating. 24
Anatomic crossrcferencc chart,
2 36-238
Ankle

Bioenergetic exercises, I , 2;

see

Exercises

also

Body charrs, 234-235

Body positioning, i ;2j see also Po:>i,

tion of Comfort; Posture; Yoga

133, 1 34
Core swhdi:auon, I

c
Calcaneus tender points
lateral, 204, 206

lateral, 1 93 , 195

medial, 204, 205

medial, 193, 194

plantar, 204 , 207

Annulospiral endings, I I , I I , 1 2
Arachidonic acid, 1 2
Arm;

see

Elbow; Hand/wriSl; Shoulder

palpation of, 2 2 1
Common cxtcn:.or tcndon tender
Common flexor tendon tender point,

flexor digitorum longus, 193, 200

tibialis, posterior, 193, 199

Comfort zone, 10, 29- 30, 32

point, 1 3 3 , /35

postures

anterior, 193, 1 96

tibialis, anterior, 1 93 , 20 I

second, 77, 80
third, 77, 8 1
Coccyx tender poinl, 174, 180

treating, 4 3

extensor Jigirorum longus, 193,

ralus, 1 93 , 197

first, 77-79

Chapman's reflexc, 4

Birth injuries

tender points 0(, 1 93-203

posterior, 193, 198

posterior rendcr points of, 64, 77;83

fourth through sevcnth, 77, 82

1 14

dysfunction 0(, 1 8 1

peroneus, 193, 202

75-76

first, 65, 75

eighth, 77, 83

1 10

Bone [issue, 8, 9

203

lateral lender l'<lIllts 0(, 64, 65,

second through sixth, 65, 76

Biceps long head tender point, 105,

Biceps shorr head tender point, /05,

Adductors tender point, 1 50, 158

Ah Shi points, 2, 9;

Back;

landmarks (or, 64

Carpomeracarpal tender point

first, 1 33 , 1 38
Central nervous system
faciliated segments in, 1 3 , 1 3- 1 4
Cervical spine
anterior tender points of, 64,
65-76

CoronniJ tcnder points

iareral/medial, 1 26 , 1 3 1
COllntcrstrtlin, I
history of, 4;5; see also Strain/coun;
ter:,train

Cranium
dysfunction of, 4 3
tender poinrs 0(, 4 3 , 44-63
digastric, 44, 50
(mnt"l, 44, 57
lambda, 44, 48
masseter, 44 , 53
maxilla, 44, 54

eighth, 65, 73

nasal, 44, 55

Assistive devices, 2 2 3 , 250

fifth, 65, 70

occipital, 44, 46

Asymmetry

first, 65, 66

OCCipitomastoid. 44, 45

postural, 40

(ourth, 65, 69

pterygoid, lateral, 44, 52

medial, 65, 74

pterygoid, medial, 44, 5 1

second, 65, 67

sagittal suture, 44, 58

seventh, 65, 72

sphenobasilar, laleral, 44, 59

Note: Page numbers in italics imlicarc

sixth, 65, 71

sphenubasilar, posterior, 44, 47

illustrations; page numbers fol lowed

third, 65, 68

stylohyoid, 44, 49

by Ht" indicate tables.

dysfunction of, 64

slJpraorbi,"I, 44, 56
255

256

INDEX

tcmrorah,anterior, 44. 60
tcmrorall, posterior, 44. 6 1
temporoparietal anterior,44, 62
temporoparietal r()(erior. 44, 63
Cn)S..reference charts
for anatomy and positional release
therapy, 236-238
for stmm/countcrstr;'llll and pOSI
tional release therapy,
239-241
Cruciarc ligament tender pmnts
anten"" 182, 190
pO>len"" 182, 1 9 1
CubniJ render points
dorsal,204 , 208
plantar, 204, 209
Cumul.ulvc trauma lhsordcr. 224; see
also Repetitive stram Injury
Cuneiform tender pOints
Jor"'ll
first through third,204, 2 1 2
plantar
firS[ lhrough t1md,204, 2 1 3
Cupules,2

epIcondyle, medial, 1 26 , 1 28
olecranon, lateral/medIal, 126,
132

raJial head pronator, 1 26 , 1 30

raJlal hea" supinator, 1 26 , 1 29
EpIcondyle tender POints
lateral, 1 26 , 1 27
meJial, 1 26, 1 28
Ergonomics,223-224
Evaluation
of lower body
form for, 142
scanning, 5, 35-38,232-233
of lIpper body
fom) for, 41
Exercises; see also Bioenergetic exer#
cies
at home, 225
role of, 228
Extensor lJigitorum longus tender
POint, 1 93 , 203
Extensor tendon tender point,
common, 1 3 3 , 135
Extrafusal fibers, I I , I I

