EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT READING

CHAPTER 1:
SKIMMING AND SCANNING
1.1 Skimming
Skimming and scanning are reading techniques that use rapid eye movement and keywords to
move quickly through text for slightly different purposes. Skimming is reading rapidly in order to get
a general overview of the material. Scanning is reading rapidly in order to find specific facts. While
skimming tells you what general information is within a section, scanning helps you locate a
particular fact. Skimming is like snorkeling, and scanning is more like pearl diving.
Use skimming in previewing (reading before you read), reviewing (reading after you read),
determining the main idea from a long selection you don't wish to read, or when trying to find
source material for a research paper. Use scanning in research to find particular facts, to study factheavy topics, and to answer questions requiring factual support.
Skimming can save you hours of laborious reading. However, it is not always the most
appropriate way to read. It is very useful as a preview to a more detailed reading or when reviewing
a selection heavy in content. But when you skim, you may miss important points or overlook the
finer shadings of meaning, for which rapid reading or perhaps even study reading may be necessary.
Use skimming to overview your textbook chapters or to review for a test. Use skimming to
decide if you need to read something at all, for example during the preliminary research for a paper.
Skimming can tell you enough about the general idea and tone of the material, as well as its gross
similarity or difference from other sources, to know if you need to read it at all.
To skim, prepare yourself to move rapidly through the pages. You will not read every word; you
will pay special attention to typographical cues-headings, boldface and italic type, indenting,
bulleted and numbered lists. You will be alert for key words and phrases, the names of people and
places, dates, nouns, and unfamiliar words. In general follow these steps:
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1. Read the table of contents or chapter overview to learn the main divisions of ideas.
2. Glance through the main headings in each chapter just to see a word or two. Read the headings of
charts and tables.
3. Read the entire introductory paragraph and then the first and last sentence only of each following
paragraph. For each paragraph, read only the first few words of each sentence or to locate the
main idea.
4. Stop and quickly read the sentences containing keywords indicated in boldface or italics.
5. When you think you have found something significant, stop to read the entire sentence to make
sure. Then go on the same way. Resist the temptation to stop to read details you don't need.
6. Read chapter summaries when provided.
If you cannot complete all the steps above, compromise: read only the chapter overviews and
summaries, for example, or the summaries and all the boldfaced keywords. When you skim, you
take a calculated risk that you may miss something. For instance, the main ideas of paragraphs are
not always found in the first or last sentences (although in many textbooks they are). Ideas you miss
you may pick up in a chapter overview or summary. Good skimmers do not skim everything at the
same rate or give equal attention to everything. While skimming is always faster than your normal
reading speed, you should slow down in the following situations:
When you skim introductory and concluding paragraphs
When you skim topic sentences
When you find an unfamiliar word
When the material is very complicated
Skimming For Point Of View
Skimming is helpful when you want to find out quickly about the writer. You may want to
find out what the writer thinks about some idea. This is the writers point of view. When you want to
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know the point of view you do not need to read everything. You only need to read a few important
words.
EXAMPLE A
Dogs are often a problem at home. Many dogs are noisy and dirty.
They may even be dangerous for small children.

Does this writer like dogs at home? No !. You do not need to read all the sentences to learn
this. You only have to read the words problem, noisy, dirty, and dangerous. From those
words you can tell the writers point of view. This writer is against dogs at home.
EXAMPLE B
An apartment looks much nicer with some plants. The green leaves
make it seem cooler in summer. The flowers give it a happy feeling.
Does this writer like plants in apartment?_______________
How do you know this? List the important words: ___________________________
NEXT EXERCISE:
Read these sentences very quickly. Ask yourself. Is the writer for against the idea?. Then
make a check beside the answer. You should finish the page in less than 60 seconds. Time yourself.
1. Many people believe that meat is an important food to eat. It is not true. You do not need to
eat meat at all. In fact, you may be more healthy if you do not eat meat.
For_____________

Against_______________

2. Travel is not always fun. Often there are problems with transportation, language or hotels. It is
also very tiring to travel, and you can easily get sick.
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For_____________

Against________________

3. Today it is better not to have a camera when you travel. A camera is heavy and difficult to
carry. It is also not necessary. You can buy a good picture postcards almost everywhere.
For_____________

Against______________

4. A Bicycle is the best way to see a country. It does not need gas. It is not expensive. And you also
get some exercise at the same time you are traveling.
For_____________

Against_____________

5. Bicycles can be very dangerous. You can hurt yourself by falling off the bicycle. You can also get
seriously hurt if you are hit by a car.
For_____________

Against____________

6. Everyone should learn another language. A second language is very useful these days. It also
may teach you something about other people and places.
For_____________

