Circuit Design: How to make an amplitude modulated wave

The AM modulation is a kind of modulation technique which is in use since the very early days of wireless data transmission. In a
radio transmission system there is a relation between the ranges of frequencies which can be transmitted wirelessly with the length
of the transmitting antenna. The relation is inversely proportional to one another, means as the frequency of the signal to be
transmitted increases the length of the antenna can be reduced and as the frequency of the signal to be transmitted decreases the
length of the transmitting antenna should be increased accordingly.
Using an antenna of few meters the frequencies in the range of Mhz can be easily transmitted to a distance. The basic purpose of
the wireless transmitting system in early days was to transmit the audio signals, but to transmit audio signals which fall in the range
of few Khz an antenna of more than a kilometer height would have been required. Since it was practically impossible to construct
such a long antenna, the high frequency signals are transmitted after they are modulated with the low frequency audio signals.
The amplitude modulation is the simplest modulation technique among the wide verity of modulation techniques in use. The
amplitude modulation of a high frequency signal is easy to achieve and the demodulation is also simple compared to other
techniques. The high frequency signal which is modulated to carry the low frequency audio signals are called carrier frequency and
the audio signals used for modulation is called modulating signal or message signal or base band signal. This article
demonstrates how to generate an Amplitude Modulation (AM) using the simplest possible circuit.
DESCRIPTION:
To demonstrate the AM modulation of a carrier signal with a message signal, both the carrier signal and message signal generating
circuits are also made and the details of them will be discussed in the subsequent section. The carrier signal and message signal
used in this project are pure sine waves. Hence the entire circuit can be divided into three blocks:
1. Carrier frequency generator (High frequency sine wave)
2. Message frequency generator (Low frequency sine wave)
3. AM Modulator.
The block diagram of the AM modulation used in this project is shown in the following dia gram;

For

both

the carrier signal of high frequency and the message signal of low frequency, exactly same sine wave generating circuits are
designed but the frequencies are set to high and low respectively with the help of their variable components. Hence this project has
two similar variable frequency sine wave generator circuits and an AM modulator circuit.
Variable frequency sine wave generator
The sine wave generation circuit used in this project is the Wien bridge oscillator circuit. This is the only circuit which can generate
the pure sine wave without any distortion. The amplifier component used in the Wien bridge circuit is an op-amp with dual-power
supply. Both the circuits are built around the versatile op-amp IC, 741. The circuit of the sine wave generator is shown in the
following figure.

The frequency of the above circuit can be varied by simply varying the potentiometer R2 and the amplitude of the wave form can be
adjusted by varying the potentiometer R. The frequency of the sine wave generated by the above circuit depends on the
components R1, R2, C1 and C2 and the equation for the frequency is given below;

The image of the circuit made for generating the carries signal is shown below;

The circuit is then adjusted to generate a high frequency sine wave and which can be observed in a CRO as shown in the following
image;

An exactly similar circuit is wired again in the bread board and this time the circuit is adjusted to generate a low frequency sine
wave. The two sine wave generating circuits wired in a bread board is shown in the following image;

AM

modulator

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are different kinds of circuits which can produce AM modulation.

most common among them are transistor based circuits. The
based circuits requires proper biasing and a single transistor in
the cases is not enough to handle both the positive and negative
large amplitude signals. There are inductors or coil based
which can also produce AM modulation but they also require
tuning and they are vulnerable to noise in the surroundings.

The simplest and the stable AM modulator circuit can be designed with the help of an FET. The carrier wave can be allowed to flow
through the channel of the FET and the message signal can be used to modify the width of the channel and hence one can achieve
the simplest AM modulation.
The component used here as an AM modulator is the N-channel FET, BFW10. The carrier signal is fed through the N-channel from
source to drain of the FET which is then modulated by applying the message signal on the gate of the FET. The circuit built around
BFW10 which can act as an AM modulator is shown in the following image;

Compared to other circuits there is no complex calculations involved in the design of the components used in this circuits. R1 is
used as the current limiting resistor and the resistor R3 is used to generate a reasonable voltage drop when the AM signal current
flow through it so that one can get the AM signal voltage across it. R3 is again the current limiting resistor for the base of the FET
and it is selected as a potentiometer so that by varying it the depth of the modulation can be demonstratedas varying.The depth of
the modulation simply means the amount of message signal amplitude that is required to be present in given amplitude of the carrier
signal.The carrier wave is applied through the resistor R1 to the FET and the message wave is applied to the gate of the FET
through the potentiometer R2. The potentiometer R2 can be varied to adjust the depth of the modulation. The circuit built for the AM
modulator using BFW10 is shown in the following image;

The carrier signal flows through the N-channel of the FET and as they flows the message signal voltage at the gate of the FET
continuously increases and decreases the width of the N-channel. Thus the carrier signal flowing through the channel experiences
an increase and decrease in resistance corresponding to the increase or decrease of the amplitude of the message signal.
Henceforth the amplitude of the carrier signal varies according to the message signal as it flows through the N-channel. This
modulated amplitude carrier signal appears across the source of the FET and ground as AM wave.

The AM wave generated by the circuit and displayed in the in CRO is shown in the following images;

The complete circuit for the AM generation;