Devices
,"Slstive,22 1, 250
Diagnosis; see also Scannmg
evaluation
funcuonal. 3
protocol for, 40
Digastric tender point. 44, 50
Direct [cchni4ue. 2; see also Indirect
technique
Dominant tender POInt,27. 40; see
abo Tender pOlllt:-.
III '\C,mnmg evaluation, 3637
Dynamic neutral position, 3
DynamIC recIprocal balance, 3
DY(lInction; see also Mlisculokeletal
JY(lInction; Somatic Jysfunc
lion; specific anatomic areas
global,27

Facilitated segments, 1 3 , 11-14

Fascial matrix, effect of trauma on,8
Fascial system,8,9
Jysfunctlon of,14-15
tension of; see Facial ttnion
Fascial teruion, 9
normalization of,20
patterns of,14, 1 5
Feldenkrais, I
Fibrogenesl
aJheive,9
Fingers; see Ham.l/wrist
Flexor JigltOrum longus tender pOint,

E
Elhow
dyfunction of,104
tender pOints of, 104, 126-132
coronOId, lateral/medial, 1 26 , 1 3 1
epIcondyle, lateral, 1 26, 1 27

193, 200

Flexor tendon tender POint

common, 1 3 3 , 134
Flower spray endings, II, I I
Foot
dysfunction of, 1 8 1
tender points of, 1 8 1 , 204-2 1 9
calcaneus, lateral, 204, 206
calcaneus,medial,204, 205
calcaneus, plantar, 204, 207
cuboiJ, dorsal, 204, 208
cubOId,plantar, 204, 209
cuneiform, dorsal, fin:.t through
tlmJ, 204, 2 1 2

cunciform,plantar, first through

th"d, 204 , 2 1 3
mC{atarsab, dorsal, first through
fifth, 204, 2 1 4-2 1 6
metatarsals,plantar, firt through
ftfth, 204, 2 1 72 19
navicular, JONal, 204, 2 1 0
navicular, plantar, 204 , 2 1 1
Frontal tender pOint,44, 57
Functional diagnosis, Ji see also
DiagnOSIs
Functional techniC, 3

G
Gamma bias, II
Gamma effercnt neurons, I I
Gemellt tenJer POlnl, 166, 1 70
Gcriatric patients
treatmg, 23
Global dysfunction,27; see also Mus
culoskelctal dysfunction;
Somauc dys(ucnllon; specific
anatomic areas

Global treatment,
vs. local treatmem,27, 27
Glossary, 251-25 3
Glutcus medlu tender [XHnt, 166,
172

Gluteus ml1llmU tem.ler [XHnt, 150,

1 5 2 , 168,

Goigi tcndon organs, I I

H
Hamstring render POlllts
lateral, 182, 188
medIal, 182, 187
Hand/WrISt
dysfunction of, 104
tender pOints of, 104, 133- 1 4 1
carpometacarpal,first, 1 3 3 , 138
common flexor tendon, 133
I

134

common extensor tendon,

1 3 3 , 135

mterocolls, dorsal, 1 3 5 , 140

interosseous, palmar, 1 3 3 , 139
Interphalangeal JOInts, 1 33 ,
141

WrI,t, dorsal, 1 3 3 , 1 3 7
WrISt, palmar, 1 3 3 , 136
Head; see Cranium

INDEX

Highgain servomechanism, I I
Hip/pelvis
anterior tender points oC 1 4 3 ,
150-158

