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Budding
Buds are outgrowths of reproductive units formed on the parental organism.
Each bud enlarges, develops the characteristics of the parent organism. A
bud may then become separated from the parent body to develop into a new
individual or separate until after completion of development.
In other
A hydra budding
Fragmentation
The body of an organism breaks into several parts, each of which can
produce an offspring. Each fragment develops into a mature, fully grown
individual. Fragmentation is seen in many plants and animals such as
liverworts, flatworms and starfish. The splitting may not be intentional, it can
sometimes occur by natural damage or predators during the course of the
parent organisms life.
Sporulation
In some organisms, the nucleus of the parent divides into many daughter
nuclei by repeated divisions. This follows divisions of the cytoplasm to
several parts with each holding one daughter nucleus. Bacteria, amoeba and
some forms of fungi generally divide like this when conditions are favorable
releasing many daughter cells.
Sporulation in bacteria
Advantages
reproduce asexually.
Organisms that are confined to one place and unable to look for mate
can reproduce asexually.
Disadvantages
The offspring produced are genetically identical to each other and the
parent.
Little to no genetic variation within the population.
Mutations to the parent cell can be potentially harmful to the survival
of the offspring.
Environmental changes and disease can be deadly to all organisms.
References:
https://www.google.tt/search?
q=fragmentation+diagram&rlz=1C1VEAD_enTT445TT445&espv=2&bi
w=1366&bih=655&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=-
rgFVfraHIj7gwST1oCYCw&ved=0CAYQ_AUoAQ
http://www.cell.com/cms/attachment/555604/3966466/gr1.jpg
http://www.amjbot.org/content/87/12/1769.full
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/variation/reproduction/
http://nemertea.lifedesks.org/node/3541
http://www.tutorvista.com/content/biology/biology-iv/reproduction-in-
animals/asexual-reproduction-types.php
http://johnfriedmann.com/biogloss/Sporulation.htm