Against_______________

7. It is not easy to move to another country. There may be problems with language or culture. It
may be difficult to find a job or a place to live. And in another country, you do not have family or
friends to help.
For____________

Against__________

8. Music often makes you feel better about life. It can make you happy if you are sad. It can
make you relax when you are nervous.
For___________

Against_____________

EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT READING

1.1.1 Skimming For Pattern Of Organization
Sometimes you need to find out quickly how a book or article is organized. You want to know
its pattern. You do not need to know the details for this. You do not need to read all the words. You
only do not need to read all the words. You only have to read the signals words and they will tell you
about the pattern.
EXAMPLE A
A whale eats a lot of ocean food every day. That is because it is a very
large animal.
What is the pattern of organization for this passage? Make a check beside the best answer.
_______listing

_________time-order

_______comparison-contrast

_________cause-effect

The pattern is cause-effect.

What is (are) the signal word (s)? : because
EXAMPLE B
The book has a lot of information about Poland. First it tells about the history. It also
explains how to travel around the country, and finally, it lists some interesting places to
visit.
What is the pattern of organization for this passage? Make a check beside the best answer.
_______listing
_______comparison

________time-order
______cause-effect

The pattern is listing

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What is (are) the signal word(s)? : a lot of, First, also, And finally
EXERCISE
Read these sentences quickly. Read only to find the pattern of organization. Make a check
beside the best answer. Try to finish the page in less than 60 seconds. Time yourself.
1. A parakeet is a small bird that lives in southern forests. The parrot is similar to parakeet, but it is
larger. Both birds sometimes can learn how to say words.
_______listing

__________time-order

_______comparison

_______cause-effect

2. Some kinds of birds cannot fly. The penguin is one of these birds. It lives mostly in the very cold
Antarctic climate. Another kind of bird that cannot fly is the ostrich. It lives in Africa.
_____listing

_______time-order

____comparison

____cause-effect

3. Lisa plans to travel in Europe this summer. In June she will visit Sicily. Then in July, she will ride a
bicycle in Northern Italy. In August she will travel through France. By September, she hopes to
be in Paris.
_______listing
_______comparison

_________time-order
_______cause-effect

4. Headaches are often the result of psychological causes. For example, worrying about something
can cause a headache.
_________listing

_________time-order

_________comparison

_______cause-effect
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5. The clambake is a popular New England dinner. It usually included many different kinds of
seafood. Clams are the most common kind of seafood at a clambake. There may also be lobster
and mussels.
______listing

_______time-order

______comparison

______cause-effect

6. Many people do not like to use computer for writing. They prefer to use typewriters. They know
computers are faster and more accurate. But they are more comfortable with the typewriters.
_________listing
_______comparison

_______time-order
________cause-effect

7. Gold was first found in California in about 1840. The next ten years in American history are
called the California Gold Rush. Many people moved to the west during those years to look for
gold. By 1850, there were many new Gold Rush towns in California.
_________listing

_______time-order

_________comparison

________cause-effect

8. Cola and ginger ale are both kinds of soft drinks. Both these drinks have a lot of sugar in them.
But Cola has caffeine in it, and ginger ale does not.
_________listing
______comparison

_______time-order
_________cause-effect.

1.1.2 Skimming For Ideas

You can also skim when you want to find out the general idea quickly. Speed is important for
this kind of skimming, too. You should skim at least two times faster than you usually read.

EFFECTIVE & EFFICIENT READING

But you can only do this if you change the way you read. You can not read every word or even
every sentence. You have to leave out a lot. In fact, you should leave out everything except a few
important words. These are the words that tell you the general idea.
Here are the steps for skimming a chapter from a book or an article from a magazine or
newspaper:
1. Read the first few sentences at your usual speed. Ask yourself, What is this about?
2. Go to the next paragraph as soon as you can guess the general idea. Remember, you do
not need to know the details. You only want to learn something very general about the
chapter or article.
3. Read only a few words in each paragraph after that. You should look for the words that tell
you more about the general idea. Often they are at the beginning of the paragraph. But
they may also be at the end.
4. Always work quickly. Remember that details are not important.

Here is an example from a newspaper article. Most of the article is not there. You will only find
a few sentences at the beginning and a few words in each paragraph. But you should still be able to
learn the general ideas of the article. Read this article and try to answer the questions.
BIG MACS IN MEXICO

McDonalds Hamburgers are coming to Mexico. McDonalds is a world-famous

company ____Started in California______________________________________In Paris,
Tokyo and
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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___________________but not in Mexico.
Last year the Mexican government changed_______open some McDonalds
restaurants________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________--Big Mac the McDonalds specialty.
Some Mexicans are not
happy____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
____________________eat only hamburgers and forget about Mexican food.