Joints; see also s/Jecific anatomic areas

hypomobility of, 20

adductors, 150, 158

Jones neuromuscular model, I I , 1 2 , 1 2

iliacus, ISO, 1 5 1

Jump sign, 28, 36

Kinectic chain theory, 8, 1 4

sartorius, ISO, 153

Knee

gemelli, 1 66 , 1 70
gluteus medius, 1 66 , 1 72

fourth-iliac, 159, 163

upper fifth, 1 5 9 , 1 64

pubis, lateral, ISO, 157

1 66-173

1 5 9- 1 65

first through fifth, 159, 160

pubis, superior, ISO, 155

posterior tender points of, 1 4 3 ,

poterior tender points 0(, 1 4 3 ,

lower fifth, 159, 165

152
pubis, inferior, ISO, 156

tensor fascia lata, 150, 154

dy,function of, 1 43

third-iliac, 159, 1 62

gluteus minimus, ISO,

dysfunction of, 1 4 3

dysfunction of, 1 8 1

Masseter tender point, 44, 53

[ender points of, 1 8 1 , 182-192

Maxilla tender point, 44, 54

cruciate ligament. amerior,

Mechanoreceptors. 1 0
Metatarsal tender points

182, 190
cruciate I igament, posterior,

dorsal, 204, 2 1 4- 2 1 6
first, 204, 2 1 4

182, 1 9 1

iliotibial band, 166, 1 73

hamstring, medial, 182, 187

fourth and fifth, 204 , 2 1 6

piriformis, lateral/medial, 166,

hamstring, lateral, 182, 188

second and third, 204, 2 1 5

171

lateral, 182, 186

plantar, 204, 2 1 7- 2 1 9

sacroiliac, inferior, 1 66, 1 69

medial, 182, 185

fifth, 204, 2 1 9

sacroiliac, middle, 1 66 , 1 68

patella, 182, 183

first, 204, 2 1 7

sacroliac, superior, 1 66 , 1 67
Humerus tender pain[
medial, lOS, 1 1 3

patellar tendon, 182, 184

pes anserinus, 182, 189
popliteus, 182, 192

1 73

The Importance of Sof' Tissues for

Stnlctural Suppor, of ,he Body,
244-249

o(l1lotion assessment
normalization of, 20

joint, 20

I l iacus tender point, ISO, 1 5 1

second and third, 204 , 2 1 8

Mobiliry; see Hypomobility; Range
Muscle spasm

Hypomobility

I l iotibial band tender point, 1 66,

protective, 1 9
Muscle spindles, I I , 1 I

L,mbda tender point, 44, 48

Muscular system, 8-9

Lmissimus dorsi tender point, 105,

Musculoskeletal dysfunction, 7,

1 17
Legs; see Ankle; Knee
Lesion; see Facilitated segments;
Injury
limbs; see Lower limb; Upper limb
Lower body

8- 1 0, 2 3 ; see also Global

dysfunction; Soma[ic dys
function
Myofascial Pain and Dysfunc,ion, 2
Myofascial pain syndrome. 9; see also
Pain

Indirect technique, I , 2-4

evaluation form for, 1 42

Myofascial skeletal truSS, 1 4- 1 5

Inflammation

treatment of, 2 3 ; see also s/:>ecific

Myofa!lcial [issue, 1 0

due to injury, 9-10, 1 2

in somatic dysfunction, 8
Infraspinatus tender poinrs
inferior, lOS, 1 23

anatomic areas
Lower limb

dysfunction of, 1 8 1
tender points of, 2 3 , 1 8 1 , 182-

middle, lOS, 1 22

2 1 9; see also specific anatomic

Nasal [ender point , 44, 55

superior, 105 , I 2 1

areas

Navicular tender points

Injury
mOtor vehicle, 2 3
tissue, 8- 10, 1 2
Interosseous tender points

Lumbar spine
anterior tender points of, 1 43 ,
144-149
abdominal second, 144, 146

dorsal, 1 33 , 140

fifth, 1 44 , 149

palmar, 1 33 , 139

first, 144, 1 45

I nterphalangeal joints
tender points of, 133, 1 4 1
Intrafusal fibers, I I , 1 1

257

dorsal, 204, 2 1 0
plantar, 204, 2 1 1
Neck; see Cervical spine
Neurologic pa[ients
treating, 24, 242
Neurolymphatic points, 9; see also

second, 144, 1 47

Acupuncture points; Ah Shi

third, 2 2 3

points; Tender points; Trigger

third and fourth, 144, 1 4 8

poin[s

INDEX

258

Neurovascular poin[. 9;

see also

Acupuncture points; Ah Shi

points; Tender points; Trigger

optimal, 30

points

during treatment, 40;

see aLm spe,

cific anatomic areas

NocicepmTs, 1 0
i n somatic dysfunction, 1 2 1 3

Popliteus tender point, 1 8 2 , 192

Position of comfort, 1 0

Quadratus lumborum tender point,

159, 1 6 1

for fascial dysfunction, 1 5

length of treatment in, 1 2 , 30J I

Nonlinear process
of positional release therapy, 8

Position of treatment;

see

Position of

comfort; Treatment procedures

Radial head pronator tender point,

Positional release therapy, I , 20

activity level following, 2 2 5

advances in, 5

1 26, 1 29

case srudies in, 3738

Ohesity
considerations in treatment, 2 2 3

Range,oflllQ(ion assessment, 40

comfort zone in, 2930, 30

Occipital tender point, 44, 46

contra indications for, 2021

Occipitomastoid tender point. 4445

crossreference charts for, 236241

Olecranon tender points

diagnosis protocol for, 40

lateral/medial, 1 26 , 1 3 2
O'teopathic positioning table, 250

effects of, 10 1 5 , 20, 3 1

ergonomics in, 223224
evaluation forms for, 4 1 42, 1 42

Osteoporosis
treatment 0(, 23

as global treatment, 27, 27

p
Plin

anterior tender points of. 90,

9 1 93

origins of, 1 5

first, 90, 9 1

other modalities with, 2 2 1 222

second, 90, 92

effects of therapy on, 20

posttreatment reaction to, 3 1 ,

184
Pathokinesiologic determination

2 2 2 2 2 3 , 225
forms for, 232233
tender poims in;

amputee, 24

see

third through tenth, 90, 93

medial tender points of, 90, 94
third through tenth, 90, 94
posterior tender points of, 1 00103

scanning evaluation in, 3538

eleventh and twelfth, 100, 103

first, 100, / 0 1

Tender points

treatment

second through tenth, 100, 102

Ruffini receptors, 1 0 1 1

phases of, 2 1 22
plan, 3 1 3 3, 3738, 40

for treatment, 243

Patients

treating, 24
Rib cage

224

patienr relationship in, 222

Patellar tendon tentler points, 182,

Cumulative trauma disorder

Respiratory patients

dysfunction of, 84

back, 1 4 3

posttreatmCrH, 225

poims

Repetitive strain injuries, 2 1 ; see also

indications for, 1 0 1 5, 2224,

pain arising during, 225

Patella tentler points, 182, 183

Reality checks, 222

Reflex points, 39; see also Tender

homebased, 2 2 5

arising during treatment, 2 2 5

myofascial origins 0(, 8, 9, 1 2

1 26, 130
Radial head supinator tender point,

principles of, 29
procedures, 3940;

anatomic areas

communication widl, 222

see also specific

Sacroiliac tender points

geriatric, 2 3

Positioning table, 250

inferior, 1 66 , 169

in mOtor vehicle accidcms, 2 3

Posnrearment, soreness, 222223,

middle, 166, 168

225

neurologic, 242

superior, 1 66 , 167

obese, 223

Postural asymmetry, 40

pediatric. 23

Posture, I ;

with sports inj uries, 2 324

see also Body positioning;

Yoga postures

respiratory, 24

somatic dysfunction and, 8

Sacrulll
posterior tender points of, 1 4 3 ,
1 74180
coccyx, 174, 180

Pectoralis major tender point, /05, I 15

Proprioceptors, 1 0 1 2

fifth, 1 74 , 179

Pecroralis minor tender point, 105, 1 1 6

Protective muscle spasm, 1 9

first, 1 74 , 1 75

Pediatric patients

PRT;

neating, 2 3
Pelvis;

see Hip/pelvis

Peroneus <ender point, 193 , 202

Pes anserinus tender point, 182, 189
Piriformis tender points

see Positional release therapy

Pterygoid tender points

lateral, 44, 52
medial, 44 , 5 1
Pubis tender points
inferior, 150, 156

fourth, 1 74 , 1 78
second, 1 74 , 1 76
third, 1 74, 1 77
Sagittal suture tender point, 44, 58
SartOrius render points, 150, 153
Scanning evaluation, 3538

medial, 1 66, 1 7 1

lateral, 150, 157

form for, 232233

lateral, 166, 1 7 1

superior, 150, 155

procedure for, 5

INDEX
Scapula tender point
medial, 105, 1 20
erratus anterior tender point, 1 05 ,
1 12