1. McDonalds is a
a. Kind of Mexican food
b. Mexican company.
c. Restaurant company
d. Kind of hamburger
2. There were no McDonalds in Mexico because
a. Mexicans do not like hamburgers
b. Mexicans only eat Mexican food
c. There were McDonalds in other countries.
d. The Mexican government did not want them.
3. The Big Mac is a
a. Restaurant
b. Kind of hamburger
c. Kind of Mexican food.
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d. Person who works for McDonalds.
EXERCISE 1
Skim this newspaper article. You should finish in less than 60 seconds. Then answer the questions.
A NEW DRUG FOR HEART ATTACKS
Doctors may now be able to stop many heart attacks. An important new study reports that
doctors have a new drug. This drug is called TPA. It may be better than any other heart drug.
Many doctors now use a drug called Streptokinase. But this drug sometimes causes problems
for patients. It can even cause bleeding in the brain. Some doctors do not use streptokinase.
Streptokinase can save about 1/3 of the people with heart attacks. But TPA will save about 2/3. This
means many people. About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year.
One reason TPA can help more people is because of time. This new drug is easier and faster to
use. It will give doctors more time in hospitals. Then they can study the problem well. People will
heart problems can also keep some TPA at home. When a heart attack starts, they can take some
TPA right away. Then they will have time to get to the hospital. This is important because about
860.000 people in the United States die before they get to the hospital.
There is another reason why TPA is good news for people with heart attacks. According to the
study, it is much safer. It does not cause other problems like streptokinase. TPA works only on the
heart. It does not have an effect on the blood or cause bleeding, like streptokinase.
Doctors plan to do more studies about TPA. They need to test this new drug on many more
people with heart attacks. But in a few years, many doctors and hospitals will probably start using
this exciting new drug.
1. The new drug is
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a. The same as streptokinase.
b. Better than streptokinase.
c. Called streptokinase
d. Bad for people with heart attacks.
2. The study says that TPA
a. Is safer and faster than the old drug.
b. Is very dangerous.
c. Slower and harder to use than the old drug.
d. Causes many problems.
3. This new drug may mean
a. More people will die from heart attacks.
b. The same number of people will die from heart attacks.
c. Fewer people will die from heart attacks.
d. No one will die from heart attacks.
EXERCISE 2
Skim this magazine article. You should finish in less than 60 seconds. Then answer the questions.
WOMEN IN CHINA TODAY
What kind of jobs do women have in China today? Well, here are a few examples: Zhao
Changbai is a manager of one of Chinas largest companies. Zou Hon is the manager of a larger
restaurant company. Wan Shiren is an important scientist who works in Chinas space program.
The list could go on. According to Zhang Guoying of the All China Womens Federation, women
are now important to the country. She says the government believes this too. China needs educated
women to help make the country more modern.

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This was not true 50 years ago. Then, there were few women in important jobs. Women
worked mostly at home or in factories. But now there are more than 40 millions women working in
China. That is 40% of all the people who work. These working women include many women who
work in factories. But now there are also many women scientific and technical workers almost two
million. And about 7.000 of the women are professors, engineers, chemists, and biologists. Some
women are also working in important government positions, as governors or ministers.
It was not easy for these women ,says Zhang Guoying. She believes that Chinese women have
more difficulties than Chinese men. Women still have to take care of their families. That means they
really have two jobs. One is at their office or factory and the other is at home. This is the same
problem women have in many other parts of the world.
The government in China is trying to make life better for women. It is building more day care
centers for the children of working mothers. It is helping women get a better education and find
better jobs. According to Zhang Guoying, the future for women in China should even be better.
1. In China today,
a. More women are working
b. Most women do not work.
c. Fewer women are working
d. Women do not like to work
2. Chinese women now
a. Have jobs only in factories
b. Have few important jobs.
c. Have important jobs
d. Do not work for the government.
3. For a Chinese women
a. Life is now very easy
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b. Work is now very easy
c. Life is still not easy
d. Families are not important.
1.2 Scanning
Look at the following shopping list to find out if you remembered to order bread:
SHOPPING LIST
Milk
Butter
Ice cream
Bread
Bananas
Broccoli
Rice
Potatoes
Oranges

How many words did you read? Bread was the only word you needed to read. The other
words were not important. This kind of reading is called scanning.
You usually scan:

a telephone book

an index in a textbook

a list of movies in the newspaper

the ads in a newspaper

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the pages of a dictionary

You usually do not scan:

a mystery story

a textbook for an important course

important papers from a lawyer

a map for getting to a party

a question on a test

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