Subscapularis tender point, 1 05 ,

III

Supraspinatus tender poilUS

lateral, lOS, 109

high-gain, I I

medial, 105, 1 1 9

acromioclavicular, anterior, 1 05 ,
108

biceps short head, 1 05 , I 1 4

humerus, medial, 1 05 , 1 1 3

infraspinatus inferior, 105, 1 23

infraspinatus middle, 1 05 , 1 22
infraspinatus superior, 105, 1 2 1
latissimus dorsi, 105, 1 1 7

95-99

tenth through twelfth, 95 , 99

third through fifth, 95, 97
Thumb; see Hand/wrist

Talus tender point, 193, 1 97

Tibialis

Temporalis tender points

anterior, 44, 60
posterior, 44, 6 1
Temporoparietal tender points

anterior tender point, 1 9 3 , 201

posterior tender point, 1 93 , 1 99
Tissue
injury to, 8 - 1 0, 1 2 , 2 3

anterior, 44, 62

myofascial, 1 0

posterior, 44, 63

soft, 224, 244-248

Tender points, I , 28, 40; see also

Acupuncture points; Ah Shi

pectoralis minor, 105, 1 1 6

points; Reflex points; Trigger

scapula, medial, 1 05 , 1 20

points

subclavius, 105, 107

posterior tender points of, 84,

Tables, osteopathic positioning, 250

pectoralis major, 1 05 , 1 1 5

serratus amerior, J 05, 1 1 2

dysfunction of, 84

sixth through ninth, 95, 98

tender points of, 105-125

1 18

tenth through twelfth, 85, 89

first and second, 95, 96

Shoulder

biceps long head, 105, I 1 0

seventh through ninth, 85,

88

Supraorbital tender point, 44, 56

Servomechanism

acromioclavicular, posterior, 105,

body charts for, 234-235; see also

specific anawmic areas

types of, 8-9

Trapezius tender POilU, 1 05 ,
106
Trauma
musculoskeletal, 8- 10, 1 2
of motor vehicle accident
cases

subscapularis, 105, I I I

conflicting, 2 2 3

supraspinatus lateral, 1 05 , 109

dominant, 27, 40

supraspinatus medial, /OS, 1 1 9

grading system for, 28, 28

teres major, 105, 124

history of, 2

thcrapy, treatment; specific

teres minor, 105, 1 25

location of, 28; see also specific

anatomic areas

trapezius, 105, 106

Soft tissue
treating, 224
for structural support, 244-249
Somatic dysfunction, 78; sec also

anaromic areas
in musculoskeletal dysfunction,
9- 1 0

under specific anatOmic

areas
in scanning evaluation,
36-37
shutting off, 222-223

Smai, I
Sphenobasilar tender point
lateral, 44, 59
Spine; see Cervical spine; Lumbar
spine; Thoracic spine
Sports injuries
treating, 23-24
Sternocleidomastoid muscle, 23

Slmin and Cowllersrrain, 5

Strain/coulUerstrain; see also Counter
strain
terminology crossreference chart
for, 239-241
for treating neurologic patients,
242

Treatmentj see Positional release

Trigger points, 2, 9i see also Acupunc

ture poimsi Ah Shi points;
Tender points

position of treatment for; see

loskeletal dysfunction
treating, 229

treating, 2 3

palpating, 28

Global dysfunction; Muscu

muscle spindles and, 1 1 - 1 2

259

Tensegrity
in lower limb dysfunction, 1 8 1
model, 8, 1 4- 1 5, 228, 246-248,
247
Tension
fascial; see Fascial tension

u
Upper body
evaluation form for, 4 1
treatment of, 22-23; lee also specific

anatomic areas

Upper limb
dysfunction of, 104
tender points of, 22-23, 104,
1 05 - 1 4 1 ; see also specific

anatomic areas

icosohedron, 1 4- 1 5
Tensor fascia lata tender point, 150,
154
Teres major tender point, 1 05 , 1 24
Teres minor tender point, /OS, 1 25

w
Wrist; see Hand/wrist

Thoracic spine
anterior tender points of, 84,

85- 9

Stylohyoid tender point, 44 , 49

first through third, 85, 86

Subclavius tender point, 1 05 , 107

fourth through sixth, 85, 87

Yoga postures, I , 1